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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyer_and_executive_(1919–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lawyer and executive (1919–1939)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lawyer_and_executive_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lawyer and executive (1919–1939) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lawyer_and_executive_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akron_attorney_and_activist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akron_attorney_and_activist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Akron attorney and activist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akron_attorney_and_activist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_&_Southern_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_&_Southern_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Commonwealth & Southern executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_&_Southern_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TVA_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TVA_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>TVA battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TVA_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1940 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1940_presidential_election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1940 presidential election subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1940_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dark_horse_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_horse_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dark horse candidate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_horse_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>General election campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activist_and_statesman_(1940–1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activist_and_statesman_(1940–1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activist and statesman (1940–1943)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activist_and_statesman_(1940–1943)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activist and statesman (1940–1943) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activist_and_statesman_(1940–1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Visit to the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_advocate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_advocate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wartime advocate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_advocate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Willkie_moment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Willkie_moment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Willkie moment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Willkie_moment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Civil rights activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1944 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final months and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and remembrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ويندل ويلكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندل ويلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وندل ویلکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وندل ویلکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وندل ویلکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وندل ویلکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%AC%EB%93%A4_%EC%9C%8C%ED%82%A4" title="웬들 윌키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웬들 윌키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99" title="ונדל וילקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונדל וילקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%89" title="وينديل ويلكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وينديل ويلكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BBL%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ウェンデル・L・ウィルキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェンデル・L・ウィルキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Уилки, Уэнделл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уилки, Уэнделл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Венделл Вілкі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венделл Вілкі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وینڈیل ولکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینڈیل ولکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Wendell Willkie" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%BA" title="溫德爾·威爾基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溫德爾·威爾基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wendell Willkie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg/220px-Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg/330px-Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg/440px-Wendell_Willkie_cph.3c02567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3867" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Willkie in 1940</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lewis Wendell Willkie</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-02-18</span>)</span>February 18, 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Elwood,_Indiana" title="Elwood, Indiana">Elwood, Indiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 8, 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-10-08)</span> (aged 52)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/East_Hill_Cemetery_(Rushville,_Indiana)" title="East Hill Cemetery (Rushville, Indiana)">East Hill Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University,_Bloomington" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University, Bloomington">Indiana University, Bloomington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (until 1939)</li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (from 1939)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Edith Wilk</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 1918">1918</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Willkie" title="Philip Willkie">Philip</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg/150px-Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg/225px-Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg/300px-Wendell_Wilkie_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wendell Lewis Willkie</b> (born <b>Lewis Wendell Willkie</b>; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was an American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for president. Willkie appealed to many <a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">convention</a> delegates as the Republican field's only <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a>: although the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">remained neutral</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, he favored greater U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to support Britain and other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. His <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> opponent, incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 election</a> with about 55% of the popular vote and took the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral college vote">electoral college vote</a> by a wide margin. </p><p>Willkie was born in <a href="/wiki/Elwood,_Indiana" title="Elwood, Indiana">Elwood, Indiana</a>, in 1892; both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">served in World War I</a> but was not sent to France until the final days of the war, and saw no action. Willkie settled in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, where he was initially employed by <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone</a>, but left for a law firm, becoming one of the leaders of the Akron Bar Association. Much of his work was representing <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utilities</a>, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_%26_Southern_Corporation" title="Commonwealth & Southern Corporation">Commonwealth & Southern Corporation</a> (C&S), a utility holding company. He was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, and announced plans for a <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) that would supply power in competition with C&S. Between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&S's property for a good price, and gained public esteem. </p><p>A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">1940 presidential primaries</a>, but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters—many youthful—enthusiastically promoted his candidacy. As German forces advanced <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">through western Europe</a> in 1940, many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, or a non-interventionist like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, and turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. Willkie's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Conscription in the United States">peacetime draft</a>. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states. </p><p>After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt's informal envoy, and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> causes. Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming a liberal political party after the war, but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1941, which helped the president to pass <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> to send supplies to the United Kingdom and other <a href="/wiki/Allied_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied nations">Allied nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth,_education_and_World_War_I_service"><span id="Youth.2C_education_and_World_War_I_service"></span>Youth, education and World War I service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth, education and World War I service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in <a href="/wiki/Elwood,_Indiana" title="Elwood, Indiana">Elwood, Indiana</a>, on February 18, 1892, the son of Henrietta (Trisch) and Herman Francis Willkie.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herman Willkie, who had come from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> with his parents at age four, was intensely involved in progressive politics, and in 1896 took his sons to a torchlight procession for Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, who had come to Elwood during <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_presidential_campaign,_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896">his campaign</a>. The Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan lost his to <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, and the Democratic candidate for president became the first political hero for the boy who would later seek that office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Willkie reached age 14 and enrolled in Elwood High School, his parents were concerned about a lack of discipline and a slight stoop, and they sent him to <a href="/wiki/Culver_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver Military Academy">Culver Military Academy</a> for a summer in an attempt to correct both. Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher; one classmate said that Philip "Pat" Bing "fixed that boy up. He started preaching to Wendell to get to work and that kid went to town."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal4–5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal4–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a set of athletic brothers—<a href="/wiki/Edward_Willkie" title="Edward Willkie">Edward</a> became an Olympic wrestler—Willkie joined the football team but had little success; he enjoyed the debate team more, but was several times disciplined for arguing with teachers. He was class president his final year, and president of the most prominent fraternity, but resigned from the latter when a sorority blackballed his girlfriend, Gwyneth Harry, as the daughter of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal4–5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal4–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Willkie's summer vacations from high school, he worked, often far from home. In 1909, aged 17, his journey took him from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen, South Dakota</a>, where he rose from dishwasher to co-owner of a <a href="/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse">flophouse</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, where he was fired after losing control of the horses drawing a tourist stagecoach. Back in Elwood, Herman Willkie was representing striking workers at the local <a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">tin plate factory</a>, and in August journeyed with Wendell to Chicago in an attempt to get liberal attorney <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> to take over the representation. They found Darrow willing, but at too high a price for the union to meet; Darrow told Wendell Willkie, "there is nothing unethical in being adequately compensated for advocating a cause in which you deeply believe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal6–7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal6–7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation from Elwood High in January 1910, Willkie enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he became a student rebel, chewing tobacco, reading <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, and petitioning the faculty to add a course on <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> to the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters26–27_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters26–27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also involved himself in campus politics, successfully managing the campaign of future Indiana governor <a href="/wiki/Paul_McNutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul McNutt">Paul McNutt</a> for student office, but when Willkie ran himself, he was defeated. He graduated in June 1913, and to earn money for law school, taught high school history in <a href="/wiki/Coffeyville,_Kansas" title="Coffeyville, Kansas">Coffeyville, Kansas</a>, coaching debaters and several sports teams. In November 1914, he left his job there for one as a lab assistant in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> arranged by his brother Fred. Wendell Willkie's commitment to social justice was deepened by the sight of workers suffering abuse there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal8–12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal8–12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Maurer_School_of_Law" title="Indiana University Maurer School of Law">Indiana School of Law</a> in late 1915. He was a top student, and graduated with high honors in 1916. At the <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a> ceremony, with the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">state supreme court</a> present, he gave a provocative speech criticizing his school. The faculty withheld his degree, but granted it after two days of intense debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie joined his parents' law firm, but volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> on April 2, 1917, the day President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> asked Congress for a <a href="/wiki/1917_United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 United States declaration of war on Germany">declaration of war against Germany</a>. An army clerk transposed his first two names; with Willkie unwilling to invest the time to have the bureaucracy correct it, he kept his name as Wendell Lewis Willkie. Commissioned as a first lieutenant, Willkie was sent for artillery training. He arrived in France as the war was ending and did not see combat. In January 1918 he married Edith Wilk, a librarian from <a href="/wiki/Rushville,_Indiana" title="Rushville, Indiana">Rushville, Indiana</a>; the couple had one son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Willkie" title="Philip Willkie">Philip</a>. In France, Willkie was assigned to defending soldiers who had slipped away for time in Paris against orders. He was recommended for promotion to captain, but was discharged in early 1919 before the paperwork went through.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal17–19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal17–19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawyer_and_executive_(1919–1939)"><span id="Lawyer_and_executive_.281919.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Lawyer and executive (1919–1939)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lawyer and executive (1919–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akron_attorney_and_activist">Akron attorney and activist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Akron attorney and activist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discharged from the army, Willkie returned to Elwood. He considered a run for Congress as a Democrat, but was advised that the district was so Republican he would be unlikely to keep the seat even if he could win it, and his chances might be better in a more urban area. Herman Willkie wanted Wendell and Robert to rejoin the family law firm, but Henrietta was opposed, feeling that opportunities in Elwood were too limited for her sons. She got her way, and in May 1919 Wendell Willkie successfully applied for a job with the <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone Tire and Rubber Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a> as head of the legal office that advised workers on wills and other personal matters. He was soon bored there, and on the advice of his wife, left for a law firm despite an offer from <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Firestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Firestone">Harvey Firestone</a> to double his salary. Firestone told the departing lawyer that he would never amount to anything because he was a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal17–18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal17–18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie became active in the Akron Democratic Party, becoming prominent enough while still with Firestone to introduce the Democratic presidential nominee, Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>, when he came to town during the 1920 campaign. He was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 Democratic National Convention</a>, and supported New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> through the record 103 ballots, when the nomination fell to former West Virginia congressman <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>. More important to Willkie, though, was a fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, which had become powerful in much of the nation and in the Democratic Party, but he and other delegates were unsuccessful in their attempt to include a plank in the party platform condemning the Klan. He also backed a proposed plank in support of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> that ultimately failed. In 1925, Willkie led a successful effort to oust Klan members on the Akron school board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Firestone in 1920, Willkie joined leading Akron law firm Mather & Nesbitt, which represented several local <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utilities</a>. Although he quickly gained a reputation as a leading trial lawyer, he was especially noted for presenting utility cases before the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Public_Utilities_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Public Utilities Commission">Ohio Public Utilities Commission</a>. In 1925, he became president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akron_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akron Bar Association (page does not exist)">Akron Bar Association</a>. One of Willkie's clients, Ohio Power & Light, was owned by New York-based <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_%26_Southern_Corporation" title="Commonwealth & Southern Corporation">Commonwealth & Southern Corporation</a> (C&S), whose chairman, B.C. Cobb, noticed him. Cobb wrote to the senior partner of Willkie's firm, "I think he is a comer and we should keep an eye on him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Cobb offered Willkie a salary of $36,000 (equal to $638,791 today) to be corporate counsel to C&S, a job which would involve a move to New York, and Willkie accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_&_Southern_executive"><span id="Commonwealth_.26_Southern_executive"></span>Commonwealth & Southern executive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commonwealth & Southern executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wendell and Edith Willkie moved to New York in October 1929, only weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, and found an apartment overlooking <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. Initially intimidated by the size and anonymity of the big city, Wendell Willkie soon learned to love it. