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id="toc-Background_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins of Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hellenistic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second Temple period</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_metaphors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other metaphors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_metaphors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Kinship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> 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id="toc-Proposed_points_of_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_points_of_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proposed points of separation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_points_of_separation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed points of separation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_points_of_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Life and ministry of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Council of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Destruction of the Second Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Jamnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Jamnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Council of Jamnia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Jamnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_Kokhba_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bar Kokhba revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_separate_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_separate_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Development of separate scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_separate_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edict_of_Milan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_Milan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Edict of Milan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_Milan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ecumenical councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Split of Christianity and Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separaci%C3%B3n_del_cristianismo_primitivo_y_el_juda%C3%ADsmo_rab%C3%ADnico" title="Separación del cristianismo primitivo y el judaísmo rabínico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Separación del cristianismo primitivo y el judaísmo rabínico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreoj_kaj_Kristanoj_de_la_unuaj_kvin_jarcentoj" title="Hebreoj kaj Kristanoj de la unuaj kvin jarcentoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebreoj kaj Kristanoj de la unuaj kvin jarcentoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racines_juives_du_christianisme" title="Racines juives du christianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racines juives du christianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90%EC%99%80_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%84%EC%97%B4" title="유대교와 기독교의 분열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대교와 기독교의 분열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpecahan_Gereja_Perdana_dan_Yudaisme" title="Perpecahan Gereja Perdana dan Yudaisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpecahan Gereja Perdana dan Yudaisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99" title="הפילוג היהודי-נוצרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפילוג היהודי-נוצרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_korai_kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_%C3%A9s_a_judaizmus_sz%C3%A9tv%C3%A1l%C3%A1sa" title="A korai kereszténység és a judaizmus szétválása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A korai kereszténység és a judaizmus szétválása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" 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href="/wiki/File:Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/250px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/375px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/500px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption><i>Marriage of the Virgin</i> by Robert Campin, circa 1420, illustrates the symbolic foundation of Christianity on Judaism through the depiction of Mary and Joseph's marriage at the unfinished portal of a Gothic church, built upon the Romanesque Temple of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Christianity" title="Category:Jewish Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)"><img alt=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/120px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/180px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/240px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Recent groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pejoratives</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Adversity</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Split of Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christian anti-semitism</a></li> <li><a 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Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yeshua (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expounding_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Expounding of the Law">Expounding of the Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#0000b4 1px solid"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template talk:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Christianity <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">began as a movement</a> within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Era">Christian Era</a>, and the Christian movement perceived itself as distinct from the Jews by the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians continue to debate the dating of Christianity's emergence as a discrete religion apart from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Alexander" title="Philip S. Alexander">Philip S. Alexander</a> characterizes the question of when Christianity and Judaism parted company and went their separate ways (often termed the <i><b>parting of the ways</b></i>) as "one of those deceptively simple questions which should be approached with great care".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, "the separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event", in which the church became "more and more <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a>, and less and less Jewish".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, various historical events have been proposed as definitive points of separation, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a> of the split is complicated by a number of factors, including a diverse and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> range of religious thought and practice within <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> (both of which were far less orthodox and theologically homogeneous in the first centuries of the Christian Era than they are today) and the coexistence of and interaction between Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Gentile Christianity</a> over a period of centuries at the beginning of Early Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and Rabbinic movements from the mid-to late second century CE to the fourth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first centuries of belief in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> have been described by historians as characterized by religious creativity and "chaos".