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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>British India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early career in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander-in-chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander-in-chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander-in-chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_and_Defence_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_and_Defence_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cabinet and Defence Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_and_Defence_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1958–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1958–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidency (1958–1969)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1958–1969)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1958–1969) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1958–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1958_military_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1958_military_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1958 military coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1958_military_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_and_legal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_and_legal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Constitutional and legal reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_and_legal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy,_infrastructure,_and_public_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy,_infrastructure,_and_public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economy, infrastructure, and public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy,_infrastructure,_and_public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Defence spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._alliance_and_1960_U-2_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._alliance_and_1960_U-2_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._alliance_and_1960_U-2_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India:_1959_joint_defence_and_1965_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India:_1959_joint_defence_and_1965_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India:_1959_joint_defence_and_1965_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1965 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969_protests_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969_protests_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>1969 protests and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969_protests_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Development projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization_of_agriculture_and_industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization_of_agriculture_and_industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Modernization of agriculture and industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_of_agriculture_and_industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Global policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Despotism,_nepotism_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Despotism,_nepotism_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Despotism, nepotism and corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Despotism,_nepotism_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishandling_of_East_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishandling_of_East_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mishandling of East Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishandling_of_East_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Islamization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weakening_of_constitutional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weakening_of_constitutional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Weakening of constitutional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weakening_of_constitutional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and decorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_Decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Foreign Decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>National honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Authored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edited_by_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edited_by_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Edited by others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edited_by_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayub Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="محمد أيوب خان (رئيس باكستان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد أيوب خان (رئيس باكستان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)" title="अयूब ख़ान (पाकिस्तानी राजनेता) – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अयूब ख़ान (पाकिस्तानी राजनेता)" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_%C6%8Fyyub_Xan" title="Məhəmməd Əyyub Xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Əyyub Xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আইয়ুব খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইয়ুব খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%8E%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мухамед Аюб Хан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мухамед Аюб Хан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аюб Хан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аюб Хан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammed Ayub Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammed Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Αγιούμπ Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγιούμπ Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajub_%C4%A4an" title="Ajub Ĥan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajub Ĥan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="محمد ایوب خان (رئیس‌جمهور پاکستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد ایوب خان (رئیس‌جمهور پاکستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9C%A0%EB%B8%8C_%EC%B9%B8" title="아유브 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아유브 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95)" title="अयूब ख़ान (पाकिस्तानी शासक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अयूब ख़ान (पाकिस्तानी शासक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyub_Khan" title="Ayyub Khan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ayyub Khan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%9F" title="איוב ח'אן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוב ח'אן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მუჰამედ აიუბ-ხანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუჰამედ აიუბ-ხანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="محمد ایوٗب خان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="محمد ایوٗب خان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%B1-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мұхаммед Айюб-хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед Айюб-хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajubas_Chanas" title="Ajubas Chanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ajubas Chanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="അയൂബ് ഖാൻ മുഹമ്മദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയൂബ് ഖാൻ മുഹമ്മദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अयुब खान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अयुब खान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="محمد ايوب خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد ايوب خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ayub_Khan" title="Mohammed Ayub Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アユーブ・ハーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アユーブ・ハーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Xon_(general)" title="Ayub Xon (general) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ayub Xon (general)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਯੂਬ ਖਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਯੂਬ ਖਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایوب خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایوب خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="محمد ایوب خان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد ایوب خان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9_Aiube_C%C3%A3_(general)" title="Maomé Aiube Cã (general) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé Aiube Cã (general)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Muhammad Ayub Khan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muhammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Айюб Хан, Мухаммед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айюб Хан, Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F)" title="අයුබ් ඛාන් (පකිස්තානයේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයුබ් ඛාන් (පකිස්තානයේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="محمد ايوب خان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد ايوب خان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ajub_Kan" title="Mohamed Ajub Kan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohamed Ajub Kan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ајуб Кан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајуб Кан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ajub_Khan" title="Mohammad Ajub Khan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mohammad Ajub Khan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan" title="Mohammad Ayub Khan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohammad Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அயூப் கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயூப் கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="โมฮัมหมัด อัยยุบข่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมฮัมหมัด อัยยุบข่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳаммад Айюб Хон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммад Айюб Хон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ey%C3%BCb_Han" title="Muhammed Eyüb Han – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Eyüb Han" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аюб Хан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аюб Хан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایوب خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایوب خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97" title="阿尤布·汗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尤布·汗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ayub Khan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97" title="阿尤布·汗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尤布·汗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Ayub Khan, see <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(disambiguation)" title="Ayub Khan (disambiguation)">Ayub Khan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Pakistan)" title="Field marshal (Pakistan)">Field Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ayub Khan</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">NPk</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-i-Jurat">HJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Pakistan" title="Hilal-e-Pakistan">HPk</a>  <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire#Current_classes" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">LoM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ایوب خان</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammed_Ayub_Khan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan.JPG/220px-Muhammed_Ayub_Khan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Khan in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1961</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Iskandar Ali Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 October 1958 – 21 October 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Muhammad Khurshid<br />S. Fida Hussain<br />Nazir Ahmed<br />S. I. Haque<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Secretary_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Secretary of Defence">Defence Secretary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khuhro" title="Muhammad Ayub Khuhro">Muhammad Ayub Khuhro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">Afzal Rahman Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1954 – 11 August 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Malik Ghulam Muhammad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Iskandar Ali Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhter_Husain" title="Akhter Husain">Akhter Husain</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Secretary_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Secretary of Defence">Defence Secretary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mohammad Ali Bogra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)">Minister of Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 March 1965 – 17 August 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Secretary_of_Pakistan" title="Interior Secretary of Pakistan">Interior Secretary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Habibullah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Habibullah Khan">Khan Habibullah Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan">Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 January 1951<sup id="cite_ref-Ankit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 27 October 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Ali Mirza">Iskander Ali Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Malik Ghulam Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Ali Mirza">Iskander Ali Mirza</a></li><li><i>Office abolished; succeeded by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. Suhrawardy">H. S. Suhrawardy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroz Khan Noon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Maj. Gen. Yusuf Khan (1951–1953)<br />Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Mian_Hayaud_Din" title="Mian Hayaud Din">Mian Hayaud Din</a> (1953–1955)<br />Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Sher Ali Khan Pataudi">Sher Ali Khan Pataudi</a> (1955–1957)<br />Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> (1957–1958) </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Gracey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Gracey">General Gracey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Musa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Musa Khan">General Musa Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Interim Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 October 1958 – 27 October 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroz Khan Noon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a> (1971)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1907-05-14</span>)</span>14 May 1907<br /><a href="/wiki/Rehana,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Rehana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-04-19)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Heart attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Rehana, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Convention_Muslim_League" title="Convention Muslim League">Convention Muslim League</a> (before 1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (1962)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 2 in (188 cm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Mir Dad Khan (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Bahadur_Khan" title="Sardar Bahadur Khan">Sardar Bahadur Khan</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Ayub Khan">Omar Ayub Khan</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Arshad_Ayub_Khan" title="Arshad Ayub Khan">Arshad Ayub Khan</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Ayub_Khan" title="Yousuf Ayub Khan">Yousuf Ayub Khan</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> (1928–1947)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> (1947–1958)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1928–1958<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg/30px-OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg/45px-OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg/60px-OF-10_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Pakistan)" title="Field marshal (Pakistan)">Field Marshal</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/14th_Punjab_Regiment" title="14th Punjab Regiment">14th Punjab Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a>, <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan)">GHQ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/G.O.C" class="mw-redirect" title="G.O.C">G.O.C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Structure of the Pakistan Army">14th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign" title="Bajaur Campaign">Bajaur Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Hawk" title="Operation Desert Hawk">Operation Desert Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#009190;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG/75px-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG/113px-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG/150px-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#009190;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Ayub Khan</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Military_service">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1958 Pakistani military coup">1958 military coup d'état</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Death_and_legacy">Death</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Political views</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_democracy" title="Basic democracy">Basic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">Secularism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Pakistani_presidential_confidence_referendum" title="1960 Pakistani presidential confidence referendum">1960 Pakistani presidential confidence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Pakistani_general_election" title="1962 Pakistani general election">1962 Pakistani general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 Pakistani presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_general_election" title="1965 Pakistani general election">1965 Pakistani general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Ayub Khan">Presidency</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">1962 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign" title="Bajaur Campaign">Bajaur Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965"><i>1965 Indo-Pakistani War</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan Confederation plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_East_Pakistan_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 East Pakistan uprising">1969 East Pakistan uprising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Political Affiliations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Muslim_League" title="Convention Muslim League">Convention Muslim League</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> </p> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Ayub Khan"><b>Gallery</b>: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayub_Khan_sidebar" title="Template:Ayub Khan sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayub_Khan_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ayub Khan sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayub_Khan_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayub Khan sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohammad Ayub Khan</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a Pakistani military officer and statesman who served as the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a> from 27 October 1958 until his resignation on 25 March 1969. He was the first native <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">commander-in-chief</a> of the Pakistan Army, serving from 1951 to 1958. Khan rose to prominence after his <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1958 Pakistani military coup">1958 Pakistani military coup</a> which ousted President <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Iskandar Ali Mirza</a>. Khan's presidency ended in 1969 when he resigned amid the <a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Pakistani_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–1969 Pakistani protests">1968–1969 Pakistan protests</a>. </p><p>Born in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>, Khan was educated from the <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a> and trained at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> on the British side against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of British India</a> in August 1947, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and was posted in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>. In 1951, he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding <a href="/wiki/General_Gracey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Gracey">General Gracey</a>. From 1953 to 1958, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Talents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Talents">civilian government</a> as <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Defence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Home Minister</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/President_Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="President Iskandar Ali Mirza">President Iskandar Ali Mirza</a>'s decision to impose martial law against prime minister <a href="/wiki/Feroze_Khan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Feroze Khan administration">Feroze Khan's administration</a> on 7 October 1958. Two weeks later, Ayub Khan seized presidency in a <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1958 Pakistani military coup">military coup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">first in the country's history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As president, Khan controversially appointed <a href="/wiki/General_Musa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Musa Khan">General Musa Khan</a> to replace him as commander-in-chief, superseding decorated senior officers such as Generals Adam Khan, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Sher Ali Khan Pataudi">Sher Ali Khan Pataudi</a> and M.A. Latif Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">aligned</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar Air Station">airbase</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/U-2_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="U-2 incident">spy missions</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were launched. <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Relations with neighboring China</a> were strengthened but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a> in 1962. He launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a> against India in 1965, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">all-out war</a>. It resulted in a stalemate and peace was restored via the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>. Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> policy of Western-aligned nations at the time. Khan <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">privatised</a> state-owned industries, and liberalised the economy generally. Large inflows of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">hydroelectric stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Pakistan" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan">dams, and reservoirs</a>. Under Ayub, Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">space program</a> was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space-mission by 1962. However, the failure of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reforms</a> and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite. In 1965, Khan entered the <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">presidential race</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Muslim_League" title="Convention Muslim League">Convention Muslim League</a>'s candidate to counter the opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>. Ayub won the elections and was re-elected for a second term. In 1967, disapproval of <a href="/wiki/Price/wage_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Price/wage spiral">price hikes</a> of food prompted demonstrations across the country led by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/1969_East_Pakistan_mass_uprising" title="1969 East Pakistan mass uprising">protests in East Pakistan</a>, Ayub resigned in March 1969 and appointed <a href="/wiki/General_Yahya_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Yahya Khan">General Yahya Khan</a> as his successor. Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Pakistan" title="List of heads of state of Pakistan">head of state</a>. His legacy remains mixed; his era is often dubbed the "Decade of Development." Khan is credited with <a href="/wiki/Economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic boom">economic prosperity</a> and industrialisation. He is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Intelligence Community">intelligence agencies' incursions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Pakistan">national politics</a>, for concentrating wealth in a corrupt <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">few hands</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">geographically discriminatory policies</a> that later led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in <a href="/wiki/Rehana,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Rehana</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewal</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> descent, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Tareen" title="Tareen">Tareen</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hussain_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, a <a href="/wiki/Risaldar-Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Risaldar-Major">Risaldar-Major</a> (an armoured corps <a href="/wiki/Junior_commissioned_officer" title="Junior commissioned officer">JCO</a> which was then known as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_commissioned_officer" title="Viceroy's commissioned officer">VCO</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/9th_Hodson%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Hodson's Horse">9th Hodson's Horse</a> which was a cavalry regiment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in <a href="/wiki/Sarai_Saleh" title="Sarai Saleh">Sarai Saleh</a>, which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>'s back and was shifted to a school in <a href="/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan" title="Haripur, Pakistan">Haripur</a>, where he started living with his grandmother.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He went on to study at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a> (AMU)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a> on the recommendation of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Skeen" title="Andrew Skeen">Andrew Skeen</a>; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his regional Hindko dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_India">British India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayub Khan was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006p125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> on 2 February 1928 in the <a href="/wiki/19th_Punjabis" title="19th Punjabis">19th Punjabis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Punjab_Regiment" title="14th Punjab Regiment">14th Punjab Regiment</a> (better known as 1/14th Punjab Regiment) of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> – before this he was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006p125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst those who passed out with him was <a href="/wiki/Joyanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri">Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a> of India from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the standard probationary period of service in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment <i>Sherdils</i>, now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (army)">captain</a> on 2 February 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he was promoted to the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a> in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1942%E2%80%931943" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1942–1943">first phase</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> in 1942–43. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944–1945">second phase</a> of the Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily suspended without pay from that command for visible cowardice under fire.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>. In 1947, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier#British_tradition" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a> and commanded a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Waziristan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Waziristan">South Waziristan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_in_Pakistan">Early career in Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career in Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG/170px-Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG/255px-Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG/340px-Ayub_khan_wih_quaid.PNG 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier Ayub Khan with <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>When the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">announced</a> the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of British India</a> into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani citizenship">opted</a> for Pakistan in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006p125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with <a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">service number</a> PA-010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200833_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200833-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200879_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200879-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, he was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-i-Jurat">Hilal-i-Jurat</a> (HJ) by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> for non-combatant service and called back to <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan)">General Headquarters</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a> of the army on November of the same year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander-in-chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army">Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg/220px-General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg/330px-General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg/440px-General_Ayub_Khan_in_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>General Ayub Khan as C-in-C of the Pakistan Army, in his office, 23 January 1951</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/300px--PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="214" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="672" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="672" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="202" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="336" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="504" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm/PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="504" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zahir Shah">King Zahir Shah</a> arrives at <a href="/wiki/PAF_Station_Mauripur" class="mw-redirect" title="PAF Station Mauripur">PAF Station Mauripur</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_Iskandar_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="President Iskandar Mirza">President Iskandar Mirza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahid_Mirza" title="Nahid Mirza">Nahid Mirza</a>, greeted by <a href="/wiki/C-in-C_of_the_PAF" class="mw-redirect" title="C-in-C of the PAF">C-in-C of the PAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a>. In attendance were chiefs from the Iraqi, Turkish, and Iran Air Force. General Ayub Khan is seen in the footage from 0:37-0:39. The <a href="/wiki/World_record_loop" title="World record loop">World record loop</a> is showcased towards the end of the video. (2 February 1958)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the tenure of <a href="/wiki/General_Gracey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Gracey">General Gracey</a> was nearing its end at the close of 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistan government</a> had called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of the army, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">air force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">navy</a> and dismissed deputation appointments from the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan)">General Headquarters</a> sent the nomination papers to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)">Prime Minister's Secretariat</a> for the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">commander-in-chief</a>. There were four major generals in the race: <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Akbar_Khan" title="Muhammed Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan" title="Iftikhar Khan">Iftikhar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishfakul_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfakul Majid">Ishfakul Majid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nawabzada_Agha_Mohammad_Raza" title="Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza">Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza</a>. Among these officers Akbar was the senior, having been commissioned in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, <a href="/wiki/General_Gracey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Gracey">General Gracey</a> approached <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Akbar_Khan" title="Muhammed Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a> to succeed him. However, Akbar declined, citing that the position was beyond his competence. The next candidate in line was Akbar's younger brother, General <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan" title="Iftikhar Khan">Iftikhar Khan</a>. However, Iftikhar died in an air crash in December 1949 before he could take office, resulting in Gracey's extension. On 23 January 1951, General Ayub Khan succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defence Secretary <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Mirza">Iskandar Mirza</a> at that time played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to promote the most junior major-general, Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928), to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200880_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200880-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended the transitional role of British military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201034_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201034-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani government">Pakistani government</a> announced the appointment of the navy's native <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">commander in chief</a> in 1951, it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">HMS Choudri</a> to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYU_Press,_Cheema_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU_Press,_Cheema-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNation_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, Ayub visited Turkey, his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and was said to have been impressed with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish military</a> tradition; he met only with the Turkish defence minister during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States and visited the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> to lobby for forging <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-United_States_military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-United States military relations">military relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He termed this visit as a "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Yesilbursa_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Yesilbursa-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_and_Defence_Minister">Cabinet and Defence Minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cabinet and Defence Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Talents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Talents">Ministry of Talents</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interservice_rivalry" title="Interservice rivalry">Interservice rivalry</a></div> <p>On 24 February 1954, Ayub signed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a> (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Muhammad Ali Bogra</a>'s relations with the military and Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> deteriorated on issues of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure built up to reconstruct the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">cabinet</a> which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">defence minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> as <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">home minister</a> in October 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bahadur_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bahadur-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Dixit_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Dixit-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controversial <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a> Scheme integrated the <a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">four western provinces</a> into one political entity, <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>, as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, which was renamed East Pakistan. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of <a href="/wiki/Political_egalitarianism" title="Political egalitarianism">political egalitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a> as the Defence Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah2014167_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah2014167-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1954_East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election">1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League#Founding_and_early_Pakistan_era_(1949–66)" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._S._Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. Suhrawardy">H.S. Suhrawardy</a> and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Pakistan">first</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> of the country after the successful promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Constitution</a> in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Book_Company,_Ahmad,_2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Book_Company,_Ahmad,_2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)">MoD</a>, led by General Ayub Khan, began to see the serious <a href="/wiki/Interservice_rivalry" title="Interservice rivalry">interservice rivalry</a> between the <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan Army)">General Headquarters</a> staff and the <a href="/wiki/NHQ_(Pakistan_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="NHQ (Pakistan Navy)">Naval Headquarters</a> staff.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief_(Pakistan_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)">Commander in Chief</a> of Navy Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">HMS Choudri</a> and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)">Finance ministry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)">MoD</a> over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Singh_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Singh-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He reportedly complained about Admiral <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">HMS Choudri</a> to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution."<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Ghani_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_newspapers,_Ghani-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudri resigning from the navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1958–1969)"><span id="Presidency_.281958.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Presidency (1958–1969)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidency (1958–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1958_military_coup">1958 military coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1958 military coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1958 Pakistani military coup">1958 Pakistani military coup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_(1958)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg/220px-Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg/330px-Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg/440px-Mr._and_Mrs._S.N._Bakar_with_General_Ayub_Khan_and_Mr._H.S._Suhrawardy_%281958%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Ayub Khan in 1958 with <a href="/wiki/H._S._Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. Suhrawardy">H. S. Suhrawardy</a> and Mr. and Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Nazrul_Bakar" title="Shaikh Nazrul Bakar">Shaikh Nazrul Bakar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations,_at_Windsor_Castle_(1960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven prime ministers in evening dress or national costume." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ayub Khan (back row, second from the right) with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Pakistan">Queen of Pakistan</a> at the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference">Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/H._S._Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. Suhrawardy">Suhrawardy</a> and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming general elections. Meanwhile, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(1947%E2%80%931958)" title="Muslim League (1947–1958)">Pakistan Muslim League</a>, led by its President <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a>, was threatening to engage in civil disobedience.