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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sydney Brenner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سيدني برينر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيدني برينر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Brenner" title="Sidney Brenner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sidney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سیدنی برنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیدنی برنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সিডনি ব্রেনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিডনি ব্রেনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сідней Брэнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сідней Брэнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Сидни Бренър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сидни Бренър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سیدنی برنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیدنی برنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%8B%88_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%84%88" title="시드니 브레너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시드니 브레너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="सिडनी ब्रेनर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिडनी ब्रेनर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="סידני ברנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סידני ברנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сидней Бреннер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сидней Бреннер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidnijs_Breners" title="Sidnijs Breners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidnijs Breners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC" title="സിഡ്നി ബ്രെന്നർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഡ്നി ബ്രെന്നർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიდნი ბრენერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდნი ბრენერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سيدنى برينر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيدنى برينر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سیدنی برنر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیدنی برنر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="シドニー・ブレナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シドニー・ブレナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سڈنی برینر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سڈنی برینر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бреннер, Сидней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бреннер, Сидней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidni_Brener" title="Sidni Brener – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sidni Brener" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сидни Бреннер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сидни Бреннер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сідні Бреннер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сідні Бреннер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سڈنی برینر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سڈنی برینر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="西德尼·布伦纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西德尼·布伦纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sydney Brenner" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%A2%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="雪梨布倫納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雪梨布倫納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="西德尼·布伦纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西德尼·布伦纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South African biologist and Nobel prize winner</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sydney Brenner</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">MAE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_(33208371153)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sydney_Brenner_OIST_2008_%2833208371153%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1783" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brenner in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1927-01-13</span>)</span>13 January 1927<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a>, South Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-04-05)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Singapore</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Uncle Syd<sup id="cite_ref-fried_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fried-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> (MSc, MBBCh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (DPhil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-celegans_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celegans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">May Covitz</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952; died 2010)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bate_Hardy_Prize" title="William Bate Hardy Prize">William Bate Hardy Prize</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Medal_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendel Medal (genetics)">Mendel Medal</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Medical_Research_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Medical Research Award">Albert Lasker Medical Research Award</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krebs_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Krebs Medal">Krebs Medal</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstiel_Award" title="Rosenstiel Award">Rosenstiel Award</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Prize_for_Medicine" title="Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine">Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine</a> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America_Medal" title="Genetics Society of America Medal">Genetics Society of America Medal</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal International Prize">King Faisal International Prize in Medicine</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck_Medal" title="Max Delbrück Medal">Max Delbrück Medal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award" title="Novartis-Drew Award">Novartis-Drew Award</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Sciences_Institute" title="Molecular Sciences Institute">Molecular Sciences Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps Research Institute">Scripps Research Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-scripps_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripps-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies" title="Salk Institute for Biological Studies">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-hhmi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhmi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory of Molecular Biology">Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:oxfaleph020307634">The physical chemistry of cell processes: a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli, strain B</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1954)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-cyril_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyril-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Rubin" title="Gerald M. Rubin">Gerald M. Rubin</a><sup id="cite_ref-rubinphd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubinphd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_White" class="mw-redirect" title="John Graham White">John G. White</a><sup id="cite_ref-whitephd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitephd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sydney Brenner</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">MAE</a></span></span> (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/South_African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South African people">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>. In 2002, he shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> with <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sulston" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Sulston">John E. Sulston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fried_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fried-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brenner made significant contributions to work on the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory of Molecular Biology">Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England. He established the <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-celegans_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celegans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hodgkin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodgkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Sciences_Institute" title="Molecular Sciences Institute">Molecular Sciences Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-wade_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eighthday_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eighthday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrennerElgar1993_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrennerElgar1993-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-errol_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-errol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Chadarevian2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Chadarevian2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedberg2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedberg2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scopus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-googlescholar_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googlescholar-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brenner was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a> in the then <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> (today in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>), South Africa, on 13 January 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents, Leah<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (née Blecher) and Morris Brenner, were <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a>. His father, a cobbler, came to South Africa from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in 1910, and his mother from <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia, in 1922. He had one sister, Phyllis.