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radicals</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: radicals"> <meta name="keywords" content="radicals"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="radicals"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 226</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: radicals</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Spectrophotometric Determination of Photohydroxylated Products of Humic Acid in the Presence of Salicylate Probe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julide%20Hizal%20Yucesoy">Julide Hizal Yucesoy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Batuhan%20Yardimci"> Batuhan Yardimci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysem%20Arda"> Aysem Arda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Resat%20Apak"> Resat Apak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Humic substances produce reactive oxygene species such as hydroxyl, phenoxy and superoxide radicals by oxidizing in a wide pH and reduction potential range. Hydroxyl radicals, produced by reducing agents such as antioxidants and/or peroxides, attack on salicylate probe, and form 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate species. These species are quantitatively determined by using HPLC Method. Humic substances undergo photodegradation by UV radiation. As a result of their antioxidant properties, they produce hydroxyl radicals. In the presence of salicylate probe, these hydroxyl radicals react with salicylate molecules to form hydroxylated products (dihidroxybenzoate isomers). In this study, humic acid was photodegraded in a photoreactor at 254 nm (400W), formed hydroxyl radicals were caught by salicylate probe. The total concentration of hydroxylated salicylate species was measured by using spectrophotometric CUPRAC Method. And also, using results of time dependent experiments, kinetic of photohydroxylation was determined at different pHs. This method has been applied for the first time to measure the concentration of hydroxylated products. It allows to achieve the results easier than HPLC Method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CUPRAC%20method" title="CUPRAC method">CUPRAC method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humic%20acid" title=" humic acid"> humic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photohydroxylation" title=" photohydroxylation"> photohydroxylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salicylate%20probe" title=" salicylate probe"> salicylate probe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68393/spectrophotometric-determination-of-photohydroxylated-products-of-humic-acid-in-the-presence-of-salicylate-probe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">206</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> The Effect of Gamma rays on Physicochemical Properties of Carboxymethyl Starch</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Rajeswara%20Rao">N. Rajeswara Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Venkatappa%20Rao"> T. Venkatappa Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Sowri%20Babu"> K. Sowri Babu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Srinivas%20Rao"> N. Srinivas Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20S.%20V.%20Shanmukhi"> P. S. V. Shanmukhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS) is a biopolymer derived from starch by the substitution method. CMS is proclaimed to have improved physicochemical properties than native starch. The present work deals with the effect of gamma radiation on the physicochemical properties of CMS. The samples were exposed to gamma irradiation of doses 30, 60 and 90 kGy. The resultant properties were studied with electron spin resonance (ESR), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. Irradiation of CMS by gamma rays initiates cleavage of glucosidic bonds producing different types of radicals. Some of these radicals convert to peroxy radicals by abstracting oxygen. The ESR spectrum of CMS is anisotropic and is thought to be due to the superposition of various component spectra. In order to analyze the ESR spectrum, computer simulations were also employed. ESR spectra are also recorded under different conditions like post-irradiation times, variable temperatures and saturation behavior in order to evaluate the stability of free radicals produced on irradiation. Thermal studies from DSC depict that for CMS the gelatization process was absconded at higher doses. Relative crystallinity was reduced significantly after irradiation from XRD Studies. FTIR studies also confirm the same aspect. From ESR studies, it was concluded that irradiated CMS could be a potential reference material in ESR dosimetry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20rays" title="gamma rays">gamma rays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radicals" title=" free radicals"> free radicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESR%20simulations" title=" ESR simulations"> ESR simulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gelatization" title=" gelatization"> gelatization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115640/the-effect-of-gamma-rays-on-physicochemical-properties-of-carboxymethyl-starch" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115640.