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two religions eventually established and distinguished their respective norms and doctrines, notably by increasingly diverging on key issues such as the status of "<a href="/wiki/Purity_laws_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Purity laws in the Hebrew Bible">purity laws</a>" and the validity of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic</a> beliefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Judaism">Origins of Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></div><p>Shaye J.D. Cohen writes that "Even the most Hellenized of Jews, e.g. Philo of Alexandria, belonged to Jewish communities that were socially distinct from “the Greeks,” no matter how well these Jews spoke Greek, knew Greek literature, and assimilated Greek culture high and low."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_period">Second Temple period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Temple period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><p>There were numerous first-century Jewish sects interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to twenty-four such sects).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus">Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Christianity">Jewish Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a></div><p>Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. According to New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a>, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Hellenistic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalyptic Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">early Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Jesus was Jewish</a>, preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief-that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>." </p><p>On the subject of the separation of early Christian belief from Judaism, Shaye J. D. Cohen writes that early Jewish believers in Christ "had a choice: they could join the emerging Christian communities which were being populated more and more by gentile Christians; or they could try to maintain their place within Jewish society, a stance that will become harder and harder to maintain as the decades go by; or, if they were uncomfortable among non-Jewish Christians and non-Christian Jews, they could try to maintain their own communities, separate from each of the others." He writes that the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> shows that, among Christ-believing Jews in the first century, the norm was to join the emerging gentile-populated Christian communities. But as these communities became more hostile to non-Christian Jews, the Christ-believing Jews were pushed to compromise either their Jewish identities or their belonging within the Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the second century, Romans regarded Christians and Jews as separate communities, persecuting Christians without targeting Jews. Second-century Christian writers regularly accused the Jews of collaborating with the Romans in their anti-Christian persecutions. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> attests to a Christian converting to Judaism in order to escape Roman persecution. The opposite is true, too; when the Romans persecuted Jews, they ignored Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> describes a traditional (and in his view, errant) understanding of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> origins in 1999's <i>Dying For God</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not long ago, everyone knew that Judaism came before Christianity. The story would go that Christianity developed out of the "orthodox" Judaism of the first century, rabbinic Judaism, and either deviated from the true path or superseded its ancestor.</p></blockquote> <p>He writes that this narrative, which he calls the "old paradigm", was propagated in "more or less the same" form by both Christian and Jewish scholars, with an understanding of pre-Christian Jews that anachronistically reduced their religious diversity into a single "Judaism".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel Yuval described the paradigm as seeing early Christianity "only as influenced and not as influencing". In the late 20th century, scholars began to favor a more complex view of pre-Christian Judaism, and came to understand early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism as "sister religions that were crystallized in the same period and the same background of enslavement and destruction."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parting_of_the_ways">Parting of the ways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parting of the ways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>parting of the ways</i> refers to a historical concept figuring the emergence of Christianity's distinction from Judaism as a split in paths, with the two religions becoming separated like two branching roadways "never to cross or converge again".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most uses of the metaphor consider Christianity and Judaism to be two equally-important roadways, some use it to describe Judaism as the main "highway" from which Christianity forked. The metaphor may also refer to an interpersonal "parting", as in human relationships when two parties no longer see eye to eye and decide to "go their separate ways".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed and Becker describe a "master narrative" of Jewish and Christian history that is guided by the parting concept, which describes a first-century Judaism characterized by great diversity, with exchange between Christ-believing and non-Christ-believing Jews, that was fundamentally changed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">Second Temple's destruction</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> of the Jews against Roman rule, after which Christianity and Judaism "definitively institutionalized their differences". The master narrative recognizes this period as the point from which Judaism's influence on Christianity was limited to the Jewish scriptures that the Church held as their <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parting of the ways is the most commonly-used metaphor in contemporary scholarship on the topic of Christianity's historical distinction from Judaism, and the notion has been subject to a number of debates, criticisms, and metaphorical adaptations from scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lieu" title="Judith Lieu">Judith Lieu</a> has argued for a "criss-crossing of muddy tracks which only the expert tracker, or poacher, can decipher" over the parting metaphor, while Daniel Boyarin describes a continuum along which one could travel rather than a divide or partition between rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly works on the matter of the concept of the parting of the ways have been published under such titles as "<i>The Ways That Never Parted</i>", "<i>The Ways That Often Parted</i>", and "<i>The Ways That Parted</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_criticism">Reception and criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Introduction to <i>The Ways That Never Parted</i>, Annette Reed and Adam Becker identify two fundamental assumptions guiding the parting model: that "Judaism and Christianity developed in relative isolation from one another," and that "the interactions between Jews and Christians after the second century were limited, almost wholly, to polemical conflict and mutual misperception." Reed and Becker, however, describe a literary and archaeological record of interaction between Jewish and Christian communities that suggests a "far messier reality" than that suggested by the parting concept, citing theological literature in which Jews and Christians reacted to one another's theologies and religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, who upholds the parting narrative, argues conversely that "the notion of 'the parting of the ways' does not in the least suggest that Jews and Christians stopped speaking with each other, arguing with each other, and influencing each other," and that reactions to Christianity in rabbinic scholarship neither prove nor disprove such a parting, and only prove that Jews and Christians continued to speak with one another after their parting. Cohen also argues that "There was no parting of the ways between gentile Christians and non-Christian Jews for the simple reason that their ways had never been united."