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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificarea_arborilor_și_osiilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificarea_arborilor_și_osiilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Clasificarea arborilor și osiilor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificarea_arborilor_și_osiilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Materiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etapele_proiectării_arborilor_și_a_osiilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etapele_proiectării_arborilor_și_a_osiilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etapele proiectării arborilor și a osiilor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etapele_proiectării_arborilor_și_a_osiilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formule_de_calcul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formule_de_calcul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formule de calcul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formule_de_calcul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusuri_și_pivoți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusuri_și_pivoți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fusuri și pivoți</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusuri_și_pivoți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 15 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колавая пара – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Колавая пара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_dvojkol%C3%AD" title="Železniční dvojkolí – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železniční dvojkolí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radsatz" title="Radsatz – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radsatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport) – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wheelset (rail transport)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juego_de_ruedas_(ferrocarril)" title="Juego de ruedas (ferrocarril) – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juego de ruedas (ferrocarril)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essieu" title="Essieu – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essieu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala_montata" title="Sala montata – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sala montata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%B8_(%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1)" title="輪軸 (鉄道車両) – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="輪軸 (鉄道車両)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielstel" title="Wielstel – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wielstel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaw_ko%C5%82owy" title="Zestaw kołowy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zestaw kołowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колёсная пара – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колёсная пара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjulaxel_(t%C3%A5g)" title="Hjulaxel (tåg) – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjulaxel (tåg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekerlek_seti_(demiryolu_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1mac%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1)" title="Tekerlek seti (demiryolu taşımacılığı) – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekerlek seti (demiryolu taşımacılığı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колісна пара – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колісна пара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E8%BD%86%E5%B0%8D" title="火車轆對 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火車轆對" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1771137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osie" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Osie" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osie"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osie"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Osie" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Osie" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&oldid=16826141" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Osie&id=16826141&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOsie"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOsie"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Osie"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Osie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Railway_wheelsets" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1771137" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Rollingstock_axle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rollingstock_axle.jpg/250px-Rollingstock_axle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rollingstock_axle.jpg/375px-Rollingstock_axle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rollingstock_axle.jpg/500px-Rollingstock_axle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Osie rotitoare</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-move ambox-move" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Merge-arrows_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/52px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/78px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/104px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">Un editor a propus <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unire" title="Wikipedia:Unire">unirea</a></b> acestei pagini cu o alta. S-a sugerat ca paginile „<b><a href="/wiki/Ax_(organ_de_ma%C8%99in%C4%83)" title="Ax (organ de mașină)">Ax (organ de mașină)</a></b>” și „<b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osie</a></b>” să fie unite într-una singură. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(Detalii în <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Osie" title="Discuție:Osie">pagina de discuții</a>)</span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Osia</b> este un <a href="/wiki/Organe_de_ma%C8%99ini" title="Organe de mașini">organ de mașină</a> care susține alte organe ale mișcării de rotație (<a href="/wiki/Scripete" title="Scripete">scripeți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roat%C4%83_din%C8%9Bat%C4%83" title="Roată dințată">roți dințate</a>, roți de rulare, etc.) fără să transmită <a href="/wiki/Moment_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Moment (fizică)">momente</a> de răsucire precum <a href="/wiki/Arbore_(mecanic%C4%83)" title="Arbore (mecanică)">arborii</a>. Solicitările sunt în principal numai de <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encovoiere" title="Încovoiere">încovoiere</a>, deoarece momentul rezistent de frecare din lagăre este foarte mic și poate fi neglijat. </p><p>Exemple: </p> <dl><dd>Scripete cu osie fixă și roată de cablu.</dd> <dd>Osie rotitoare (la <a href="/wiki/Vagon" title="Vagon">vagoane</a>).</dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificarea_arborilor_și_osiilor"><span id="Clasificarea_arborilor_.C8.99i_osiilor"></span>Clasificarea arborilor și osiilor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificarea arborilor și osiilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificarea arborilor și osiilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>După condițiile de funcționare: <ul><li>în funcție de modul de încărcare: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nedeterminare_static%C4%83" title="Nedeterminare statică">static determinați</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedeterminare_static%C4%83" title="Nedeterminare statică">static nedeterminați</a></li></ul></li> <li>în funcție de comportarea la vibrații a arborilor (turația de regim/turația critică): <ul><li>rigizi (n < n<sub>cr</sub>)</li> <li>elastici ((n > n<sub>cr</sub>)</li></ul></li> <li>în funcție de tipul de solicitare: <ul><li>la osii: încovoiere</li> <li>la arbori: răsucire, răsucire și încovoiere</li></ul></li> <li>în funcție de poziția în care lucrează: <ul><li>orizontală</li> <li>verticală</li> <li>înclinată</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>După formă: <ul><li>cu axa geometrică: <ul><li>dreaptă (arbori drepți)</li> <li>cotită (arbori cotiți)</li></ul></li> <li>cu secțiune constantă/variabilă: <ul><li>plină</li> <li>inelară</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>După tehnologia de execuție: <ul><li>laminare</li> <li>forjare-matrițare</li> <li>turnare</li></ul></li> <li>După poziția axei de sprijin: <ul><li>fixă (arbori de sprijin)</li> <li>variabilă (arbori flexibili)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materiale">Materiale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Materiale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Materiale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materialele din care se confecționează arborii și osiile se aleg în funcție de scopul urmărit și condițiile impuse în funcționare, de tehnologia de execuție adoptată, etc. În general se utilizează oțeluri <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> obișnuite OL42, OL50, OL60. pentru a satisface aceeași rezistență dar la gabarite și la greutăți mai mici se vor folosi oțeluri carbon de calitate (la care se vor aplica tratamente termice adecvate pentru a crește rezistența în zonele de sprijin) OLC25, OLC35, OLC45. pentru solicitări importante și gabarite reduse se recomandă oțelurile aliate de îmbunătățire: 41MoCr11, 41CrNi12, 18MoCrNi13, 21MoMnCr12, 13CrNi30. Deoarece fontele au rezistență mecanică mai scăzută decât oțelurile, dar au o sensibilitate mult mai mică față de efectul de concentrare al <a href="/wiki/Tensiune_(mecanic%C4%83)" title="Tensiune (mecanică)">tensiunilor</a> și o capacitate mult mai bună de amortizare a vibrațiilor, vor fi recomandate la executarea arborilor de dimensiuni mari sau a arborilor cu formă complicată. Astfel se utilizează fontele cu grafit nodular sau fontele maleabile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etapele_proiectării_arborilor_și_a_osiilor"><span id="Etapele_proiect.C4.83rii_arborilor_.C8.99i_a_osiilor"></span>Etapele proiectării arborilor și a osiilor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etapele proiectării arborilor și a osiilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Etapele proiectării arborilor și a osiilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Predimensionarea se face prin calculul de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_la_rupere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezistență la rupere — pagină inexistentă">rezistență la rupere</a> sau la deformații.</li> <li>Adoptarea soluției constructive – se pornește de la rezultatele predimensionării și se ia în considerare forma constructivă, condițiile de execuție și de montaj.</li> <li>Efectuarea verificărilor de <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_la_oboseal%C4%83" title="Rezistență la oboseală">rezistență la oboseală</a>, deformații, vibrații etc.</li></ol> <p>Pentru efectuarea calculelor, modelul real al subansamblului arbore (osie) – elemente de susținere, se înlocuiește cu modelul convențional al unei grinzi plane sprijinită pe reazeme (<a href="/wiki/Lag%C4%83r" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lagăr">lagăre</a>) și încărcată cu forțe exterioare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formule_de_calcul">Formule de calcul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formule de calcul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Formule de calcul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wnec = Mimax / σai ; Wnec = п d3 / 32 ; σi = Mîmax / W ; </p><p>Wpnec = Mt / ζat ; Mt = 95500 P / n ; Wpnec = п d3 / 16 ; </p><p>Σec = (σî2 + 4 ζt2 )-2 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fusuri_și_pivoți"><span id="Fusuri_.C8.99i_pivo.C8.9Bi"></span>Fusuri și pivoți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fusuri și pivoți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Fusuri și pivoți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fusurile și pivoții sunt acele zone din componența arborilor și osiilor prin care aceștia se sprijină în lagăre. </p><p>După direcția forței care le solicită în raport cu axa lor de rotație fusurile pot fi: </p> <ul><li>radiale,</li> <li>axiale,</li> <li>radial-axiale.</li></ul> <p>Pivoții sunt acele fusuri axiale sau radial-axiale la care forța principală din lagăr este paralelă cu axa de rotație. </p><p>Osiile sunt organe de mașini cu mișcare de rotație sau fixe destinate numai susținerii unor organe de mașini în mișcare de rotație. Osiile nu transmit momente de <a href="/wiki/Torsiune_(mecanic%C4%83)" title="Torsiune (mecanică)">torsiune</a>. Arborii și osiile au și rolul de a prelua forțele de la organele de mașini montate pe acestea și de a le transmite reazemelor (lagăre cu rostogolire sau cu alunecare). </p><p>Osiile și arborii sunt organe de mașini având rolul de a susține alte elemente care contribuie la transmiterea mișcării de rotație. De obicei, osiile și arborii fac legătura cinematică cu alte elemente de la care primesc, respectiv la care transmit mișcarea de rotație. Osiile și arborii drepți sau liniari au axa geometrică longitudinală dreaptă, comună cu axa de rotație. </p><p>Osiile, având funcția principală de susținere a altor elemente cu mișcarea de rotație, nu transmit momente de torsiune, deci sunt solicitate numai la încovoiere. Solicitarea la torsiune provine numai din frecarea la lagăre, de aceea este neglijabilă în comparație cu solicitarea principală la încovoiere. </p><p>Deși pot avea diferite forme constructive, osiile se clasifică de obicei în: osii fixe, folosite ca reazeme pentru alte elemente care se rotesc liber pe ele, și osii mobile, ce se rotesc în reazeme împreună cu celelalte elemente fixate pe ele. </p><p>Osiile sunt organe de mașini cu mișcare de rotație sau fixe destinate numai susținerii unor organe de mașini în mișcare de rotație. Osiile nu transmit momente de torsiune. Arborii și osiile au și rolul de a prelua forțele de la organele de mașini montate pe acestea și de a le transmite reazemelor (lagăre cu rostogolire sau cu alunecare). </p><p>Osiile și arborii sunt organe de mașini supuse la oboseală, din acest motiv după dimensionare este necesară verificarea rezistenței efective la încovoiere și compararea cu valoarea rezistent admisibile la încovoiere în punctele periculoase A și R cu următoarele relații: </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osie&oldid=16826141">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osie&oldid=16826141</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Organe_de_ma%C8%99ini" title="Categorie:Organe de mașini">Organe de mașini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Componente_de_vehicule" title="Categorie:Componente de vehicule">Componente de vehicule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Tehnologia_vehiculelor" title="Categorie:Tehnologia vehiculelor">Tehnologia vehiculelor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Tehnologie_feroviar%C4%83" title="Categorie:Tehnologie feroviară">Tehnologie feroviară</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie ascunsă: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_de_unit" title="Categorie:Articole de unit">Articole de unit</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 11 februarie 2025, ora 21:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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