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi_83_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi_83-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 October 1958, <a href="/wiki/President_Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="President Iskandar Ali Mirza">President Iskandar Ali Mirza</a> abrogated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Constitution of Pakistan of 1956</a> after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and appointed General Ayub Khan as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a>. </p><p>On 13 October, General Ayub Khan assigned Lt. General <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki" title="Wajid Ali Khan Burki">Wajid Ali Khan Burki</a> the task of improving the efficiency of hospitals and health agencies. Within days, Karachi hospitals showed significant improvement, and the medical services took on a new outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks later, on 27 October 1958, Ayub Khan carried out <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">his own coup d'état</a> against Mirza.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan <a href="/wiki/James_M._Langley" title="James M. Langley">James M. Langley</a> was kept fully informed of political developments in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi_83_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi_83-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_and_Schuster,_Oborne_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster,_Oborne-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and that his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal_2014_98-100_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2014_98-100-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the public <i>was</i> informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive. </p><p>President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after the Supreme Court's Chief <a href="/wiki/Justice_Munir" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Munir">Justice Munir</a> justified the coup under the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a>, Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal_2014_101_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2014_101-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was largely done with the support of: <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">Admiral A. R. Khan</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(general)" title="Azam Khan (general)">Azam Khan</a>, Nawab of Kalabagh <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Malik_Amir_Mohammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan">Amir Khan</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki" title="Wajid Ali Khan Burki">Dr. Wajid Khan</a>, General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a> was asked by <a href="/wiki/General_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Ayub Khan">General Ayub Khan</a> to join the Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform and 'to bring the country back to sanity'.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that the country could feed itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal_2014_98-100_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2014_98-100-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies. </p><p>In 1960, a referendum,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that functioned as the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College of Pakistan">Electoral College</a>, was held that asked the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani society">general public:</a> <i>"Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?"</i> The <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first <a href="/wiki/State_visits_to_the_United_States" title="State visits to the United States">state visit to the United States</a> with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center of Washington</a>, and a ticker tape parade in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_and_legal_reforms">Constitutional and legal reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional and legal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">Constitution of Pakistan of 1962</a></div> <p>A constitutional commission was set-up under the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> to implement the work on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">constitution</a> that was led by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahabuddin" title="Muhammad Shahabuddin">Muhammad Shahabuddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court justices</a>. The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from the one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics. His presidency restored the <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new constitution respected <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but did not declare Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and was viewed as a liberal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">American Electoral College</a> and cited <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> as his inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Jackson_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Jackson-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ayub administration "guided" the <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Pakistan">print newspapers</a> through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance."<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis,_Moghissi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis,_Moghissi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this ordinance, unmitigated <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was abolished. Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the practice of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times. </p><p>The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy,_infrastructure,_and_public_service"><span id="Economy.2C_infrastructure.2C_and_public_service"></span>Economy, infrastructure, and public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy, infrastructure, and public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg/220px-Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg/330px-Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg/440px-Kaptai_dam_in_East_Pakistan_being_visited_by_Ayub_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Ayub Khan visits the <a href="/wiki/Kaptai_Dam" title="Kaptai Dam">Kaptai Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">national freeways</a> are considered his greatest achievements and his era is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">economical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Pakistan">political history</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Pakistan" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan">hydroelectric dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">power stations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_barrages_and_headworks_in_Pakistan" title="List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan">barrages</a> all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-SAGE,_Kukreja_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAGE,_Kukreja-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the <a href="/wiki/Mangla_Dam" title="Mangla Dam">Mangla Dam</a> (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Kaptai_Dam" title="Kaptai Dam">Kaptai Dam</a>. President Ayub authorized planning of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>, supported by the President, personally approved the project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahid-ur-Rehman_p._21_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahid-ur-Rehman_p._21-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific development efforts' were also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis,_Lall_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis,_Lall-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">agricultural reforms</a> preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. His administration, redistributed approximately 23 percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Farmland" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmland">farmland</a> to onetime tenant farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, around 100,000 refugees displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> were moved from <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> to new housing colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration also eliminated the need for <a href="/wiki/Bribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribe">bribes</a>, known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Refinery">oil refinery</a> was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP growth</a> of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a> growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industries</a> and land of the country and 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">insurance</a> companies of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_spending">Defence spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Defence spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Ayub era, the navy was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards <a href="/wiki/Conventional_weapon" title="Conventional weapon">conventional weaponry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional defence</a>. In the 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American‑produced conventional weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Jeep_CJ" title="Jeep CJ">Jeep CJs</a>, <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> and <a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a> tanks, <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-86" class="mw-redirect" title="F-86">F-86</a> fighter airplanes, and the submarine <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS Ghazi</a>; all through the US <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales" title="Foreign Military Sales">Foreign Military Sales</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full‑fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Suparco</a> civilian space agency that launched <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Pakistan%27s_rocket_tests" title="Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests">sounding rockets</a> throughout the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub prioritized <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> generation over the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a> for military purposes. He reportedly spent <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">₨.</a> 724 million on the civilian <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Plant">Karachi Nuclear Power Plant</a> and related education of engineers and scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded the size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._alliance_and_1960_U-2_incident">U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan,_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/225px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/338px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>President Ayub with <a href="/wiki/President_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="President Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> in Washington D.C., 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritized <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">relations with the United States</a> and Europe. Foreign <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–Soviet Union relations">relations with the Soviet Union</a> were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> in the 1950s and, working with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Ali Khan</a>, forged a military alliance with the United States against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization of the armed forces in the shortest time possible saw relations with the United States as the only way to achieve his organizational and personal objectives as he argued against <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian supremacy</a> that would affect American interests in the region as a result of an election. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg/250px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg/375px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg/500px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_President_Ayub_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4865" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>President Ayub receiving <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> leased <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar Air Station">Peshawar Air Station</a> in the 1950s and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency. When these activities were exposed in 1960 after a U-2 flying out of the air station was <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">shot down and its pilot captured</a> by the USSR,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn6_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn6-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on a state visit. When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> threatened to bomb Peshawar if the United States continued to operate aircraft from there against the Soviet Union. Ayub Khan apologised for the incident when he visited the Soviet Union five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_43_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_43-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg/260px-Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg/390px-Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg/520px-Muhammed_Ayub_Khan_and_Alexei_Kosygin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>President Ayub Khan meeting Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>President Ayub directed his <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office of Pakistan">Foreign Office</a> to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits by Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> and Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> and agreeing to downplay relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_43_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_43-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Ayub signed the historic <a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Frontier_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement</a> with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> despite US opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1961–65, Ayub lost much of his support from President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John Kennedy</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> as they sought <a href="/wiki/Indo-U.S._relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-U.S. relations">closer relations with India</a>. President Johnson placed an embargo on both nations during the war in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201044–45_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201044–45-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Agreement">peace treaty</a> between Pakistan and India in 1965, and reached a trade treaty with Pakistan the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Malik_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Malik-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966–67, Ayub wrestled with the United States' attempt to dictate Pakistan's foreign policy, while he strengthened relations with the Soviet Union and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press,_McGarr_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_McGarr-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initiatives to normalize relations with the Soviet Union, Ayub Khan remained inclined towards the United States and the western world, receiving President Johnson in Karachi in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961–62, Ayub paid a state visit to the United Kingdom. He attracted much attention from the <a href="/wiki/British_society" class="mw-redirect" title="British society">British public</a> when his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Christine_Keeler" title="Christine Keeler">Christine Keeler</a> affair was revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India:_1959_joint_defence_and_1965_war">India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></div> <p>In 1959, Ayub Khan's interest in building defence forces had already diminished when he made an offer of joint defense with India during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indo clashes</a> in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of understanding of foreign affairs<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News_Papers,_5_April_2009_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News_Papers,_5_April_2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> reportedly countered, "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?"<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press,_McGarr_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_McGarr-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84–86">: 84–86 </span></sup> India remained uninterested in such proposals and Prime Minister Nehru decided to <a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">push his country's role</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, President Ayub, together with Prime Minister Nehru, signed the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> brokered by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, after India was defeated by China, Ayub Khan disguised a few thousand soldiers as guerillas and sent them to Indian Kashmir to incite the people to rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> engaged with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> in several <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">skirmishes</a>, and clandestine operations began. </p><p>The war with India in 1965 was a turning point in his presidency, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>, which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a> to resign his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan. According to Morrice James, "For them (Pakistanis) Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians."<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Aziz" title="Sartaj Aziz">Sartaj Aziz</a>, deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a>, it was Foreign Minister Bhutto who had inadvertently set Pakistan on the road to war with India. During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist <a href="/wiki/Indophobia_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indophobia in Pakistan">anti-Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Pakistan" title="Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan">anti-American</a> binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States. When Ayub authorized <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a>, the fomenting of a Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I hope you realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line." Aziz opposed Operation Gibraltar, fearing the economical turmoil that would jolt the country's economy, but was in turn opposed by his own senior bureaucrats. In that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shoaib_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shoaib (politician)">Muhammad Shoaib</a> that India would not attack Pakistan due to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> being a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir dispute">disputed territory</a>, and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into <a href="/wiki/Indian-occupied_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-occupied Kashmir">Indian-occupied Kashmir</a>, at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory." This theory proved wrong, when India launched a full-scale war against West Pakistan in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief of the Army Staff General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musa_(general)" title="Muhammad Musa (general)">Musa Khan</a> held off launching <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a>, waiting for President Ayub Khan's go ahead. The operation didn't get underway until after the Indian Army had captured <a href="/wiki/Haji_Pir_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Pir pass">Haji Pir pass</a> in Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He faced serious altercations with, and public criticism from, <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief_(Pakistan_Air_Force)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force)">air chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal_Asghar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal Asghar Khan">Air Marshal Asghar Khan</a> for hiding the details of the war. The <a href="/wiki/AHQ_(PAF)" class="mw-redirect" title="AHQ (PAF)">Air Headquarters</a> began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the 1965 war's contingency plans, Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a> briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces."<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson administration</a> placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose US$500 million in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">aid and grants</a> that had been received through consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath of the 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering presidential power to Army Commander General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan</a></b> </p><p>In the 1950s, partly due to the complicated bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> dispute, Ayub Khan along with the Royal family of Afghanistan under <a href="/wiki/King_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zahir Shah">King Zahir Shah</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan</a> to merge Afghanistan with Pakistan under a single confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This merger was proposed on the basis of mutual distrust and fears of security threats by the Indian government and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>, which wasn't able to amount to fruition due to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> and the formation of a new communist Afghan regime.