CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>User:Sam Spade - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"83e5c95a-c679-43de-b1ad-0fa70170b51e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"User","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":2,"wgPageName":"User:Sam_Spade","wgTitle":"Sam Spade","wgCurRevisionId":1220472274,"wgRevisionId":1220472274,"wgArticleId":361047,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Retired Wikipedians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"User:Sam_Spade","wgRelevantArticleId":361047,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRelevantUserName":"Sam Spade","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":6000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,follow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="User:Sam Spade - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sam_Spade"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sam_Spade"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-2 ns-subject mw-editable page-User_Sam_Spade rootpage-User_Sam_Spade skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=User%3ASam+Spade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=User%3ASam+Spade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=User%3ASam+Spade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=User%3ASam+Spade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">User</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sam Spade</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-user" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade" title="View the user page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>User page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sam_Spade" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/User:Sam_Spade" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/User:Sam_Spade" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-contributions" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sam_Spade" title="A list of contributions by this user"><span>User contributions</span></a></li><li id="t-log" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log/Sam_Spade" title="A list of logged actions by this user"><span>User logs</span></a></li><li id="t-userrights" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:UserRights/Sam_Spade"><span>View user groups</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&oldid=1220472274" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3ASam_Spade"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3ASam_Spade"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=User%3ASam_Spade&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div style="text-align: center; width: 65%; margin: auto; padding: 1em; border: solid 2px gold; letter-spacing: 2.5vw; background-color: black; color: white; font-weight: bold;"><span style="padding-left: 2.5vw;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920968872">.mw-parser-output span.allcaps{text-transform:uppercase}</style><span class="allcaps">Retired</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">This user is no longer active on Wikipedia.</div> <div style="background-color:#ffffff; font-color: #000000; line-height:1.5; border-width:2px; border-style:solid; border-color:#27160E;"> <div style="background-color:#27160E; font-color:#ffffff; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px; margin- top:0px; border: none;"><div style="float:right;margin:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogart_face_detail,_from-_Dark_Passage_1947_Lobby_Card_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bogart_face_detail%2C_from-_Dark_Passage_1947_Lobby_Card_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="282" /></a></span></div> <p align="center"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Sam_Spade&action=edit&section=new"><span style="color: #ffffff">Leave a message</span></a> - <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Modest_replies" class="extiw" title="meta:Modest replies"><span style="color: #ffffff">Replies to Objections</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Quotes" title="User:Sam Spade/Quotes"><span style="color: #ffffff">Quotes</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Detective_agency" title="User:Sam Spade/Detective agency"><span style="color: #ffffff">Spade & Archer</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases" title="User:Sam Spade/Theoretical Biases"><span style="color: #ffffff">Theoretical Biases</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Current_events" title="User:Sam Spade/Current events"><span style="color: #ffffff">Current events</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Contributions" title="User:Sam Spade/Contributions"><span style="color: #ffffff">Contributions</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Resources" title="User:Sam Spade/Resources"><span style="color: #ffffff">Resources</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/Art_and_artists" title="User:Sam Spade/Art and artists"><span style="color: #ffffff">Art</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Sam_Spade/To_do_list" title="User:Sam Spade/To do list"><span style="color: #ffffff">To do list</span></a> <br /> </p></div> <div style="background-color:#ffffff; margin-right:30px; margin-left:30px; margin-top:0px;"> <p><br /> </p> <p style="margin: .8em 0;"> You can help improve the articles listed below! This list updates frequently, so check back here for more tasks to try. (See <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Wikipedia:Maintenance</a></b> or the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Task_Center" title="Wikipedia:Task Center">Task Center</a></b> for further information.) </p> <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; overflow: auto;"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="copyedit-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="copyedit-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Fix spelling and grammar </div> <div id="copyedit"> None</div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="wikify-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="wikify-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Fix wikilinks </div> <div id="wikify"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_too_few_wikilinks" title="Category:All articles with too few wikilinks">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Wikilinks" title="Help:Wikitext">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="update-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="update-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Update with new information </div> <div id="update"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Design_%26_Engineering" title="BBC Design & Engineering">BBC Design & Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Sponsorship_Association" title="Asian Sponsorship Association">Asian Sponsorship Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006" title="Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006">Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Light_Rail" title="Santiago Light Rail">Santiago Light Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3200-series_(CTA)" title="3200-series (CTA)">3200-series (CTA)</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:As_of" title="Wikipedia:As of">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="stub-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="stub-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Expand short articles </div> <div id="stub"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buechel_Formation" title="Buechel Formation">Buechel Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werder_Formation" title="Werder Formation">Werder Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallst%C3%A4tterkalk_Formation" title="Hallstätterkalk Formation">Hallstätterkalk Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaet_Hauptton_Formation" title="Rhaet Hauptton Formation">Rhaet Hauptton Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvoerde_Formation" title="Calvoerde Formation">Calvoerde Formation</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles" title="Category:All stub articles">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Layout" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="verify-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="verify-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Check and add references </div> <div id="verify"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_discography" title="Anne-Marie discography">Anne-Marie discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash!_discography" title="Sash! discography">Sash! discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass" title="Oldsmobile Cutlass">Oldsmobile Cutlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights" title="Center for Constitutional Rights">Center for Constitutional Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfall" title="Skyfall">Skyfall</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="or-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="or-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Fix original research issues </div> <div id="or"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oskido" title="Oskido">Oskido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Dragon_Ante" title="Three-Dragon Ante">Three-Dragon Ante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_es_foutu" title="Tu es foutu">Tu es foutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilipin-1" title="Perilipin-1">Perilipin-1</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material_that_advances_a_position" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="leadcleanup-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="leadcleanup-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Improve lead sections </div> <div id="leadcleanup"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynyard" title="Diana Wynyard">Diana Wynyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_policy" title="Knowledge policy">Knowledge policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%BAbo_language" title="Marúbo language">Marúbo language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(exercise)" title="Bridge (exercise)">Bridge (exercise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Bronson" title="Eliot Bronson">Eliot Bronson</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="addimage-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="addimage-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Add an image </div> <div id="addimage"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otoyol_7" title="Otoyol 7">Otoyol 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakleigh_East,_Victoria" title="Oakleigh East, Victoria">Oakleigh East, Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Congo_Cathedral" title="Our Lady of the Congo Cathedral">Our Lady of the Congo Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogwa-cha" title="Ogwa-cha">Ogwa-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dell_House_Museum" title="O'Dell House Museum">O'Dell House Museum</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_images" title="Category:Wikipedia requested images">More...</a></i> • <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:First_steps/Reuse" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:First steps/Reuse">Learn how</a> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="translate-label" style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: 33.33%; padding: 0.1em;"> <div id="translate-label" style="text-align:center; background: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: .4em; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold;">Translate and clean up </div> <div id="translate"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Angen" title="Great Fire of Angen">Great Fire of Angen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Aviation_Division" title="5th Aviation Division">5th Aviation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gultoo" title="Gultoo">Gultoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Wieniawa" title="Julia Wieniawa">Julia Wieniawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96BB_Class_4020" title="ÖBB Class 4020">ÖBB Class 4020</a></li></ul></div> <div style="margin: .2em 1.6em .6em; font-weight: bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_cleanup_after_translation" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation">More...</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English#Standard_procedures" title="Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English">Learn how</a> </div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 0.1em; text-align:center;"> Help counter <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:Systemic bias">systemic bias</a> by creating <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red#Worklists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red">new articles on important women</a>. </p> <p style="margin: 0.1em; text-align:center;"> Help improve <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_popular_pages_by_WikiProject" title="Category:Lists of popular pages by WikiProject">popular pages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/User:DataflowBot/output/Popular_low_quality_articles_(id-2)" title="User:DataflowBot/output/Popular low quality articles (id-2)">those of low quality</a>. </p> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232484023">.mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#f5faff;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title{background:#cee0f2;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;margin-bottom:6px}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#cee0f2;padding:0.1em 0.7em 0.15em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content,.