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway theatre</a>, and read through ten newspapers each day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal25_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal25-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie and his wife had little in common, and grew apart through the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal37–39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal37–39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acquired a social life, and met <a href="/wiki/Irita_Van_Doren" class="mw-redirect" title="Irita Van Doren">Irita Van Doren</a>, the book review editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> who became a friend, and later his lover.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultured, brilliant and well connected, Van Doren introduced him to new books, new ideas, and new circles of friends. Unlike Van Doren, Willkie was indiscreet about their relationship, and their affair was well known to the reporters covering him during his 1940 presidential campaign. None of them printed a word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal39–44_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal39–44-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At C&S, Willkie rose rapidly under the eye of Cobb, impressing his superiors. Much of his work was outside New York City; Willkie was brought in to help try important cases or aid in the preparation of major <a href="/wiki/Legal_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal brief">legal briefs</a>. Cobb, a pioneer in the electricity transmission business, had presided over the 1929 merger of 165 utilities that made C&S the largest electric utility holding company in the country. He promoted Willkie over 50 junior executives, designating the younger man as his successor. In January 1933, Willkie became president of C&S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal26–28_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal26–28-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie maintained his interest in politics, and was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Democratic National Convention</a>. Since the incumbent Republican president, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, was widely blamed for <a href="/wiki/The_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Depression">the Depression</a> that had followed the stock market crash, the nominee would have a good chance of becoming president. The major candidates were Smith (the 1928 nominee), Smith's successor as New York's governor, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a>. Willkie backed Baker, and was an assistant floor manager for his campaign. With a two-thirds majority needed to gain the Democratic presidential nomination, Willkie and others tried to deadlock the convention in the hope that it would turn to Baker. Roosevelt was willing to swing his votes to Baker in the event of a stalemate, but this did not occur, as Governor Roosevelt gained the nomination on the fourth ballot. Willkie, although disappointed, backed Roosevelt, and donated $150 to his successful campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal27_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal27-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TVA_battle">TVA battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: TVA battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after taking office, President Roosevelt proposed legislation creating the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA), a government agency with far-reaching influence that promised to bring <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> and cheap electricity to the impoverished <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a>. However, the TVA would compete with existing private power companies in the area, including C&S subsidiaries. Willkie appeared before the House Military Affairs Committee on April 14, 1933. He approved of the ideas for development of the Tennessee Valley, but felt that the government role should be limited to selling power generated by dams. Although the House of Representatives passed a bill limiting the TVA's powers, the Senate took the opposite stance, and the latter position prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal28–29_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal28–29-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg/220px-David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg/330px-David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg/440px-David_E._Lillienthal_and_Wendell_L._Willkie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9194" data-file-height="7554" /></a><figcaption>Willkie (<i>right</i>) and <a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Negotiations took place through the remainder of 1933 for C&S to sell assets, including a transmission line, to allow the TVA to distribute energy to retail customers, leading to an agreement on January 4, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TVA head <a href="/wiki/David_Lilienthal" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lilienthal">David Lilienthal</a> was impressed by Willkie, who left him "somewhat overwhelmed" and "pretty badly scared".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal29_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal29-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C&S agreed to sell some of its properties in part of the Tennessee Valley, and the government agreed that the TVA would not compete with C&S in many areas. In October 1934, holders of securities issued by a C&S subsidiary filed suit to block the transfer. Willkie angrily denied that he had prompted the lawsuit, though plaintiffs' counsel proved later to have been paid by the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a>, of which Willkie was a board member. Willkie warned that New York capital might avoid Tennessee if the TVA experiment continued, and when Roosevelt gave a speech in praise of the agency, issued a statement rebutting him. By 1934, Willkie had become the spokesman for the private electric power industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid this tension, Willkie and Roosevelt met for the first time, at the White House on December 13, 1934. The meeting was outwardly cordial, but each man told his own version of what occurred: the president boasted of having outtalked Willkie, while the executive sent a soon-to-be-famous telegram to his wife: "<small>CHARM OVERRATED ... I DIDNT TELL HIM WHAT YOU THINK OF HIM</small>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt decided that the utility holding companies had to be broken up, stated so in his 1935 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>, and met with Willkie later in January to inform him of his intent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal30–31_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal30–31-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the companies did their best to sabotage the TVA; farmers were told by corporate representatives that lines from the new <a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris Dam</a> could not carry enough power to make a light bulb glow, and the company ran "spite lines" that might not even carry power in an effort to invoke the non-compete agreement over broad areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett391–393_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett391–393-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg/220px-Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg/330px-Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg/440px-Wendell_Willkie_testifying_-_May_17_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8967" data-file-height="7577" /></a><figcaption>Willkie testifying before a congressional committee, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Through 1935, as the breakup legislation wound through Congress, and litigation through the courts, Willkie was the industry's chief spokesman and lobbyist. When the Senate narrowly passed a bill for the breakup, Willkie made a series of speeches asking the public to oppose the legislation, and a storm of letters to congressmen followed. After the House of Representatives defeated the breakup clause, investigation proved that many of these communications were funded by the electric companies, signed with names taken from the telephone book, though Willkie was not implicated. Amid public anger, Roosevelt pressured Congress to pass <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935" title="Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935">a bill</a> requiring the breakup to take place within three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal31–32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal31–32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1936, Roosevelt and Willkie met again at the White House, and a truce followed as both sides waited to see if Roosevelt would be re-elected over the Republican, Kansas Governor <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a>. Willkie, who voted for Landon, expected a narrow victory for the Republican, but Roosevelt won an overwhelming landslide as Landon won only Maine and Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal33_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal33-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, a federal district court judge granted the C&S companies an injunction against the TVA, and negotiations broke off by Roosevelt's order as the litigation continued. Willkie took his case to the people, writing columns for major publications, and proposing terms for an agreement that <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described as "sensible and realistic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal34_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal34-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received favorable press, and many invitations to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe154_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe154-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The January 1938 Supreme Court ruling in <i>Alabama Power Co. v. Ickes</i>, resolving the 1934 case, and the lifting of the injunction by an appeals court, sent the parties back to the negotiating table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett395_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett395-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie kept the public pressure on: like most corporate executives, he had not spoken out against Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies, but in January stated in a radio debate that anti-utility policies were depressing share prices, making it hard to attract investment that would help America to recover. "For several years now, we have been listening to a bedtime story, telling us that the men who hold office in Washington are, by their very positions, endowed with a special virtue."<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> dubbed Willkie "the man who talked back".<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie and Lilienthal negotiated for a year, with Willkie wanting $88 million for C&S's properties in and around the Tennessee Valley, and the TVA offering $55 million. After a final, January 1939, legal defeat for C&S in the Supreme Court, the pace of the talks quickened, and on February 1, 1939, C&S sold the assets to the TVA for $78.6 million. <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> deemed Willkie to have outsmarted Lilienthal. Though defeated in the courts, Willkie had gained national stature for driving a hard bargain for his shareholders,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal36_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal36-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was seen by some as a potential presidential candidate in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940_presidential_election">1940 presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1940 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_horse_candidate">Dark horse candidate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dark horse candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 presidential campaign</a> was conducted against the backdrop of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> raging in Europe. Although the United States remained neutral, the nation—and especially the Republican Party—was deeply divided between <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationists</a>, who felt the nation should avoid any steps that could lead America into the war, and <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionists</a>, who felt that America's survival depended upon helping the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> defeat <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The three leading candidates for the 1940 Republican nomination were all isolationists to varying degrees: Senators <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> of Ohio and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a> of Michigan, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, the young (only 38 years old), "gangbusting" Manhattan <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a> in New York City. Roosevelt's popularity had declined since the 1936 landslide, but many still hoped he would run for an unprecedented third term. He had long contemplated one, but made no announcement. Roosevelt's decision-making on this point is uncertain: as late as April 1940, he may have been thinking of retirement. If he stepped aside, possible candidates included Vice President Garner, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> and Postmaster General and patronage handler <a href="/wiki/James_A._Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Farley">James A. Farley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters14–18,_123–124_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters14–18,_123–124-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine,_July_31,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg/170px-Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg/255px-Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg/340px-Wendell_L._Willkie_on_the_cover_of_TIME_Magazine%2C_July_31%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Willkie on the cover of <a href="/wiki/TIME_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME Magazine"><i>Time</i> magazine</a>, July 31, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>On the assumption Roosevelt would not seek a third term, Willkie had been spoken of as a possible Democratic presidential candidate as early as 1937. He raised his stock considerably when on January 3, 1938, he debated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> on the radio show <i>Town Meeting of the Air</i>. With the topic of the debate being the cooperation between the public and private sectors, Willkie came across as a businessman with a heart, while Jackson appeared dull. A stream of positive press mentions for Willkie continued through 1938 and into 1939, culminating with a favorable cover story in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> in July 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters22–24_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters22–24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie was initially dismissive of the many letters he received urging him to run for president, but soon changed his mind. Van Doren thought Willkie could be president, and worked to persuade her contacts. After hosting the Willkies for a weekend, <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)"><i>Fortune</i> magazine</a> managing editor <a href="/wiki/Russell_Davenport" title="Russell Davenport">Russell Davenport</a> became convinced Wendell Willkie had presidential timber; he devoted the magazine's April 1940 issue to Willkie, and later served as his campaign manager. In that issue, Willkie wrote an article, "We The People: A Foundation for a Political Platform for Recovery", urging both major parties to omit anti-business policies from their party platforms, protect individual rights, and oppose foreign aggression while supporting world trade. This piece won him applause and supporters from the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp34_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp34-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie never had any doubt that Roosevelt would run for a third term, and that his route to the White House would have to be through the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe154–156_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe154–156-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1939 he changed his registration from Democratic to Republican, and early in 1940 announced that he would accept the Republican nomination if it were offered to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal52–56_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal52–56-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He blamed his allegiance shift on the Roosevelt policies that he deemed anti-business.