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965_presidential_election">1965 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1965 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 Pakistani presidential election</a></div> <p>In 1964, President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce presidential elections in 1965. He earned the nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (PML) and was shocked when <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Opposition_Parties" title="Combined Opposition Parties">Combined Opposition Parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayub Khan's son, <a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a>, launched attacks on Fatima Jinnah supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Ayub Khan used the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani intelligence agencies">Pakistani intelligence community</a> for his own advantage. <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence</a> actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau</a> taped politicians' telephone conversations.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first departure of the intelligence community from national defence and security to direct interference with <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">national politics</a>, an interference which continued in succeeding years.<sup id="cite_ref-global_security_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_security-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported that the elections were widely <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">rigged</a> by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats. They were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan, who won the bitterly contested elections with 64% of the Electoral College vote.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to journalists of the time, the election did not conform to international standards; many viewed the election results with great suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Elections_1965-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969_protests_and_resignation">1969 protests and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1969 protests and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1969_East_Pakistan_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 East Pakistan uprising">1969 East Pakistan uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Mujib_and_Ayub_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>President Ayub and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> after the Round Table Conference in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, January 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The controversial victory over <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 presidential election</a> and the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">war</a> with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Khan's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> believed the Tashkent Declaration was a "political surrender" which turned a military victory into defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201049_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201049-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto began criticizing Ayub Khan openly and resigned in June 1966. In <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_Rath_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Rath-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Bhutto formed the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">Pakistan People's Party</a> (PPP) and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies. Bhutto was arrested for these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His detention further inflamed the opposition, and demonstrations were sparked all over the country. The East Pakistani Awami League charged the Ayub administration with <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory policies</a> towards the East. Labour unions called for strikes against Ayub Khan's administration, and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country's middle class by the end of 1968. When Ayub Khan was confronted with the <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worse for Ayub's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009p197_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wynbrandt2009p197-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt while visiting <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a> and was visibly shaken afterwards, according to close aides; though this was not reported in the press of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_Abbas_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_Abbas-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a "<a href="/wiki/Round_table_(discussion)" title="Round table (discussion)">Round Table Conference</a>" where he held talks with all major opposition parties. However, these discussions yielded no results and strong anti-Ayub demonstrations calling for his resignation were sparked all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009p197_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wynbrandt2009p197-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> that put him out of the office, and later survived a <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> attack that put him in a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal_Publications,_Akbar_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications,_Akbar-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Pakistan">police</a> were unable to maintain <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and order in Pakistan">Law and order in Pakistan</a>, especially in East Pakistan where <a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">riots and a serious uprising</a> were quelled. At one point, <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Defence Minister</a> Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the mob rule and that police were not strong enough to tackle the situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Siddiqui_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Siddiqui-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up. Disapproval of Ayub Khan was widely expressed by chanted slogans and insults referring to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Random_House_Publishing_Group_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_House_Publishing_Group-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the streets of major cities of West Pakistan, massive <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">wall chalkings</a> that employed <a href="/wiki/Derogatory_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Derogatory term">derogatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> terms for Ayub made <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Pakistan">print</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">broadcast</a> media.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani military">military</a> began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era. On 25 March 1969, President Ayub Khan, after consulting Advocate Raja Muhammad Qalib Ali Khan (the last person to meet the president before resignation) resigned from office and invited commander-in-chief of the army General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> to take over control of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Khan" title="Khyber Khan">Khyber Khan</a> were considered among the likely successors to President Ayub Khan during the collapse of his regime. Khyber was described as "a young, energetic, and popular air force officer in his early forties - who happens to look very much like a younger Ayub Khan."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayub Khan did not comment on the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971. He died of a heart attack on 19 April 1974 at his <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> at age 66.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_2">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led <a href="/wiki/CENTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CENTO">military alliance</a> against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan develop its strong economic background and its long-term political and strategic relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">economic aid and trade</a> from the United States and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Communities</a> ultimately led Pakistan's industrial sector to develop rapidly but the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartelization</a> included increased <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics" title="Income inequality metrics">inequality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution of wealth</a>. After 1965, he became extremely concerned about the arrogance and bossiness of the US over the direction of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Pakistan">Pakistan's foreign policy</a> when the US publicly criticized Pakistan for building <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-China relations">ties with China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a>; he authored a book over this issue known as <i>Friends not Masters</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Star,_2011_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Star,_2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diary">Diary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayub Khan began his diary in September 1966, and ended his recordings in October 1972 due to his failing health. The diary covers events such as his resignation from office, the assumption of power by <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>, the independence of Bangladesh, and the replacement of Yahya by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. After his death in 1972, the diary was not released to the public for thirty years due to opinions which would have been detrimental to the reputation of powerful individuals at the time. Ayub Khan wanted his diary to be edited by his close associate <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Gauhar" title="Altaf Gauhar">Altaf Gauhar</a>, but after Ayub Khan's death the six-year-long diary was entrusted to Oxford University Press (OUP) to edit and publish. At OUP, <i>Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972</i> was edited and annotated by American historian <a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Craig Baxter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_projects">Development projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Development projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal capital was relocated under the Ayub administration from the port city of Karachi to the new and carefully planned city of Islamabad in the mountains in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facilitated by the World Bank, the Ayub administration became a party to the Indus Waters Treaty with archrival India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> Doab that flow between the two countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams, and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_of_agriculture_and_industrialization">Modernization of agriculture and industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modernization of agriculture and industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development and spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decade of his rule, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP</a> rose by 45% and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Star,_2011_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Star,_2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the economists in the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a> alleged that his policies were tailored to reward the elite families and major landowners in the country. In 1968, his administration celebrated the so-called "Decade of Development" when the mass protests erupted all over the country due to an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Star,_2011_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Star,_2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_policy">Global policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Global policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Despotism,_nepotism_and_corruption"><span id="Despotism.2C_nepotism_and_corruption"></span>Despotism, nepotism and corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Despotism, nepotism and corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Government_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Government corruption">corruption in government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, and suppression of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of press">press</a> increased unrest and turmoil in the country against the Ayub administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 presidential election</a>, where Ayub Khan was opposed by Fatima Jinnah, was allegedly rigged. In 2003, the nephew of the <a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-i-Azam">Quaid-i-Azam</a>, Akbar Pirbhai, re-ignited the controversy by suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>'s death in 1967 was an assassination by the Ayub Khan establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gohar Ayub Khan became the subject of criticism by many writers when he was accused of leading a victory parade after the 1965 election right into the heartland of opposition territory in Karachi in a blatantly provocative move. The civil administration's failure to stop the rally led to fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals being killed.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was faced with allegations of widespread intentional <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">vote riggings</a>, organizing political murders in Karachi. His peace with India was considered by many Pakistanis an embarrassing compromise. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a> also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law, retired Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan_Khattak" title="Habibullah Khan Khattak">Habibullah Khan Khattak</a>. One Western commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public criticism of Gohar's personal wealth and that of the President increased. All these criticisms harmed President Ayub Khan's image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishandling_of_East_Pakistan">Mishandling of East Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mishandling of East Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan, he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized East Pakistan province continued to feel it was being slighted.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his presidency, differences between <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> arose to an enormous degree, that ultimately led to the independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamization">Islamization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Islamization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Saikia" title="Yasmin Saikia">Yasmin Saikia</a> argues that the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization</a> that is often blamed on <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> has its roots in the policies of Ayub Khan, who injected a "jihadi" rhetoric into the Pakistan Army, his re-writing of Pakistan's history from a purely Islamic viewpoint and his categorization of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> as being too influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weakening_of_constitutional_government">Weakening of constitutional government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Weakening of constitutional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Minister of Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Asif" title="Khawaja Asif">Khawaja Asif</a> delivered a speech on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly of Pakistan</a> in which he stated that Ayub was the first dictator who violated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> and overthrew a democratically elected government; hence, Ayub was the root cause of all the confusion and chaos which ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minister Asif supported the demand(s) for Article 6 proceedings against violators of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Minister Asif called for the corpse of dictator Ayub to be dug out of his grave and be hung for the offence of high treason in accordance with Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death, his descendants became active in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">national politics</a> in the 1990s until the present; however, these family members have been controversial. His son Gohar was an active member of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Pakistan">Foreign Minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif ministry</a> in the 1990s but was removed due to his controversial and unauthorized statements about India.<sup id="cite_ref-tft-photoarchive_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tft-photoarchive-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub's daughter Nasim did not enter politics and married <a href="/wiki/Miangul_Aurangzeb" title="Miangul Aurangzeb">Miangul Aurangzeb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wali_of_Swat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali of Swat">Wali of Swat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tft-photoarchive_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tft-photoarchive-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son Shaukat was a successful businessman and had four children: three sons and one daughter. All three sons went into business and politics, with <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ayub_Khan" title="Akbar Ayub Khan">Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arshad_Ayub_Khan" title="Arshad Ayub Khan">Arshad</a>, and Yousaf Ayub Khan becoming successful members of the provincial and national assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Ayub Khan">Omar</a>, served in the <a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz" title="Shaukat Aziz">Aziz ministry</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a> in the 2000s but joined the <a href="/wiki/PML-N" class="mw-redirect" title="PML-N">PML(N)</a> in 2010; he was declared ineligible for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013 general election</a> after allegations of <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">vote rigging</a> were proved. In 2018, he joined <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a>. Another grandson, <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Ayub_Khan" title="Yousuf Ayub Khan">Yousaf</a>, who is a party worker of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a>, was also declared ineligible for submitting fake documents to the Election Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nishan-e-Pakistan_(1957-86).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/130px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/195px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/260px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/130px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/195px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/260px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Pakistan_(1957-86).