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding-top:0.15em}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="width:21.5em; clear:right"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">list</a>)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Principles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">Content policies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary">Not a dictionary</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conduct_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Conduct policies">Conduct policies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Clean_start" title="Wikipedia:Clean start">Clean start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Username_policy" title="Wikipedia:Username policy">Username policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other policy categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Deletion" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Enforcement" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Legal" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Procedural" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Procedural</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Directories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines#Searching" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">Searching</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Policy_list" title="Template:Policy list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Policy_list" title="Template talk:Policy list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Policy_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Policy list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;padding:0.8em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" title="Subfields of psychology">Subfields</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page#Maintenance" title="Help:Special page">maintenance</a>)</th> <th>Information </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:BrokenRedirects" title="Special:BrokenRedirects">Broken redirects</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:DeadendPages" title="Special:DeadendPages">Dead-end pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead-end_pages" title="Wikipedia:Dead-end pages">Dead-end pages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:AncientPages" title="Special:AncientPages">Dormant pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Forgotten_articles" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/Forgotten articles">Forgotten articles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:DoubleRedirects" title="Special:DoubleRedirects">Double redirects</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Double_redirects" title="Wikipedia:Double redirects">Double redirects</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:LonelyPages" title="Special:LonelyPages">Lonely pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orphanage" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage">Orphaned articles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:LongPages" title="Special:LongPages">Long pages</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages" title="Special:NewPages">New pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol" title="Wikipedia:New pages patrol">New pages patrol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPagesFeed" title="Special:NewPagesFeed">New pages feed</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation" title="Wikipedia:Page Curation">Page curation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:ProtectedPages" title="Special:ProtectedPages">Protected pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Protection policy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:ShortPages" title="Special:ShortPages">Short pages</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedPages" title="Special:UncategorizedPages">Uncategorized pages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Uncategorized_categories" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/Uncategorized categories">Uncategorized categories</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedTemplates" title="Special:UncategorizedTemplates">Uncategorized templates</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedCategories" title="Special:UnusedCategories">Unused categories</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedFiles" title="Special:UnusedFiles">Unused files (images)</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedTemplates" title="Special:UnusedTemplates">Unused templates</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:WithoutInterwiki" title="Special:WithoutInterwiki">Without interwiki links</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:MostInterwikis" title="Special:MostInterwikis">Most interwiki links</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special:WantedPages" title="Special:WantedPages">Wanted pages</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most-wanted_articles" title="Wikipedia:Most-wanted articles">Most-wanted articles</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>See also: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Maintenance departments</a></b> </i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table> <tbody><tr><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 1px solid #bfb1a3"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#d9ceb8; font-size: 120%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance#Maintenance_and_collaboration_resources" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Resources for maintenance <br /> and collaboration</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_attention" title="Category:Articles needing attention">Articles needing attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup">Articles needing cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copy_to_Wikisource" title="Category:Copy to Wikisource">Copy to Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Guild_of_Copy_Editors" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors">Copyediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orphanage" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage">Deorphan an article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">Wikification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Notability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Notability">Notability Sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_progress_boxes" title="Wikipedia:List of progress boxes">Progress boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup">Template messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dusty_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Dusty articles">Update an article</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categories</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uncategorized_pages" title="Category:Uncategorized pages">Articles to be categorized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_category_cleanup" title="Category:Wikipedia category cleanup">General cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedCategories" title="Special:UncategorizedCategories">Uncategorized categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports#Categories" title="Wikipedia:Database reports">Other reports on categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Categories/Current_subprojects" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories/Current subprojects">Links to more pages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Starting_an_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Starting an article">Create an article</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Missing_encyclopedic_articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles">Missing encyclopedic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most-wanted_articles" title="Wikipedia:Most-wanted articles">Most wanted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Requested articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_requested_for_more_than_a_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Articles requested for more than a year">Requests 1 year+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation" title="Wikipedia:Articles for creation">Review anonymous article submissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ShortPages" title="Special:ShortPages">Short pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stale_userspace_drafts" title="Category:Stale userspace drafts">Stale userspace drafts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Referencing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources" title="Category:Articles lacking sources">Articles lacking sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:Articles needing additional references">Need more references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research">Original research</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Stubs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">Incomplete lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Long_stubs" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/Long stubs">Long stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_wanted_stubs" title="Wikipedia:Most wanted stubs">Most wanted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ShortPages" title="Special:ShortPages">Short pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types">Stubs by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Stubs_included_directly_in_stub_categories" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/Stubs included directly in stub categories">Stubs included directly in stub categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators" title="Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators">Deletion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Categories for discussion">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Archived_deletion_discussions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Archived deletion discussions">Discussion archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Log/delete" title="Special:Log/delete">Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion">Misc. pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion">Redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_review" title="Wikipedia:Deletion review">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_for_speedy_deletion" title="Category:Candidates for speedy deletion">Speedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion">Templates</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Polishing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates" title="Wikipedia:Featured article candidates">Featured candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_encyclopedia_topics" title="Wikipedia:List of encyclopedia topics">Fill a topic list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review" title="Wikipedia:Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:DataflowBot/output/Popular_low_quality_articles_(id-2)" title="User:DataflowBot/output/Popular low quality articles (id-2)">Popular low quality articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_improvement" title="Wikipedia:Articles for improvement">Articles for improvement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Translation into English</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English" title="Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English">Existing pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dump_reports/Missing_articles" title="Wikipedia:Dump reports/Missing articles">Wikipedia:Dump reports/Missing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spanish_Translation_of_the_Week" title="Wikipedia:Spanish Translation of the Week">Spanish trans. of the week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Images</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Caption review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Maintenance/Images_for_cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Maintenance/Images for cleanup">Images for cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images_with_missing_articles" title="Wikipedia:Images with missing articles">Images with missing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports#Files" title="Wikipedia:Database reports">Other reports on files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Requested pictures</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_controversial_issues" title="Wikipedia:List of controversial issues">Controversy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">Article accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">Statement accuracy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To-do_list" title="Wikipedia:To-do list">To-do lists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To-do_list" title="Wikipedia:To-do list">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">Projects</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> Disambiguation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Manual of Style Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/General#Disambiguation_and_redirection" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/General">Templates</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border:1px #bfb1a3 solid; background-color: #f2e6ce"> More</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects">Active wiki fixup projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_mergers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Proposed mergers">Articles to merge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split" title="Category:Articles to be split">Articles to split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_backlog" title="Category:Wikipedia backlog">Backlogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Copyright violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements">Dated statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Expert_Request_Sorting" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Expert Request Sorting">Expert request sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missing_middle_or_first_names" title="Category:Missing middle or first names">Missing names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal/Opentask" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Community portal/Opentask">Open tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports#Redirects" title="Wikipedia:Database reports">Reports on redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests">Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/Unused_templates" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/Unused templates">Unused templates</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> For a listing of ongoing discussions, <br /> see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dashboard" title="Wikipedia:Dashboard">dashboard</a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resources_for_collaboration" title="Template:Resources for collaboration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resources_for_collaboration" title="Template talk:Resources for collaboration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resources_for_collaboration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resources for collaboration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table> <tbody><tr><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1232484023" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint" style="width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance#Maintenance_and_collaboration_resources" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Active Wiki Fixup Projects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Must be active, systematic, have lists, & need help.