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had voted for Landon in 1936, he said, and he felt that the Democrats no longer represented the values he advocated. As he later characterized it, "I did not leave my party. My party left me."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The start of the war in September 1939 alarmed Americans, but the majority thought the U.S. should not get involved. Willkie spoke often about the threat to America and the need to aid Britain and other Allies. Willkie biographer Steve Neal wrote that the war "transformed Willkie from a big-business critic of the New Deal into a champion of freedom. And it gave his candidacy new purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal51–52_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal51–52-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the chatter about Willkie, there were many who were skeptical about his chances should he seek the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal52–54_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal52–54-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_F._Simpson" title="Kenneth F. Simpson">Kenneth F. Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committeeman</a> from New York, initially thought the idea of a Willkie run to be silly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal52–54_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal52–54-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indiana Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Eli_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Eli Watson">James Eli Watson</a> stated that he did not mind if "the town whore" joined the church, but she should not lead the choir the first week.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie did not enter the Republican primaries, placing his hope in a deadlocked convention. His campaign was composed mostly of political amateurs. New York lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orem_Root_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orem Root Jr. (page does not exist)">Orem Root Jr.</a> (grandnephew of former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>) formed a network of local Willkie Clubs, which attracted a large membership among Republicans discontented with their leadership and seeking a new figure who might beat Roosevelt. He especially appealed to liberal, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Establishment">Eastern Establishment</a> Republicans who saw none of the declared candidates to their liking. His rumpled suits, country-style haircut, and Indiana <a href="/wiki/Twang" title="Twang">twang</a> were reminiscent of ordinary midwesterners, which led to some derision as the efforts to nominate him became more obvious. Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> mocked Willkie as "a simple, barefoot Wall Street lawyer".<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe155–157_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe155–157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt Longworth</a> stated that the Willkie campaign came "from the grass roots of ten thousand country clubs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal99_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal99-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His failure to enter primaries did not greatly disadvantage Willkie because most were "beauty contests" serving only to show voter preferences and not to elect delegates. The primaries were governed by a complex set of unwritten rules about who would enter which primary and Taft ran only in his native Ohio, where Dewey did not enter his name. Even those delegates who were pledged to support a candidate were not strongly committed: what was important to most Republicans was to field a nominee who could beat Roosevelt. The run-up to the June convention in Philadelphia coincided with Hitler's advance in Western Europe, and delegates had second thoughts about running an isolationist, let alone a young one without national experience such as Dewey. Willkie, who had spoken out against isolationism, and who was a successful executive, was an attractive possibility. Willkie made speeches widely, including in a tour of New England that paid off with promises of support, though delegates might first support a <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidate for a ballot or two. Important converts to Willkie's cause included Minnesota Governor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> and Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss79–98_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss79–98-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move to Willkie was reflected in polls; he went from 3 to 29 percent in the seven weeks before the convention, while Dewey, the frontrunner, fell from 67 to 47 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters51_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters51-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convention">Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For further information on the procedures of American political conventions, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 Republican National Convention</a> opened at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall_and_Civic_Center" title="Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center">Philadelphia Civic Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on June 24, 1940. As the delegates assembled, they discussed the war, the candidates, and Roosevelt's appointment of two Republican interventionists to his cabinet four days before the convention. <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, Secretary of War under <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">President Taft</a> and Secretary of State under Hoover, was restored to the War position, and Landon's 1936 running mate, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy Secretary</a>. The cabinet appointments divided the Republicans, who accused Roosevelt of dirty politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters158–162_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters158–162-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Willkie_1940_campaign_button.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wendell_Willkie_1940_campaign_button.jpg/260px-Wendell_Willkie_1940_campaign_button.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Wendell_Willkie_1940_campaign_button.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Campaign pin</figcaption></figure> <p>Willkie arrived by train in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on June 22, two days before the convention, and immediately attracted attention by walking from <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> to his hotel, answering questions from reporters and anyone else who could get close enough to be heard. Dewey, Vandenberg and Taft had large public headquarters, but Willkie's campaign was run from clandestine rooms at the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Hotel">Benjamin Franklin Hotel</a>. Root's Willkie Clubs and other supporters bombarded the delegates with telegrams urging support for their candidate, to the annoyance of some. Key convention officials were Willkie supporters; these included <a href="/wiki/House_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Minority Leader">House Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Joe Martin</a>, Massachusetts' favorite son and permanent chairman of the convention. When the head of the Committee on Arrangements, Ralph Williams (deemed likely to support Taft), died just before the convention, he was succeeded by the vice chairman, Sam Pryor, a firm Willkie backer. This placed a Willkie supporter in charge of tickets for the public galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow65–70_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow65–70-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With noted publicist Steve Hannagan, the Willkie campaign gained tremendous momentum. </p><p>The opening night of the convention saw the <a href="/wiki/Keynote_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynote speech">keynote speech</a> by Governor Stassen;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he subsequently announced his support for Willkie and became one of the candidate's floor managers. The second night featured a speech by the only living former president, Herbert Hoover, who hoped to stampede the convention to a third nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters60_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters60-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His address went almost unheard in the hall because of problems with the sound system. In the meantime, the Dewey campaign, faced with the German announcement that with France taken, Hitler's forces would sail on Britain, did its best to stem the flow of delegates to Willkie. Negotiations among Dewey, Taft, and Vandenberg came to nothing because none would accept less than the presidential nomination. A blaze of publicity followed Willkie wherever he went, as he caucused with delegates and appeared at press conferences with supporters, including the entire Connecticut delegation. A strong minority of African Americans still supported the Republicans, and Willkie met with a group of them, urging those delegates to visit him in the White House in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters76–86_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters76–86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow93_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow93-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indiana Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Halleck">Charles Halleck</a> gave the nominating speech for Willkie on the evening of June 26, arguing that Willkie's recent conversion to the Republican Party was no reason not to nominate him, "is the Republican Party a closed corporation? Do you have to be born into it?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters94_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters94-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Halleck mentioned Willkie's name, there were initially boos from some delegates, but they were quickly drowned out by those in the public balconies, who thunderously chanted, "We want Willkie!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal105–107_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal105–107-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pryor had cut ticket allocations to delegations that were not for Willkie, and distributed thousands of standing room passes to Willkie partisans. The vocal support for Willkie among spectators led to complaints that other campaigns had been shorted in the distribution of tickets,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters96–97_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters96–97-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but provided one of the convention's most dramatic moments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal105–107_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal105–107-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey had predicted he would have 400 of the 501 votes needed to be nominated on the first ballot<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he kept nothing in reserve so that he might show momentum in future ballots. When delegates first balloted on the afternoon of June 27, he had only 360 to 189 for Taft, 105 for Willkie, and 76 for Vandenberg. On the second ballot, Dewey began to slip, falling to 338 to Taft's 203 and 171 for Willkie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn112–113_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn112–113-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The losses greatly damaged Dewey's campaign, because other than the trivial losses suffered in the early rounds of balloting by <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in 1920, no Republican candidate had ever lost support from the previous ballot and won the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal110_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal110-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey came under pressure from his advisors to withdraw during the dinner break that followed the second ballot, and when the convention resumed to chants of "We want Willkie!" from the packed galleries, Dewey continued to slip as the convention became a two-horse race between Taft and Willkie. Listening by radio from his hotel room, Willkie refused to make a deal to get support from Taft delegates in exchange for making the Ohioan his running mate, and became convinced he would lose on the fifth ballot. Dewey had planned to go to the convention and withdraw, hoping to stop Willkie by endorsing Taft, but by the time he decided this, the fifth ballot was about to begin and he could not get to the Civic Center in time. Willkie led with 429 delegates after the fifth ballot, while Taft held 377 and Dewey only 57. The large states whose votes still were not committed to one of the two leaders were Pennsylvania (Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_(politician)" title="Arthur James (politician)">Arthur James</a> was the favorite son) and Michigan, most of whose delegates stayed with Senator Vandenberg. Although Willkie had thus far refrained from making deals, to get Michigan he agreed to allow the Republican organization there to pick that state's federal judges. The sixth ballot, held at 12:20 am on June 28, saw Taft, then Willkie take the lead. As those in the gallery continued to call for Willkie, Vandenberg released his delegates, most of whom went to Willkie. Pennsylvania also broke for him, making Willkie the Republican nominee for president on a vote that was made unanimous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal109–116_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal109–116-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willkie-McNary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Willkie-McNary.jpg/220px-Willkie-McNary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Willkie-McNary.jpg/330px-Willkie-McNary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Willkie-McNary.jpg/440px-Willkie-McNary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9227" data-file-height="7620" /></a><figcaption>Willkie (<i>right</i>) with running mate <a href="/wiki/Charles_McNary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles McNary">Charles McNary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Willkie had offered the vice presidential nomination to Connecticut Governor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Baldwin">Raymond Baldwin</a>, a key supporter, but scuttled those plans after his advisors and Republican officials felt that a New York-Connecticut ticket would not give sufficient <a href="/wiki/Ticket_balance" title="Ticket balance">geographic balance</a>. They urged Willkie to select Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_McNary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles McNary">Charles McNary</a> of Oregon instead. A lawyer, advocate of public power, and farmer, McNary was popular and respected in the West. Willkie agreed, and got Baldwin to withdraw as others persuaded McNary, who had called Willkie a tool of Wall Street after arriving in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters110–111_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters110–111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention dutifully nominated McNary. Before departing Philadelphia, Willkie went to the Civic Center to appear before the delegates who had chosen him, becoming the first Republican nominee to speak to the convention after gaining its endorsement: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Democracy and our way of life is facing the most crucial test it has ever faced in all its long history; and we here are not Republicans, alone, but Americans, to dedicate ourselves to the democratic way of life in the United States because here stands the last firm, untouched foothold of freedom in all the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal118–121_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal118–121-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_election_campaign">General election campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General election campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg/440px-Willkie_Notification_Ceremony_1940_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>Willkie formally accepts his nomination at a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Elwood,_Indiana" title="Elwood, Indiana">Elwood, Indiana</a> August 17, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>After the convention, Willkie returned to New York. When he went to the movies or play, he received a standing ovation. He resigned from C&S on July 8, 1940, confident that even if he lost his presidential bid, he would not lack for work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters119–121_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters119–121-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had Republican National Committee (RNC) chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">John Hamilton</a> dismissed on the advice of some of his advisors, who felt Hamilton was too conservative and isolationist, though the former chairman was given the post of executive director with partial responsibility for the Willkie campaign. Congressman Martin became RNC chair. At a time when little campaigning was done until after <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a>, Willkie left on a five-week working vacation to <a href="/wiki/The_Broadmoor" title="The Broadmoor">The Broadmoor</a>, a resort in Colorado Springs, but found neither peace nor privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal126–127_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal126–127-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt had been surprised by the outcome of the Republican convention, having expected to oppose a conservative isolationist. The polls showed Willkie behind by only six points, and the president expected this to be a more difficult race than he had faced in his defeats of Hoover and Landon. Roosevelt felt that Willkie's nomination would remove the war issue from the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe170–171_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe170–171-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was nominated by <a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">the Democratic convention</a> in Chicago in July, though he stated that because of the world crisis, he would not actively campaign, leaving that to surrogates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn142,_189_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn142,_189-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that both major-party presidential candidates favored