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/130px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/195px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/260px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/130px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/195px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/260px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_Medal_1956_(Pakistan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/130px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/195px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/260px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/130px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/195px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/260px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/130px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/195px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/260px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_General_Service_Medal_(1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/130px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/195px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/260px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/130px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/195px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/260px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/130px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/195px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/260px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/130px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/195px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/260px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">Nishan-e-Pakistan</a></b> <p>(<i>Order of Pakistan</i>) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Jurat">Hilal-e-Jurat</a></b> <p>(<i>Crescent of Courage</i>) </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Pakistan" title="Hilal-e-Pakistan">Hilal-e-Pakistan</a></b> <p><i>(HPk)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Medal</a></b> <p>(<i>Pakistan Tamgha)</i> </p><p><b>1947</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria">Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria</a></b> <p>(<i>Republic Commemoration Medal</i>) </p><p><b>1956</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a></b> <p><b>(MBE)</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></b> <p><b>(Degree of Chief Commander)</b> </p><p><i><b>(US)</b></i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1936)" title="India General Service Medal (1936)">India General Service Medal (1936)</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star" title="1939–1945 Star">1939–1945 Star</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal 1939–1945</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal">India Service Medal</a></b> <p><b>1939–1945</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></b> <p><b>(1953)</b> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Decorations">Foreign Decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Foreign Decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center"><b>Foreign Awards</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png/60px-Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png/90px-Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png/120px-Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE)</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/60px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/90px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/120px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (Degree of Chief Commander)</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/60px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/90px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/120px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1936)" title="India General Service Medal (1936)">India General Service Medal (1936)</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_General_Service_Medal_(1936).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/60px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/90px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png/120px-India_General_Service_Medal_%281936%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star" title="1939–1945 Star">1939–1945 Star</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/60px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/90px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/120px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/60px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/90px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/120px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal 1939–1945</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/60px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/90px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/120px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal">India Service Medal</a> 1939–1945</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/60px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/90px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/120px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/60px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/90px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png/120px-QE_II_Coronation_Medal_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">THA</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Rama" title="Order of Rama"><b>Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Rama</b></a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="35" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">YUG</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/60px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/90px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_honours">National honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: National honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nishan-e-Pakistan_(1957-86).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/60px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/90px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/120px-Nishan-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">Nishan-e-Pakistan</a> <b>(NPk)</b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/60px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/90px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hilal-e-Jurat.png/120px-Hilal-e-Jurat.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Jur%27at" title="Hilal-i-Jur'at">Hilal-e-Jurat</a> <b>(HJ)</b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Pakistan_(1957-86).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/60px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/90px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png/120px-Hilal-e-Pakistan_%281957-86%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Pakistan" title="Hilal-e-Pakistan">Hilal-e-Pakistan</a> <b>(HPk)</b></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/60px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/90px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/120px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> Member of the Most Excellent <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> <b>(MBE)</b></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_(Nepal)_-_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya" title="Order of Ojaswi Rajanya">Order of Ojaswi Rajanya</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/60px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/90px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/120px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/90px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> <b>(GCMG)</b> (1961)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg/60px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg/90px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg/120px-Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="34" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/60px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/90px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg/120px-MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_%28Crown_of_the_Realm%29_-_DMN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Order of the Crown of the Realm">Order of the Crown of the Realm</a> <b>(D.M.N.(K))</b> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the books Ayub Khan authored or which were based on his speeches, talks and other output, are:<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authored">Authored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Authored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography</i>, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1967.</li> <li><i>Ideology and Objectives</i>, Rawalpindi: Ferozesons, 1968.</li> <li><i>Agricultural Revolution in Pakistan</i>, Karachi: Rana Tractors & Equipment, 1968.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edited_by_others">Edited by others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Edited by others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972</i>, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007. <small>Edited by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Craig Baxter</a>.</small></li> <li><i>Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan: A Selection of Talks and Interviews, 1964–1967</i>, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010. <small>Edited by Nadia Ghani.</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_National_Park" title="Ayub National Park">Ayub National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Medical_College" title="Ayub Medical College">Ayub Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Cultural_influence" title="Pakistan–United States relations">American cultural influence in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>..former President of Pakistan, died of a heart attack at his Islamabad residence at 12-15 this afternoon...</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayub retired from active service in 1958; however, he made himself field marshal in 1959. See "Military Ruler Gets Himself Elevated", <sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> {{blockquote President Ayub made Field Marshal General Mohammad Ayub Khan was conferred the rank of Field Marshal by the presidential cabinet. The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour. The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. The press communique added that by a peaceful revolution last year the President had not only defended the territorial integrity of Pakistan but had also saved the very existence of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> }}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayub never had an active regular military appointment of the rank of field marshal, his last military appointment was the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the rank of full general.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد ایوب خان</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ankit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ankit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ankit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnkit2010" class="citation cs2">Ankit, Rakesh (January 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/epilogue/docs/january_10">"The Defiant Douglas"</a>, <i>Epilogue</i>, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>47, <q>Deeply concerned about shepherding the Pakistan army through its early years, General Douglas Gracey wanted to continue till 1953 but had to relinquish his post two years earlier on 23 January 1951 bowing down to the rising chorus for 'nationalisation' of the army to which the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, had to acquiesce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilogue&rft.atitle=The+Defiant+Douglas&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Ankit&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fepilogue%2Fdocs%2Fjanuary_10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">DAWN</a> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1828743">Ayub passes away</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Akbar_Zaidi" class="citation news cs1">S. Akbar Zaidi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240415014027/https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1">"Special report: The Changing of the Guard 1958-1969"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1">the original</a> on 15 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+The+Changing+of+the+Guard+1958-1969&rft.au=S.+Akbar+Zaidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1355171%23tab-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708103628/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html">"Field Marshal Ayub Dead; Ex-President of Pakistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 21 April 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Field+Marshal+Ayub+Dead%3B+Ex-President+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1974-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F04%2F21%2Farchives%2Ffield-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/of-false-pride-and-misbelief-125197">"Of false pride and misbelief"</a>. <i>The Tribune India</i>. 31 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Of+false+pride+and+misbelief&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Ffeatures%2Fof-false-pride-and-misbelief-125197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed">"Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i>. 27 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Four+of+13+army+chiefs+were+senior-most+when+appointed&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Ayub-Khan">"Biography, Reforms, & Martial Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 20 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Biography%2C+Reforms%2C+%26+Martial+Law&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMohammad-Ayub-Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauhar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Gauhar" title="Altaf Gauhar">Gauhar, Altaf</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?newbks=0&id=ouRtAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Rehana+"><i>Ayub Khan: Pakistan's First Military Ruler</i></a>. Lahore: <a href="/wiki/Sang-e-Meel_Publications" title="Sang-e-Meel Publications">Sang-e-Meel Publications</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0295-4"><bdi>978-969-35-0295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayub+Khan%3A+Pakistan%27s+First+Military+Ruler&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-969-35-0295-4&rft.aulast=Gauhar&rft.aufirst=Altaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fnewbks%3D0%26id%3DouRtAAAAMAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3DRehana%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2005" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Rizwan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&pg=PA74"><i>Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-4434-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+emergence+of+Islamic+militancy+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRW_M_xybyYC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir2013" class="citation news cs1">Amir, Intikhab (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407083216/https://www.dawn.com/news/1025073/where-pragmatism-holds-sway">"Where pragmatism holds sway (Haripur District politics and Tareen clan)"</a>. <i>Dawn newspaper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/2013/04/23/where-pragmatism-holds-sway/">the original</a> on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>. <q>When it comes to Haripur's significance to the national political scene, one can't help but refer to the country's first military dictator, Field Marshal Ayub Khan. A member of the politically significant Tareen clan of Haripur, General Ayub's heirs are known for not shying away from changing loyalties in their pursuit for a prolonged stay in the corridors of power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+newspaper&rft.atitle=Where+pragmatism+holds+sway+%28Haripur+District+politics+and+Tareen+clan%29&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=Intikhab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F23%2Fwhere-pragmatism-holds-sway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Olaf Caroe, "The Pathans, With An Epilogue On Russia (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints) 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577221-0">978-0-19-577221-0</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2023. p.453: NOTES "13a. President Ayub is one of these Tarins."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2004" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA69"><i>A history of Pakistan and its origins</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-149-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-149-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>. p. 69: <q>Ayub Khan, who had been army commander-in-chief since 1951, embodied this military institution better than anyone. His ethnic origin was Pashtun, he was born in the Punjab--like Ghulam Muhammad--and he believed in a centralized state dominated by the Punjab, to which he was keen to rally members of his community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Pakistan+and+its+origins&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-149-2&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9sI_Y2CKAcC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/897889/forming-the-govt-pml-n-seeks-haripur-tehsil-triumph-through-bloodlines">"Forming the govt : PML-N seeks Haripur tehsil triumph through bloodlines"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 4 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Forming+the+govt+%3A+PML-N+seeks+Haripur+tehsil+triumph+through+bloodlines&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F897889%2Fforming-the-govt-pml-n-seeks-haripur-tehsil-triumph-through-bloodlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2008" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008). <i>The History of Pakistan</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34137-3&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar+Haider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gowher_Rizvi" title="Gowher Rizvi">Rizvi, Gowher</a> (1985). "Riding the Tiger: Institutionalising the Military Regimes in Pakistan and Bangladesh". In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clapham_(Africanist)" title="Christopher Clapham (Africanist)">Clapham, Christopher S.</a>; Philip, George D. E. (eds.). <i>The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes</i>. Croom Helm. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3416-5"><bdi>978-0-7099-3416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Riding+the+Tiger%3A+Institutionalising+the+Military+Regimes+in+Pakistan+and+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=The+Political+Dilemmas+of+Military+Regimes&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3416-5&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Gowher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2006p125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2006p125_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassim2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kassim, Husain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA125">"Ayub Khan, Muhammad"</a>. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i>. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-388-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-388-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ayub+Khan%2C+Muhammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-388-0&rft.aulast=Kassim&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mE04D9PMpAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Army List, 1928 Dec</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33353" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33353/page/766">"No. 33353"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 3 February 1928. p. 766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33353&rft.pages=766&rft.date=1928-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33353%2Fpage%2F766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33510" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33510/page/4274">"No. 33510"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 June 1929. p. 4274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33510&rft.pages=4274&rft.date=1929-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33510%2Fpage%2F4274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33613" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33613/page/3572">"No. 33613"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 6 June 1930. p. 3572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33613&rft.pages=3572&rft.date=1930-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33613%2Fpage%2F3572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34381" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34381/page/1827">"No. 34381"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 March 1937. p. 1827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34381&rft.pages=1827&rft.date=1937-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34381%2Fpage%2F1827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37085" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37085/page/2577">"No. 37085"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 18 May 1945. p. 2577.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37085&rft.pages=2577&rft.date=1945-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37085%2Fpage%2F2577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See accounts of Sardar <a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a> <i>The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs</i>, Lahore: Jang Publications, 1992, p 187; and Lt Col (r) HE Empson 'Hard Times- The Burmese Campaign 1942–1945' Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200833-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200833_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2008">Nawaz 2008</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200879-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200879_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2008">Nawaz 2008</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheemaRiemer1990" class="citation book cs1">Cheema, Pervaiz I.; Riemer, Manuel (22 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA82"><i>Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58</i></a>. Springer, Reimer. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2"><bdi>978-1-349-20942-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Defence+Policy+1947%E2%80%9358&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Reimer&rft.date=1990-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-349-20942-2&rft.aulast=Cheema&rft.aufirst=Pervaiz+I.