</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Writing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Wikify" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikify">Articles that need to be wikified</a></dt> <dd>Massive backlog. Ongoing (category)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead-end_pages" title="Wikipedia:Dead-end pages">Dead-end pages</a></dt> <dd>These pages are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikify" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">wikified</a>. Ongoing (category)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Missing_encyclopedic_articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles">Missing articles</a></dt> <dd>Wikipedia is not as complete as you might think. Ongoing</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_wanted_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Most wanted articles">Most wanted articles</a></dt> <dd>Updated February 2015</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_requested_for_more_than_a_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Articles requested for more than a year">Oldest requested articles</a></dt> <dd>Updated November 2012</dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:Articles needing coordinates">Articles needing geo-coordinates</a></dt> <dd>Help locate places. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates#Geo_tag" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">WP:GEO</a>. Ongoing (category)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_written_by_a_single_editor" title="Wikipedia:Articles written by a single editor">Articles written by a single editor</a></dt> <dd>Reviewing articles written by a newer editor. Updated February 2013</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bluelink_patrol" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bluelink patrol">Bluelink patrol</a></dt> <dd>Directing wayward links to the intended articles. Ongoing</dd> <dt><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Check_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia">Check Wikipedia</a></span></dt> <dd>Fix the syntax of Wikipedia. Updated every 15 minutes</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_pages_with_links" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links">Disambiguation pages with links</a></dt> <dd>Directing ambiguous links to the intended articles. Ongoing</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fix_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fix common mistakes">Fix Common Mistakes</a></dt> <dd>Fix common mistakes in English grammar (e.g. "the the", "and and"). Ongoing</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Typo_Team/moss" title="Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss">moss</a></dt> <dd>Currently doing a collaborative spell-check of the entire encyclopedia.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Images_and_Media/Commons" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Images and Media/Commons">Moving free images to Wikimedia Commons</a></dt> <dd>Moving free images to the Commons so they are easier to find. Ongoing (categories)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orphanage" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage">Orphaned articles</a></dt> <dd>Help link to these orphaned articles. Ongoing (category)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Red_Link_Recovery" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Red Link Recovery">Red Link Recovery</a></dt> <dd>Turn red links blue. Ongoing</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stubsensor" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stubsensor">Stubsensor</a></dt> <dd>Help remove stub tags from articles they don't belong on. Updated August 2011</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Categories/uncategorized" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories/uncategorized">Uncategorised articles</a></dt> <dd>Help categorise articles. Ongoing (category)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Unreferenced_articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Unreferenced articles">Unreferenced articles</a></dt> <dd>Ensuring articles include at least one <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">reference or source</a>. Ongoing (category)</dd></dl> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Template talk:Active Wiki Fixup Projects">Inactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:MiniAWFP" title="Template:MiniAWFP">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Template talk:Active Wiki Fixup Projects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Active_Wiki_Fixup_Projects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table border="0" class="plainlinks" style="padding-bottom: 0.7em; clear: both; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td align="right"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Projects_of_Wikimedia" title="Wikipedia:Projects of Wikimedia">Projects</a>:</b></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Meta</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Test</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Wiktionary</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Wikiquote</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Wikibooks</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Wikisource</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges">Wikispecies</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Projects_of_Wikimedia" title="Wikipedia:Projects of Wikimedia">more...</a> (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Recentchanges&action=edit">edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Recent Changes">help</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="right"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Utilities">Utilities</a>:</b></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages" title="Special:NewPages">New</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special:DeadendPages" title="Special:DeadendPages">Deadend</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_attention" title="Wikipedia:Pages needing attention">Needy</a> - <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism_in_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress">Vandalism</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RC_patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RC patrol">RC patrol</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Votes for deletion">Deletion</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment" title="Wikipedia:Requests for comment">RfC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_Portal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Community