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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=User+%28computing%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=User+%28computing%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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<span>User account</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-User_account-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle User account subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-User_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Password_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Password_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Password storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Password_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Username_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Username_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Username format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Username_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">User (computing)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85_(%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="مستخدم (حوسبة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستخدم (حوسبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stifad%C9%99%C3%A7i" title="İstifadəçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstifadəçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82)" title="ব্যবহারকারী (কম্পিউটিং) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবহারকারী (কম্পিউটিং)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Потребител (изчислителна техника) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Потребител (изчислителна техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuari" title="Usuari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Usuari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEivatel_(informatika)" title="Uživatel (informatika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uživatel (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger_(datalogi)" title="Bruger (datalogi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bruger (datalogi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="خدايمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خدايمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer" title="Benutzer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benutzer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutaja" title="Kasutaja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasutaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Χρήστης (πληροφορική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρήστης (πληροφορική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Usuario (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Usuario (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzanto_(komputiko)" title="Uzanto (komputiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uzanto (komputiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erabiltzaile_(informatika)" title="Erabiltzaile (informatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erabiltzaile (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="کاربر (رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاربر (رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur_(informatique)" title="Utilisateur (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilisateur (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="کارگير – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کارگير" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="사용자 (컴퓨팅) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사용자 (컴퓨팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उपयोगकर्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगकर्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengguna_(komputasi)" title="Pengguna (komputasi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengguna (komputasi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A9_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91)" title="משתמש (מחשוב) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משתמש (מחשוב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Пайдаланушы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пайдаланушы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83" title="Колдонуучу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колдонуучу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benotzer_(Informatik)" title="Benotzer (Informatik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benotzer (Informatik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felhaszn%C3%A1l%C3%B3" title="Felhasználó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felhasználó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Корисник (сметаштво) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корисник (сметаштво)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संगणन वापरकर्ता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संगणन वापरकर्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1)" title="کارزن (کامپیوتر) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارزن (کامپیوتر)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengguna_(pengkomputan)" title="Pengguna (pengkomputan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengguna (pengkomputan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF)" title="ユーザー (コンピュータ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーザー (コンピュータ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Пайдаланыше – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пайдаланыше" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BCytkownik_komputera" title="Użytkownik komputera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Użytkownik komputera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usu%C3%A1rio_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Usuário (computação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Usuário (computação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator_(informatic%C4%83)" title="Utilizator (informatică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilizator (informatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwaq_(anta%C3%B1iqiy)" title="Ruwaq (antañiqiy) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruwaq (antañiqiy)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пользователь (информатика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пользователь (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A)" title="පරිශීලක(පරිගනක) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිශීලක(පරිගනක)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="User (computing)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou%C5%BE%C3%ADvate%C4%BE_(informatika)" title="Používateľ (informatika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Používateľ (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ناوی بەکارھێنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوی بەکارھێنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Käyttäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyttäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="பயனர் (கணினியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயனர் (கணினியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Корбар (роёна) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корбар (роёна)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Kullanıcı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kullanıcı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanyjy" title="Ulanyjy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ulanyjy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Користувач (інформатика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Користувач (інформатика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_d%C3%B9ng_(%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_to%C3%A1n)" title="Người dùng (điện toán) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người dùng (điện toán)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ניק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="用家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA)" title="用户 (计算机) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="用户 (计算机)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">"Username" redirects here. Within Wikipedia, "Username" may refer to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Username">Wikipedia:Username</a>. For information on altering your own username, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Changing_username" title="Wikipedia:Changing username">Wikipedia:Changing username</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:User_icon_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/User_icon_2.svg/220px-User_icon_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/User_icon_2.svg/330px-User_icon_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/User_icon_2.svg/440px-User_icon_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption>Within a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> or <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>, a user is often represented by an abstract <a href="/wiki/Computer_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer icon">icon</a> of a person.