<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Germiston_High_School" title="Germiston High School">Germiston High School</a><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>. Having joined the university at the age of 15, it was noted during his second year that he would be too young to qualify for the practice of medicine at the conclusion of his six-year medical course, and he was therefore allowed to complete a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>. During this time he was taught physical chemistry by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Mandelstam" title="Joel Mandelstam">Joel Mandelstam</a>, microscopy by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Oettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Oettle (page does not exist)">Alfred Oettle</a> and neurology by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Daitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Daitz (page does not exist)">Harold Daitz</a>. He also received an introduction to anthropology and paleontology from <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dart" title="Raymond Dart">Raymond Dart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a>. The histologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Gillman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Gillman (page does not exist)">Joseph Gillman</a> and director of research in the Anatomy Department persuaded Brenner to continue towards an honours degree and beyond towards an MSc. Brenner accepted though this would mean he would not graduate from medical school and his bursary would be discontinued. He supported himself during this time by working as a laboratory technician. It was during this time, in 1945, that Brenner would publish his first scientific works. His masters thesis was in the field of <a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">cytogenetics</a> and publications during this time in the field Brenner would later call <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cell Physiology (page does not exist)">Cell Physiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Le_Gros_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Le Gros Clark">Wilfred Le Gros Clark</a> invited Brenner to his Department of Anatomy in Oxford, during a visit to South Africa. Brenner was persuaded to finish his medical education instead. Brenner returned to medical school where he failed Medicine, nearly failed Surgery and achieved a First Class in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Six months later Brenner had finished repeating Medicine and Surgery and in 1951 received the degrees of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBBCh).<sup id="cite_ref-autobiography_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobiography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner received an <a href="/wiki/1851_Exhibition_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Exhibition Scholarship">1851 Exhibition Scholarship</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a> which enabled him to complete a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil)</a><sup id="cite_ref-phd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> as a postgraduate student of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a>, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his DPhil, Brenner did <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral research">postdoctoral research</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the next 20 years at the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory of Molecular Biology">Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Cambridge. There, during the 1960s, he contributed to molecular biology, then an emerging field. In 1976 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Jack_D._Dunitz" title="Jack D. Dunitz">Jack Dunitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Orgel" title="Leslie Orgel">Leslie Orgel</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryl_M._Oughton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryl M. Oughton (page does not exist)">Beryl M. Oughton</a>, he was one of the first people in April 1953 to see the model of the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James Watson</a>; at the time he and the other scientists were working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>'s Chemistry Department. All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner, who subsequently worked with Crick in the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory of Molecular Biology">Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a> (LMB). According to Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in two cars once <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner made several seminal contributions to the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> in the 1960s (see <a href="/wiki/Phage_group" title="Phage group">Phage group</a>). The first was to prove that all overlapping genetic <a href="/wiki/Coding_region" title="Coding region">coding sequences</a> were impossible. This insight separated the coding function from structural constraints as proposed in a clever code by <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a>. This led Francis Crick to propose the concept of a hypothetical molecule (later identified as <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> or tRNA) that transfer the genetic information from RNA to proteins. Brenner gave the name "<a href="/wiki/Adaptor_hypothesis" title="Adaptor hypothesis">adaptor hypothesis</a>" in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical separation between the <a href="/wiki/Anticodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticodon">anticodon</a> and the amino acid on a tRNA is the basis for the unidirectional flow of information in coded biological systems. This is commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">central dogma of molecular biology</a>, i.e. information flows from nucleic acid to protein and never from protein to nucleic acid. Following this adaptor insight, Brenner conceived of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> during an April 1960 conversation with Crick and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a>, and together with Jacob and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Meselson" title="Matthew Meselson">Matthew Meselson</a> went on to prove its existence later that summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, with Crick, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Barnett" title="Leslie Barnett">Leslie Barnett</a>, and Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner genetically demonstrated the triplet nature of the code of <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">protein translation</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Crick,_Brenner_et_al._experiment" title="Crick, Brenner et al. experiment">Crick, Brenner, Barnett, Watts-Tobin et al. experiment of 1961</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which discovered <a href="/wiki/Frameshift_mutation" title="Frameshift mutation">frameshift mutations</a>. Brenner collaborating with Sarabhai, Stretton and Bolle in 1964, using <a href="/wiki/Stop_codon" title="Stop codon">amber mutants</a> defective in the <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_virus_T4" title="Escherichia virus T4">bacteriophage T4D</a> major head protein, showed that the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleotide sequence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> is co-linear with the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide chain.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with the decoding work of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a> and others, the discovery of the triplet nature of the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> was critical to deciphering the code.<sup id="cite_ref-NautilusGoldstein_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NautilusGoldstein-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnett helped set up Sydney Brenner's laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, many years later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg/220px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg/330px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esther_Lederberg" title="Esther Lederberg">Esther Lederberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Stent" title="Gunther Stent">Gunther Stent</a>, Sydney Brenner and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> pictured in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Brenner, with George Pieczenik,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created the first computer matrix analysis of nucleic acids using TRAC, which Brenner continued to use. Crick, Brenner, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> and Pieczenik returned to their early work on deciphering the genetic code with a pioneering paper on the origin of protein synthesis, where constraints on mRNA and tRNA co-evolved allowing for a five-base interaction with a flip of the anticodon loop, and thereby creating a triplet code translating system without requiring a <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>. This model requires a partially overlapping code.<sup id="cite_ref-Klug_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klug-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The published scientific paper is extremely rare in that its collaborators include three authors who independently became Nobel laureates.<sup id="cite_ref-Another_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Another-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner then focused on establishing a free-living roundworm <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for the investigation of animal <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a> including <a href="/wiki/Neural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural development">neural development</a>. He chose this 1-millimeter-long soil <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a> mainly because it is simple, is easy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out to be quite convenient for genetic analysis. One of the key methods for identifying important function genes was the screen for roundworms that had some functional defect, such as being <i>uncoordinated</i>, leading to the identification of new sets of proteins, such as the <a href="/wiki/UNC_(biology)" title="UNC (biology)">UNC</a> proteins. For this work, he shared the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> with <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>. The title of his Nobel lecture in December 2002, "Nature's Gift to Science", is a homage to this <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a>; in it, he considered that having chosen the right organism turned out to be as important as having addressed the right problems to work on.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the <i>C. elegans</i> community has grown rapidly in recent decades with researchers working on a wide spectrum of problems.