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Rwanda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3_a_Ruanda" title="Religió a Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Religió a Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Ruanda" title="Religión en Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Ruanda" title="Religioni in Ruanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Религија во Руанда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Руанда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivavahana_ao_Roanda" title="Fivavahana ao Roanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fivavahana ao Roanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Религия в Руанде – Russian" 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transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.742398974869px 77.051324277579px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 137.63819204712px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Rwanda (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-i933_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> (21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Adventist">Seventh Day Adventist</a> (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Muslim (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> None (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightBlue; color:black;"> </span> Other (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwamaganaChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/220px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/330px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/440px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia" title="Rita of Cascia">St. Rita's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rwamagana" title="Rwamagana">Rwamagana</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest <b>religion in Rwanda</b>, with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> being its main denominations. Around 3% of the population claims no religious affiliation, while another 3% practices other religions including <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a>. Approximately 2% of the populace is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Muslim</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-i933_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a small population of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Rwanda">Baha'is</a>, as well as some practising <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">traditional indigenous beliefs</a>. There has been a proliferation of small, usually Christian-linked schismatic religious groups since the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">1994 genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are small communities of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, comprising mostly foreign adherents, typically businessmen from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as well as university professors and students. Neither religion seriously attempts conversion in Rwanda; although, there is a Hindu Temple of Rwanda as a place of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_context">Current context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution of Rwanda</a> provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-report2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> are allowed to operate in the country, but must register for a residency permit.<sup id="cite_ref-report2022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted that government policies are getting stricter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_religion_in_1994_genocide">Role of religion in 1994 genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of religion in 1994 genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 1,000,000 Rwandans died during <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">ethnic violence</a> over a brief span of 100 days between April and July 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the dead were Tutsis and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus. </p><p>The genocide started after the death of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Rwanda">Rwandan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, a Hutu, in the shooting down of his plane above <a href="/wiki/Kigali_International_Airport" title="Kigali International Airport">Kigali airport</a> on 6 April 1994. The full details of that specific incident remain unclear but the death of the President was by no means the only cause of the mayhem (ethnic tension in Rwanda is not new and disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis are common but the animosity between them grew substantially after the end of the Belgian colonial regime). </p><p>Timothy Longman has provided the most detailed discussion of the role of religion in the Rwandan genocide in <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda">Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda</a></i>, published in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longman argues that both Catholic and Protestant churches helped to make the genocide possible by giving moral sanction to the killing. Churches had longed played ethnic politics themselves, favoring the Tutsi during the colonial period then switching allegiance to the Hutu after 1959, sending a message that some may have interpreted as ethnic discrimination being consistent with church teaching. The church leaders had close ties with the political leaders, and after the genocide began, the church leaders called on the population to support the new interim government, the very government supporting the genocide. </p><p>Some church leaders actively participated in the genocide. For example, <a href="/wiki/Athanase_Seromba" title="Athanase Seromba">Athanase Seromba</a>, a Catholic priest responsible at the time of the genocide for the Nyange parish, was ultimately (after appeal) convicted in 2008 by the Appeals Chamber for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda of committing genocide and crimes against humanity. Specifically, it was shown that Seromba abused his high degree of trust in the community as a Catholic priest, when, instead of protecting the 1500-2000 Tutsi refugees sheltering in his church, he provided key and necessary approval for the church to be bulldozed to the ground with the intent to kill the refugees inside.