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Free Radical Dosimetry for Ultrasound in Terephthalic Acid Solutions Containing Gold Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Shanei">Ahmad Shanei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mahdi%20Shanei"> Mohammad Mahdi Shanei </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When a liquid is irradiated with high intensities (> 1 W) and low frequencies (≤ 1 MHz) ultrasound, acoustic cavitation occurs. Acoustic cavitation generates free radicals from the breakdown of water and other molecules. The existence of particles in liquid provide nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles and lead to decrease the ultrasonic intensity threshold needed for cavitation onset. The study was designed to measure hydroxyl radicals in terephthalic acid solutions containing 30 nm gold nanoparticles in a near field of a 1 MHz sonotherapy probe. The effect of ultrasound irradiation parameters containing mode of sonication and ultrasound intensity in hydroxyl radicals production have been investigated by the spectrofluorometry method. Recorded fluorescence signal in terephthalic acid solution containing gold nanoparticles was higher than the terephthalic acid solution without gold nanoparticles. Also, the results showed that any increase in intensity of the sonication would be associated with an increase in the fluorescence intensity. Acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles has been introduced as a way for improving therapeutic effects on the tumors. Also, the terephthalic acid dosimetry is suitable for detecting and quantifying free hydroxyl radicals as a criterion of cavitation production over a range of condition in medical ultrasound fields. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20cavitation" title="acoustic cavitation">acoustic cavitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticle" title=" gold nanoparticle"> gold nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20dosimetry" title=" chemical dosimetry"> chemical dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terephthalic%20acid" title=" terephthalic acid "> terephthalic acid </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11058/free-radical-dosimetry-for-ultrasound-in-terephthalic-acid-solutions-containing-gold-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Microbial Metabolites with Ability of Anti-Free Radicals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Pu">Yu Pu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Ping%20Hsiao"> Chien-Ping Hsiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Chang%20Huang"> Chien-Chang Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chieh-Lun%20Cheng"> Chieh-Lun Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Free radicals can accelerate aging on human skin by causing lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, and even DNA mutation. Substances with the ability of anti-free radicals can be used as functional components in cosmetic products. Research are attracted to develop new anti-free radical components for cosmetic application. This study was aimed to evaluate the microbial metabolites on free radical scavenging ability. Two microorganisms, PU-01 and PU-02, were isolated from soil of hot spring environment and grew in LB agar at 50°C for 24 h. The suspension was collected by centrifugation at 4800 g for 3 min, The anti-free radical activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay. The result showed that the growth medium of PU-01 presented a higher DPPH scavenging effect than that of PU-02. This study presented potential anti-free radical components from microbial metabolites that might be applied in anti-aging cosmetics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-ageing" title="anti-ageing">anti-ageing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-free%20radical" title=" anti-free radical"> anti-free radical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotechnology" title=" biotechnology"> biotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microorganism" title=" microorganism"> microorganism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122637/microbial-metabolites-with-ability-of-anti-free-radicals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Carboxyfullerene-Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radicals Scavenging Activity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai-Cheng%20Yang">Kai-Cheng Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yen-Ling%20Chen"> Yen-Ling Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Er-Chieh%20Cho"> Er-Chieh Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuen-Chan%20Lee"> Kuen-Chan Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Titanium dioxide nanomaterials offer superior protection for human skin against the full spectrum of ultraviolet light. However, some literature reviews indicated that it might be associated with adverse effects such as cytotoxicity or reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their nanoscale. The surface of fullerene is covered with π electrons constituting aromatic structures, which can effectively scavenge large amount of radicals. Unfortunately, fullerenes are poor solubility in water, severe aggregation, and toxicity in biological applications when dispersed in solvent have imposed the limitations to the use of fullerenes. Carboxyfullerene acts as the scavenger of radicals for several years. Some reports indicate that carboxyfullerene not only decrease the concentration of free radicals in ambience but also prevent cells from reducing the number or apoptosis under UV irradiation. The aim of this study is to decorate fullerene –C70-carboxylic acid (C70-COOH) on the surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P25) for the purpose of scavenging ROS during the irradiation. The modified material is prepared through the esterification of C70-COOH with P25 (P25/C70-COOH). The binding edge and structure are studied by using Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The diameter of P25 is about 30 nm and C70-COOH is found to be conjugated on the edge of P25 in aggregation morphology with the size of ca. 100 nm. In the next step, the FTIR was used to confirm the binding structure between P25 and C70-COOH. There are two new peaks are shown at 1427 and 1720 cm-1 for P25/C70-COOH, resulting from the C–C stretch and C=O stretch formed during esterification with dilute sulfuric acid. The IR results further confirm the chemically bonded interaction between C70-COOH and P25. In order to provide the evidence of scavenging radical ability of P25/C70-COOH, we chose pyridoxine (Vit.B6) and terephthalic acid (TA) to react with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. We utilized these chemicals to observe the radicals scavenging statement via detecting the intensity of ultraviolet adsorption or fluorescence emission. The UV spectra are measured by using different concentration of C70-COOH modified P25 with 1mM