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner founded the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Sciences_Institute" title="Molecular Sciences Institute">Molecular Sciences Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-hhmi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhmi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> he was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Molecular_and_Cell_Biology_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Singapore)">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</a>, the Singapore <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Research_Council" title="Biomedical Research Council">Biomedical Research Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Janelia_Farm_Research_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Janelia Farm Research Campus">Janelia Farm Research Campus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hhmi_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhmi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2005, Brenner was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also on the Board of Scientific Governors at <a href="/wiki/The_Scripps_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scripps Research Institute">The Scripps Research Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being Professor of Genetics there.<sup id="cite_ref-scripps_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripps-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scientific biography of Brenner was written by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Friedberg" title="Errol Friedberg">Errol Friedberg</a> in the US, for publication by <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a> Press in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-errol_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-errol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known for his penetrating scientific insight and acerbic wit, Brenner, for many years, authored a regular column ("Loose Ends") in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brenner1994_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner1994-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This column was so popular that "Loose ends from Current Biology", a compilation, was published by Current Biology Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a collectors' item. Brenner wrote "<i>A Life in Science</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a paperback published by <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>. He is also noted for his generosity with ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Brenner co-organized a seminal lecture series in Singapore describing ten logarithmic scales of time from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> to the present, spanning the appearance of multicellular life forms, the evolution of humans, and the emergence of language, culture and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent scientists and thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/W._Brian_Arthur" title="W. Brian Arthur">W. Brian Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helga_Nowotny" title="Helga Nowotny">Helga Nowotny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack Szostak</a>, spoke during the lecture series. In 2018, the lectures were adapted into a popular science book titled <i>Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution</i>, published by Wildtype Books.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner also gave four lectures on the history of molecular biology, its impact on neuroscience and the great scientific questions that lie ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lectures were adapted into the book, <i>In the Spirit of Science: Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA, Worms and Brains</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_plan_and_European_plan">American plan and European plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American plan and European plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "American plan" and "European plan" were proposed by Sydney Brenner as competing models for the way brain cells determine their neural functions.<sup id="cite_ref-wade_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the European plan (sometimes referred to as the British plan), the function of cells is determined by their <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> lineage. According to the American plan, a cell's function is determined by the function of its neighbours after <a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">cell migration</a>. Further research has shown that most species follow some combination of these methods, albeit in varying degrees, to transfer information to new cells.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brenner received numerous awards and honours, including:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a> since 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bate_Hardy_Prize" title="William Bate Hardy Prize">William Bate Hardy Prize</a> in 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Medical_Research_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Medical Research Award">Albert Lasker Medical Research Award</a> in 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> in 1978 and again in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krebs_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Krebs Medal">Krebs Medal</a> in 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novartis_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Novartis Medal and Prize">Novartis Medal and Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_Society" title="Biochemical Society">Biochemical Society</a> in 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstiel_Award" title="Rosenstiel Award">Rosenstiel Award</a> in 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> in 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America_Medal" title="Genetics Society of America Medal">Genetics Society of America Medal</a> in 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a> in 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal International Prize">King Faisal International Prize in Medicine</a> in 1992.</li> <li>The Dendrobium Sydney Brenner named in 1998 on the occasion of his visit to <a href="/wiki/National_Orchid_Garden" title="National Orchid Garden">Singapore's National Orchid Garden</a> the prior year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-dandavid_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandavid-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed by Professor <a href="/wiki/Gad_Barzilai" title="Gad Barzilai">Gad Barzilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes_Prize_in_Developmental_Biology" title="March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology">March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In recognition of his pioneering role in starting what is now a global research community that work on <i>C. elegans</i>, another closely related nematode was given the scientific name <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_brenneri" title="Caenorhabditis brenneri">Caenorhabditis brenneri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The National Science and Technology Medal by the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Science,_Technology_and_Research" title="Agency for Science, Technology and Research">Agency for Science, Technology and Research</a> awarded Brenner in 2006 for his distinguished and strategic contributions to the development of Singapore's scientific capability and culture, particularly in the biomedical sciences sector.</li> <li>In 2008, the University of the Witwatersrand named the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience (SBIMB) in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a> in 2017.</li> <li>In 2019, a newly discovered species of bobtail squid, <i><a href="/wiki/Euprymna_brenneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Euprymna brenneri">Euprymna brenneri</a></i>, was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brenner was married to May Brenner (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Covitz</span>, subsequently Balkind)<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from December 1952 until her death in January 2010;<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their children include Belinda, Carla, Stefan, and his stepson Jonathan Balkind from his wife's first marriage to Marcus Balkind. He lived in <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely, Cambridgeshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brenner died on 5 April 2019, in Singapore, at the age of 92.<sup id="cite_ref-fried_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fried-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asianscientist_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asianscientist-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeantet.ch/en/prix-louis-jeantet/laureats/1987-en/">"Louis-Jeantet Prize"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192009/https://www.jeantet.ch/en/prix-louis-jeantet/laureats/1987-en/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis-Jeantet+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeantet.ch%2Fen%2Fprix-louis-jeantet%2Flaureats%2F1987-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anon (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U8635">"Brenner, Sydney"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i> (online <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> ed.). A & C Black. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U8635">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brenner%2C+Sydney&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U8635&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU8635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scripps-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scripps_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scripps_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220930/http://www.scripps.edu/research/faculty/brenner">"Sydney Brenner PhD"</a>. scripps.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scripps.edu/research/faculty/brenner">the original</a> on 2 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner+PhD&rft.pub=scripps.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripps.edu%2Fresearch%2Ffaculty%2Fbrenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhmi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhmi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhmi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhmi_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227182819/http://www.hhmi.org/janelia/brenner.html">"Janelia Farm: Sydney Brenner"</a>. hhmi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hhmi.org/janelia/brenner.