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, churches did not uniformly support the genocide. In the period leading up to the genocide, 1990–1994, major splits emerged within most churches between moderates who promoted democratic change and conservatives allied with the Habyarimana regime. Many of the clergy were Tutsi, and they generally supported democratic reform, but many moderate Hutu within the churches supported reform as well. Churches provided major support to the formation of the new human-rights groups that emerged in the early 1990s. When the genocide began in 1994, some clergy and other church leaders opposed the violence,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even at the risk of their own lives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some individual members of the religious community attempted to protect civilians, sometimes at great risk to themselves. For example, Mgr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thadd%C3%A9e_Ntihinyurwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaddée Ntihinyurwa (page does not exist)">Thaddée Ntihinyurwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadd%C3%A9e_Ntihinyurwa" class="extiw" title="fr:Thaddée Ntihinyurwa">fr</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Cyangugu" title="Cyangugu">Cyangugu</a> preached against the genocide from the pulpit and tried unsuccessfully to rescue three Tutsi religious brothers from an attack, while Sr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicitas_Niyitegeka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicitas Niyitegeka (page does not exist)">Felicitas Niyitegeka</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliaires_de_l%E2%80%99Apostolat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxiliaires de l’Apostolat (page does not exist)">Auxiliaires de l’Apostolat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a> smuggled Tutsi across the border into <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> before a militant militia executed her in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her book <i>Left to Tell: Discovering God in the Rwandan Holocaust</i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Immacul%C3%A9e_Ilibagiza" title="Immaculée Ilibagiza">Immaculée Ilibagiza</a>, a Tutsi woman, describes hiding with seven other Tutsi women for 91 days in a bathroom in the house of Pastor Murinzi - for the majority of the genocide. At the St Paul Pastoral Centre in Kigali about 2,000 people found refuge and most of them survived, due to the efforts of Fr Célestin Hakizimana. This priest "intervened at every attempt by the militia to abduct or murder" the refugees in his centre. In the face of powerful opposition, he tried to hold off the killers with persuasion or bribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubai_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubai-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 20, 2016, the Catholic Church in Rwanda released a statement signed by nine bishops apologizing for the role of its members in the genocide of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Rwanda" title="Catholic Church in Rwanda">Catholic Church in Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Islam in Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Council_of_Rwanda" title="Protestant Council of Rwanda">Protestant Council of Rwanda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-i933-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i933_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i933_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/rwanda/">"Rwanda"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i>. 2023-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Frwanda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/222297.pdf">International Religious Freedom Report, 2013</a>: Rwanda, United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 2019-05-25; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/192958.pdf">International Religious Freedom Report, 2011</a>: Rwanda, United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 2019-05-25. <i>This article incorporates text from these sources, which are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdekunle2007" class="citation book cs1">Adekunle, Julius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC&q=Hinduism+in+Rwanda&pg=PA40"><i>Culture and Customs of Rwanda</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331770" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331770"><bdi>9780313331770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Rwanda&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313331770&rft.aulast=Adekunle&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0FC40EQujwC%26q%3DHinduism%2Bin%2BRwanda%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report2022_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report2022_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/rwanda">US State Dept 2022 report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/rwanda/freedom-world/2022">Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-04.htm#P95_39230">"Numbers (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Numbers+%28HRW+Report+-+Leave+None+to+Tell+the+Story%3A+Genocide+in+Rwanda%2C+March+1999%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Freports%2F1999%2Frwanda%2FGeno1-3-04.htm%23P95_39230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Timothy Longman, <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda">Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda</a></i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahabuddeen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shahabuddeen, Mohamed (12 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf">"THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</i> (Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda&rft.atitle=THE+PROSECUTOR+v.+ATHANASE+SEROMBA&rft.issue=Case+No.+ICTR-2001-66-A&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.aulast=Shahabuddeen&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Finstree%2FICTR%2FSEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66%2FSEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2010" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Timothy (2010). <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda"><i>Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda</i></a>. African Studies. Vol. 112. Cambridge University Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521191395" title="Special:BookSources/9780521191395"><bdi>9780521191395</bdi></a>. <q>[...] among the first acts of the genocide was for the regime that benefited from the support of church leaders to target these sources of opposition, such as the Jesuit Centre Christus in Kigali.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.series=African+Studies&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521191395&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2010" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Timothy (2010). "Christian Churches and Genocide (1993-1994)". <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda"><i>Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda</i></a>. African Studies. Vol. 112. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521191395" title="Special:BookSources/9780521191395"><bdi>9780521191395</bdi></a>. <q>Some of the early targets included progressive elements in the churches. One of the first places the death squads hit on April 7 was the Centre Christus, a Jesuit retreat center which had a mission of seeking ethnic reconciliation and helping the poor and vulnerable. Around 7 a.m., a group of six soldiers arrived at the center and rounded up those present. They divided the Rwandans from the European priests and nuns, and in a separate room they shot all seventeen Rwandans, a mixed group of Hutu and Tutsi [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Churches+and+Genocide+%281993-1994%29&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.series=African+Studies&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521191395&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno4-7-03.htm#P893_245534">The Organization (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fniyitegeka.org/">"Foundation Felicitas Niyitegeka 1934-1994"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundation+Felicitas+Niyitegeka+1934-1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffniyitegeka.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubai-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kubai_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubai2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kubai, Anne (April 2007). "Walking a Tightrope: Christians and Muslims in Post-Genocide Rwanda". <i>Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations</i>. <b>18</b> (2). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 219–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410701214076">10.1080/09596410701214076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143229200">143229200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=Walking+a+Tightrope%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+Post-Genocide+Rwanda&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-235&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410701214076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143229200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kubai&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121122707/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rwanda-catholic-bishops-apologize-for-role-in-genocide/2016/11/20/70f0fb7e-af5a-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html">"Rwanda: Catholic bishops apologize for role in genocide"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 20 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rwanda-catholic-bishops-apologize-for-role-in-genocide/2016/11/20/70f0fb7e-af5a-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+Catholic+bishops+apologize+for+role+in+genocide&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frwanda-catholic-bishops-apologize-for-role-in-genocide%2F2016%2F11%2F20%2F70f0fb7e-af5a-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0412/p06s02-woaf.html">"Rwanda's resurrection of faith"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wiltenburg" title="Mary Wiltenburg">Mary Wiltenburg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, April 12, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm">"Rwanda: How the genocide happened"</a>, BBC News, December 18, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/mar/29/pope-catholics-rwanda-genocide-church:">"For Rwandans, the pope's apology must be unbearable"</a>, The Guardian, March 28, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpccbugesera.org">"Revival Palace community church Bugesera"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alttnam.com">"A Light to the Nations Africa Ministries"</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Rwanda" title="List of colonial residents of Rwanda">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Coup of Gitarama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugesera_invasion" title="Bugesera invasion">Bugesera invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Rwanda" title="List of cities in Rwanda">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Rwanda" title="List of ecoregions in Rwanda">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Rwanda" title="List of lakes of Rwanda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Rwanda" title="National parks of Rwanda">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Rwanda" title="List of volcanoes in Rwanda">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Rwanda" title="Wildlife of Rwanda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rwanda" title="Foreign relations of Rwanda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rwanda">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization_in_Rwanda" title="Decentralization in Rwanda">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rwanda" title="List of political parties in Rwanda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Stock_Exchange" title="Rwanda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Society of Rwanda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Ethnic groups in Rwanda">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Rwanda" title="Gender equality in Rwanda">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Rwanda" title="Human trafficking in Rwanda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Rwanda" title="Prostitution in Rwanda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_literature" title="Rwandan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rwanda" title="Public holidays in Rwanda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rwanda" title="Outline of Rwanda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwanda" title="Category:Rwanda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_religion" title="Template:Africa religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_religion" title="Template talk:Africa religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/21px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/31px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/42px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religions" title="Portal:Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Africa" title="Baháʼí Faith in Africa">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Traditional Berber religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asase_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asase Ya">Bono mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Igbo religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko mythology">Isoko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi mythology">Khoe/San religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomies</a>, and<br /> other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Religion in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Puntland (page does not exist)">Puntland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> (UK)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (Tanzania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&oldid=1259509064">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Rwanda&oldid=1259509064</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Category:Religion in 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