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Operating_system_placement.svg/165px-Operating_system_placement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Operating_system_placement.svg/248px-Operating_system_placement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Operating_system_placement.svg/330px-Operating_system_placement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="370" usemap="#ImageMap_4c9a165895b5ed35" resource="/wiki/File:Operating_system_placement.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_4c9a165895b5ed35"><area href="/wiki/User_(computing)" shape="rect" coords="1,1,165,59" alt="User" title="User" /><area href="/wiki/Application_software" shape="rect" coords="1,60,165,119" alt="Application" title="Application" /><area href="/wiki/Operating_system" shape="rect" coords="1,119,165,178" alt="Operating system" title="Operating system" /><area href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" shape="rect" coords="1,179,165,237" alt="Hardware" title="Hardware" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> Common features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">Input/output</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OS" title="Template:OS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OS" title="Template talk:OS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>user</b> is a person who utilizes a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> <a href="/wiki/Service_(systems_architecture)" title="Service (systems architecture)">service</a>. A user often has a <b>user account</b> and is identified to the system by a <b>username</b> (or <b>user name</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end users</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_user">End user</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: End user"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">End users</a> are the ultimate human users (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operators</a>) of a software product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product such as <a href="/wiki/Sysop" title="Sysop">sysops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">database administrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer technician">computer technicians</a>. The term is used to abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the system, who enhance the software for end users.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">user-centered design</a>, it also distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and other <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a> who may not directly use the software, but help establish its <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">requirements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have in common. </p><p>In user-centered design, <a href="/wiki/Persona_(user-centered_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persona (user-centered design)">personas</a> are created to represent the types of users. It is sometimes specified for each persona which types of user interfaces it is comfortable with (due to previous experience or the interface's inherent simplicity), and what technical expertise and degree of knowledge it has in specific fields or <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">disciplines</a>. When few constraints are imposed on the end-user category, especially when designing programs for use by the general public, it is common practice to expect minimal technical expertise or previous training in end users.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">end-user development</a> discipline blurs the typical distinction between users and developers. It designates activities or techniques in which people who are not professional developers create automated behavior and complex data objects without significant knowledge of a programming language. </p><p>Systems whose <a href="/wiki/Actor_(UML)" title="Actor (UML)">actor</a> is another system or a <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agent</a> have no direct end users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_account">User account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: User account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A user's account allows a user to <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> to a system and potentially to receive <a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">authorization</a> to <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access</a> resources provided by or connected to that system; however, authentication does not imply authorization. To log into an account, a user is typically required to <a href="/wiki/Authenticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Authenticate">authenticate</a> oneself with a <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Credentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentials">credentials</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a>, logging, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a>. </p><p>Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as an integer to refer to them, rather than their username, through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Identity_correlation" title="Identity correlation">identity correlation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, the username is correlated with a <a href="/wiki/User_identifier" title="User identifier">user identifier</a> or <i>user ID</i>. </p><p>Computer systems operate in one of two types based on what kind of users they have: </p> <ul><li>Single-user systems do not have a concept of several user accounts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">Multi-user</a> systems have such a concept, and require users to identify themselves before using the system.</li></ul> <p>Each user account on a multi-user system typically has a <a href="/wiki/Home_directory" title="Home directory">home directory</a>, in which to store <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> pertaining exclusively to that user's activities, which is protected from access by other users (though a <a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrator</a> may have access). User accounts often contain a public <a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">user profile</a>, which contains basic information provided by the account's owner. The files stored in the home directory (and all other directories in the system) have file system permissions which are inspected by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to determine which users are granted access to read or execute a file, or to store a new file in that directory. </p><p>While systems expect most user accounts to be used by only a single person, many systems have a special account intended to allow anyone to use the system, such as the username "anonymous" for <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous FTP">anonymous FTP</a> and the username "guest" for a guest account. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Password_storage">Password storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Password storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, local user accounts are stored in the file <code><a href="/wiki/Passwd#Password_file" title="Passwd">/etc/passwd</a></code>, while user passwords may be stored at <code><a href="/wiki/Passwd#Shadow_file" title="Passwd">/etc/shadow</a></code> in its <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">hashed</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Username_format">Username format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Username format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various computer operating-systems and applications expect/enforce different rules for the format. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> environments, for example, note the potential use of:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>User Principal Name (UPN) format – for example: UserName@Example.com</li> <li>Down-Level Logon Name format – for example: DOMAIN\UserName</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some usability professionals have expressed their dislike of the term "user" and have proposed changing it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a> stated that "One of the horrible words we use is 'users'. I am on a crusade to get rid of the word 'users'. I would prefer to call them 'people'."<sup id="cite_ref-centre-finesthour_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centre-finesthour-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "user" may imply lack of the technical expertise required to fully understand how computer systems and software products work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Power_user" title="Power user">Power users</a> use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">system administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1%25_rule_(Internet_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="1% rule (Internet culture)">1% rule (Internet culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_post" title="Anonymous post">Anonymous post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">Prosumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_computing" title="End-user computing">End-user computing</a>, systems in which non-programmers can create working applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database#End-user_database" title="Database">End-user database</a>, a collection of data developed by individual end-users.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user development</a>, a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">End-user license agreement</a> (<i>EULA</i>), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luser" title="Luser">Luser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namechk" title="Namechk">Namechk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname#Computing" title="Nickname">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Registered user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_error" title="User error">User error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">User agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">User space</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other terms for username include <b>login name</b>, <b>screenname</b> (or <b>screen name</b>), <b>account name</b>, <b>nickname</b> (or <b>nick</b>) and <b>handle</b>, which is derived from the identical <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">citizens band radio</a> term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_(computing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoAbrahamBeckwithBlackwell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ko, Andrew J.; Abraham, Robin; Beckwith, Laura; Blackwell, Alan; Burnett, Margaret; Erwig, Martin; Scaffidi, Chris; Lawrance, Joseph; Lieberman, Henry; Myers, Brad; Rosson, Mary Beth; Rothermel, Gregg; Shaw, Mary; Wiedenbeck, Susan (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf">"The State of the Art in End-User Software Engineering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1922649.1922658">10.1145/1922649.1922658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9435548">9435548</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401200320/http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Art+in+End-User+Software+Engineering&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1922649.1922658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9435548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Robin&rft.au=Beckwith%2C+Laura&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Alan&rft.au=Burnett%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Erwig%2C+Martin&rft.au=Scaffidi%2C+Chris&rft.au=Lawrance%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Henry&rft.au=Myers%2C+Brad&rft.au=Rosson%2C+Mary+Beth&rft.au=Rothermel%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Mary&rft.au=Wiedenbeck%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.media.mit.edu%2F~lieber%2FPublications%2FEnd-User-Software-Engineering.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/">"Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success"</a>. 2004-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Organizational+Stakeholders+for+Design+Success&rft.date=2004-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxesandarrows.com%2Funderstanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rigsbee, Sarah, and William B. Fitzpatrick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td3101/31_01_Rigsbee.pdf">User-Centered Design: A Case Study on Its Application to the Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065231/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td3101/31_01_Rigsbee.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"<i>Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest</i> 31.1 (2012): 76–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html">"What is end user?"</a>. September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+end+user%3F&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webopedia.com%2FTERM%2FE%2Fend_user.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/">"What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files"</a>. 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%2Fetc%2Fpasswd+and+%2Fetc%2Fshadow+files&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falaedine07.github.io%2Fposts%2Fpasswd-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html">"[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BSolved%5D+Where+Are+Passwords+Stored+in+Windows+10%2F11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.passfab.com%2Fwindows-tips%2Fwhere-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html">"Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Password+Storage+Locations+For+Popular+Windows+Applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nirsoft.net%2Farticles%2Fsaved_password_location.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">"User Name Formats"</a>. <i>MSDN</i>. Developer technologies. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-11</span></span>. <q>The down-level logon name format is used to specify a <a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">domain</a> and a user account in that domain [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSDN&rft.atitle=User+Name+Formats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fdesktop%2Faa380525%2528v%3Dvs.85%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Norman2008" class="citation web cs1">Don Norman (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/">"Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Words+Matter.+Talk+About+People%3A+Not+Customers%2C+Not+Consumers%2C+Not+Users&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.au=Don+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnd.org%2Fwords_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centre-finesthour-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-centre-finesthour_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8">"Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path"</a>. February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Norman+at+UX+Week+2008+%C2%A9+Adaptive+Path&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWgJcUHC3qJ8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a> entry for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catb.org/jargon/html/U/user.html">"User"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FU%2Fuser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm">"Power Users' Guide"</a>. <i>SAP Help Portal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAP+Help+Portal&rft.atitle=Power+Users%27+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.sap.com%2Fsaphelp_nw70ehp2%2Fhelpdata%2Fen%2F1e%2F013f420e09b26be10000000a155106%2Fframeset.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2012" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Raymond (Feb 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx">"Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on Apr 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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