intervention frustrated isolationists, who considered wooing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> as a third-party candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn150_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn150-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie formally accepted the nomination at Elwood on August 17 before a crowd of at least 150,000, the largest political gathering in U.S. history to that point. It was an extremely hot day, and Willkie, who tried to read his speech from a typed manuscript without enlargement, failed to ignite the crowd. He remained in Rushville, where he owned farmland, over the next month, trying to become more associated with his native state than with <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. He gave interviews to reporters there, and his firm support of Roosevelt's aid to the Allies led Congressman Martin and Senator McNary to support a peacetime draft despite the strident objections of many Republicans and some Democrats. Roosevelt contacted Willkie through intermediaries to ensure the Republican candidate would not make a political issue out of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a>; Willkie was supportive of the transfer, though he felt Congress should act, and opposed Roosevelt sending armaments to Britain by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal132–139_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal132–139-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg/220px-Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg/330px-Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg/440px-Wendell_Willkie_presidential_campaign_poster_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="4557" /></a><figcaption>"Willkie for President" poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservatives and isolationists had little enthusiasm for the Willkie campaign, and the moderates wanted to see stronger positions on progressive issues and foreign policy. Publisher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a> decried both Roosevelt and Willkie for failing to be honest with the American people, "America will never be ready for any war <i>until she makes her mind up there is going to be a war</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn164–165_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn164–165-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (italics in original) Despite his pledge not to campaign, Roosevelt made inspection tours to military installations, well covered by the press. The president did not mention Willkie by name, seeking to avoid giving him publicity. According to Susan Dunn in her book in the 1940 campaign, this forced Willkie "to box against a phantom opponent and carry on a one-sided partisan debate ... Even in Willkie's speeches, Roosevelt occupied center stage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn192–193_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn192–193-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie promised to keep New Deal social welfare programs intact, expand <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, and provide full employment, a job for everyone: "I pledge a new world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal153–154_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal153–154-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, Willkie began a <a href="/wiki/Whistle_stop_train_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle stop train tour">whistle-stop tour</a> by train, and between then and November 2, he reached 31 of the 48 states. He did not visit the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, though he spoke in Texas, hoping to win it as Hoover had in 1928. Willkie filled the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Coliseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Coliseum">Los Angeles Coliseum</a> with 70,000 middle-class supporters, but reporters saw few working-class people at his rallies, and he cancelled some appearances at auto plants in the Midwest. Other people in working-class areas booed the candidate, held up signs in support of Roosevelt, or pelted his motorcade with overripe fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn193–196_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn193–196-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Edith Willkie accompanied her husband on his tour (he had little time for contact with Van Doren), she disliked the media attention and did not give interviews, completing the campaign without ever giving a speech. On one occasion, she looked at her husband and stated, "Politics makes strange bedfellows".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal143–144_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal143–144-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats knew of Willkie's affair with Van Doren, but the Republicans had letters from <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, the Democratic vice presidential nominee, to his former guru, Russian mystic <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, and neither issue became a factor in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal144–145_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal144–145-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With polls released on October 6 showing Roosevelt well ahead, Willkie began to sound an isolationist theme, accusing Roosevelt of being a warmonger. Many of Willkie's speeches to that point had been on domestic issues, but he had been advised by Martin, Hamilton, and other advisors that the war was the issue the voters really cared about. Willkie began to argue that Roosevelt would not keep the U.S. out of war, but that he would. He was given room to make this argument by the United Kingdom's increasing success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, as it was clear a German invasion was not imminent. The polls showed voters responding positively to this new tack, and Willkie kept on this course for the remainder of the campaign. Roosevelt reacted by scheduling five speeches for the final days, in which he proposed to rebut Willkie's "falsifications".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe283–287_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe283–287-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president stated, "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again. Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin187_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin187-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie was prone to ad lib remarks, which sometimes led to gaffes: addressing steelworkers, he pledged to appoint a new Secretary of Labor, "and it will not be a woman either".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters178_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters178-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allusion to Secretary <a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>, the only woman to hold a cabinet position in American history to that point, did not aid him among female voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters178_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters178-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/350px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/525px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ElectoralCollege1940.svg/700px-ElectoralCollege1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The results of the election, with those states taken by Willkie in red</figcaption></figure> <p>Willkie concluded his campaign on November 2 with a large rally at New York's <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a>. Polls showed him four points behind Roosevelt, but with a trend towards the Republicans. Many pundits expected a tight race. On Election Day, November 5, 1940, the returns were initially encouraging, but quickly turned against Willkie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal172–175_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal172–175-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11 pm, radio commentators were reporting that Roosevelt had won a third term. Willkie received 45 percent of the popular vote to Roosevelt's 55 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president received 27.2 million votes to Willkie's 22.3 million, and won 449 to 82 in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal175_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal175-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie won 10 states to the president's 38 though he did better than Hoover and Landon had against Roosevelt. Willkie's popular vote total of 22,348,480 set a record for a Republican not broken until <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe314_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe314-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">CIO</a> head <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> probably gave Willkie Michigan, and he gained ground in the suburbs and rural areas, but Roosevelt consolidated his 1936 coalition of working-class Americans, ethnics, and white Southerners to take the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal177_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal177-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of November 11, Willkie gave a nationwide radio address, urging those who had voted for him not to oppose Roosevelt on all issues, but to give support where it was called for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow293–294_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow293–294-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late November, Willkie interrupted a Florida vacation for a speech he concluded by offering a toast "to the health and happiness of the President of the United States"; Roosevelt confided to his son <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James</a>: "I'm happy I've won, but I'm sorry Wendell lost".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal179–180_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal179–180-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activist_and_statesman_(1940–1943)"><span id="Activist_and_statesman_.281940.E2.80.931943.29"></span>Activist and statesman (1940–1943)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Activist and statesman (1940–1943)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_to_the_United_Kingdom">Visit to the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Visit to the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/170px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/255px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/340px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt asked Willkie to serve as his informal envoy in Britain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although defeated in the election, Willkie had become a major figure on the public scene, and at age 48, was deemed likely to remain one for years to come. Landon had received some 6,000 letters commiserating with him in his defeat; Willkie received over 100,000. Financially independent, he was in no hurry to decide among the many offers of employment from top law firms and major corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal181–182_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal181–182-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resumed his affair with Van Doren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal192–193_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal192–193-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While on vacation, Willkie decided his next cause should be military aid to embattled <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal186_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal186-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced support of the president's <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease program</a> on January 13, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe322_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe322-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lend-Lease was highly unpopular in the Republican Party, and Willkie's announcement created a firestorm, with Landon and Taft decrying his actions. Former RNC chairman Hamilton wrote that of the almost 200 Republican members of the House and Senate, "Willkie couldn't dig up ten friends if his life depended on it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal188–189_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal188–189-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt, both appreciating Willkie's talents, and seeking to divide and conquer his opposition, had been mulling over ways his former opponent might be of use. The president's onetime advisor, Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, had suggested that Willkie should travel across the Atlantic to demonstrate bipartisan support of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe322_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe322-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie had already been planning a visit in support for Britain. Roosevelt believed that the visit of the nominal head of the opposition party would be far more effective in demonstrating American support than sending one of his advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn278_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn278-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie visited the president at the White House for the first time as an ally on January 19, 1941, the evening before <a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt's third swearing-in</a>. The president asked Willkie to be his informal personal representative to Britain, and Willkie accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn278_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn278-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> recorded that family members and White House staff found excuses to observe Willkie, and she would have done so herself had she been aware of the visit as it was happening. Roosevelt urged Willkie to see <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, both in London on missions from Roosevelt, and gave his former rival a letter to be hand-delivered to the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. At this time it was not routine for politicians to travel abroad; McNary, with considerable influence in foreign affairs, had never left North America. Thus, there was much public attention to Willkie's mission. He departed from <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">New York Municipal Field</a> for London on January 22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal191–193_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal191–193-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arrival, Willkie told the press, "I want to do all I can to get the United States to give England the utmost aid possible in her struggle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn279_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn279-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie saw the damage Nazi bombing had inflicted on Britain, visiting bombed-out sites in London, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn279_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn279-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, he walked the streets at night without helmet or gas mask (until Churchill gave him some), visiting bomb shelters. Churchill hosted Willkie at an official luncheon at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> and had him as a guest at <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a>. In his writings, Churchill recalled "a long talk with this most able and forceful man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal195–196_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal195–196-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it was cut short by Roosevelt's desire to have him testify before Congress on Lend-Lease, Willkie's visit to Britain was deemed a triumph. Willkie also went to Ireland, hoping to persuade <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> to abandon neutrality, but his urging was unavailing. Willkie left London for Washington on February 5; because of the risk of being shot down by Nazi aircraft, the roundabout journey home took four days. He testified before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> on February 11, and his support was key to passing Lend-Lease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters191–192_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters191–192-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie's Senate testimony made him the leading interventionist outside the government, with Lindbergh (who had testified against Lend-Lease) the leading isolationist, and they debated in the pages of magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal211_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal211-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt weighed in, backing his former opponent in a radio address on March 29. "The leader of the Republican Party himself—Mr. Wendell Willkie—in word and in action is showing what patriotic Americans mean by rising above partisanship and rallying to the common cause."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn289_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn289-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, a Gallup poll showed that 60 percent of Americans believed Willkie would have made a good president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn289_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn289-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1941, Willkie joined the New York law firm of Miller, Boston, and Owen as a senior partner, with the firm changing its name to <a href="/wiki/Willkie_Farr_%26_Gallagher" title="Willkie Farr & Gallagher">Willkie, Owen, Otis, Farr, and Gallagher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal210–211_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal210–211-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, he agreed to represent motion picture producers before a Senate subcommittee which was investigating claims that <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> was producing pro-war propaganda. Willkie defended the rights of the studios to make films that reflected their views, and warned, "the rights of the individuals mean nothing if freedom of speech and freedom of the press are destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn297–298_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn297–298-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress took no further action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff134_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff134-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1941, Willkie fought for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Act</a>. In September, Lindbergh accused American Jews of "agitating for war"; Willkie responded that the aviator's speech was "the most un-American made in my time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal212–213_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal212–213-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie lobbied Republican congressmen to repeal the act. The measure passed Congress with the aid of Republican votes, though most of that party voted against it. Roosevelt invited Willkie to dedicate <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>, but because of other commitments, Willkie could not. Roosevelt also sought to have Willkie join his administration, which the Republican was reluctant to do, wishing to preserve independence of word and action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal214–216_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal214–216-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_advocate">Wartime advocate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wartime advocate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr_Wendell_Willkie_in_Alexandria._during_His_Middle_East_Tour_Mr_Wendell_Willkie_Met_Admiral_Sir_Henry_Harwood,_General_Maxwell_and_Pressmen._6_September_1942._A12077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mr_Wendell_Willkie_in_Alexandria._during_His_Middle_East_Tour_Mr_Wendell_Willkie_Met_Admiral_Sir_Henry_Harwood%2C_General_Maxwell_and_Pressmen._6_September_1942._A12077.