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janelia+Farm%3A+Sydney+Brenner&rft.pub=hhmi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhmi.org%2Fjanelia%2Fbrenner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oist.jp/research-units">"Research Units | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST"</a>. <i>Oist.jp</i>. 1 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517193811/https://www.oist.jp/research-units">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oist.jp&rft.atitle=Research+Units+%26%23124%3B+Okinawa+Institute+of+Science+and+Technology+Graduate+University+OIST&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oist.jp%2Fresearch-units&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyril-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cyril_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, H. (1973). <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">"Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 1897-1967"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>19</b>: 374–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1973.0015">10.1098/rsbm.1973.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11615727">11615727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12385145">12385145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Cyril+Norman+Hinshelwood+1897-1967&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=374-431&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12385145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11615727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1973.0015&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phd_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phd_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1954" class="citation thesis cs1">Brenner, Syndney (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:oxfaleph020307634"><i>The physical chemistry of cell processes: a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli, strain B</i></a> (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775695643">775695643</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.672365">uk.bl.ethos.672365</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073849/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020307634&context=L&search_scope=default_scope">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+physical+chemistry+of+cell+processes%3A+a+study+of+bacteriophage+resistance+in+Escherichia+coli%2C+strain+B&rft.degree=DPhil&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F775695643&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Syndney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2FOXVU1%3Aoxfaleph020307634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubinphd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubinphd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1974" class="citation thesis cs1">Rubin, Gerald Mayer (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=13298"><i>Studies on 5.8 S Ribosomal RNA</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500553465">500553465</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.471132">uk.bl.ethos.471132</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406140607/https://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo%3fbibId=13298">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Studies+on+5.8+S+Ribosomal+RNA.&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500553465&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Mayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FbibId%3D13298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitephd-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitephd_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1974" class="citation thesis cs1">White, John Graham (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15189"><i>Computer Aided Reconstruction of the Nervous System of Caenorhabditis Elegans</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180702071">180702071</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.477040">uk.bl.ethos.477040</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406140603/https://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo%3fbibId=15189">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Computer+Aided+Reconstruction+of+the+Nervous+System+of+Caenorhabditis+Elegans&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180702071&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FbibId%3D15189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fried-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fried_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fried_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fried_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Errol_Friedberg" title="Errol Friedberg">Friedberg, Errol</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01192-9">"Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) Mischievous steward of molecular biology's golden age"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>568</b> (7753): 459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01192-9">10.1038/d41586-019-01192-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30988427">30988427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner+%281927%E2%80%932019%29+Mischievous+steward+of+molecular+biology%27s+golden+age&rft.volume=568&rft.issue=7753&rft.pages=459&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30988427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01192-9&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Errol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-01192-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celegans-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celegans_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celegans_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Sydney (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">"The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71">10.1093/genetics/77.1.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">1213120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4366476">4366476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4366476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulstonBrenner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Sulston, J.; Brenner, S. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213121">"The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 95–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.95">10.1093/genetics/77.1.95</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213121">1213121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4858229">4858229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+DNA+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-104&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4858229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.95&rft.aulast=Sulston&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2019" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/obituaries/sydney-brenner-dead.html">"Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190405190845/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/obituaries/sydney-brenner-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner%2C+a+Decipherer+of+the+Genetic+Code%2C+Is+Dead+at+92&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F05%2Fobituaries%2Fsydney-brenner-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBretscher2020" class="citation journal cs1">White, John; Bretscher, Mark S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2020.0022">"Sydney Brenner. 13 January 1927—5 April 2019"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>69</b>: 78–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2020.0022">10.1098/rsbm.2020.0022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221399685">221399685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner.+13+January+1927%E2%80%945+April+2019&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=78-108&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2020.0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221399685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bretscher%2C+Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2020.0022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodgkin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hodgkin_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinBrenner1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hodgkin" title="Jonathan Hodgkin">Hodgkin, JA</a>; Brenner, S (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213677">"Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>86</b> (2 Pt. 1): 275–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F86.2.275">10.1093/genetics/86.2.275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-6731">0016-6731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213677">1213677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/560330">560330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Mutations+causing+transformation+of+sexual+phenotype+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2+Pt.+1&rft.pages=275-87&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0016-6731&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F560330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F86.2.275&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wade_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Science Times Book of the Brain</i> 1998. Edited by Nicholas Wade. The Lyons Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eighthday-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eighthday_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson" title="Horace Freeland Judson">Horace Freeland Judson</a> <i>The Eighth Day of Creation</i> (1979), pp. 10–11 <i>Makers of the Revolution in Biology</i>; Penguin Books 1995, first published by Jonathan Cape, 1977; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-017800-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-017800-7">0-14-017800-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrennerElgar1993-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrennerElgar1993_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerElgarSanfordMacrae1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, S.; Elgar, G.; Sanford, R.; Macrae, A.; Venkatesh, B.; Aparicio, S. (1993). "Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome". <i>Nature</i>. <b>366</b> (6452): 265–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366..265B">1993Natur.366..265B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F366265a0">10.1038/366265a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8232585">8232585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2715056">2715056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+pufferfish+%28Fugu%29+genome+as+a+compact+model+vertebrate+genome&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6452&rft.pages=265-68&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2715056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.366..265B&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F366265a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8232585&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Elgar%2C+G.