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip S. Alexander describes motivations for both Christian and Jewish scholars in upholding and propagating the parting of the ways: "The attempt [to lay down a norm for Judaism in the first century] barely conceals apologetic motives-in the case of Christianity a desire to prove that Christianity transcended or transformed Judaism, in the case of Jews a desire to suggest that Christianity was an alien form of Judaism which deviated from the true path."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_metaphors">Other metaphors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other metaphors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians of Early Christianity have been "inventive in creating <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>" to explain and illustrate the emergence of Christianity from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Alexander" title="Philip S. Alexander">Philip S. Alexander</a> posited a <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> to compare to the process of Christianity's differentiation from Judaism, with the two religions beginning as two overlapping circles, which gradually moved apart until they were entirely separated. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> commends Alexander's Venn diagram image for complicating the dominant "parting of the ways" notion of Christian historical distinction, but regards the metaphor as still being too simple for the "reconfiguring [of the historical narrative of Christianity's emergence] that needs to be done".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the several metaphors proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> is the metaphor of a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, which illustrated first-century Judaism as a woven textile, and Early Christianity as one of its fibers. Both Dunn and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> have used <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> metaphors: Dunn described Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity as two currents that eventually carved separate channels from the stream of ancient Judaism, and Boyarin described Early Christianity as one of many first-century Jewish movements that flowed out from one source, like <a href="/wiki/Capillary_wave" title="Capillary wave">ripples</a> on a pond's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinship">Kinship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kinship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaphors of family and kinship "dominated" nineteenth- and twentieth-century academic discussion of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, and are still used in contemporary scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Boyarin calls the understanding propagated with the use of this metaphor "the old paradigm". A mother-child metaphor was particularly common in the nineteenth century, with Christianity as the child born from and nurtured by Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Adele Reinhartz</a> criticizes this formulation for its implication that Judaism was a single entity, when in fact it was "an ever-shifting set of groups".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyarin identified the mother-daughter metaphor, which he attributes to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach" title="Jacob Zallel Lauterbach">Jacob Lauterbach</a>, as "a typical example of how the myth [of Judaism and Christianity as 'self-identical religious organisms'] works".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander described the historical reduction of pre-Christian Jewish religious diversity into the singular entity of "Judaism" as taking place in two distinct ways: through the <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> "retrojection" of Rabbinic Judaism onto first-century <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic Judaism</a>, and through the assumption that all first-century Jewish religions shared some common features that allowed them to be joined into a single religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan Segal proposed a sibling metaphor as more accurate than that of the mother and daughter. Segal's metaphor compares the two religions to the biblical twins <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a>'s children", in acknowledgment of their "mother": Second Temple Judaism. Daniel Boyarin identified this interpretation of the two "new" religions as "part of one complex religious family, twins in a womb, contending with each other for identity and precedence, but sharing with each other the same spiritual food" for at least three centuries, as a new scholarly paradigm that overtook the "old paradigm" of the mother-daughter metaphor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyarin suggested that kinship metaphors should be abandoned altogether, because they erroneously imply a separation of first-century Judaism and Christianity as organic, definite entities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed "a model of shared and crisscrossing lines of history and religious development", describing Judaism and Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late Antiquity</a> as two points on a continuum, with <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionites</a> and non-Christ-following Jews at each end, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological">Theological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaye J. D. Cohen argues that, while theological disputes between Jews and followers of Christ contributed to the social separation of the two groups, the disputes themselves had no direct connection to the parting; instead, the split of Christians from Jews was a process of social separation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual">Intellectual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intellectual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emanuel Fiano examines the parting as a split of intellectual traditions, with the emergence of Christian theology reifying gentile Christianity as a discrete religion from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_points_of_separation">Proposed points of separation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed points of separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus">Life and ministry of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life and ministry of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. According to