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mr_Wendell_Willkie_in_Alexandria._during_His_Middle_East_Tour_Mr_Wendell_Willkie_Met_Admiral_Sir_Henry_Harwood%2C_General_Maxwell_and_Pressmen._6_September_1942._A12077.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mr_Wendell_Willkie_in_Alexandria._during_His_Middle_East_Tour_Mr_Wendell_Willkie_Met_Admiral_Sir_Henry_Harwood%2C_General_Maxwell_and_Pressmen._6_September_1942._A12077.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Willkie with Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harwood" title="Henry Harwood">Henry Harwood</a>, Alexandria, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941, Willkie offered his full support to Roosevelt. Willkie was interested in the post of war production czar, but that position went to <a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald M. Nelson">Donald M. Nelson</a>. Labor Secretary Perkins offered to have Willkie arbitrate between management and labor in war industries, but Willkie declined after White House officials informed the press. In early 1942, Willkie considered a run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>. He later stated that Roosevelt had been willing to endorse him, but Willkie ultimately concluded that the Dewey forces were too strong and a defeat might eliminate him from a possible run for president in 1944. In July, Willkie proposed to Roosevelt that he go on another foreign mission, and the following month Willkie announced that he would be visiting the Soviet Union, China, and the Middle East. Dewey wrote, "I hear he is going to Russia before the Republican [state] convention, so he will be where he belongs and I hope he stays there until Christmas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal217–230_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal217–230-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dunn, Willkie's mission was to be Roosevelt's personal representative, "demonstrating American unity, gathering information, and discussing with key heads of state plans for the postwar future".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn314_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn314-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving the U.S. on August 26, Willkie's first stop was in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">General Montgomery</a> and toured the front at <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, he stayed with <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">General de Gaulle</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Willkie met with Jews and Arabs, told the British rulers of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> that both peoples should be brought into the government, and he later wrote that the conflict there was so ancient, it was unrealistic to think that it could "be solved by good will and simple honesty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal231–241_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal231–241-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie had been moved to add the Soviet Union to his itinerary when three Western reporters there urged him by telegram to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp488_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp488-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he met with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, and upon his return he advocated more liberal Lend-Lease terms for the USSR. In China, Willkie was hosted by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and was deeply fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Madame Chiang</a>. Willkie was taken to the front in order to observe the Chinese military forces in their fight against the Japanese, and he spoke out against colonialism, in China and elsewhere. His statements were reported widely in Britain, angering Churchill, who responded by saying, "We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King's First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal242–257_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal242–257-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>We both came in amity,<br /> Wartime allies of <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">the KMT</a><br /> While you were feted at the seat of honor<br /> I was fettered in this penal horror.<br /> Diplomatic affections may run hot and cold,<br /> Such is the way of the world,<br /> Or as the French say, <i>C'est la vie</i>,<br /> All waters flow down to the sea. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, "On Reading of Wendell Willkie's Reception in China"</cite></p> </div> <p>While in the USSR, Willkie urged the opening of a second front against the Germans; when reporters asked Roosevelt about those comments, the president responded flippantly by saying that he had read the headlines but had not considered the speculative comments worth the reading. This angered Willkie, and on his return from his 49-day trip, he confronted Roosevelt about it when making his report at the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal248,_253,_259–260_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal248,_253,_259–260-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Willkie_moment">The Willkie moment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Willkie moment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 26, 1942, Willkie made a "Report to the People", telling Americans about his trip in a radio speech heard by about 36 million people. The following April, he published <i><a href="/wiki/One_World_(book)" title="One World (book)">One World</a></i>, a book Van Doren edited, in which he recounted his travels and urged America to join a supernational global organization after the war was successfully concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal260–263_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal260–263-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was an immediate bestseller, selling a million copies in its first month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp488–489_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp488–489-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was especially influential because Willkie was seen by many as having transcended partisan politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp491_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp491-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Idealist</i>, Willkie was interested in creating 'a body of public opinion' to force policymakers and politicians of both parties to embrace the robust multilateralism he envisioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp202062_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp202062-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period of time, between Willkie's trip in 1942 and his abrupt death in 1944, was coined the "Willkie moment" by historian Samuel Zipp and represented the "high point for American visions of war time internationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zipp, Willkie's moment revived the earlier "Wilsonian moment," a period marked by European support for President Wilson's idealist foreign policy in the aftermath of WW1, and expanded its terms by emphasizing the vast networks of connectivity between different nations. Zipp argues that this "Willkie moment" was characterized by Willkie's three imagined geographies of the world. The first was "titular universalism," or the idea that the new modes of travel and communication were rapidly shrinking borders and encouraging international collaboration and decolonization. The second geography reframed the true global conflict as not about freedom versus fascism but racism versus empire, thus challenging the morality of both European colonialism and American segregation. Willkie's call to put an end to "our imperialisms at home" in <i>One World</i> was the first time that many Americans had heard such a public figure cast doubt on US domestic policy around race. Despite his optimistic outlook on a future defined by international collaboration and racial equality, Zipp contends that Willkie's third geography was one of "empire obscured." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_activism">Civil rights activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil rights activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his 1940 campaign, Willkie had pledged to integrate the civil service and armed forces, and proudly pointed to what he deemed the strongest civil rights plank in history in the Republican platform. He also promised to end <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in Washington, D.C. He gained the endorsements of the two largest African American newspapers, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i>. With Willkie running to the left of Roosevelt on civil rights, Roosevelt feared that blacks would return to their traditional home in the Republican Party, and he secured several prominent promotions or hirings of African Americans. Roosevelt was successful in keeping the majority of the black vote. After the election, Willkie promised to keep fighting for civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff133_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff133-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie warned Republicans that only a full commitment to equal rights for minorities would woo African Americans back to the party, and he criticized Roosevelt for yielding to Southern racists among the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff139–140_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff139–140-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie addressed a convention of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) in 1942, one of the most prominent politicians to do so up to that point. He urged integration of the armed forces, and when a violent <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Race Riot (1943)">race riot broke out in Detroit</a> in June 1943, he went on national radio in order to criticize both parties for ignoring racial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal274–276_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal274–276-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the movie hearings of 1941 ended without further action, Willkie had been made chairman of the board of <a href="/wiki/Twentieth-Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth-Century Fox">Twentieth-Century Fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff134_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff134-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, he worked with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter White</a>, executive secretary of the NAACP, to try to convince Hollywood to give blacks better treatment in films. Movie moguls promised changes, and some films featured blacks in major roles, but faced with objections from white Southerners, they reverted to giving blacks stereotyped roles after Willkie's death in 1944, such as servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal274–276_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal274–276-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, the NAACP named its headquarters the Wendell Willkie Memorial Building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff129_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff129-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 9, 1942, soon after making his reports to Roosevelt and the American people, Willkie argued the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Schneiderman_v._United_States" title="Schneiderman v. United States">Schneiderman v. United States</a></i> before the Supreme Court. <a href="/wiki/William_Schneiderman" title="William Schneiderman">William Schneiderman</a>, secretary of the California Communist Party, was a naturalized American until the government revoked his citizenship, stating that he had concealed his membership on his application for naturalization in 1927. Two lower federal courts upheld the <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a>. Representing a communist, even in wartime, did nothing to shore up Willkie's diminishing support in the Republican Party, but he wrote to a friend saying, "I am sure I am right in representing Schneiderman. Of all the times when civil liberties should be defended, it is now."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff133–135_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff133–135-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his argument Willkie quoted Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson by saying that the people could, if they deemed it necessary, remake the government, and he stated that Marx's view of revolution was mild by comparison. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled for Schneiderman, 5–3, restoring his citizenship. Although Willkie refrained from criticizing Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment of Japanese Americans</a>, he stated in a speech that war was no excuse for depriving groups of people of their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal267–273_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal267–273-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke out against those who blamed the Jews for the war, warning against "witch-hanging and mob-baiting".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff136–137_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff136–137-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his activities, he received the American Hebrew Medal for 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff137_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff137-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1944_presidential_campaign">1944 presidential campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1944 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Willkie spent much of 1943 preparing for a second presidential run, addressing Republican and nonpartisan groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan60–61_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan60–61-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not meet with Roosevelt; with the presidential election approaching and with both men likely to run in it as candidates, their continued association would have been awkward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow208_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow208-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they differed with him on many issues, Republican leaders recognized Willkie's appeal and they had wanted him to campaign for the party in the 1942 midterm elections, but he went around the world instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder36_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder36-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The huge publicity received by the titular head of the Republican Party as an emissary for a Democratic president frustrated leading Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan41_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan41-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, the Republicans gained seats in both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. Though they still remained in the minority, they formed a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> with Southern Democrats that took control of domestic issues in Congress. Few Republican members of Congress were by then willing to support Willkie, and he dropped to second place behind General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> in polls of likely voters in the party's 1944 presidential primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder35–36_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder35–36-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1943, even liberal Democrats did not doubt Willkie's progressive credentials. He spoke of appointing an African American to either the cabinet or the Supreme Court, and he warned California's Republican committee that the New Deal was irreversible and he stated that all they would get by opposing it was oblivion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal288_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal288-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie made his candidacy clear in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)"><i>Look</i> magazine</a> in early October 1943, arguing that a return to isolationism would lead the party to disaster. He decided to enter several presidential primaries in order to demonstrate his public support of the party, and he chose <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, with a primary on April 4, 1944, as the first major test. Willkie had not taken Wisconsin's electoral votes in 1940, though he had won in all parts of the state except <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>. His advisors feared the large <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> vote in Wisconsin, which had contributed to the state being firmly isolationist until Pearl Harbor. None of the other major candidates—Dewey, Stassen, MacArthur and Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Bricker" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bricker">John Bricker</a>—spoke in Wisconsin; MacArthur and Stassen were on active duty and could not do so. Willkie stated that if he did badly in Wisconsin, he would end his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder36–37_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder36–37-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan85_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan85-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire primary</a> had not taken on the significance it later would,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan82_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan82-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Willkie won it on March 14, taking six out of eleven delegates. This was deemed a disappointment because he had spoken there many times since 1940, and was expected to do better. In Wisconsin, Willkie ran a slate of delegates led by future governor <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Wallace_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Wallace Thomson">Vernon W. Thomson</a>, and he devoted two weeks to campaigning there. He was endorsed by most newspapers, but polls showed him well behind Dewey both in the state and nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal207–209_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal207–209-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 16, his first day of campaigning in Wisconsin, Willkie made eight speeches, and the pace took a toll on his voice. The weather did not cooperate, and he travelled 200 miles (320 km) through a blizzard to reach a rally in the northern part of the state. Willkie attracted large crowds in most places, and he told them that the Republican party would fail unless it accepted the New Deal and recognized the need for the U.S. to remain active in the world after the war. The Democrats, he alleged, had been in office too long and they did not have the vision that was needed in the postwar world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder37–38_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder37–38-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie's speech in Milwaukee attracted 4,000 people to a hall that could hold 6,000, and he left the state on the 29th for <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, where he had also entered the primary. Once he was gone, Dewey's backers, including most of the Wisconsin Republican leadership, flooded the state with billboard advertisements and radio commercials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan87–89_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan87–89-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 4, Dewey gained 17 of Wisconsin's 24 delegates, Stassen 4, and MacArthur 3.