&rft.au=Sanford%2C+R.&rft.au=Macrae%2C+A.&rft.au=Venkatesh%2C+B.&rft.au=Aparicio%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-errol-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-errol_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-errol_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sydney Brenner: A Biography" by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Friedberg" title="Errol Friedberg">Errol Friedberg</a>, pub. <a href="/wiki/CSHL_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="CSHL Press">CSHL Press</a> October 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-947-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-947-7">0-87969-947-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Chadarevian2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Chadarevian2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chadarevian2009" class="citation journal cs1">de Chadarevian, Soraya (2009). "Interview with Sydney Brenner". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2008.12.008">10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-8486">1369-8486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19268875">19268875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+C%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Biological+and+Biomedical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sydney+Brenner&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1369-8486&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19268875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2008.12.008&rft.aulast=de+Chadarevian&rft.aufirst=Soraya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedberg2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedberg2008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Friedberg, Errol C. (2008). "Sydney Brenner". <i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm2320">10.1038/nrm2320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0072">1471-0072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18159633">18159633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1037231">1037231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1471-0072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1037231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18159633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm2320&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Errol+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scopus_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=24771944600">Sydney Brenner's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-googlescholar-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-googlescholar_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner">"Sydney Brenner publications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918170110/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner+publications&rft.pub=Google+Scholar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dsydney%2Bbrenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf">"Errol C. Friedberg. Sydney Brenner: A Biography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cshlpress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060300/https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cshlpress.com&rft.atitle=Errol+C.+Friedberg.+Sydney+Brenner%3A+A+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cshlpress.com%2Fpdf%2Fsample%2FBrennerBio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autobiography-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autobiography_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/">"Sydney Brenner, Biographical"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073829/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner%2C+Biographical&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2002%2Fbrenner%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx">"Brenner, Sydney (1927– ) World of Microbiology and Immunology"</a>. encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164238/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brenner%2C+Sydney+%281927%E2%80%93+%29+World+of+Microbiology+and+Immunology&rft.pub=encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FSydney_Brenner.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406012421/https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/">"Dr Sydney Brenner"</a>. <i>Exeter College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/">the original</a> on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exeter+College&rft.atitle=Dr+Sydney+Brenner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exeter.ox.ac.uk%2Fpeople%2Fdr-sydney-brenner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeley-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html">"Sydney Brenner: Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center"</a>. Salk Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001010916/http://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner%3A+Senior+Distinguished+Fellow+of+the+Crick-Jacobs+Center&rft.pub=Salk+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salk.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fbrenner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor', Medical Research Council 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0">978-1-84046-940-0</a><br />This book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olby, Robert, <i>Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets,</i> Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2009, Chapter 10, pg. 181; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3">978-0-87969-798-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1955" class="citation web cs1">Crick, Francis (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc">"On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club"</a>. <i>National Library of Medicine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816132804/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=On+Degenerate+Templates+and+the+Adaptor+Hypothesis%3A+A+Note+for+the+RNA+Tie+Club&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fnlm%3Anlmuid-101584582X73-doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobb-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cobb" title="Matthew Cobb">Cobb, Matthew</a> (29 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.032">"Who discovered messenger RNA?"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (13): R526–R532. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.R526C">2015CBio...25.R526C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.032">10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26126273">26126273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Who+discovered+messenger+RNA%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=R526-R532&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26126273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.R526C&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.05.032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrickBarnettBrennerWatts-Tobin1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick, Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Barnett" title="Leslie Barnett">Barnett, Leslie</a>; Brenner, Sydney; Watts-Tobin, Richard J (1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins". <i>Nature</i>. <b>192</b> (4809): 1227–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Natur.192.1227C">1961Natur.192.1227C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1921227a0">10.1038/1921227a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13882203">13882203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4276146">4276146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=General+nature+of+the+genetic+code+for+proteins&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=4809&rft.pages=1227-32&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1921227a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4276146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13882203&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961Natur.192.1227C&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Brenner%2C+Sydney&rft.au=Watts-Tobin%2C+Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarabhai AS, Stretton AO, Brenner S, Bolle A. Co-linearity of the gene with the polypeptide chain. Nature. 1964 Jan 4;201:13-7. doi: 10.1038/201013a0. PMID 14085558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NautilusGoldstein-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NautilusGoldstein_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2019" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Bob (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210101407/https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp">"The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped"</a>. Nautilus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp">the original</a> on 10 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thrill+of+Defeat%3A+What+Francis+Crick+and+Sydney+Brenner+taught+me+about+being+scooped&rft.pub=Nautilus&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnautil.us%2Fissue%2F72%2Fquandary%2Fthe-thrill-of-defeat-rp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplish2014" class="citation web cs1">Kaplish, L. (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/">"Uncovering a scientific life in the archives"</a>. <i>Wellcome Library blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073941/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellcome+Library+blog&rft.atitle=Uncovering+a+scientific+life+in+the+archives&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Kaplish&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wellcomelibrary.org%2F2014%2F02%2Funcovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd-Evans,_L._P._M.2005" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lloyd-Evans, L. P. M. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biobridge.co.uk/ClientArea/files/Publications/MARINE%20BIOTECHNOLOGY%20DEVELOPMENT%20in%20UK%20M%20Lloyd-Evans%20Jan%202005%20Vol%202.pdf">A Study into the Prospects for Marine Biotechnology Development in the United Kingdom</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Vol. 2 – Background & Appendices. Foresight Marine Panel Marine Biotechnology Group. p. 237. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073931/https://www.biobridge.co.uk/ClientArea/files/Publications/MARINE%20BIOTECHNOLOGY%20DEVELOPMENT%20in%20UK%20M%20Lloyd-Evans%20Jan%202005%20Vol%202.