New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a>, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Hellenistic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalyptic Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">early Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first followers of Jesus, including the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">twelve apostles</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy disciples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, were mostly ethnically Jewish or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Jesus was Jewish</a>, preached to the Jewish people (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_15:24" title="Matthew 15:24">Matthew 15:24</a>), and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief-that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set Christians apart from Jews was their faith in Christ as the resurrected messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah, Judaism can be said to hold to a concept of multiple messiahs. The two most relevant are the Messiah ben Joseph and the traditional Messiah ben David. Some scholars have argued that the idea of two messiahs, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, was normative to ancient Judaism, predating Jesus. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> was, before his conversion, the main antagonist of Christianity. Initially he persecuted the "church of God,"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">converted</a> and adopted the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles" and started proselytizing among the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a>. He opposed the strict applications of Jewish customs for converts, and argued with the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">Jewish commandments</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul was Jewish</a>, referring to himself even after his conversion as a Jew<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, a Hebrew of the Hebrews" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:5&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:5</a>). However, Paul fiercely denounced "<a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>" who sought to impose Jewish laws on Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Supporting_Pauline_passages" title="Antinomianism">some passages</a> in his letters, Paul is sometimes credited with originating the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>: that the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> has superseded or replaced the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a> and therefore the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> has superseded the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Jewish people</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">God's chosen people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1#Paul's_Pre-Christian_Life_and_Conversion_(1:13–17)" title="Galatians 1">Galatians 1:13-14</a>, he becomes the first writer by almost half a century to refer to Judaism and Christianity as two separate religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Council of Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem Church</a> was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, the brother of Jesus, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> were leaders. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> was affiliated with this community.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul and <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> were sent from Antioch to confer with the Jerusalem Church over whether Gentile Christians need to keep the Jewish Law and be <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcised</a>. James played a prominent role in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">council's</a> decision (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19</a> <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>) that circumcision was not a requirement. Paul says that James, Peter and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will minister to the "circumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a>) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/galatians/2-9.htm">Galatians 2:9</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple">Destruction of the Second Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Second Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div> <p>The First Jewish-Roman war, and the destruction of the Temple, was a main event in the development of both early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. Full scale open revolt against the Romans occurred with the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66 CE. In 70 CE the Temple was destroyed. The destruction of the Second Temple was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions.<sup id="cite_ref-Neusner_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, sectarianism largely came to an end. The Zealots, Sadducees, and Essenes disappeared, while the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> survived, the latter transforming into Rabbinic Judaism, today known simply as "Judaism". The term "Pharisee" was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian, and the rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews. </p><p>Many historians argue that the gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s; this could help one understand their context.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the oral law in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant contributing factor to the split was the two groups' differing theological interpretations of the Temple's destruction. Rabbinic Judaism saw the destruction as a chastisement for neglecting the Torah. The early Christians however saw it as God’s punishment for the Jewish rejection of Jesus, leading to the claim that the 'true' Israel <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">was now the Church</a>. Jews believed this claim was scandalous.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fredriksen, since early Christians believed that Jesus had already replaced the Temple as the expression of a <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Covenant (theology)">new covenant</a>, they were relatively unconcerned with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish-Roman War.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Council of Jamnia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> postulated a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a> in 90 that excluded Christians from the <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a>, but this is disputed. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_1992_p_164f_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_1992_p_164f-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> reprimanded <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> in his congregation who were still participating in Jewish festivals, taking part in other Jewish observances such as the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">shabbat</a>, and making pilgrimage to Jewish holy places.