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan90–91_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan90–91-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie's delegates ran last in every district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder39_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder39-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following night, after giving his speech in Omaha, Willkie addressed the crowd: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I quite deliberately entered the Wisconsin primary to test whether the Republican voters of that state would support me ... It is obvious now that I cannot be nominated. I therefore am asking my friends to desist from any activity toward that end and not to present my name at the convention. I earnestly hope that the Republican convention will nominate a candidate and write a platform that really represents the views which I have advocated and which I believe are shared by millions of Americans. I shall continue to work for these principles and policies for which I have fought during the last five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder39–40_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder39–40-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan91_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan91-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_months_and_death">Final months and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Final months and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg/250px-Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg/375px-Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg/500px-Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House" title="Wendell Lewis Willkie House">Willkie's home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rushville,_Indiana" title="Rushville, Indiana">Rushville, Indiana</a>, was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>Defeated in his second bid for the White House, Willkie announced that he was returning to the practice of law, but his friends doubted that he would be content there. Roosevelt was anxious to dump Vice President Wallace from the ticket in his bid for a fourth term, and he had an intermediary sound out Willkie about running in Wallace's place. Willkie was reluctant even to respond, knowing that Roosevelt had made promises to potential running mates which he did not follow through on. There were further discussions between Willkie and the White House, of which third parties were aware though the details are not known; the vice presidential nomination went to <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. Willkie got Roosevelt interested in a new liberal party which would be formed once peace came that would combine the left of the two existing major parties, but Willkie broke off contact with the White House after there were leaks of this to the press, because he felt that Roosevelt had used him for political gain. Roosevelt sent a letter expressing his regret for the leak, but that too was printed in the papers, and Willkie stated, "I've been lied to for the last time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal308–318_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal308–318-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of their breach, Roosevelt continued to try to conciliate Willkie. Roosevelt's son <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott</a> later stated that his father hoped to have Willkie be the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the United Nations">Secretary General of the United Nations</a>, and the two men agreed to meet later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal318–320_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal318–320-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie had not been invited to speak at the <a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago that nominated Dewey for president, and he declined a pass as an "honored guest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder40_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder40-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey hoped to get Willkie's endorsement, and he sent his foreign policy advisor, <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, to see Willkie. The former candidate refused to be drawn, and he made no endorsement before he died. Willkie wrote two articles for <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a></i>, one urging an internationalist foreign policy, and the other demanding advances in civil rights for African Americans. He also explored becoming a newspaper publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal318–320_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal318–320-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie had long been neglectful of his health and diet, smoking heavily and rarely exercising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal321-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His heavy drinking had charmed the reporters in Philadelphia in 1940, but by 1944 it was becoming a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1944, Willkie felt weak while traveling by train to <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Lewis_Willkie_House" title="Wendell Lewis Willkie House">his Rushville home</a>. There, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, but he had to be persuaded to see a doctor and he refused to be admitted to a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321–323_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal321–323-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willkie's condition only worsened as the weeks went on. He went to New York by rail in mid-September, but on the trip he was stricken with another heart attack. Although his advisors told him to seek treatment and abandon the trip, Willkie pressed on. When he arrived in New York, Willkie was in great pain and his press secretary called an ambulance to take him to <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hill_Hospital" title="Lenox Hill Hospital">Lenox Hill Hospital</a>. He recovered to some extent, enough so that his friends expected him to be discharged. He spent time working on the galleys of his second book, <i>An American Program</i>, and planned future projects. On October 4, Willkie caught <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">a throat infection</a>, which was treated with penicillin. As he was recovering, Willkie's now chronic heart attacks struck again and he suffered three more attacks on October 7. The hospital, which had been issuing reassuring bulletins to the public, was now forced to inform the public that Willkie's condition had worsened and that he was critically ill. The next morning, Willkie suffered one last attack, which proved fatal. He had suffered over a dozen heart attacks in Lenox Hill Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321–323_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal321–323-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt released a statement applauding Willkie's "tremendous courage" which "prompted him more than once to stand alone ... In this hour of grave crisis the nation loses a great citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn317_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn317-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War Secretary Stimson offered to have Willkie buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, but Edith Willkie wanted her husband to be buried in his native Indiana, at Rushville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal323_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal323-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His casket was placed in the center aisle of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church">Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church</a>; 60,000 people filed by his casket, and 35,000 crowded around the church during the service, including many blacks—as, Eleanor Roosevelt noted in her column, was fitting. Wendell and Edith Willkie rest together in Rushville's <a href="/wiki/East_Hill_Cemetery_(Rushville,_Indiana)" title="East Hill Cemetery (Rushville, Indiana)">East Hill Cemetery</a>, the gravesite was marked by a cross, and a book was carved in stone, designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Hoffman" title="Malvina Hoffman">Malvina Hoffman</a>, and inscribed with quotations from <i>One World</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal323_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal323-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHAARD_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHAARD-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_remembrance">Legacy and remembrance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy and remembrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Willkie_Plaque,_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG/220px-Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG/330px-Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG/440px-Wendell_Willkie_Plaque%2C_New_York_Public_Library_-_DSC06453.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Plaque dedicated to Willkie outside the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch" title="New York Public Library Main Branch">main branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the 1940 convention, Roosevelt described Willkie's nomination as a "Godsend to our country", because it ensured that the presidential race would not turn on the issue of aid to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters171_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters171-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> believed Willkie's nomination to have been crucial to Britain's survival, "second only to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, the sudden rise and nomination of Willkie was the decisive event, perhaps providential, which made it possible to rally the free world when [Britain] was almost conquered. Under any other leadership but his the Republican party in 1940 would have turned its back on Great Britain, causing all who resisted Hitler to feel abandoned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters194_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters194-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peters" title="Charles Peters">Charles Peters</a> wrote that "it is arguable that [Willkie's] impact on [the United States] and the world was greater than that of most men who actually held the office [of president]. At a crucial moment in history, he stood for the right things at the right time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters195_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters195-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Georgia Senator <a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Zell Miller</a>, a Democrat, gave the keynote address at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a>, he urged unity instead of partisan strife in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>, and recalled Willkie's actions, "He gave Roosevelt the critical support he needed for a peacetime draft, an unpopular idea at the time. And he made it clear that he would rather lose the election than make national security a partisan campaign issue."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Hugh Ross argued that in gaining the nomination, Willkie "gave exceptional promise of being a winner. There were ample precedents from American political history in which a minority party, queasy over prospects for survival, bypassed professional leadership in order to entrust its political fortunes to a man without political experience. In most of the previous instances, the nomination had gone to a military man. In 1940, it went to a businessman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss100_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss100-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Moe" title="Richard Moe">Richard Moe</a>, in his book on the 1940 election, suggested that the nomination of Willkie left long-lasting scars on the Republican Party, with conservatives angered by the success of its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Establishment">Eastern Establishment</a> wing; "whatever else it did, Philadelphia gave birth to the bitter proprietary division within the Republican Party, one accentuated by ideology and geography, that would define the party for decades to come."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe169_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe169-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those converted from isolationism by Willkie's oratory, and who worked intensely on the Willkie campaign in Michigan, was <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a>, who wrote many years later in his memoirs, "I now realize that my participation did not make much difference at all to the political fate of Wendell Willkie. But it made a lot of difference to me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyers127–130_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyers127–130-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correspondent and author Warren Moscow wrote that after 1940, Willkie helped Roosevelt, who was always careful not to go too far in front of public opinion, "as a pace-setter with the President's blessing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow206–207_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow206–207-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie's global trip and the publication of <i>One World</i> increased public support for the idea that the United States should remain active internationally once the war was won, and should not withdraw into a new isolationism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp484–485_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp484–485-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indiana University president <a href="/wiki/Herman_B_Wells" title="Herman B Wells">Herman B Wells</a> noted that <i>One World</i> "has had such a profound influence on the thinking of Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Samuel Zipp noted, "He launched the most successful and unprecedented challenge to conventional nationalism in modern American history ... He urged [Americans] to imagine and feel a new form of reciprocity with the world, one that millions of Americans responded to with unprecedented urgency."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp504–505_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp504–505-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His advocacy came at a cost to his standing in the Republican Party. According to Moscow, "his appeal for the party to be the party of the Loyal Opposition, supporting the President, was treason to the diehards; his trip around the world marked him as a Presidential agent seeking to infiltrate the Republican Party".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow208_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow208-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline was accelerated as it became apparent that Willkie was a liberal, standing to the left of Roosevelt and proposing even higher taxes than the president was willing to stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters204–205_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters204–205-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World War II <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Ship">Liberty Ship</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Wendell_L._Willkie" title="SS Wendell L. Willkie">SS <i>Wendell L. Willkie</i></a> was named in his honor. </p><p>In 1965, Indiana University completed Willkie Quadrangle, an 11-story undergraduate residence hall, on the Bloomington campus that was named after Willkie.<sup id="cite_ref-tis-1963nov22_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tis-1963nov22-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tkmt-1965aug17_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkmt-1965aug17-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the United States Postal Service marked the centennial of Willkie's birth with a 75-cent stamp in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunn concluded that Willkie "died as he had lived, an idealist, a humanitarian—and a lone wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn317_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn317-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willkie's biographer, Neal, wrote of him, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though he never became President, he had won something much more important, a lasting place in American history. Along with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, William Jennings Bryan, and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, he was the also-ran who would be long remembered. "He was a born leader," wrote historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a>, "and he stepped to leadership at just the moment when the world needed him." Shortly before his death, Willkie told a friend, "If I could write my own epitaph and if I had to choose between saying, 'Here lies an unimportant President', or, 'Here lies one who contributed to saving freedom at a moment of great peril', I would prefer the latter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal324_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal324-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/One_World_(book)" title="One World (book)">One World</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i>An American Program</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1944 (short essay collection)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_(play)" title="State of the Union (play)">State of the Union</a></i>, play believed to be based on Willkie's presidential run.