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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/King_Lear_Q1.jpg/220px-King_Lear_Q1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/King_Lear_Q1.jpg/330px-King_Lear_Q1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/King_Lear_Q1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> as published by Nathaniel Butter in 1608.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nathaniel Butter</b> (died 22 February 1664) was a <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> publisher of the early 17th century. As the publisher of the first edition of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1608_in_literature" title="1608 in literature">1608</a>, he has also been regarded as one of the first publishers of a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> in English. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nathaniel Butter was the son of a Thomas Butter, a bookseller; the son followed the father's profession. Nathaniel became a "freeman" (a full member) of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Stationers Company</a> on 20 February 1604, and registered his first title before the end of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his career, Butter concentrated on bookselling and publishing; as was a common practice in his era, he commissioned printers to print his books, and worked with most of the printers of his generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drama">Drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>King Lear</i> was entered into the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Register" title="Stationers' Register">Stationers' Register</a> on 26 November <a href="/wiki/1607_in_literature" title="1607 in literature">1607</a>, by Butter and colleague John Busby. The <a href="/wiki/First_quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="First quarto">first quarto</a> edition of the play was published the following year, printed by Nicholas Okes, with Butter listed as publisher. Busby appears to have dropped out of the enterprise prior to publication. </p><p>Scholars have given Butter's volume intense scrutiny, since it, along with the contrasting <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> text of the play, is crucial to the "textual problem" of <i>King Lear.</i> Q1 of <i>Lear</i> was the first play printed in Okes' shop; the origin and nature of the manuscript text that underlay the printed version is a matter of uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case of <i>King Lear</i> Q1 grew complicated in <a href="/wiki/1619_in_literature" title="1619 in literature">1619</a>, when <a href="/wiki/William_Jaggard" title="William Jaggard">William Jaggard</a> reprinted the play, apparently without Butter's permission, in his cryptic <a href="/wiki/False_Folio" title="False Folio">False Folio</a> affair. This problematic <a href="/wiki/Second_quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="Second quarto">second quarto</a> was issued with the false date of 1608 and the false inscription "Printed for Nathaniel Butter." Butter's London shop was at the sign of the Pied Bull, and the title page of his genuine 1608 Q1 is marked "to be sold at his shop in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">Pauls</a> Church-yard at the signe of the Pide Bull neere St. Austins Gate."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To differentiate between Butter's genuine 1608 <i>Lear</i> edition and Jaggard's false one, scholars have termed Butter's volume "the Pide Bull edition" after its title page inscription. </p><p>In addition to Shakespeare's play, Butter published a range of other playbooks. One of these was the first <a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">quarto</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a>,</i> one of the plays of the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Apocrypha">Shakespeare Apocrypha</a>. The title page of Butter's <a href="/wiki/1605_in_literature" title="1605 in literature">1605</a> edition assigns the play to Shakespeare – an attribution universally rejected by scholars and critics. </p><p>Similarly problematic was Butter's edition of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood" title="Thomas Heywood">Thomas Heywood</a>'s play about <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/If_You_Know_Not_Me,_You_Know_Nobody" title="If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody">If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody</a>.</i> Butter registered Part 1 of the play on 5 July 1605, and Part 2 on 14 September of the same year, and published the two parts in separate quartos in 1605 and <a href="/wiki/1606_in_literature" title="1606 in literature">1606</a> respectively. In his <a href="/wiki/1612_in_literature" title="1612 in literature">1612</a> prose work <i>An Apology for Actors,</i> Heywood complained that Butter's text of his play had been pirated from the theatre, by an audience member who recorded the play in <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> – one of the few indications that such practices occurred in the era of <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance drama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heywood's complaint did not prevent Butter from reprinting both texts, repeatedly, into the early 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butter published various other plays, including:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the first quarto of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rowley" title="Samuel Rowley">Samuel Rowley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/When_You_See_Me_You_Know_Me" title="When You See Me You Know Me">When You See Me You Know Me</a></i> (1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dekker (poet)">Thomas Dekker</a>'s <i>The Whore of Babylon</i> (1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulke Greville">Fulke Greville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a> <i>Mustapha</i> (1609)</li> <li>Dekker's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Honest_Whore" title="The Honest Whore">The Honest Whore, Part 2</a></i> (1630)</li> <li>the third and fourth quartos of Heywood's <i>The Rape of Lucrece</i> (1630, 1638).