CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91cca19dfed19e20',cH: 'E45p8w4XE1O69T4cXm9BpvyEQwXDVgB22ybr.GNxFT0-1741377126-1.2.1.1-27fTKehI60aOLCHJMwwhjCbdSnhC7_X9r.U415D3R6fWvsl5F2yBIiCFhAwzlSQh',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=objective%20functions.&__cf_chl_tk=NCx1AYGUWMUlBzmBPUAPhuxdQRq8kL4MyZ_yYA_Wgk4-1741377126-1.0.1.1-1.lheRaM.OVGukWED5_gZBfXRIu91eR311kyOO4CeQ8",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741377126',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=objective%20functions.&__cf_chl_f_tk=NCx1AYGUWMUlBzmBPUAPhuxdQRq8kL4MyZ_yYA_Wgk4-1741377126-1.0.1.1-1.lheRaM.OVGukWED5_gZBfXRIu91eR311kyOO4CeQ8",md: "bn6q5rA5GRjRqF.loo1Ifj2oVyCgpw0.ubcL44eESK4-1741377126-1.2.1.1-pKBb_yBkkXgA4TsQUdczIW1KZfprtLYBd8tRugX901obnHZssiqgiQP_6G2HvcC1L5v8QsOTyjjycVOy1AaDxXHtZ2OrkpBt.AOMLV1JROJYPfo_rFm6nH0hmzSj4E4mI1CDHuBmqdidOZ7Pht3ZF3K8O_.PZNGWss5eIlJZyWky_eE2pPXRjzpNS0HrgGO8g9S.U1UEKRYrwQ6N_NrpM4FUiI_578kjMhfSWDGmzyVY0WaV3IMvKUFwlW4aKk1WHlDcJCkyhyS.cIa4EYKW_j70hE7LMZ3uO4wtzRjYZqI6Z7ppmqWDp75anEXoamO3B2qPxE.glhFSfzArH5tsLYee_aNXjfPDvFFzHVLHGpggHx0HRv6NeLd90bgGGZjrgd5bxFcFAmylfVUd2CW_iTJ6oCge3FujhsCCYKOg8tTzeAXEw8tBLEYq4lcEPCo99FuqrLUVBN3qxi2Vz3ERS8hH_S9HF7vDZgcCY1d4xHgKbIQccAzxWdhnByeSiWsyql.hTO4FeeCPzMixr.QM1Co_K6qwelhsD7DerdQYpc_MfohQIdoVgC9snXFc5_DT6zFiMQjpvlu96ITYi4Z7GwByDcGpw.zqtpAyguXXo5PvoV3OJrcf.p2YG05MjG4MbmZ8IETBUFdIBAI9fjkdDIw.xmiYaIZAHPj1sQhaiMS3r48bIFlnMFgEA1hF3AYK3HYVpeE4GZc3XDH86B1pD7Jqbzw.jjpuxx0MnPOkCFbQf1kgkNu2rg44eg_vDIiGCYpxRhAQmOJlWWc2BOI4TCT6nMjTuqrDjv2YwJ2MoLlT6iRD8jnc1UGlqltwTPF1vj_ehQmWtBs36DdEgWMR9gd6guhFo6_IvJziNLv6hi5S6P4zruGtg4WRby8fa.Vs2fQglL_xu8H_3xO12V9zIR1V2fzzKMnCWTwLGhqmdeb9SelPoabHdGs8EDeVLCHOHJVAsduwCsNcWVOaj2DJEK65nhQl.Ev4cxK5HylTEZRQknsQuPjSa7Uap6mruY8ggVmpTKs0M9ZvLfnKLataNqgM_Xnme.isT4JGuV1Ef8P26GIUyb2D0N.VVrSQ47fo61qrF52Id_GMVkd4AdTshDF0gPdUw9hqpT2C85LZK0TjGYES6XCaC7lLOdvKK62L12gnVP60b5.Ogyn1TxLeq3ScfuhoDE.TEwqIXSH.SbpplsNd0D0WoSX3ehsjdqA6dsMnD4Aa0vq5JOvXDIi570Z_vprME7LnUitYwZObLeMPzoTka5i3ejg6D3HDceD5_acNWzWL7Dp3z4EsOp.rOQ",mdrd: "KYp49k3hYwq74Po7ztOh5AYU3rYgJJRIit_6lj4Qpc8-1741377126-1.2.1.1-HN1D9kyUwg2CYW3_9JKYCpmEOj333YmRgDntzpgoSG82wo2HlqSGmVfqXRIjhIb8XTNP3byOYoMUbXOa6F_kfn.RHBZHH1InkKhITpZNRKYQ63RcgCOdhtnAUw2LqkxB4OB8ALwZGtm82Sb_zGnxv.cLuNFr5J_.tvN2ux1Hco7iW9EAvDHc3aAa5nfHb3gbYK.etbO2yZ11lgS4QO92y5OLiSv.mZGqKT0.lf5xtkerMDV3cnxgBlKekWr843CJnL_jOnA3hy85465K.hUHJzOCvhO44HtaIqMLF0tfqorl9RAXEJSByQRWtZOfr6BPZb1j7syX1Le8sDGzbFwxJGSTEhFmWW0ooHhV3dXjo4O.f8.LHN0xE.eB4caS6ilNCLEhA3VUL6xIlLnRbkolnNLtHhdfSx6WyizH8L69RYNIsm717bXUDq4uw7XwLOvTKz71yPcDCcUqi3qBIFtM.asgo9sY6hiBClO1UOxNjmGNPMZ7HILOvY4Osq1WloLljwJ2ya39ddvbsLpgiQZiNTIAtXp7VbIg2JxIfTgmlkWzQXN6bm_4UcUly45k3J1H6GkzZgHWrLkLlY6ICPngD3U.N8KFaRGrgAVqsZzLw0HRT3zFltatSmFI89RsiuOJVEc3a1xjWHu8pw7.B7Fvq3AFfxjucKfCv7CIfZ4yR5gm4_w1JqV9KdBRhlFm3GH3l1zbjjWyEhknrtxGqgBUIk1NoUqBu6RlpSN1h7zIkMjmNjKvP2.Od8sbbvjD7aCPimvNtCxGMprNsS7E1M6V_eeq9GigSJA0bxEAVqu5YfWx63QqpAt6iMDCX8jPKGEYq0Ui9PG9i8N1t_0j.60htBivEEAYOUrRY.lRrNdUwXXlL.bJfQ4f71VBIjjUdoXG051AXCrMIpfPnFhnPx435w1WAE.0.yjlobIuNgO6Vn3EhrWGM5fCpXtgEtsozvOezy8X5tfZUcYsQs4U4oAak0D_M9TDi0cy3oVDxzRfxv1yIj3BiIs8ec_3W2d2GbTyIc_9JXJxhETrp8oJF781Em5UgGxrMjXTGV6mAAz.Gon5FshG8fiQKF2yoVQr_4EJqv60dbh67_CcVu7qm5GP0nJcwQyC57ieZ8eyeJndtxTHCOej25cM.x8RYdrJ9yxaGu.qOruHjL22r2PljSpUdMxMSombOvOyniIvS8J4f8SeYtTKxGrHu6plDw8HlfqAO1q5Ob3Y_4.lrfmgcE7w8.59fc51yz5zYd0P32zF7mUEig9Mrz6.qUV9ytBH95scxdO5dTawgnESz.0tzM4ZPouGeDw1gf33qacCjJrDaPKdZx8DB_VvYYOEUls6mB1J7F9cH2RWQhbX5Rllis4h_IueP0kSyAMMv__SlfxD4XdgJ02rdVXFNw2031fKjbl4rjOsnB05WjLJdKHCPE5din2WsxOhNXrB7IKWqtd.Zh3lrlmemEcVcvpfop5ilXtH5kvBs15L3yu19PFPBvZkFZzyXB.ZTOMOm1xIzPIYgchYnY9g86znHbucgvBFdd9sPOmzmxqYct85UjwZEFLrGuvtb8nYE.aatqoXpMNWMQCaHV7R8vioBF1oT_mcTD79aeRNpBGoG2LLNZrI9QrEX24p8.ZXgjKj2qn9BL8B3LCY3KoAC30vJ3AS2hmL2MyDCWR7BNayOXv1n0rC30Dut5U6AZaPyQvEzyctcGNedwz_nfW8Cr136ia71K0D3ZvyF6GMdV3OI4CqPh7PifMBebT0V2iM6nyp0751l62JusCBeshjJijDptjTFo60Egfdmjq1YXDeZ2Y3XB61_z9RYVqkfUAKeRR2wPlm7qW8e05Gd6_KOloUnuBOlP9Axe81sKhN2PJntJVnjVsXeJpa9ZBHniCRYpRicexDWVzAXH3dOrd5IdUJEsD7lMjVgcC0dAeZIZ3.dxX5RgNDmXX0P6mfbaeNwDYswPK52nc9WltzZZ9WGrZBjiBMTn8jCayCx_k8D2_XaFaRz3LnDVoJog"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91cca19dfed19e20';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=objective%20functions.&__cf_chl_rt_tk=NCx1AYGUWMUlBzmBPUAPhuxdQRq8kL4MyZ_yYA_Wgk4-1741377126-1.0.1.1-1.lheRaM.OVGukWED5_gZBfXRIu91eR311kyOO4CeQ8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>