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<meta name="description" content="Search results for: ILSS"> <meta name="keywords" content="ILSS"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="ILSS"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: ILSS</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Determination of ILSS of Composite Materials Using Micromechanical FEA Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rana">K. Rana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.A.Saeed"> H.A.Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zahir"> S. Zahir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Inter Laminar Shear Stress (ILSS) is a main key parameter which quantify the properties of composite materials. These properties can ascertain the use of material for a specific purpose like aerospace, automotive etc. A modelling approach for determination of ILSS is presented in this paper. Geometric modelling of composite material is performed in TEXGEN software where reinforcement, cured matrix and their interfaces are modelled separately as per actual geometry. Mechanical properties of matrix and reinforcements are modelled separately which incorporated anisotropy in the real world composite material. ASTM D2344 is modelled in ANSYS for ILSS. In macroscopic analysis model approximates the anisotropy of the material and uses orthotropic properties by applying homogenization techniques. Shear Stress analysis in that case does not show the actual real world scenario and rather approximates it. In this paper actual geometry and properties of reinforcement and matrix are modelled to capture the actual stress state during the testing of samples as per ASTM standards. Testing of samples is also performed in order to validate the results. Fibre volume fraction of yarn is determined by image analysis of manufactured samples. Fibre volume fraction data is incorporated into the numerical model for correction of transversely isotropic properties of yarn. A comparison between experimental and simulated results is presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ILSS" title="ILSS">ILSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEA" title=" FEA"> FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micromechanical" title=" micromechanical"> micromechanical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibre%20volume%20fraction" title=" fibre volume fraction"> fibre volume fraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20analysis" title=" image analysis"> image analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39787/determination-of-ilss-of-composite-materials-using-micromechanical-fea-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Effect of TEOS Electrospun Nanofiber Modified Resin on Interlaminar Shear Strength of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dattaji%20K.%20Shinde">Dattaji K. Shinde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajit%20D.%20Kelkar"> Ajit D. Kelkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of fiber reinforced polymer composite is an important property for most of the structural applications. Matrix modification is an effective method used to improve the interlaminar shear strength of composite. In this paper, EPON 862/w epoxy system was modified using Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) which were produced using electrospinning method. Unmodified and nanofibers modified resins were used to fabricate glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (GFRP) using H-VARTM method. The ILSS of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites (GFRP) was investigated. The study shows that introduction of TEOS ENFs in the epoxy resin enhanced the ILSS of GFRPby 15% with 0.6% wt. fraction of TEOS ENFs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrospun%20nanofibers" title="electrospun nanofibers">electrospun nanofibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H-VARTM" title=" H-VARTM"> H-VARTM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interlaminar%20shear%20strength" title=" interlaminar shear strength"> interlaminar shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20modification" title=" matrix modification"> matrix modification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1508/effect-of-teos-electrospun-nanofiber-modified-resin-on-interlaminar-shear-strength-of-glass-fiberepoxy-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Mechanical Behavior of Banana Peel Reinforced Polymer Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Lakshumu%20Naidu">A. Lakshumu Naidu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Krishna%20Kishor"> K. Krishna Kishor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the results of an experimental study based on the engineering properties of banana peel reinforced epoxy composites. Experiments are carried out to study the effect of weight fraction on mechanical behavior of epoxy based polymer composites. The composites were made by varying the weight fraction of banana peel from 0 to 30% and banana peel were made using hand layup method. The fabricated composite samples were cut according to the ASTM standards for different experiments. Hardness test and density test were carried out at the samples. The maximum hardness, density, tensile strength, flexural strength and ILSS are getting for the material prepared with the 20 % reinforced banana peel epoxy composite. The detailed test results and observations are discussed sequentially in the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineering%20properties" title="engineering properties">engineering properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title=" polymer"> polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20behavior%20of%20banana%20peel" title=" mechanical behavior of banana peel"> mechanical behavior of banana peel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24062/mechanical-behavior-of-banana-peel-reinforced-polymer-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Studies on Mechanical Behavior of Kevlar/Kenaf/Graphene Reinforced Polymer Based Hybrid Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20K.