&rft.au=Riemer%2C+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCX6xCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAdmiral%2BChoudhri%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2013" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Maya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-9ahosP94C&q=commander+in+chief+pakistan+ayub+1953&pg=PA30"><i>The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03296-5"><bdi>978-1-107-03296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Power%3A+The+Origins+of+Democracy+in+India+and+Autocracy+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03296-5&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2-9ahosP94C%26q%3Dcommander%2Bin%2Bchief%2Bpakistan%2Bayub%2B1953%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2004" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, A.R. (25 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926122141/https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891">"Army's top slot: the seniority factor (scroll down to this title in the article)"</a>. <i>Dawn newspaper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891">the original</a> on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+newspaper&rft.atitle=Army%27s+top+slot%3A+the+seniority+factor+%28scroll+down+to+this+title+in+the+article%29&rft.date=2004-04-25&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1065891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm">"Ayub Khan in US Country Studies"</a>. US State Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayub+Khan+in+US+Country+Studies&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOP-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOP_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107041804/http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan">"Muhammad Ayub Khan profile"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan">the original</a> on 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan+website&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Ayub+Khan+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fmuhammad-ayub-khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan,_part-II_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205133011/http://storyofpakistan.com/ouster-of-president-iskander-mirza/">"Ouster of President Iskander Mirza"</a>. Story of Pakistan website. 1 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/ouster-of-president-iskander-mirza/">the original</a> on 5 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ouster+of+President+Iskander+Mirza&rft.pub=Story+of+Pakistan+website&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fouster-of-president-iskander-mirza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011515/http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/">"Kal Tak – 25 May 2011 | Pakistan Politics"</a>. Pkpolitics.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kal+Tak+%E2%80%93+25+May+2011+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+Politics&rft.pub=Pkpolitics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpkpolitics.com%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2Fkal-tak-25-may-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2015" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_s_Drift_into_Extremism/N3GsBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=general%20akbar%20khan%20competent&pg=PT47"><i>Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Drift+Into+Extremism&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPakistan_s_Drift_into_Extremism%2FN3GsBwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dgeneral%2520akbar%2520khan%2520competent%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawaz200880-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawaz200880_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawaz2008">Nawaz 2008</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201034-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201034_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYU_Press,_Cheema-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYU_Press,_Cheema_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheema2002" class="citation book cs1">Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93"><i>The Armed Forces of Pakistan</i></a>. NYU Press, Cheema. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1633-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+newspaper&rft.atitle=The+rule+of+seniority+%28in+the+Pakistan+Armed+Forces%29&rft.date=2006-03-05&rft.au=Kamal+Azfar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2Fdaily%2Fmar-2006%2F5%2Fcolumns5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesilbursa2005" class="citation book cs1">Yesilbursa, Behcet Kemal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26"><i>The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59</i></a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76686-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76686-3"><bdi>978-1-135-76686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baghdad+Pact%3A+Anglo-American+Defence+Policies+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1950%E2%80%9359&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76686-3&rft.aulast=Yesilbursa&rft.aufirst=Behcet+Kemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZKRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAyub%2BKhan%2Bmedical%2Bvisit%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Yesilbursa-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Yesilbursa_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesilbursa2005" class="citation book cs1">Yesilbursa, Behcet Kemal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26"><i>The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59</i></a>. Routledge, Yesilbursa. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76686-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76686-3"><bdi>978-1-135-76686-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baghdad+Pact%3A+Anglo-American+Defence+Policies+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1950%E2%80%9359&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Yesilbursa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76686-3&rft.aulast=Yesilbursa&rft.aufirst=Behcet+Kemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZKRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAyub%2BKhan%2Bmedical%2Bvisit%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1998" class="citation book cs1">Bahadur, Kalim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191"><i>Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7"><bdi>978-81-241-0083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Pakistan%3A+Crises+and+Conflicts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0083-7&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=Kalim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND9yNyTpntYC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1998" class="citation book cs1">Bahadur, Kalim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191"><i>Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7"><bdi>978-81-241-0083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Pakistan%3A+Crises+and+Conflicts&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0083-7&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=Kalim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND9yNyTpntYC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bahadur-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bahadur_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1998" class="citation book cs1">Bahadur, Kalim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191"><i>Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0083-7"><bdi>978-81-241-0083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Pakistan%3A+Crises+and+Conflicts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0083-7&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=Kalim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND9yNyTpntYC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Dixit-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Dixit_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixit2003" class="citation book cs1">Dixit, J. N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>India-Pakistan in War and Peace</i></a>. Routledge. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40758-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40758-3"><bdi>978-1-134-40758-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-40758-3&rft.aulast=Dixit&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdWCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG302"><i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">302–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5"><bdi>978-0-19-023518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPG302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG124"><i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 124, 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5"><bdi>978-0-19-023518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=124%2C+211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPG124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah2014167-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah2014167_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShah2014">Shah 2014</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizviShahPaulFair2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rizvi, Hasan Askari; Shah, Aqil; Paul, T.V.; Fair, C. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128"><i>International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume I: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908939-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908939-0"><bdi>978-0-19-908939-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+Theory+and+South+Asia+%28OIP%29%3A+Volume+I%3A+Security%2C+Political+Economy%2C+Domestic+Politics%2C+Identities%2C+and+Images&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908939-0&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIM8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Book_Company,_Ahmad,_2004-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Book_Company,_Ahmad,_2004_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Syed Sami (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvBtAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of Pakistan and Role of the Army</i></a>. Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan: Royal Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-306-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-306-4"><bdi>978-969-407-306-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pakistan+and+Role+of+the+Army&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Sindh%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-969-407-306-4&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Syed+Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvBtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382"><i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">381–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9815378-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Shekhar+Narain+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3DAdmiral%2BChoudhri%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Singh-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Singh_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382"><i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i></a>. Lancer Publishers, Singh. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9815378-9-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers%2C+Singh&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Shekhar+Narain+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3DAdmiral%2BChoudhri%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_newspapers,_Ghani-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Ghani_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhani2010" class="citation news cs1">Ghani, Nadia (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/826646">"NON-FICTION: The narcissist"</a>. <i>Dawn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=NON-FICTION%3A+The+narcissist&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Ghani&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F826646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheema2002" class="citation book cs1">Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93"><i>The Armed Forces of Pakistan</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1633-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5&rft.aulast=Cheema&rft.aufirst=Pervaiz+Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcw_gduyRv5oC%26q%3DVice%2BAdmiral%2Bchoudri%2B1953%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382"><i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9815378-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Shekhar+Narain+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3DAdmiral%2BChoudhri%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rizvi_83-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rizvi_83_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizvi_83_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Askari_Rizvi" title="Hasan Askari Rizvi">Rizvi, Hasan-Askari</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>Military, State and Society in Pakistan</i></a>. Macmillan Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59904-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59904-8"><bdi>978-0-230-59904-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military%2C+State+and+Society+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59904-8&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Hasan-Askari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwGIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Pakistan Times". 28 November 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Times&rft.date=1958-11-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Affairs/p1AdAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=+ayub+khan+assigned&pg=PP140"><i>News In Brief</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>12. Pakistan Affairs. 1959. pp. 140, 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+In+Brief&rft.pages=140%2C+141&rft.pub=Pakistan+Affairs&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPakistan_Affairs%2Fp1AdAQAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2Bayub%2Bkhan%2Bassigned%26pg%3DPP140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Askari_Rizvi" title="Hasan Askari Rizvi">Rizvi, Hasan-Askari</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Military, State and Society in Pakistan</i></a>. Macmillan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59904-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59904-8"><bdi>978-0-230-59904-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military%2C+State+and+Society+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59904-8&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Hasan-Askari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwGIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster,_Oborne-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_and_Schuster,_Oborne_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOborne2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oborne" title="Peter Oborne">Oborne, Peter</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXXGBwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+martial+law&pg=PA157"><i>Wounded Tiger: A History of Cricket in Pakistan</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-074-7"><bdi>978-0-85720-074-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wounded+Tiger%3A+A+History+of+Cricket+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85720-074-7&rft.aulast=Oborne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXXGBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Diskander%2Bmirza%2Bmartial%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal_2014_98-100-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2014_98-100_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2014_98-100_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2014). <i>The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics</i>. Belknap Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05289-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Pakistan%3A+A+Muslim+Homeland+and+Global+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05289-5&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal_2014_101-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2014_101_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2014). <i>The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics</i>. Belknap Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05289-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05289-5</bdi></a>. <q>The joint authority of president and commander-in-chief was untenable and did not last more than a few weeks. Even before the coup, Mirza had been conspiring to replace Ayub as commander-in-chief. By appearing to go along with the president, Ayub bought precious time. Once the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice Munir dignified the coup as a revolutionary necessity, Ayub sprang into action to establish himself as the undisputed leader of Pakistan. With the backing of his top military commanders, he packed off Mirza to permanent exile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Pakistan%3A+A+Muslim+Homeland+and+Global+Politics&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05289-5&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaz2008" class="citation book cs1">Nawaz, Shuja (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Asghar%20Khan%20recalls%22"><i>Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547660-6"><bdi>978-0-19-547660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossed+Swords%3A+Pakistan%2C+Its+Army%2C+and+the+Wars+Within&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547660-6&rft.aulast=Nawaz&rft.aufirst=Shuja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKyfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Asghar%2520Khan%2520recalls%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Martial_law_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan">"Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned"</a>. <i>Story Of Pakistan, Martial law</i>. 1 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+Of+Pakistan%2C+Martial+law&rft.atitle=Martial+Law+Under+Field+Marshal+Ayub+Khan+Provincial+Assemblies+were+dissolved+and+all+political+activities+were+banned&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fmartial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120163452/http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub">"America Welcomes President Ayub"</a>. <i>Gordon Wilkison Collection</i>. Texas Archive of the Moving Image. July 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub">the original</a> on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gordon+Wilkison+Collection&rft.atitle=America+Welcomes+President+Ayub&rft.date=1961-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasarchive.org%2Flibrary%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAmerica_Welcomes_President_Ayub%26gsearch%3Dayub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Ayub_Khan_(Part_III)_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062752/http://storyofpakistan.com/field-marshal-ayub-khan-becomes-president/">"Field Marshal Ayub Khan Becomes President"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan website</i>. 1 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/field-marshal-ayub-khan-becomes-president/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan+website&rft.atitle=Field+Marshal+Ayub+Khan+Becomes+President&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Ffield-marshal-ayub-khan-becomes-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_The_Constitution_of_1962_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1962">"The Constitution of 1962 Provided for a unicameral legislature"</a>. <i>Story Of Pakistan website</i>. 1 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+Of+Pakistan+website&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+1962+Provided+for+a+unicameral+legislature&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fthe-constitution-of-1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Jackson-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Jackson_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMotCgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+thomas+jefferson&pg=PA75"><i>Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State</i></a>. Routledge, Jackson. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95036-0"><bdi>978-1-136-95036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawlana+Mawdudi+and+Political+Islam%3A+Authority+and+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Jackson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-95036-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMotCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAyub%2BKhan%2Bthomas%2Bjefferson%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm">"Islamic Pakistan"</a>. <i>ghazali.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ghazali.net&rft.atitle=Islamic+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghazali.net%2Fbook1%2Fchapter_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis,_Moghissi-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis,_Moghissi_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaq2005" class="citation book cs1">Haq, Farhat (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&q=Muslim+family+law+ayub&pg=PA204">"Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan"</a>. In Moghissi, Haideh (ed.). <i>Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology</i>. Vol. 3. Routledge. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32421-2"><bdi>978-0-415-32421-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%2C+Islam+and+the+State+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Women+and+Islam%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Sociology&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32421-2&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Farhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ln19FcDV7wC%26q%3DMuslim%2Bfamily%2Blaw%2Bayub%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazali" class="citation web cs1">Ghazali, Abdul Sattar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm">"Islamic Pakistan: Illusions & Reality (Chapter IV - The First Martial Law)"</a>. Ghazali.net website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Pakistan%3A+Illusions+%26+Reality+%28Chapter+IV+-+The+First+Martial+Law%29&rft.pub=Ghazali.net+website&rft.aulast=Ghazali&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Sattar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghazali.net%2Fbook1%2Fchapter_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/97215/democratising-pakistan-ii/">"Democratising Pakistan?"</a>. <i>Daily Times newspaper</i>. 4 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+newspaper&rft.atitle=Democratising+Pakistan%3F&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F97215%2Fdemocratising-pakistan-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Mason" title="Colin Mason">Mason, Colin</a> (2014) [First published 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCRHEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan++hydroelectric+dams&pg=PA181"><i>A Short History of Asia</i></a> (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34061-0"><bdi>978-1-137-34061-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Asia&rft.pages=181&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34061-0&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCRHEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAyub%2BKhan%2B%2Bhydroelectric%2Bdams%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE,_Kukreja-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAGE,_Kukreja_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukreja2003" class="citation book cs1">Kukreja, Veena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdVNL2_DUtYC&q=Ayub+Khan+economy&pg=PA304"><i>Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises</i></a>. SAGE. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-9683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pakistan%3A+Political+Processes%2C+Conflicts+and+Crises&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5&rft.aulast=Kukreja&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdVNL2_DUtYC%26q%3DAyub%2BKhan%2Beconomy%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press,_Khan_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33"><i>Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+Making+of+the+Pakistani+Bomb&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%2Bgrass%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahid-ur-Rehman_p._21-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shahid-ur-Rehman_p._21_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road To Chagai, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2016" class="citation web cs1">Haider, Murtaza (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1293604">"What they never tell us about Ayub Khan's regime"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=What+they+never+tell+us+about+Ayub+Khan%27s+regime&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Murtaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1293604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis,_Lall-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis,_Lall_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLallVickers2010" class="citation book cs1">Lall, Marie; Vickers, Edward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAI-G2EuBr0C&pg=PA183"><i>Education as a Political Tool in Asia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59536-0"><bdi>978-0-415-59536-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+as+a+Political+Tool+in+Asia&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59536-0&rft.aulast=Lall&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Vickers%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAI-G2EuBr0C%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6809901/pakistan-ayub-s-acid-test/">"Pakistan: Ayub 's Acid Test"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 14 April 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Ayub+%27s+Acid+Test&rft.date=1961-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6809901%2Fpakistan-ayub-s-acid-test%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/3amendment.html">"CONSTITUTION (THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974"</a>. <i>pakistani.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pakistani.org&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTION+%28THIRD+AMENDMENT%29+ACT%2C+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistani.org%2Fpakistan%2Fconstitution%2Famendments%2F3amendment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2014" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Zafar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22"><i>Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence</i></a>. Routledge. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67601-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67601-0"><bdi>978-1-317-67601-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Nuclear+Policy%3A+A+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67601-0&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW8KBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Zafar_Khan_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2014" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Zafar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22"><i>Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence</i></a>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67601-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67601-0"><bdi>978-1-317-67601-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Nuclear+Policy%3A+A+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67601-0&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW8KBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33"><i>Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+Making+of+the+Pakistani+Bomb&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%2Bgrass%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33"><i>Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 53, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+Making+of+the+Pakistani+Bomb&rft.pages=53%2C+60&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%2Bgrass%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG309"><i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">309–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5"><bdi>978-0-19-023518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPG309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn6-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn6_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224163754/https://www.dawn.com/news/731670/timeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations">"Timeline: History of US-Pakistan relations"</a>. <i>Dawn newspaper</i>. 4 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/2012/07/04/timeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations/">the original</a> on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+newspaper&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+History+of+US-Pakistan+relations&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2012%2F07%2F04%2Ftimeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid_Hussain2012" class="citation web cs1">Hamid Hussain (4 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm">"Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations"</a>. <i>Defencejournal.com website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defencejournal.com+website&rft.atitle=Tale+of+a+love+affair+that+never+was%3A+United+States-Pakistan+Defence+Relations&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft.au=Hamid+Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2002%2Fjune%2Floveaffair.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_43-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_43_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_43_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33"><i>Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 37, 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+Making+of+the+Pakistani+Bomb&rft.pages=37%2C+43&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%2Bgrass%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2004" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Sayed Wiqar Ali (2004). "Pakistan People's Party: The Twin Legacies of Socialism and Dynastic Rule". In Mitra, Subrata K.; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clement (eds.). <i>Political Parties in South Asia</i>. Praeger. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96832-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96832-4"><bdi>0-275-96832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan+People%27s+Party%3A+The+Twin+Legacies+of+Socialism+and+Dynastic+Rule&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-275-96832-4&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Wiqar+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201044–45-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201044–45_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Malik-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Malik_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1990" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Hafeez (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171"><i>Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11318-7"><bdi>978-1-349-11318-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286"><i>The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29226-0"><bdi>978-1-107-29226-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11318-7"><bdi>978-1-349-11318-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Determinants+of+Soviet+Foreign+Policy+towards+South+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-349-11318-7&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoliwCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2BSoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Tunzelmann2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">von Tunzelmann, Alex</a> (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/11/scandal-keeler-profumo">"Scandal: someone was taking notes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scandal%3A+someone+was+taking+notes&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=von+Tunzelmann&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2012%2Fjul%2F11%2Fscandal-keeler-profumo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n01/tariq-ali/the-general-in-his-labyrinth">Tariq Ali on Ayub Khan 4 January 2007</a> Retrieved December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_News_Papers,_5_April_2009-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News_Papers,_5_April_2009_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal_Ahmad_Khan2009" class="citation news cs1">Iqbal Ahmad Khan (5 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/archives/31374">"Bhutto's foreign policy legacy"</a>. <i>Dawn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Bhutto%27s+foreign+policy+legacy&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.au=Iqbal+Ahmad+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2Farchives%2F31374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarr2013" class="citation book cs1">McGarr, Paul M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286"><i>The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29226-0"><bdi>978-1-107-29226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+South+Asia%3A+Britain%2C+the+United+States+and+the+Indian+Subcontinent%2C+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29226-0&rft.aulast=McGarr&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYkYAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bchina%26pg%3DRA1-PT286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/03/kashmir.india1">War over water</a> <i>The Guardian</i>, Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2012" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2012). <i>Pakistan in the Brink</i>. Allen Lane. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-585-8"><bdi>978-1-84614-585-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+the+Brink&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-585-8&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victoria-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Schofield" title="Victoria Schofield">Schofield, Victoria</a> (2003). <i>Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War</i>. I. B. Tauris. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-898-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-898-3"><bdi>1-86064-898-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+in+Conflict%3A+India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+Unending+War&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-898-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2009" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Khaled (9 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063953/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed">"Book Review: Sartaj Aziz on 'excessive' leaders"</a>. <i>Pakistan Times</i>. 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Nation Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpPCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_newspapers,_Editorial_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/155474/nur-khan-reminisces">"Nur Khan reminisces '65 war"</a>. <i>Dawn</i> (Editorial). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Trouble+with+Mother&rft.date=1964-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C830952%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201049-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201049_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge_Rath-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Rath_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRath2015" class="citation book cs1">Rath, Saroj Kumar (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh7ICQAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+tashkent+agreement&pg=PT51"><i>Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56251-1"><bdi>978-1-317-56251-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragile+Frontiers%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Mumbai+Terror+Attacks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56251-1&rft.aulast=Rath&rft.aufirst=Saroj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh7ICQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Btashkent%2Bagreement%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2009" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196"><i>A Brief History of Pakistan</i></a>. Facts on File. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQGwgJnCPZgC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wynbrandt2009p197-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009p197_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009p197_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2009" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196"><i>A Brief History of Pakistan</i></a>. Facts on File. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQGwgJnCPZgC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan_Abbas-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_Abbas_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2004" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass"><i>Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror</i></a></span>. M. E. Sharpe. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Drift+Into+Extremism%3A+Allah%2C+the+Army%2C+and+America%27s+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1497-1&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistansdriftin00hass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal_Publications,_Akbar-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications,_Akbar_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar1997" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M.K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37"><i>Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170996743" title="Special:BookSources/9788170996743"><bdi>9788170996743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+from+Jinnah+to+Sharif&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788170996743&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcIniHQAHfUC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2B1965%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Siddiqui-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Siddiqui_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui1972" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Kalim (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f86uCwAAQBAJ&q=AR+Khan+minister+resigned&pg=PA130"><i>Conflict, Crisis and War in Pakistan</i></a>. Springer. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-01339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-01339-5"><bdi>978-1-349-01339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+Crisis+and+War+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1-349-01339-5&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Kalim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df86uCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAR%2BKhan%2Bminister%2Bresigned%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Random_House_Publishing_Group-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Random_House_Publishing_Group_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Constable" title="Pamela Constable">Constable, Pamela</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39"><i>Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60345-0"><bdi>978-0-679-60345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire%3A+Pakistan+at+War+with+Itself&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60345-0&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-wU1aVyM9IC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bprice%2Bhike%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2011" class="citation book cs1">Constable, Pamela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39"><i>Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60345-0"><bdi>978-0-679-60345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire%3A+Pakistan+at+War+with+Itself&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60345-0&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-wU1aVyM9IC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2Bprice%2Bhike%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm">"Pakistan – AYUB KHAN"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+AYUB+KHAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar1997" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M.K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37"><i>Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-674-3"><bdi>978-81-7099-674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+from+Jinnah+to+Sharif&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-674-3&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcIniHQAHfUC%26q%3Dayub%2Bkhan%2B1965%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_MuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Khyber%20Khan%22"><i>Reports Service: South Asia Series</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. American Universities Field Staff. 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+Service%3A+South+Asia+Series&rft.pub=American+Universities+Field+Staff&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_MuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Khyber%2520Khan%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19740419&id=kJxjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4149,2977014">"Ex President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, Dies"</a>. <i>Lawrence Journal-World</i>. Vol. 116, no. 95. Islamabad, Pakistan. Associated Press. 20 April 1974. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World&rft.atitle=Ex+President+of+Pakistan+Ayub+Khan%2C+Dies&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1974-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2199%26dat%3D19740419%26id%3DkJxjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4149%2C2977014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19740420&id=tmE0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3105,5096342">"Ayub Khan dead at 67"</a>. <i>Star-News</i>. Vol. 44, no. 28. United Press International. 20 April 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-News&rft.atitle=Ayub+Khan+dead+at+67&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=28&rft.date=1974-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1454%26dat%3D19740420%26id%3DtmE0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3105%2C5096342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1967" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Mohammad Ayub (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9K6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times+newspaper&rft.atitle=Photo+Archive%3A+Ayub+Khan+visits+the+US+%281961%29&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Fbeta2%2Ftft%2Farticle.php%3Fissue%3D20110916%26page%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19610114%7Cpage:2%7Cquery:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5">"Југословенско-пакистански политички разоговри"</a>. <i>Borba</i>. <b>26</b> (10): 2. 