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Study+into+the+Prospects+for+Marine+Biotechnology+Development+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Foresight+Marine+Panel+Marine+Biotechnology+Group&rft.date=2005-01&rft.au=Lloyd-Evans%2C+L.+P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biobridge.co.uk%2FClientArea%2Ffiles%2FPublications%2FMARINE%2520BIOTECHNOLOGY%2520DEVELOPMENT%2520in%2520UK%2520M%2520Lloyd-Evans%2520Jan%25202005%2520Vol%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107101749/http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf">"Letter by Brenner (primary source)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>rutgers.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Letter+by+Brenner+%28primary+source%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frci.rutgers.edu%2F~piecze%2FBrenner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klug-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klug_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrickBrennerKlugPieczenik1976" class="citation journal cs1">Crick, FH; Brenner, S; Klug, A; Pieczenik, G (December 1976). "A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis". <i>Origins of Life</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 389–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976OrLi....7..389C">1976OrLi....7..389C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00927934">10.1007/BF00927934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1023138">1023138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42319222">42319222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Origins+of+Life&rft.atitle=A+speculation+on+the+origin+of+protein+synthesis.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-97&rft.date=1976-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00927934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42319222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1023138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976OrLi....7..389C&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S&rft.au=Klug%2C+A&rft.au=Pieczenik%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Another-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Another_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962, Brenner in 2002, and Klug in 1982. However, this is not the only case. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonJegerPrelogWoodward1954" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, D. H. R.; Jeger, O.; Prelog, V.; Woodward, R. B. (March 1954). "The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids". <i>Experientia</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 81–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02158513">10.1007/BF02158513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13161888">13161888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27430632">27430632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experientia&rft.atitle=The+constitutions+of+cevine+and+some+related+alkaloids&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=81-90&rft.date=1954-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27430632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13161888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02158513&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=D.+H.+R.&rft.au=Jeger%2C+O.&rft.au=Prelog%2C+V.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span> Barton (1969), Prelog (1975) and Woodward (1965) all became Nobel winners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/750">Sydney Brenner</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234463#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2002 <i>Nature's Gift to Science</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Sydney (1 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691750">"In the Beginning Was the Worm …"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>182</b> (2): 413–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.109.104976">10.1534/genetics.109.104976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-6731">0016-6731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691750">2691750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19506024">19506024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=In+the+Beginning+Was+the+Worm+%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=413-415&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2691750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0016-6731&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19506024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.109.104976&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2691750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218104648/http://www.oist.jp/dr-sydney-brenner">"Dr. Sydney Brenner | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST"</a>. <i>Oist.jp</i>. 12 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oist.jp/dr-sydney-brenner">the original</a> on 18 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oist.jp&rft.atitle=Dr.+Sydney+Brenner+%26%23124%3B+Okinawa+Institute+of+Science+and+Technology+Graduate+University+OIST&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oist.jp%2Fdr-sydney-brenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scripps.edu/about/leadership/governors.html">Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154522/http://www.scripps.edu/about/leadership/governors.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Scripps.edu; accessed 28 July 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/libraries/loose-ends">"Library: Sydney Brenner's Loose Ends"</a>. cell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506193307/http://www.cell.com/current-biology/libraries/loose-ends">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library%3A+Sydney+Brenner%27s+Loose+Ends&rft.pub=cell.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Flibraries%2Floose-ends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenner1994-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brenner1994_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1994" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Sydney (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900023-3">"Loose Ends"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CBio....4...88B">1994CBio....4...88B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900023-3">10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00023-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Loose+Ends&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900023-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994CBio....4...88B&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252800%252900023-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loose ends from Current Biology (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B85922%2B325%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/1+85922+325+7">1 85922 325 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Life in Science (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9540278-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9540278-0-9">0-9540278-0-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webofstories.com/people/sydney.brenner/1?o=SH">"Coming from Eastern European stock"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105456/https://www.webofstories.com/play/sydney.brenner/1;jsessionid=49E6A4FDF23AE4227DA43FC7328E3CB1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span> – via www.webofstories.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coming+from+Eastern+European+stock&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofstories.com%2Fpeople%2Fsydney.brenner%2F1%3Fo%3DSH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/brenner.htm">"Sydney Brenner interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, 2007-08-23 (film)"</a>. alanmacfarlane.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416025158/http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/brenner.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner+interviewed+by+Alan+Macfarlane%2C+2007-08-23+%28film%29&rft.pub=alanmacfarlane.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanmacfarlane.com%2Fancestors%2Fbrenner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiology.org/archive/genomes-tell-us-about-the-past/">"Genomes Tell Us About the Past: Sydney Brenner"</a>. <i>iBiology.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015821/https://www.ibiology.org/archive/genomes-tell-us-about-the-past/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iBiology.org&rft.atitle=Genomes+Tell+Us+About+the+Past%3A+Sydney+Brenner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiology.org%2Farchive%2Fgenomes-tell-us-about-the-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wellcomelibrary.org/using-the-library/subject-guides/genetics/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/sydney-brenner/">"The Sydney Brenner papers"</a>. Wellcome Library. 25 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209062100/http://wellcomelibrary.org/using-the-library/subject-guides/genetics/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/sydney-brenner/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sydney+Brenner+papers&rft.pub=Wellcome+Library&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwellcomelibrary.org%2Fusing-the-library%2Fsubject-guides%2Fgenetics%2Fmakers-of-modern-genetics%2Fdigitised-archives%2Fsydney-brenner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122105/http://www.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg/NewsnEvents/10-on-10%20The%20Chronicle%20of%20Evolution/Pages/Home.aspx">"10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg/NewsnEvents/10-on-10%20The%20Chronicle%20of%20Evolution/Pages/Home.aspx">the original</a> on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10-on-10%3A+The+Chronicles+of+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg%2FNewsnEvents%2F10-on-10%2520The%2520Chronicle%2520of%2520Evolution%2FPages%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution</i>. Wildtype Books. 9 November 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811187186" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811187186"><bdi>978-9811187186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner%27s+10-on-10%3A+The+Chronicles+of+Evolution&rft.pub=Wildtype+Books&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.isbn=978-9811187186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228120850/http://www.