%20Shivanand">H. K. Shivanand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjith%20R.%20Hombal"> Ranjith R. Hombal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paraveej%20Shirahatti"> Paraveej Shirahatti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gujjalla%20Anil%20Babu"> Gujjalla Anil Babu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20ShivaPrakash"> S. ShivaPrakash</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When it comes to the selection of materials the knowledge of materials science plays a vital role in selection and enhancements of materials properties. In the world of material science a composite material has the significant role based on its application. The composite materials are those in which two or more components having different physical and chemical properties are combined to create a new enhanced property substance. In this study three different materials (Kenaf, Kevlar and Graphene) been chosen based on their properties and a composite material is developed with help of vacuum bagging process. The fibers (Kenaf and Kevlar) and Resin(vinyl ester) ratio was maintained at 70:30 during the process and 0.5% 1% and 1.5% of Graphene was added during fabrication process. The material was machined to thedimension ofASTM standards(300×300mm and thickness 3mm)with help of water jet cutting machine. The composite materials were tested for Mechanical properties such as Interlaminar shear strength(ILSS) and Flexural strength. It is found that there is significant increase in material properties in the developed composite material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenaf" title=" Kenaf"> Kenaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title=" graphene"> graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20bagging%20process" title=" vacuum bagging process"> vacuum bagging process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Interlaminar%20shear%20strength%20test" title=" Interlaminar shear strength test"> Interlaminar shear strength test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20test" title=" flexural test"> flexural test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174472/studies-on-mechanical-behavior-of-kevlarkenafgraphene-reinforced-polymer-based-hybrid-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> A Study on the Interlaminar Shear Strength of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Depending on the Lamination Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Sang%20Lee">Min Sang Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Jae%20Shin"> Hee Jae Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20Pyo%20Cha"> In Pyo Cha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sun%20Ho%20Ko"> Sun Ho Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Kyung%20Yoon"> Hyun Kyung Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Gun%20Kim"> Hong Gun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Ku%20Kwac"> Lee Ku Kwac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The prepreg process among the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) forming methods is the short term of ‘Pre-impregnation’, which is widely used for aerospace composites that require a high quality property such as a fiber-reinforced woven fabric, in which an epoxy hardening resin is impregnated. the reality is, however, that this process requires continuous researches and developments for its commercialization because the delamination characteristically develops between the layers when a great weight is loaded from outside. to supplement such demerit, three lamination methods among the prepreg lamination methods of CFRP were designed to minimize the delamination between the layers due to external impacts. Further, the newly designed methods and the existing lamination methods were analyzed through a mechanical characteristic test, Interlaminar Shear Strength test. The Interlaminar Shear Strength test result confirmed that the newly proposed three lamination methods, i.e. the Roll, Half and Zigzag laminations, presented more excellent strengths compared to the conventional Ply lamination. The interlaminar shear strength in the roll method with relatively dense fiber distribution was approximately 1.75% higher than that in the existing ply lamination method, and in the half method, it was approximately 0.78% higher. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20fiber%20reinforced%20plastic%28CFRP%29" title="carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)">carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-impregnation" title=" pre-impregnation"> pre-impregnation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laminating%20method" title=" laminating method"> laminating method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interlaminar%20shear%20strength%20%28ILSS%29" title=" interlaminar shear strength (ILSS)"> interlaminar shear strength (ILSS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21484/a-study-on-the-interlaminar-shear-strength-of-carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastics-depending-on-the-lamination-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Influence of Low and Extreme Heat Fluxes on Thermal Degradation of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20Bibinger">Johannes Bibinger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastian%20Eibl"> Sebastian Eibl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hans-Joachim%20Gudladt"> Hans-Joachim Gudladt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study considers the influence of different irradiation scenarios on the thermal degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). Real