14 January 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borba&rft.atitle=%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1961-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistorijskenovine.unilib.rs%2Fview%2Findex.html%23panel%3App%26%23124%3Bissue%3AUB_00064_19610114%26%23124%3Bpage%3A2%26%23124%3Bquery%3A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%2520%25D1%2598%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%2520%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%2520%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmEdAQAAIAAJ">"Dasar-Dasar Persahabatan dan Kerdjasama Indonesia-Pakistan"</a> [Foundations of the Friendship and Cooperation between Indonesia-Pakistan]. <i>Mimbar Penerangan</i> (in Indonesian). <b>11</b> (12). Departemen Penerangan Republik Indonesia: 796. December 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mimbar+Penerangan&rft.atitle=Dasar-Dasar+Persahabatan+dan+Kerdjasama+Indonesia-Pakistan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=796&rft.date=1960-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmEdAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf">"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Penuh+Penerima+Darjah+Kebesaran%2C+Bintang+dan+Pingat+Persekutuan+Tahun+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istiadat.gov.my%2Fv8%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4168A/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan">"34 Works authored by Ayub Khan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Library+website&rft.atitle=34+Works+authored+by+Ayub+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fauthors%2FOL4168A%2FMohammad_Ayub_Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloughly2006" class="citation book cs1">Cloughly, Brian (2006). "Chapter 2, "Ayub Khan, Adjutant General to President"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>A History of the Pakistan Army</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-712-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%2C+%22Ayub+Khan%2C+Adjutant+General+to+President%22&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pakistan+Army&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-712-2&rft.aulast=Cloughly&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Haqqani, Husain</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC"><i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Endowment">Carnegie Endowment</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-285-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-285-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1966" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Ayub (1966). <i>Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547442-8"><bdi>978-0-19-547442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaries+of+Field+Marshal+Mohammad+Ayub+Khan&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547442-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ayub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1967" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Ayub (1967). <i>Friends Not Masters</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211178-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211178-7"><bdi>0-19-211178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+Not+Masters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-19-211178-7&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ayub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2014" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Aqil (2014). <i>Military and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40758-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40758-3"><bdi>978-1-134-40758-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+and+Democracy%3A+Military+Politics+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-134-40758-3&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Aqil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ayub_Khan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P017">Ayub Khan Bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824193937/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=145">Official profile at Pakistan Army website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045354">Video clip of Ayub Khan in Paris</a>----use QuickTime Player.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045361">Video clip of Ayub Khan with General De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=AFE86000182">Video clip in Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette42035" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42035/page/3465">"No. 42035"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 17 May 1960. p. 3465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+42035&rft.pages=3465&rft.date=1960-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F42035%2Fpage%2F3465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyub+Khan" class="Z3988"></span> Creation as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_British_knights_and_dames" title="List of honorary British knights and dames">Honorary Knight Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> on 26 April 1960</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/General_Gracey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Gracey">General Gracey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/C-in-C_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="C-in-C of the Pakistan Army">C-in-C of the Pakistan Army</a> </b><br />1951–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/General_Musa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Musa Khan">General Musa Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Muhammad Ali Bogra</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Defence Minister of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1958–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a> </b><br />1958–1969 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ayub_Khuhro" title="Muhammad Ayub Khuhro">Muhammad Ayub Khuhro</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Defence Minister of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1958–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">Afzal Rahman Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Habibullah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Habibullah Khan">Khan Habibullah Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan">Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Pakistan86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Iskandar Ali Mirza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Muhammad Rafiq Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Muhammad Mian Soomro</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Arif Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting Presidents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Ayub Khan">General Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Yahya_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Yahya Khan">General Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia-ul-Haq">General Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="General Pervez Musharraf">General Pervez Musharraf</a> <small><b>(unstyled)</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> Ghulam Jilani Khan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martial_Law_Administrator_of_Balochistan" title="Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/F._S._Lodhi" title="F. S. Lodhi">F. S. Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Khushdil_Khan" title="Khushdil Khan">Khushdil Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Baloch" title="Abdul Qadir Baloch">Abdul Qadir Baloch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sindh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> Rakhman Gul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/S.M._Abbasi" class="mw-redirect" title="S.M. Abbasi">S.M. Abbasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/K._M._Azhar" title="K. M. Azhar">K. M. Azhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Dad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahan Dad Khan">Jahan Dad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(general)" title="Azam Khan (general)">Azam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffaruddin" title="Muzaffaruddin">Muzaffaruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lt._General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General">Lt. General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal_Nur_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal Nur Khan">Air Marshal Nur Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army12289" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template talk:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army12289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">General Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a></li> <li>Surgeon-General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_General_of_Ordnance_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)">Master-General of Ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general#Pakistan" title="Adjutant general">Adjutant-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">Engineer-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_Pakistan" title="Surveyor General of Pakistan">Surveyor-General</a></li> <li>Accountant-General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)">Judge Advocate General</a></li> <li>Comptroller-General</li> <li>Quartermaster-General</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army">Serving Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/120px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/180px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/240px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combat commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="I Corps (Pakistan)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="V Corps (Pakistan)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="X Corps (Pakistan)">X Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XII Corps (Pakistan)">XII Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXX Corps (Pakistan)">XXX Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXXI Corps (Pakistan)">XXXI Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corps-level formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Defence_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Air Defence Command (Pakistan)">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Strategic_Forces_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)">Strategic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Command (Pakistan)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Command (Pakistan)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Command (Pakistan)">Eastern</a> (historical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group" title="Special Service Group">Army Special Services Group (SSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Commando_Battalion" title="Light Commando Battalion">Light Commando Battalion (LCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Security Division">Special Security Division (SSD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Reserve">Pakistan Army Reserve</a> <ul><li>North</li> <li>South</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Administrative arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infantry regiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Regiment" title="Azad Kashmir Regiment">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="Frontier Force Regiment">Frontier Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry_Regiment" title="Northern Light Infantry Regiment">Northern Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Regiment" title="Sindh Regiment">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armoured_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armoured Corps">Armoured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Artillery_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Artillery Corps">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Air_Defence_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps">Air Defence</a></li> <li>Chaplains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Aviation_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Aviation Corps">Aviation</a></li> <li>Dental</li> <li>Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineering" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering">Electrical and Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Medical Corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a></li> <li>Nursing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Ordnance Corps">Ordnance</a></li> <li>Remount, Veterinary and Farms</li> <li>Service Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Signals" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Signals">Signals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Affiliated<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Army Welfare Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSD_Pakistan" title="CSD Pakistan">CSD Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Works_Organization" title="Frontier Works Organization">Frontier Works Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Logistics_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="National Logistics Cell">National Logistics Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Organization" title="Special Communications Organization">Special Communications Organization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">DHA Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Islamabad" title="Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad">DHA Islamabad</a></li> <li>DHA Lahore</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foods" title="Fauji Foods">Fauji Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askari_Bank" title="Askari Bank">Askari Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Fertilizer_Company" title="Fauji Fertilizer Company">Fauji Fertilizer Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Petroleum">Mari Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_basketball_team" title="Pakistan Army basketball team">Army Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_F.C." title="Pakistan Army F.C.">Army F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Education<br /> and <br />Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_Training_School_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Parachute Training School (Pakistan Army)">Parachute Training School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_University_Islamabad" title="Foundation University Islamabad">Foundation University Islamabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_University_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation University Medical College">Foundation University Medical College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="National University of Medical Sciences">National University of<br />Medical Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Medical College">Army Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Post_Graduate_Medical_Institute" title="Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute">Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMH_Lahore_Medical_And_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College">CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah_Medical_College" title="Wah Medical College">Wah Medical College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_%26_Technology" title="National University of Sciences & Technology">National University of<br />Sciences and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Electrical_%26_Mechanical_Engineering" title="College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering">College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Engineering_(Pakistan)" title="Military College of Engineering (Pakistan)">Military College of Engineering </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Signals" title="Military College of Signals">Military College of Signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_Engineering_College" title="Pakistan Navy Engineering College">Pakistan Navy Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Aeronautical_Engineering" title="College of Aeronautical Engineering">College of Aeronautical Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHA_Suffa_University" title="DHA Suffa University">DHA Suffa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HITEC_University" title="HITEC University">HITEC University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Garrison_University" title="Lahore Garrison University">Lahore Garrison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Modern_Languages" title="National University of Modern Languages">National University of Modern Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Technology" title="National University of Technology">National University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_University,_Nowshera" title="Northern University, Nowshera">Northern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wah" title="University of Wah">University of Wah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Public_College_of_Management_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Public College of Management Sciences">Army Public College of Management Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Preparatory colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College" title="Army Burn Hall College">Army Burn Hall College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Public_Schools_%26_Colleges_System" title="Army Public Schools & Colleges System">Army Public Schools and Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cadet_colleges_in_Pakistan" title="List of cadet colleges in Pakistan">Cadet Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Jhelum" title="Military College Jhelum">Military College Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Murree" title="Military College Murree">Military College Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Sui" title="Military College Sui">Military College Sui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Literature and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crossed_Swords:_Pakistan,_Its_Army,_and_the_Wars_Within" title="Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within">Crossed Swords</a></i></li> <li><i>The Battle for Pakistan</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_Inc." title="Military Inc.">Military Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dramatization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angar_Wadi" title="Angar Wadi"><i>Burning Valley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_Maqbool_Hussain" title="Sipahi Maqbool Hussain"><i>Private Maqbool Hussain</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehd-e-Wafa" title="Ehd-e-Wafa">Ehd-e-Wafa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinf-e-Aahan" title="Sinf-e-Aahan">Sinf-e-Aahan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Resolve" title="The Glorious Resolve">The Glorious Resolve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waar" title="Waar">Waar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waar_2" title="Waar 2"><i>Waar-II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaadi" title="Azaadi"><i>Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalghaar" title="Yalghaar"><i>Delta Echo Foxtrot</i></a></li> <li><i>Wilco</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Museum" title="Pakistan Army Museum">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Institute_of_Military_History" title="Army Institute of Military History">Army Institute of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="List of equipment of the Pakistan Army">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">Cantonments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">The Establishment (Pakistan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Category:Pakistan Army</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories1029" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World 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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a></b> </span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2021" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2021" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190071#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083935098">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72187587">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11174/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrC9T8RVX9dqgCQVmg7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118651315">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033185">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125247447">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125247447">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431971">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080206002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072833351">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn244rh84twd54s">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810613661505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258059705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11956802?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118651315.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081936699">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/eyyub-han">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour. The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. 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