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg/NewsnEvents/Sydney%20Brenners%20lectures/Pages/Home.aspx">"Sydney Brenner's lectures"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg/NewsnEvents/Sydney%20Brenners%20lectures/Pages/Home.aspx">the original</a> on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner%27s+lectures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralimes.ntu.edu.sg%2FNewsnEvents%2FSydney%2520Brenners%2520lectures%2FPages%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerSejnowski2018" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Sydney; Sejnowski, Terrence (2018). <i>In the Spirit of Science: Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA, Worms and Brains</i>. World Scientific Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F11029">10.1142/11029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3271-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3271-73-9"><bdi>978-981-3271-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Spirit+of+Science%3A+Lectures+by+Sydney+Brenner+on+DNA%2C+Worms+and+Brains&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F11029&rft.isbn=978-981-3271-73-9&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft.au=Sejnowski%2C+Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, S.F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9968/">"The Developmental Mechanics of Cell Specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentalbio00gilb"><i>Developmental Biology</i></a>. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6"><bdi>978-0-87893-243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Developmental+Mechanics+of+Cell+Specification&rft.btitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.place=Sunderland+%28MA%29&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-243-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK9968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1997" class="citation book cs1">McKay, R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OML3CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">"The Origins of the Central Nervous System"</a>. In Gage, F.H.; Christen, Y. (eds.). <i>Isolation, Characterization and Utilization of CNS Stem Cells</i>. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80308-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80308-6"><bdi>978-3-642-80308-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105533/https://books.google.com/books?id=OML3CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Central+Nervous+System&rft.btitle=Isolation%2C+Characterization+and+Utilization+of+CNS+Stem+Cells&rft.place=Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-642-80308-6&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOML3CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2004" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Gary Fred (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMkfOM1rPuUC&pg=PA64"><i>The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465044054" title="Special:BookSources/9780465044054"><bdi>9780465044054</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105456/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMkfOM1rPuUC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Mind%3A+How+a+Tiny+Number+of+Genes+Creates+the+Complexities+of+Human+Thought&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780465044054&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Gary+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMkfOM1rPuUC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRensberger1998" class="citation book cs1">Rensberger, Boyce (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPD8AkvqERMC&pg=PA162"><i>Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125009" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125009"><bdi>9780195125009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105454/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPD8AkvqERMC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Itself%3A+Exploring+the+Realm+of+the+Living+Cell&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780195125009&rft.aulast=Rensberger&rft.aufirst=Boyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPD8AkvqERMC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf">"Sydney Brenner CV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109193742/https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETH+Zurich&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner+CV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethz.ch%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fethz%2Fspecial-interest%2Fdual%2Fpauli-dam%2F04%2F2004-01_cv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/">"Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NobelPrize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NobelPrize.org">NobelPrize.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405215956/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner+Curriculum+Vitae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2002%2Fbrenner%2Fcv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gairdner.org/winners/index-of-winners/?_sf_s=sydney%20brenner&_sfm_winner_year=1959+2020">"All Gairdner Winners"</a>. <i>The Canada Gairdner Awards</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301065404/https://gairdner.org/winners/index-of-winners/?_sf_s=sydney%20brenner&_sfm_winner_year=1959+2020">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canada+Gairdner+Awards&rft.atitle=All+Gairdner+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgairdner.org%2Fwinners%2Findex-of-winners%2F%3F_sf_s%3Dsydney%2520brenner%26_sfm_winner_year%3D1959%2B2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html">"2002 Nobel Prize"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905055451/http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2002%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dandavid-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dandavid_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723051104/http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2002/75-2002-future-life-sciences/119-prof-sydney-brenner.html">"Dan David Prize laureate 2002: Sydney Brenner"</a>. dandavidprize.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2002/75-2002-future-life-sciences/119-prof-sydney-brenner.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dan+David+Prize+laureate+2002%3A+Sydney+Brenner&rft.pub=dandavidprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandavidprize.org%2Findex.php%2Flaureates%2Flaureates-2002%2F75-2002-future-life-sciences%2F119-prof-sydney-brenner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/Prize-Award-Recipients-Historical-List.pdf"><i>March of Dimes and Richard B. Johnston, Jr., MD Prize in Developmental Biology Awardees</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325023621/https://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/Prize-Award-Recipients-Historical-List.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+of+Dimes+and+Richard+B.+Johnston%2C+Jr.%2C+MD+Prize+in+Developmental+Biology+Awardees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marchofdimes.org%2Fmaterials%2FPrize-Award-Recipients-Historical-List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudhausiKiontke,_Karin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sudhausi, Walter; Kiontke, Karin (25 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01456p062.pdf">"Comparison of the cryptic nematode species Caenorhabditis brenneri sp. n"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>1456</b>: 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1456.1.2">10.11646/zootaxa.1456.1.2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710044058/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01456p062.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+cryptic+nematode+species+Caenorhabditis+brenneri+sp.+n&rft.volume=1456&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1456.1.2&rft.aulast=Sudhausi&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Kiontke%2C+Karin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2007f%2Fzt01456p062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wits.ac.za/research/sbimb">"Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience"</a>. University of the Witwatersrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201005942/http://www.wits.ac.za/research/sbimb">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner+Institute+for+Molecular+Bioscience&rft.pub=University+of+the+Witwatersrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wits.ac.za%2Fresearch%2Fsbimb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oist.jp/news-center/press-releases/theres-new-squid-town">"There's a New Squid in Town"</a>. <i>Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST</i>. 11 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215011000/https://www.oist.jp/news-center/press-releases/theres-new-squid-town">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Okinawa+Institute+of+Science+and+Technology+Graduate+University+OIST&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+New+Squid+in+Town&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oist.jp%2Fnews-center%2Fpress-releases%2Ftheres-new-squid-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Loose Ends" : Collection of Loose Ends/False Starts columns by 'Uncle Syd.' from January 1994 to December 2000 (Current Biology, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859223257" title="Special:BookSources/1859223257">1859223257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'My Life in Science', with Lewis Wolpert, edited by Errol C. Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence, BioMed Central, 2001; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9540278-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9540278-0-9">0-9540278-0-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstván_HargittaiMagdolna_Hargittai2006" class="citation book cs1">István Hargittai; Magdolna Hargittai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908977533" title="Special:BookSources/9781908977533"><bdi>9781908977533</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105454/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+Science+VI%3A+More+Conversations+with+Famous+Scientists&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781908977533&rft.au=Istv%C3%A1n+Hargittai&rft.au=Magdolna+Hargittai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDHwCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asianscientist-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asianscientist_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuzhen2019" class="citation web cs1">Shuzhen, Sim (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/">"Sydney Brenner, 'father of the worm' and decoder of DNA, dies at 92"</a>. <i>asianscientist.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508102530/https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asianscientist.com&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner%2C+%27father+of+the+worm%27+and+decoder+of+DNA%2C+dies+at+92&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Shuzhen&rft.aufirst=Sim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianscientist.com%2F2019%2F04%2Ftopnews%2Fsydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/">"Sydney Brenner (1927–2019)"</a>. <i>MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology</i>. 