threats are simulated, such as fires with long-lasting low heat fluxes and nuclear heat flashes with short-lasting high heat fluxes. For this purpose, coated and uncoated quasi-isotropic samples of the commercially available CFRP HexPly® 8552/IM7 are thermally irradiated from one side by a cone calorimeter and a xenon short-arc lamp with heat fluxes between 5 and 175 W/cm² at varying time intervals. The specimen temperature is recorded on the front and backside as well as at different laminate depths. The CFRP is non-destructively tested with ultrasonic testing, infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and micro-focused computed X-Ray tomography (μCT). Destructive tests are performed to evaluate the mechanical properties in terms of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), compressive and tensile strength. The irradiation scenarios vary significantly in heat flux and exposure time. Thus, different heating rates, radiation effects, and temperature distributions occur. This leads to unequal decomposition processes, which affect the sensitivity of the strength type and damage behaviour of the specimens. However, with the use of surface coatings, thermal degradation of composite materials can be delayed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFRP" title="CFRP">CFRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-sided%20thermal%20damage" title=" one-sided thermal damage"> one-sided thermal damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20heat%20flux" title=" high heat flux"> high heat flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20rate" title=" heating rate"> heating rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20and%20destructive%20testing" title=" non-destructive and destructive testing"> non-destructive and destructive testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134738/influence-of-low-and-extreme-heat-fluxes-on-thermal-degradation-of-carbon-fibre-reinforced-polymers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Damage Tolerance of Composites Containing Hybrid, Carbon-Innegra, Fibre Reinforcements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armin%20Solemanifar">Armin Solemanifar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthur%20Wilkinson"> Arthur Wilkinson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kinjalkumar%20Patel"> Kinjalkumar Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbon fibre (CF) - polymer laminate composites have very low densities (approximately 40% lower than aluminium), high strength and high stiffness but in terms of toughness properties they often require modifications. For example, adding rubbers or thermoplastics toughening agents are common ways of improving the interlaminar fracture toughness of initially brittle thermoset composite matrices. The main aim of this project was to toughen CF-epoxy resin laminate composites using hybrid CF-fabrics incorporating Innegra™ a commercial highly-oriented polypropylene (PP) fibre, in which more than 90% of its crystal orientation is parallel to the fibre axis. In this study, the damage tolerance of hybrid (carbon-Innegra, CI) composites was investigated. Laminate composites were produced by resin-infusion using: pure CF fabric; fabrics with different ratios of commingled CI, and two different types of pure Innegra fabrics (Innegra 1 and Innegra 2). Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was used to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite matrix and values of flexural storage modulus versus temperature. Mechanical testing included drop-weight impact, compression-after-impact (CAI), and interlaminar (short-beam) shear strength (ILSS). Ultrasonic C-Scan imaging was used to determine the impact damage area and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the fracture mechanisms that occur during failure of the composites. For all composites, 8 layers of fabrics were used with a quasi-isotropic sequence of [-45°, 0°, +45°, 90°]s. DMTA showed the Tg of all composites to be approximately same (123 ±3°C) and that flexural storage modulus (before the onset of Tg) was the highest for the pure CF composite while the lowest were for the Innegra 1 and 2 composites. Short-beam shear strength of the commingled composites was higher than other composites, while for Innegra 1 and 2 composites only inelastic deformation failure was observed during the short-beam test. During impact, the Innegra 1 composite withstood up to 40 J without any perforation while for the CF perforation occurred at 10 J. The rate of reduction in compression strength upon increasing the impact energy was lowest for the Innegra 1 and 2 composites, while CF showed the highest rate. On the other hand, the compressive strength of the CF composite was highest of all the composites at all impacted energy levels. The predominant failure modes for Innegra composites observed in cross-sections of fractured specimens were fibre pull-out, micro-buckling, and fibre plastic deformation; while fibre breakage and matrix delamination were a major failure observed in the commingled composites due to the more brittle behaviour of CF. Thus, Innegra fibres toughened the CF composites but only at the expense of reducing compressive strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20composite" title="hybrid composite">hybrid composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic%20fibre" title=" thermoplastic fibre"> thermoplastic fibre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20strength" title=" compression strength"> compression strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20tolerance" title=" damage tolerance"> damage tolerance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50246/damage-tolerance-of-composites-containing-hybrid-carbon-innegra-fibre-reinforcements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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