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bar Kokhba revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> led the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from 132–135 CE. The Romans, either as a cause of or in response to the uprising, initiated a persecution against Jewish religious observance. During this campaign, the Romans ignored the Christians, considering them to be separate from the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_separate_scriptures">Development of separate scriptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Development of separate scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_Milan">Edict of Milan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Edict of Milan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_councils">Ecumenical councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecumenical councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">History of early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">History of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Jewish schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church">Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeder2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Feder, Theodore H. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/parsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin/">"Parsing 'the parting' painting: The marriage of the virgin"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. Vol. 40, no. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212080625/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/parsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Parsing+%27the+parting%27+painting%3A+The+marriage+of+the+virgin&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Farticle%2Fparsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhartz2020" class="citation book cs1">Reinhartz, Adele (2020-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479896950.003.0006/html">"5. How Christianity Parted from Judaism"</a>. In Greenspahn, Frederick E.; Greenspahn, Frederick E. (eds.). <i>Early Judaism</i>. New York University Press. pp. 97–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006">10.18574/nyu/9781479896950.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2570-7"><bdi>978-1-4798-2570-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171634920">171634920</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+How+Christianity+Parted+from+Judaism&rft.btitle=Early+Judaism&rft.pages=97-120&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171634920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-2570-7&rft.aulast=Reinhartz&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylen1996" class="citation book cs1">Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ni_wa-L8hiIC"><i>The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3610-0&rft.aulast=Wylen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dni_wa-L8hiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, Philip S. "'The Parting of the Ways' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism". <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a>, ed. <i>Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways</i>, Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism 1992 (2nd: 1999: Wm. B. Eerdmans). p1 in the 1992 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2014) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z651BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i></a> (3rd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6"><bdi>978-0-664-23904-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884882479">884882479</a>. <q>The separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event. The essential part of the process was that the church was becoming more and more gentile and less and less Jewish, but the separation manifested itself in different ways in each community where Jews and Christians dwelled together. In some places, the Jews expelled the Christians; in other, the Christians left of their own accord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884882479&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23904-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ651BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Bobichon,"L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr", <i>Revue des Études Augustiniennes</i> 45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7279724/_Lenseignement_juif_pa%C3%AFen_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9tique_et_chr%C3%A9tien_dans_l%C5%93uvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_45_2_1999_p_233_259">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426211231/https://www.academia.edu/7279724/_Lenseignement_juif_pa%C3%AFen_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9tique_et_chr%C3%A9tien_dans_l%C5%93uvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_45_2_1999_p_233_259">Archived</a> 2021-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>See for instance:</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuong2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vuong, Lily C. (2013-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWifdAZbuugC&pg=PA210"><i>Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James</i></a>. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 2.358. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 210–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F978-3-16-152844-6">10.1628/978-3-16-152844-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152337-3"><bdi>978-3-16-152337-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-9570">0340-9570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Purity+in+the+Protevangelium+of+James&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament&rft.pages=210-213&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.issn=0340-9570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F978-3-16-152844-6&rft.isbn=978-3-16-152337-3&rft.aulast=Vuong&rft.aufirst=Lily+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWifdAZbuugC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (2017). "The holders of the 'Word of Truth': The pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine <i>Recognitions</i> 1.27–71". <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 171–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2017.0018">10.1353/earl.2017.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+holders+of+the+%27Word+of+Truth%27%3A+The+pharisees+in+Pseudo-Clementine+Recognitions+1.27%E2%80%9371&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-200&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2017.0018&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobichon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bobichon, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29309756">"Autorités religieuses juives et « sectes » juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr"</a>. <i>Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104844">10.1484/J.REA.5.104844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1768-9260">1768-9260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes+et+Patristiques&rft.atitle=Autorit%C3%A9s+religieuses+juives+et+%C2%AB+sectes+%C2%BB+juives+dans+l%27oeuvre+de+Justin+Martyr&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104844&rft.issn=1768-9260&rft.aulast=Bobichon&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29309756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Raymond E (1983). "Not Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity but Types of Jewish/Gentile Christianity". <i>Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i> (45): 74–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Not+Jewish+Christianity+and+Gentile+Christianity+but+Types+of+Jewish%2FGentile+Christianity&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=74-79&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibliowicz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29628872"><i>Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)</i></a>. WA: Mascarat. p. ????. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1513616483" title="Special:BookSources/978-1513616483"><bdi>978-1513616483</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116052803/https://www.academia.edu/29628872">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Christian+Relations+-+The+First+Centuries+%28Mascarat%2C+2019%29&rft.place=WA&rft.pages=%3F%3F%3F%3F&rft.pub=Mascarat&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1513616483&rft.aulast=Bibliowicz&rft.aufirst=Abel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29628872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004352971/BP000020.xml">"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"</a>. <i>Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE</i>. Brill. pp. 307–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35297-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ways+That+Parted%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jewish-Christians%2C+ca.+100%E2%80%93150+ce&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.pages=307-339&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35297-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004352971%2FBP000020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyarin, Daniel (1999-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804764292/html"><i>Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780804764292">10.1515/9780804764292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-6429-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246222899">246222899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+for+God%3A+Martyrdom+and+the+Making+of+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246222899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6429-2&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2005). <i>Lost Christianities: The battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+battles+for+scripture+and+the+faiths+we+never+knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2005) [1977]. <i>Unity and diversity in the New Testament: An inquiry into the character of earliest Christianity</i> (3rd ed.). London: SCM Press. pp. 253–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02998-4"><bdi>978-0-334-02998-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64450678">64450678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+and+diversity+in+the+New+Testament%3A+An+inquiry+into+the+character+of+earliest+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253-255&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64450678&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02998-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerReed2003" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Adam H.; Reed, Annette Yoshiko (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7GlASVWRgQC"><i>The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147966-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147966-3"><bdi>978-3-16-147966-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+that+Never+Parted%3A+Jews+and+Christians+in+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147966-3&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft.au=Reed%2C+Annette+Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7GlASVWRgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7r424g"><i>The Ways That Often Parted: Essays in Honor of Joel Marcus</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv7r424g">10.2307/j.ctv7r424g</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-315-4"><bdi>978-0-88414-315-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7r424g">j.ctv7r424g</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239776961">239776961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+That+Often+Parted%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Joel+Marcus&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv7r424g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239776961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7r424g%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-315-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7r424g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10861143">"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"</a>. <i>Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE</i>. Brill. pp. 307–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004352971_017">10.1163/9789004352971_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35297-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ways+That+Parted%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jewish-Christians%2C+ca.+100%E2%80%93150+ce&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.pages=307-339&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004352971_017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35297-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A10861143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804764292-002/html">"Introduction: When Christians Were Jews: On Judeo-Christian Origins"</a>. <i>Dying for God</i>. Stanford University Press. 1999-11-01. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780804764292-002">10.1515/9780804764292-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-6429-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246212283">246212283</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+On+Judeo-Christian+Origins&rft.btitle=Dying+for+God&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246212283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292-002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6429-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292-002%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiano2023" class="citation book cs1">Fiano, Emanuel (2023-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300271393/html"><i>Three Powers in Heaven: The Emergence of Theology and the Parting of the Ways</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300271393">10.12987/9780300271393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27139-3"><bdi>978-0-300-27139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Powers+in+Heaven%3A+The+Emergence+of+Theology+and+the+Parting+of+the+Ways&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300271393&rft.isbn=978-0-300-27139-3&rft.aulast=Fiano&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300271393%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 253-255.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief—that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcised</a>, they could not be <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">saved</a> (Acts 15:1)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1987">Cohen 1987</a>, p. 167–168.