</li></ul> <p>He also published Dekker's prose work <i>The Bellman of London</i> (1608), and the 1607 second edition of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Twine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Twine">Lawrence Twine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pattern_of_Painful_Adventures" title="The Pattern of Painful Adventures">The Pattern of Painful Adventures</a></i>, a source for Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a>.</i> </p><p>On 21 May 1639, Butter left the playbook business: he transferred all his copyrights to plays to fellow stationer Miles Fletcher, and for the remainder of his career concentrated primarily on the news. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>17th-century stationers not infrequently got themselves in trouble with the strict <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> rules of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> monarchy, resulting in fines, or, in rare cases, imprisonment. Butter got into significant trouble when he published a quarto pamphlet criticizing the 1619 accession of the new <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a>, titled <i>A Plain Demonstration of the Unlawful Succession of Ferdinand II, Because of the Incestuous Marriage of His Parents</i> (<a href="/wiki/1620_in_literature" title="1620 in literature">1620</a>). This document, printed for Butter by <a href="/wiki/William_Stansby" title="William Stansby">William Stansby</a>, falsely claimed to be printed "at the Hague" to avoid trouble – a gesture that proved fruitless. (In the complex religious politics of the time, radical Protestants and <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> were hostile to Ferdinand, and the Stuarts were hostile to Puritans.) The London authorities pursued the matter vigorously: by the spring of 1622 Butter was petitioning to be released from prison, pleading for mercy on behalf of himself, his pregnant wife, and their three children. The printer Stansby followed Butter into custody, and in petitions of his own he blamed the whole affair on Butter. The petitions of both men were successful, and they were released, after short incarcerations, to continue their careers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="News">News</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: News"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until Butter's historical era, news in England was transmitted primarily in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> form; early circulating news manuscripts – rather like hand-written newspapers, available by subscription from the earliest news services – were becoming more common in Butter's generation, and Butter himself was actively involved in their creation and dissemination. He also printed pamphlets on topical and controversial subjects, like the Calverley murders that were dramatized in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a>,</i> as well as international reporting like <i>News from Spain</i> and <i>News from Sweden.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter's shop at the Pied Bull was itself a kind of early news agency; news correspondent (in the literal sense) <a href="/wiki/John_Pory" title="John Pory">John Pory</a> sent and received his communications from there, and news-conscious customers came in to find the latest tracts and pamphlets. </p><p>The next step in the evolution of the modern newspaper occurred at the start of the 1620s, when a group of London publishers and printers began disseminating printed news sheets based on the Dutch style of news bulletin, called a "<a href="/wiki/Coranto" title="Coranto">coranto</a>," that was a recent innovation at the time. This group included Butter, Thomas Archer, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Allde" title="Edward Allde">Edward Allde</a>, Bartholomew Downes, William Newberry, and William Shefford, with Archer and Butter as apparently the most prominent participants. Archer was jailed for printing corantos without permission in 1621 – but in the same year a license to publish the news bulletins was issued to an "N. B.," most probably Butter. All of the extant copies of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corante" title="Corante">Corante</a>,</i> the "earliest English newspaper" (1621), bear the initials "N. B."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 May <a href="/wiki/1622_in_literature" title="1622 in literature">1622</a>, Butter published the first edition of a periodical variously called <i>News from Most Parts of Christendom</i> or <i>Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, Bohemia, the Palatinate, France and the Low Countries.</i> "From its miscellaneous contents and periodicity of production, it is regarded as the true forerunner of the English newspaper."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1624, Butter partnered with colleague Nicholas Bourne<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to continue publishing the <i>Certain News of the Present Week</i>, or, more succinctly, the <i>Weekly News.</i> Butter's innovation of a regular printed news journal caused an explosion of imitators, most of which were far more sporadic, temporary, and ephemeral than Butter's effort. "Nathaniel Butter's <i>Weekly News</i> was the first English newspaper which appeared duly numbered like our newspapers of the present day."