5 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406115523/https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MRC+Laboratory+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Sydney+Brenner+%281927%E2%80%932019%29&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk%2Fsydney-brenner-1927-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASydney+Brenner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_de_Chadarevian" title="Soraya de Chadarevian">Soraya De Chadarevian</a>; <i>Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II</i>, CUP 2002, 444 pp; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57078-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57078-6">0-521-57078-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>; <i>What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery</i> (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5">0-465-09138-5</a></li> <li>Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz and the Secret of Life', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7695-2">978-0-7011-7695-2</a>. For uncaptioned picture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; <i>Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets</i>, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3">978-0-87969-798-3</a>, published on 25 August 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>; <i>What a Time I am Having: Selected Letters.</i>, CSHL Press 2008, 506pp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-864-5">978-0-87969-864-5</a>. For captioned picture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a>; <i>Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives)</i> first published in June 2006 in the US and then in the UK September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X">0-06-082333-X</a>; in paperback, by Atlas Books (with index), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721331-3">978-0-00-721331-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cshl.edu/personal-collections/sydney-brenner">Sydney Brenner Collection</a> Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Wolpert" title="Lewis Wolpert">Lewis Wolpert</a>; <i>How We Live and Why We Die</i>, Faber and Faber 2009, 240 pp; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23912-2">978-0-571-23912-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sydney_Brenner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sydney Brenner"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sydney Brenner</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2002_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2002 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2002_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2002 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John Bennett Fenn</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a> (Hungary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (Italy, United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sydney Brenner</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><b>2002 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_Mapungubwe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Template:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Template talk:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Order of Mapungubwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_Mapungubwe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Order of Mapungubwe">Order of Mapungubwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Platinum</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Gold</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sydney Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nabarro" title="Frank Nabarro">Frank Nabarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangena_Maake_Mokone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangena Maake Mokone (page does not exist)">Mangena Mokone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwelakhe_Sisulu" title="Zwelakhe Sisulu">Zwelakhe Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Molewa" title="Edna Molewa">Edna Molewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Silver</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Amoils" title="Percy Amoils">Percy Amoils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Opie" title="Lionel Opie">Lionel Opie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Berjak" title="Patricia Berjak">Patricia Berjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Penn" title="Claire Penn">Claire Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibusiso_Sibisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibusiso Sibisi (page does not exist)">Sibusiso Sibisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Mizrahi" title="Valerie Mizrahi">Valerie Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Gevers" title="Wieland Gevers">Wieland Gevers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phuti_Ngoepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phuti Ngoepe (page does not exist)">Phuti Ngoepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Noakes" title="Tim Noakes">Tim Noakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragasen_Pillay" title="Pragasen Pillay">Pragasen Pillay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_J._Koornhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik J. Koornhof (page does not exist)">Hendrik J. Koornhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongani_Mayosi" title="Bongani Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lutjeharms" title="Johann Lutjeharms">Johann Lutjeharms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Butterworth">Douglas Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Steyn_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Steyn (chemist) (page does not exist)">Pieter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Schoub" title="Barry Schoub">Barry Schoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Fanaroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Fanaroff">Bernie Fanaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ekama" title="George Ekama">George Ekama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Gray" title="Glenda Gray">Glenda Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malegapuru_Makgoba" title="Malegapuru Makgoba">Malegapuru Makgoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mohamed_(mathematician)" title="Ismail Mohamed (mathematician)">Ismail Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Simon_Schaaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Simon Schaaf (page does not exist)">Hendrik Simon Schaaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Soga" title="William Anderson Soga">William Soga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulufhelo_Nelwamondo" title="Fulufhelo Nelwamondo">Fulufhelo Nelwamondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyabulela_Xuza" title="Siyabulela Xuza">Siyabulela Xuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Maaza" title="Malik Maaza">Malik Maaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Sitas" title="Ari Sitas">Ari Sitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboubaker_Ebrahim_Dangor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor (page does not exist)">Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vhahangwele_Masindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vhahangwele Masindi (page does not exist)">Vhahangwele Masindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Bronze</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Beighton" title="Peter Beighton">Peter Beighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">Hamilton Naki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala" title="Tshilidzi Marwala">Tshilidzi Marwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Reddy" title="Daya Reddy">Daya Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebello_Nyokong" title="Tebello Nyokong">Tebello Nyokong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himla_Soodyall" title="Himla Soodyall">Himla Soodyall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Zaahl" title="Monique Zaahl">Monique Zaahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Mthunzi-Kufa" title="Patience Mthunzi-Kufa">Patience Mthunzi-Kufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarraisha_Abdool_Karim" title="Quarraisha Abdool Karim">Quarraisha Abdool Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namrita_Lall" title="Namrita Lall">Namrita Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokozani_Majozi" title="Thokozani Majozi">Thokozani Majozi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan Battersby</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234463#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110743762">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84854329">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/70616/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWymp9YP4BRpbHkyYMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128411848">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81037896">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13522242t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13522242t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00986898">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20030145230&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1761005">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p236144499">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98050577">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=306442">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1353x7302lxrx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584607805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259058505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529803306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04993900?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=261921">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24771944600">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/sydney-brenner/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128411848.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/128411848">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031611338">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c37d8g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&oldid=1257984694">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Brenner&oldid=1257984694</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_births" title="Category:1927 births">1927 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_deaths" title="Category:2019 deaths">2019 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li><li><a 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