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Explanatory notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time, more commonly known as Convention Hall</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stassen was then deemed the "Boy Wonder" of the Republican Party; at age 33, he was constitutionally too young to seek the presidency. Age would not in future restrain him from running for president; he would seek the Republican nomination so many times and with so little hope of winning that he became a national joke. See <a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 75 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllsworth1966" class="citation book cs1">Ellsworth, Barnard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xurZhUonAMAC&q=%22Herman+Francis+Willkie%22&pg=PA8"><i>Wendell Willkie, Fighter for Freedom</i></a>. University of Massachusetts. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-088-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-088-3"><bdi>0-87023-088-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wendell+Willkie%2C+Fighter+for+Freedom&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-87023-088-3&rft.aulast=Ellsworth&rft.aufirst=Barnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxurZhUonAMAC%26q%3D%2522Herman%2BFrancis%2BWillkie%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madison, James H. (February 2000). "Willkie, Wendell Lewis (1892-1944), corporation lawyer and executive, politician, and civil rights activist". <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0600718">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Willkie%2C+Wendell+Lewis+%281892-1944%29%2C+corporation+lawyer+and+executive%2C+politician%2C+and+civil+rights+activist&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0600718&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters25_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal4–5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal4–5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal4–5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal6–7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal6–7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters26–27-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters26–27_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal8–12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal8–12_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal13_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal17–19-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal17–19_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal17–18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal17–18_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters30-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters30–31_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal25-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal25_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal37–39-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal37–39_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal39–44-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal39–44_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 39–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal26–28-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal26–28_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal27-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal27_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett388–390_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett">Bennett</a>, pp. 388–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal28–29-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal28–29_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal29-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal29_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett390–391_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett">Bennett</a>, pp. 390–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal30–31-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal30–31_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett391–393-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett391–393_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett">Bennett</a>, pp. 391–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal31–32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal31–32_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal33-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal33_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal34-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal34_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe154-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe154_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoe">Moe</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett395-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett395_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett">Bennett</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe322-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe322_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe322_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoe">Moe</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal188–189-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal188–189_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn278-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn278_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn278_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal191–193-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal191–193_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 191–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn279-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn279_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn279_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal195–196-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal195–196_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters191–192-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters191–192_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal211-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal211_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn289-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn289_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn289_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal210–211-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal210–211_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn297–298-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn297–298_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, pp. 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff134-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff134_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff134_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal212–213-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal212–213_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal214–216-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal214–216_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 214–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal217–230-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal217–230_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 217–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn314-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn314_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal231–241-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal231–241_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 231–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp488-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp488_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp">Zipp</a>, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal242–257-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal242–257_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 242–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal248,_253,_259–260-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal248,_253,_259–260_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 248, 253, 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal260–263-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal260–263_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 260–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp488–489-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp488–489_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp">Zipp</a>, pp. 488–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp491-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp491_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp">Zipp</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp202062-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp202062_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp2020">Zipp 2020</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipp2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zipp, Samuel (November 2018). "Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search for One World". <i>Modern American History</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 295–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fmah.2018.30">10.1017/mah.2018.30</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2210933282">2210933282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+American+History&rft.atitle=Dilemmas+of+World-Wide+Thinking%3A+Popular+Geographies+and+the+Problem+of+Empire+in+Wendell+Willkie%27s+Search+for+One+World&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-319&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fmah.2018.30&rft.aulast=Zipp&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff133-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff133_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff139–140-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff139–140_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal274–276-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal274–276_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal274–276_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 274–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff129-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff129_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff133–135-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff133–135_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, pp. 133–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal267–273-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal267–273_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 267–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff136–137-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff136–137_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitkoff137-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitkoff137_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitkoff">Sitkoff</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan60–61-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan60–61_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow208-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow208_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow208_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoscow">Moscow</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder36-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder36_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan41-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan41_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder35–36-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder35–36_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal288-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal288_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder36–37-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder36–37_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan85-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan85_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan82-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan82_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal207–209-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal207–209_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 207–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder37–38-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder37–38_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan87–89-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan87–89_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan90–91-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan90–91_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder39-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder39_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder39–40-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder39–40_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan91-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan91_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan">Jordan</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal308–318-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal308–318_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 308–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal318–320-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal318–320_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal318–320_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 318–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder40-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder40_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder">Snyder</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal321-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal321–323-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321–323_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal321–323_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, pp. 321–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn317-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn317_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn317_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn">Dunn</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal323-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal323_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal323_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHAARD-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHAARD_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html">"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Searchable database)</span>. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+State+Historic+Architectural+and+Archaeological+Research+Database+%28SHAARD%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Natural+Resources%2C+Division+of+Historic+Preservation+and+Archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.in.gov%2Fapps%2Fdnr%2Fshaard%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Note:</i> This includes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlory-June_Greiff2013" class="citation web cs1">Glory-June Greiff (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/7dc99/N/East_Hill_Cemetery,_Rush_County_FINAL.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: East Hill Cemetery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+Nomination+Form%3A+East+Hill+Cemetery&rft.date=2013-09&rft.au=Glory-June+Greiff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.in.gov%2Fapps%2Fdnr%2Fshaard%2Fr%2F7dc99%2FN%2FEast_Hill_Cemetery%2C_Rush_County_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span> and accompanying photographs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters171-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters171_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters194-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters194_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters195-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters195_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA1231F931A3575AC0A9629C8B63">"Excerpt from keynote speech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. September 2, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Excerpt+from+keynote+speech&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DE4DA1231F931A3575AC0A9629C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss100-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss100_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss">Ross</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe169-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe169_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoe">Moe</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyers127–130-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyers127–130_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyers">Syers</a>, pp. 127–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscow206–207-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscow206–207_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoscow">Moscow</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp484–485-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp484–485_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp">Zipp</a>, pp. 484–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_B_Wells" title="Herman B Wells">Wells, Herman B</a> (1992). "Forward". In Madison, James H. (ed.). <i>Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist</i>. Indiana University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20689-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20689-8"><bdi>0-253-20689-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward&rft.btitle=Wendell+Willkie%3A+Hoosier+Internationalist&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-253-20689-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Herman+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipp504–505-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipp504–505_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipp">Zipp</a>, pp. 504–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters204–205-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters204–205_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters">Peters</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tis-1963nov22-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tis-1963nov22_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indystar.newspapers.com/newspage/105273575/">"I.U. To Name Buildings For Four Alumni"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a></i>. November 22, 1963. p. 12 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>The Indiana University Board of Trustees has announced the naming of buildings on the Bloomington campus for four distinguished alumni Paul V. McNutt, Dean William A. Rawles, Wendell L. Willkie and Prof. James A. Woodburn... Willkie Quadrangle will be the tallest residence group on campus with two 11-story buildings, with quarters for 589 men and 577 women. The women's unit will be ready for occupancy next fall and the men's unit in January, 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=I.U.