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(The <i>Weekly News</i> was printed as a small quarto-sized pamphlet or booklet, in contrast to the earlier single-sheet corantos. These "newsbooks" remained the dominant form until the mid-1660s, when the more modern newspaper format appeared. Butter's periodical reported only foreign news; for which they subscribed.) </p><p>Butter's achievement was controversial in its time; among other hostile responses, one critic, playing on Butter's name, referred to his publications as "Batter" that "besmear each public post and church door...."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> in particular was hostile and dismissive toward the new enterprise, and ridiculed Butter in his <a href="/wiki/1625_in_literature" title="1625 in literature">1625</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Staple_of_News" title="The Staple of News">The Staple of News</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a nice irony, Jonson borrowed the plot for his play from <i>The London Prodigal,</i> issued a generation earlier by Butter. Jonson's play, seasoned with "butter" puns, caricatures Butter as Cymbal, the head of the news agency the Staple of News. Jonson also mocked the nascent news industry in his 1620 masque <i><a href="/wiki/News_from_the_New_World_Discovered_in_the_Moon" title="News from the New World Discovered in the Moon">News from the New World Discovered in the Moon</a>.</i> </p><p>In the early 1630s, Butter and Bourne reached the peak of their success with newsbooks selling well as a result of the successes of Gustavus Adolphus's campaign. They additionally began a news magazine series called 'The Swedish Intelligencer' that ran successfully under variant titles to 1634. Their enterprise was controversial, however: in October 1632, their weekly publication was banned all "gazettes and pamphlets of news from foreign parts." (In their mere existence, news reports of the combat of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> were seen as implicit criticisms of the royal policy of neutrality.) In 1638 they were granted a patent from King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> for the publication of news and history, in return for a £10 annual donation toward the upkeep of St. Paul's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter remained committed to reporting news of the war – until the start of the <a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English Revolution</a> in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butter's publications often carried verbose titles, like <i>A True Relation of a late very famous Sea-fight, made betwixt the Spaniard and the Hollander in Brasil, for many days together: Wherein the odds was very great, which made the success doubtful, but at last the Hollander got the Victory</i> (1640). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous_works">Miscellaneous works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the varied products of Butter's enterprise, his editions of <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>'s translations of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> – the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1611_in_literature" title="1611 in literature">1611</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1614_in_literature" title="1614 in literature">1614</a> – stand out. </p><p>And in his long career, Butter published a wide range of other material: from joke books like <i>The Cobbler of Canterbury</i> (1608), to Tobias Gentleman's <i>England's Way to Win Wealth, and to Employ Ships and Mariners</i> (1614), to religious works like Abraham Darcy's <i>The Original of Idolatries</i> (1624), to polemics like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Joseph Hall's</a> <i>An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament</i> (1640) – and virtually everything in between. </p><p>After 1642, Butter declined into obscurity. According to his terse 1664 obituary, "Nath: Butter an old stationer, died very poore." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Butter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Robert Plomer, <i>A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers Who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667,</i> London, The Bibliographical Society/Blades, East & Blades, 1907; pp. 40–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay L. Halio, ed., <i>The First Quarto of King Lear,</i> The New Cambridge Shakespeare; the Early Quartos. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994; pp. 1-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. B. Allen and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Muir_(scholar)" title="Kenneth Muir (scholar)">Kenneth Muir</a>, <i>Shakespeare's Plays in Quarto,</i> Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981; p. 663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._E._Halliday" title="F. E. Halliday">F. E. Halliday</a>, <i>A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964,</i> Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. 239, 408, 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kerchever_Chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Kerchever Chambers">E. K. Chambers</a>, <i>The Elizabethan Stage</i>. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, pp. 342–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, Vol. 3, pp. 294, 296, 331, 343, 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Seccombe and John William Allen, <i>The Age of Shakespeare</i>, London, G. Bell and Sons, 1903; p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Winston, <i>Messages: Free Expression, Media, And the West from Gutenberg to Google,</i> London, Routledge, 2005; pp. 40–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Clarke, <i>From Grub Street to Fleet Street,</i> London, Ashgate, 2004; p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leona_Rostenberg" title="Leona Rostenberg">Leona Rostenberg</a>, "Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne, First 'Masters of the Staple'," <i>The Library</i> (1957), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Grant, <i>The Newspaper Press: Its Origin, Progress, and Present Position,</i> London, Tinsley Brothers, 1871; p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. B. Williams, <i>A History of English Journalism,</i> London, Longmans, Green, 1908; p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, pp. 41–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayne E. E. Boys, "London's News Press and the Thirty Years War", Woodbridge and Rochester, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Chartier, <i>Inscription and Erasure: Literature and Written Culture from the Eleventh to the Eighteenth Century,</i> translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldhammer" title="Arthur Goldhammer">Arthur Goldhammer</a>; Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007; p. 49.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_editions_of_William_Shakespeare&#039;s_works" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Earlybard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earlybard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earlybard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_editions_of_William_Shakespeare&#039;s_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Early editions of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s works</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Folios and quartos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foul_papers" title="Foul papers">Foul papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">List of Shakespeare plays in quarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">Quarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio_(printing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folio (printing)">Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_quarto" title="Bad quarto">Bad quarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">First Quarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Folio" title="False Folio">False Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Early editors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Heminges" title="John Heminges">John Heminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Condell" title="Henry Condell">Henry Condell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Knight_(King%27s_Men)" title="Edward Knight (King's Men)">Edward Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Allot" title="Robert Allot">Robert Allot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Aspley" title="William Aspley">William Aspley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Benson_(publisher)" title="John Benson (publisher)">John Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blount" title="Edward Blount">Edward Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Burby" title="Cuthbert Burby">Cuthbert Burby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nathaniel Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Chetwinde" title="Philip Chetwinde">Philip Chetwinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins_(publisher)" title="Richard Hawkins (publisher)">Richard Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herringman" title="Henry Herringman">Henry Herringman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leake" title="William Leake">William Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Meighen" title="Richard Meighen">Richard Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Millington_(publisher)" title="Thomas Millington (publisher)">Thomas Millington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pavier" title="Thomas Pavier">Thomas Pavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smethwick" title="John Smethwick">John Smethwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thorpe" title="Thomas Thorpe">Thomas Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walkley" title="Thomas Walkley">Thomas Walkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Waterson" title="John Waterson">John Waterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wise" title="Andrew Wise">Andrew Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Printers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Allde" title="Edward Allde">Edward Allde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cotes" title="Thomas Cotes">Thomas Cotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creede" title="Thomas Creede">Thomas Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eld" title="George Eld">George Eld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Field_(printer)" title="Richard Field (printer)">Richard Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jaggard" title="William Jaggard">William Jaggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Matthews" title="Augustine Matthews">Augustine Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Okes" title="Nicholas Okes">Nicholas Okes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roberts_(printer)" title="James Roberts (printer)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Short_(printer)" title="Peter Short (printer)">Peter Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Simmes" title="Valentine Simmes">Valentine Simmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stansby" title="William Stansby">William Stansby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6969531#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132532727">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93001353">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17796054k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17796054k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662549505606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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