Portal">Community</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Current_surveys" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Current surveys">Polls</a></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="right"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About us</a>:</b></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome,_newcomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers">Welcome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policy</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">Stats</a> - <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Announcements" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Announcements">Announcements</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Goings-on" title="Wikipedia:Goings-on">Goings-on</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mailing_lists" title="Wikipedia:Mailing lists">Mailing lists</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IRC channels">Chat</a></small> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <table align="left" width="150" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="black" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png/100px-Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png/150px-Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png/200px-Malta-CIA_WFB_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USAF_falcon.jpg/150px-USAF_falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USAF_falcon.jpg/225px-USAF_falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USAF_falcon.jpg/300px-USAF_falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font:8pt arial; text-align:center"><i>I, <a href="/wiki/User:Quadell" title="User:Quadell">Quadell</a>, award you this stylized <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Falcon" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Maltese Falcon">Maltese Falcon</a> for your many fine contributions to Wikipedia. Keep up the great work!</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Barnstar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Original_Barnstar.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Sam Spade is awarded the <a href="/wiki/Barnstar" title="Barnstar">Barnstar</a> for his great support for Hinduism, Advaita, for promoting awareness of Hinduism, discouraging misconceptions about the Hindu religion and his great encouragement to new users such as Vaikunda Raja. <a href="/wiki/User:Raj2004" title="User:Raj2004">Raj2004</a> 10:11, 9 December 2005 (UTC)</figcaption></figure> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_Wikimedian%27s_Barnstar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Working_Wikimedian%27s_Barnstar.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>I, <p style="font-family: Comic sans, Comic Sans MS, monospace;"><span style="color: turquoise"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:V._Molotov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:V. Molotov (page does not exist)">V.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:V._Molotov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:V. Molotov (page does not exist)"> Molotov</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/25px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/38px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/50px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></p><br />, hereby give you this <b>Working Man's Barnstar</b> for diligent work on Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Barnstar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Original_Barnstar.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>I, <a href="/wiki/User:Redwolf24" title="User:Redwolf24">Redwolf24</a>, hereby award you this star for your thousands upon thousands of contributions to Wikipedia, including <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WC">helping out newbies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_Acts_of_Kindness_Barnstar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Random_Acts_of_Kindness_Barnstar.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>For your tireless acts of kindness and help on the Welcome Wagon (which is very much appreciated!), you are the second recipient of the <b>Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar</b>. Enjoy! You are very deserving. <a href="/wiki/User:TheCustomOfLife" class="mw-redirect" title="User:TheCustomOfLife">Mike H</a></figcaption></figure> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Barnstar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Original_Barnstar.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>For service, beyond the call of duty, in the battle against tyranny, Sam Spade is awarded the <b>Star of Righteousness</b>.</figcaption></figure> <p><br clear="right" /> </p> <table align="left" width="150" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="black" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg/150px-Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg/225px-Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg/300px-Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="2866" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font:8pt arial; text-align:center">For your hard work in fighting for the truth in publishing, I hereby award Sam Spade the <i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Barnstars_on_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Barnstars on Wikipedia">barnstar</a>, which is given to those who have gone above and beyond the call of duty to stop <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> being used for corrupt purposes. <a href="/wiki/User:Cognition" title="User:Cognition">Cognition</a> 01:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&oldid=1220472274">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&oldid=1220472274</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Retired_Wikipedians" title="Category:Retired Wikipedians">Retired Wikipedians</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 April 2024, at 00:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sam_Spade&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">User</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sam Spade</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-p6jkz","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.358","walltime":"0.422","ppvisitednodes":{"value":920,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":85081,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5106,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":43535,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 286.716 1 -total"," 46.29% 132.727 1 Template:Psychology_sidebar"," 45.51% 130.487 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 42.90% 123.001 3 Template:Sidebar"," 42.52% 121.904 2 Template:Helpbox"," 42.04% 120.526 1 Template:Policylist"," 39.27% 112.588 3 Template:Excerpt"," 4.20% 12.029 1 Template:Retired"," 3.93% 11.259 1 Template:Portal-inline"," 2.65% 7.593 1 Template:Allcaps"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.210","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1515746,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5f44755944-z6hz6","timestamp":"20250302074527","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>