+To+Name+Buildings+For+Four+Alumni&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findystar.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F105273575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkmt-1965aug17-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tkmt-1965aug17_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/32415803/">"IU expanding regional campuses"</a></span>. <i>The Kokomo Morning Times</i>. August 17, 1965. p. 32 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kokomo+Morning+Times&rft.atitle=IU+expanding+regional+campuses&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1965-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F32415803%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=73952dc0d4ba4a1d7be27cfef678db24fb763763&Wendell_Willkie&st=&ss=&t=62&s=536&syear=&eyear=">"Wendell Willkie"</a>. Mystic Stamp Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wendell+Willkie&rft.pub=Mystic+Stamp+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusstampgallery.com%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D73952dc0d4ba4a1d7be27cfef678db24fb763763%26Wendell_Willkie%26st%3D%26ss%3D%26t%3D62%26s%3D536%26syear%3D%26eyear%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeal324-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeal324_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeal">Neal</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?188671-1/after-words-charles-peters"><i>After Words</i> interview with Charles Peters on <i>Five Days in Philadelphia</i>, September 3, 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?193154-3/five-days-philadelphia">Presentation by Peters on <i>Five Days in Philadelphia</i>, June 24, 2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, James D. (Winter 1969). "Roosevelt, Willkie, and the TVA". <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 388–396. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623111">42623111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Roosevelt%2C+Willkie%2C+and+the+TVA&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=388-396&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42623111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Susan (2013). <i>1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler – the Election Amid the Storm</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20574-9"><bdi>978-0-300-20574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1940%3A+FDR%2C+Willkie%2C+Lindbergh%2C+Hitler+%E2%80%93+the+Election+Amid+the+Storm&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20574-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvjen1952" class="citation journal cs1">Evjen, Henry O. (1952). "The Willkie Campaign: An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 241–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2126521">10.2307/2126521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126521">2126521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154802463">154802463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Willkie+Campaign%3A+An+Unfortunate+Chapter+in+Republican+Leadership&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-256&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154802463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2126521%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2126521&rft.aulast=Evjen&rft.aufirst=Henry+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (1994). <i>No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II</i>. New York: Simon&Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-64240-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-64240-5"><bdi>0-671-64240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Ordinary+Time%3A+Franklin+%26+Eleanor+Roosevelt%3A+The+Home+Front+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon%26Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-671-64240-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David M. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrdeweyelection0000jord"><i>FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944</i></a></span>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00562-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00562-5"><bdi>978-0-253-00562-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%2C+Dewey%2C+and+the+Election+of+1944&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00562-5&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrdeweyelection0000jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David Levering (2018). <i>The Improbable Wendell Willkie: The Businessman Who Saved the Republican Party and His Country, and Conceived a New World Order</i>. Liveright Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-374-4"><bdi>978-1-63149-374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Improbable+Wendell+Willkie%3A+The+Businessman+Who+Saved+the+Republican+Party+and+His+Country%2C+and+Conceived+a+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-63149-374-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David+Levering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Madison, James H., ed. <i>Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist</i> (Indiana University Press, 1992).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoe" class="citation book cs1">Moe, Richard (2013). <i>Roosevelt's Second Act</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998191-5"><bdi>978-0-19-998191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%27s+Second+Act&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998191-5&rft.aulast=Moe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscow" class="citation book cs1">Moscow, Warren (1968). <i>Roosevelt & Willkie</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441820">441820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+%26+Willkie&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441820&rft.aulast=Moscow&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Neal_(historian)" title="Steve Neal (historian)">Neal, Steve</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkhorse00stev"><i>Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie</i></a></span>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-18439-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-18439-5"><bdi>0-385-18439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse%3A+A+Biography+of+Wendell+Willkie&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-385-18439-5&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkhorse00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Peters" title="Charles Peters">Peters, Charles</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivedaysinphilad0000pete"><i>Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World</i></a></span>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-450-8"><bdi>1-58648-450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Days+in+Philadelphia%3A+The+Amazing+%22We+Want+Willkie%22+Convention+of+1940+and+How+It+Freed+FDR+to+Save+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58648-450-8&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivedaysinphilad0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Hugh (June 1962). "Was the nomination of Wendell Willkie a political miracle?". <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Magazine_of_History" title="Indiana Magazine of History">Indiana Magazine of History</a></i>. <b>58</b> (2): 79–100. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27788982">27788982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Was+the+nomination+of+Wendell+Willkie+a+political+miracle%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-100&rft.date=1962-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27788982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitkoff" class="citation book cs1">Sitkoff, Harvard (2010). <i>Toward Freedom Land: The Long Struggle for Racial Equality in America</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-282-93765-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-282-93765-9"><bdi>978-1-282-93765-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jcgvk.10">j.ctt2jcgvk.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Freedom+Land%3A+The+Long+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality+in+America&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2jcgvk.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-282-93765-9&rft.aulast=Sitkoff&rft.aufirst=Harvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Roland H. (Autumn 2004). "Wisconsin ends the political career of Wendell Willkie". <i>The Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 30–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4637111">4637111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+ends+the+political+career+of+Wendell+Willkie&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-41&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4637111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Roland+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStengrim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stengrim, Laura A. (Summer 2018). "<i>One World</i>: Wendell Willkie's Rhetoric of Globalism in the World War II Era". <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 201–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Frhetpublaffa.21.2.0201">10.14321/rhetpublaffa.21.2.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.21.2.0201">10.14321/rhetpublaffa.21.2.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158269042">158269042</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/699052">699052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=One+World%3A+Wendell+Willkie%27s+Rhetoric+of+Globalism+in+the+World+War+II+Era&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-234&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158269042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Frhetpublaffa.21.2.0201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Frhetpublaffa.21.2.0201&rft.aulast=Stengrim&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyers" class="citation journal cs1">Syers, William A. (Winter 1990). "The political beginnings of Gerald R. Ford: Anti-bossism, internationalism, and the congressional campaign of 1948". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 127–142. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20700119">20700119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+political+beginnings+of+Gerald+R.+Ford%3A+Anti-bossism%2C+internationalism%2C+and+the+congressional+campaign+of+1948&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-142&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20700119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Syers&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipp" class="citation journal cs1">Zipp, S. (Fall 2014). "When Wendell Willkie Went Visiting: Between Interdependency and Exceptionalism in the Public Feeling for <i>One World</i>". <i>American Literary History</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 484–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2Faju040">10.1093/alh/aju040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145809275">145809275</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/553327">553327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=When+Wendell+Willkie+Went+Visiting%3A+Between+Interdependency+and+Exceptionalism+in+the+Public+Feeling+for+One+World&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=484-510&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2Faju040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145809275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zipp&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipp2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zipp, Samuel (November 2018). "Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search for One World". <i>Modern American History</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 295–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fmah.2018.30">10.1017/mah.2018.30</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2210933282">2210933282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+American+History&rft.atitle=Dilemmas+of+World-Wide+Thinking%3A+Popular+Geographies+and+the+Problem+of+Empire+in+Wendell+Willkie%27s+Search+for+One+World&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-319&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fmah.2018.30&rft.aulast=Zipp&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipp2020" class="citation book cs1">Zipp, Samuel (2020). <i>The Idealist: Wendell Willkie's Wartime Quest to Build One World</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73751-8"><bdi>978-0-674-73751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idealist%3A+Wendell+Willkie%27s+Wartime+Quest+to+Build+One+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73751-8&rft.aulast=Zipp&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?453192-1/qa-david-levering-lewis"><i>Q&A</i> interview with Lewis on <i>The Improbable Wendell Willkie</i>, November 4, 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9MCA2dmvS8"><i>Chicago Council on Global Affairs</i> Daniel Immerwahr interviews Zipp on <i>The Idealist</i>, August 21, 2020</a>, Chicago Council on Global Affairs</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wendell Lewis Willkie presidential campaign papers (MS 556). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0556">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030203194413/http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/wilkie-wendell.htm">Biography from the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.willkie.com/">Willkie Farr & Gallagher website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1104">Wendell Lewis Willkie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?301274-1/wendell-willkie-presidential-contender">"Wendell Willkie, Presidential Contender"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/general/VAB9959">An Exhibit: Wendell Lewis Willkie</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a> Bloomington, IN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.history.in.gov/?p=674">"Wendell Willkie: The Dark Horse,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.gov/history/">Indiana Historical Bureau</a></li> <li><i>Willkie: The Events He Was Part of, the Ideas He Fought For</i> (1952)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wendell_Willkie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wendell_Willkie" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; 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text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">← 1936</a>) <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">→ 1944</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Millard Tydings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wendell Willkie</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gannett" title="Frank Gannett">Frank Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_(politician)" title="Arthur James (politician)">Arthur James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Babson" title="Roger Babson">Roger Babson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Maynard C. Krueger</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)">Aaron M. Orange</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gracie_Allen" title="Gracie Allen">Gracie Allen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1940 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1940 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">← 1940</a>) <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">→ 1948</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wendell Willkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1944 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1944 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080993700">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19964533">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6184/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRYbMwV7d3tKWDJ9TJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118807498">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019256">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150461728">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150461728">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461076">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2015877940&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56413">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071468099">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3036763">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810651963005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299481705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518313106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14157167">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04029376?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1014345">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118807498.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118807498">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081068042">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582028">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g8444w">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cn73mr">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Barnes1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fels_Barnes" title="Joseph Fels Barnes">Joseph Barnes</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2mUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Willkie: The Events He Was Part of, the Ideas He Fought For</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 321–323<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willkie%3A+The+Events+He+Was+Part+of%2C+the+Ideas+He+Fought+For&rft.pages=321-323&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Joseph+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2mUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWendell+Willkie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&oldid=1254963681">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Willkie&oldid=1254963681</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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