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Boyarin2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Boyarin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVlZEHVmuw0C&q=The+Jew+Who+Would+Be+God"><i>The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ</i></a>. New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595584687" title="Special:BookSources/9781595584687"><bdi>9781595584687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781595584687&rft.au=Daniel+Boyarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVlZEHVmuw0C%26q%3DThe%2BJew%2BWho%2BWould%2BBe%2BGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_Knohl2000" class="citation book cs1">Israel Knohl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgv4HVPgtp0C&q=The+Messiah+before+Jesus:+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls"><i>The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928749" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928749"><bdi>9780520928749</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messiah+Before+Jesus%3A+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520928749&rft.au=Israel+Knohl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgv4HVPgtp0C%26q%3DThe%2BMessiah%2Bbefore%2BJesus%3A%2BThe%2BSuffering%2BServant%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDead%2BSea%2BScrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_J._Avery-Peck2005" class="citation book cs1">Alan J. Avery-Peck, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H23hArqmJsQC&q=post+bethar"><i>The Review of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004144846" title="Special:BookSources/9004144846"><bdi>9004144846</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Review+of+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern&rft.pages=91-112&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004144846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH23hArqmJsQC%26q%3Dpost%2Bbethar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Schäfer2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Schäfer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2YUtEQmbwgC&q=Messiah+ben+Joseph+"><i>The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400842285" title="Special:BookSources/9781400842285"><bdi>9781400842285</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Jesus%3A+How+Judaism+and+Christianity+Shaped+Each+Other&rft.pages=235-238&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781400842285&rft.au=Peter+Sch%C3%A4fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2YUtEQmbwgC%26q%3DMessiah%2Bben%2BJoseph%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 294.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 289.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Hurtado's blog (November 11, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2014/11/11/pauls-persecution-of-jewish-jesus-followers-nature-causes/"><i>Paul’s “Persecution” of Jewish Jesus-Followers: Nature & Cause(s)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Hurtado's blog (November 12, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2014/11/12/the-hellenists-of-acts-dubious-assumptions-and-an-important-publication/"><i>The “Hellenists” of Acts: Dubious Assumptions and an Important Publication</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=912&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2019" class="citation web cs1">Novak, David (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2019/02/supersessionism-hard-and-soft">"SUPERSESSIONISM HARD AND SOFT"</a>. <i>firstthings.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstthings.com&rft.atitle=SUPERSESSIONISM+HARD+AND+SOFT&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F02%2Fsupersessionism-hard-and-soft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&dq=james+the+just+oxford+dictionary+christian&pg=PA862"><i>The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a> (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djames%2Bthe%2Bjust%2Boxford%2Bdictionary%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002009-1">"Footnote on 2:9"</a>, <i>Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a></i>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A9&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002009-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002012-1">"Footnote on 2:12"</a>, <i>Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a></i>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A12&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002012-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Neusner 1984 <i>Toah From our Sages</i> Rossell Books. p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Michael J. (2008) <i>Modern Jews Engage the New Testament,</i> Jewish Lights Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-313-2">978-1-58023-313-2</a> p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredriksen, Paula (1988. <i>From Jesus to Christ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5">0-300-04864-5</a> p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, John (1991), <i>A Marginal Jew, Rethinking the Historial Jesus Volume I: The Roots of the Problem and the Person,</i>. Doubleday Press. pp. 43–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, E.P. (1987). <i>Jesus and Judaism</i>, Fortress Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5">0-8006-2061-5</a> p.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oztorah.com/2008/07/jewish-attitudes-to-gentiles-in-the-first-century/">Raymond Apple, "Jewish attitudes to Gentiles in the First Century"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Fredriksen, <i>From Jesus to Christ</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylen1996">Wylen 1996</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerard2006">Berard 2006</a>, pp. 112–113.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBerard2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright_1992_p_164f-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_1992_p_164f_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Wright 1992 p 164f</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meeks, Wayne A., and Robert L. Wilken (1978). <i>Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era</i> (The Society of Biblical Literature, Number 13). Missoula: Scholars Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-229-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-229-8">0-89130-229-8</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galatians 1:13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dunn, Paul persecuted the "Hellenists"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Acts 6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Larry Hurtado, there was no theological divide between "Hellenists" (Greek speaking Jews from the diaspora who had returned to Jerusalem) and their fellow Jesus-followers; Paul's persecution was directed against the Jesus-movement in general, because it offended his Pharisaic convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:3&version=nrsv">Acts 22:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, who were predominant; however, this is an oversimplification, as 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea Province">Judaea Province</a> also had some Jews who no longer circumcised and some Greeks and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as:<sup id="cite_ref-Neusner_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>How to achieve atonement without the Temple?</li> <li>How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?</li> <li>How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?</li> <li>How to connect present and past traditions?</li></ul> How people answered these questioned depended largely on their position prior to the revolt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, <i>A History of the Jews</i>, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&oldid=1257294749">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&oldid=1257294749</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Christianity" title="Category:Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Christian_controversies" title="Category:Ancient Christian 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