pyridoxine under UV irradiation for various duration times. The results revealed that the concentration of pyridoxine was increased when cooperating with P25/C70-COOH after three hours as compared with control (only P25). It indicates fewer radicals could be reacted with pyridoxine because of the absorption via P25/C70-COOH. The fluorescence spectra are observed by measuring P25/C70-COOH with 1mM terephthalic acid under UV irradiation for various duration times. The fluorescence intensity of TAOH was decreased in ten minutes when cooperating with P25/C70-COOH. Here, it was found that the fluorescence intensity was increased after thirty minutes, which could be attributed to the saturation of C70-COOH in the absorption of radicals. However, the results showed that the modified P25/C70-COOH could reduce the radicals in the environment. Therefore, we expect that P25/C70-COOH is a potential materials in using for antioxidant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium%20dioxide" title="titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fullerene" title=" fullerene"> fullerene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radical%20scavenging%20activity" title=" radical scavenging activity"> radical scavenging activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38692/carboxyfullerene-modified-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-in-singlet-oxygen-and-hydroxyl-radicals-scavenging-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> The Correlation of Total Phenol Content with Free Radicals Scavenging Activity and Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Extraction Process of Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia mangostana)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ririn%20Lestari%20Sri%20Rahayu">Ririn Lestari Sri Rahayu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustofa%20Ahda"> Mustofa Ahda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of synthetic antioxidants often causes a negative effect on health and increases the incidence of carcinogenesis. Development of the natural antioxidants should be investigated. However, natural antioxidants have a low toxicity and are safe for human consumption. Ethanol extract of mangosteen rind (<em>Garcinia mangostana</em>) contains natural antioxidant compounds that have various pharmacological activities. Antioxidants from the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind have free radicals scavenging activities. The scavenging activity of ethanol extract of mangosteen rind was determined by DPPH method. The phenolic compound from the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind is determined with Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that the absolute ethanol extract of mangosteen rind has IC<sub>50</sub> of 40.072 ug/mL. The correlation of total phenols content with free radical scavenging activity has an equation y: 5.207x + 205.51 and determination value (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.9329. Total phenols content from the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind has a good correlation with free radicals scavenging activity of DPPH. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garcinia%20mangostana" title=" Garcinia mangostana"> Garcinia mangostana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inhibition%20concentration%2050%25" title=" Inhibition concentration 50%"> Inhibition concentration 50%</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phenolic." title=" Phenolic."> Phenolic.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43404/the-correlation-of-total-phenol-content-with-free-radicals-scavenging-activity-and-effect-of-ethanol-concentration-in-extraction-process-of-mangosteen-rind-garcinia-mangostana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43404.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Effect of Different SE Diets on Blood SE, TAC Levels in Dairy Cattle and Their Newborn Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moshfeghi%20Sogand">Moshfeghi Sogand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Free radicals can be produced during the respiratory oxidation of different cells. These free radicals can damage to various macromolecules as protein ,fat, nucleic acids and … are harmful for body. The natural defence system that can prevent the damage of free radicals and nuteralized them , have tittled under the name total antioxidant capacity (TAC ). Se is one main antioxidant part in TAC , because it is one main part in structure of some body antioxidant enzymes such as GPX(glutathione peroxidase). Blood SE ,GPX and TAC probably can change by feeding of different selenium supplement diet in late pregnancy and also may transport from maternal blood to its fetus or by clostrum after calving. In this respect we have determined 100 pregnant dairy cattle (in the same condition of age , race and number of parturient) then devided them to 4 groups feed them in 3 last pregnancy months by different selenium diets. Group1:controle no se supplementation , group2: recived 0/3 ppm of the daily diet Saccharomyces Cervisiae . group3 :recived selenium _ rich yeast(containing200ppm selenium)was mixed with total daily ration fed. Group4: recived se _rich yeast(containing300 ppm selenium)was mixed with total daily ration fed. Then measured blood SE,GPX and TAC levels in them and in 3 days newborn calves after calving. The results were analysed by Tukey Anova test and the highest level of blood SE ,GPX and TAC was shown in cattle that feed fermented SE_yeast diet and in their 3 days newborn calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SE" title="SE">SE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TAC" title=" TAC"> TAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SE%20DIETS" title=" SE DIETS"> SE DIETS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRAP" title=" FRAP"> FRAP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186629/effect-of-different-se-diets-on-blood-se-tac-levels-in-dairy-cattle-and-their-newborn-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">44</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Determination of in vitro Antioxidative Activity of Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Young%20Kim">Hyun Young Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Jung%20Kim"> Min Jung Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji%20Hyun%20Kim"> Ji Hyun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanghyun%20Lee"> Sanghyun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun%20Ju%20Cho"> Eun Ju Cho </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oxidative stress that results from overproduction of free radicals can lead to pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (A. yomena) belonging to Compositae family is a perennial plant, and it has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-obesity effects. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effect of A. yomena by measuring 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (˙OH) and superoxide radical (O₂⁻) scavenging activities in vitro. A. yomena was extracted with ethanol and then partitioned with n-hexane, methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH). In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the concentration of A. yomena from 10 to 100μg/mL dose-dependently raised the inhibition of DPPH oxidation. Especially, EtOAc fraction of A. yomena showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among other fractions. The ˙OH radical scavenging activities of the extract and four fractions of A. yomena were increased by over 80% at a concentration of 50μg/mL. Especially, the IC50 value of EtOAc fraction was 0.03 μg/mL that is the lowest value compared with the values of other fractions. In addition, we found that the EtOAc fraction of A. yomena was showed to be better at O₂⁻ radical scavenging than other fractions. Taken together these results, we suggested that A. yomena, especially EtOAc fraction, can be used as a natural antioxidant against free radicals. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03931593). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aster%20yomena%20%28Kitam.%29%20Honda%20%28A.%20yomena%29" title="Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (A. yomena)">Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (A. yomena)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radicals" title=" free radicals"> free radicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EtOAc%20fraction" title=" EtOAc fraction"> EtOAc fraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85924/determination-of-in-vitro-antioxidative-activity-of-aster-yomena-kitam-honda" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> Thermodynamics of Water Condensation on an Aqueous Organic-Coated Aerosol Aging via Chemical Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuri%20S.%20Djikaev">Yuri S. Djikaev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A large subset of aqueous aerosols can be initially (immediately upon formation) coated with various organic amphiphilic compounds whereof the hydrophilic moieties are attached to the aqueous aerosol core while the hydrophobic moieties are exposed to the air thus forming a hydrophobic coating thereupon. We study the thermodynamics of water condensation on such an aerosol whereof the hydrophobic organic coating is being concomitantly processed by chemical reactions with atmospheric reactive species. Such processing (chemical aging) enables the initially inert aerosol to serve as a nucleating center for water condensation. The most probable pathway of such aging involves atmospheric hydroxyl radicals that abstract hydrogen atoms from hydrophobic moieties of surface organics (first step), the resulting radicals being quickly oxidized by ubiquitous atmospheric oxygen molecules to produce surface-bound peroxyl radicals (second step). Taking these two reactions into account, we derive an expression for the free energy of formation of an aqueous droplet on an organic-coated aerosol. The model is illustrated by numerical calculations. The results suggest that the formation of aqueous cloud droplets on such aerosols is most likely to occur via Kohler activation rather than via nucleation. The model allows one to determine the threshold parameters necessary for their Kohler activation. Numerical results also corroborate previous suggestions that one can neglect some details of aerosol chemical composition in investigating aerosol effects on climate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aqueous%20aerosols" title="aqueous aerosols">aqueous aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20coating" title=" organic coating"> organic coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20aging" title=" chemical aging"> chemical aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20condensation%20nuclei" title=" cloud condensation nuclei"> cloud condensation nuclei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kohler%20activation" title=" Kohler activation"> Kohler activation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20droplets" title=" cloud droplets"> cloud droplets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43796/thermodynamics-of-water-condensation-on-an-aqueous-organic-coated-aerosol-aging-via-chemical-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> The Appeal of Vocal Islamism in the West: The Case of Hizb ut-Tahrir vis-à-vis Its Competitors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisa%20Orofino">Elisa Orofino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Islamism is a very debated topic in the West but almost exclusively explored in its violent forms. Nevertheless, a number of “vocal radical Islamist” groups exist in the West and legally operate because of their non-violent nature. Vocal radicals continually inspire individuals and lead them towards specific goals and priorities, sometimes even towards violence. This paper uses the long-living group Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) to explore the elements that make the organization appealing to segments of Muslim community in the West. This paper uses three agency variables - reflexive monitoring, the rationalization of action and the motivations for actions – to analyze HT’s appeal vis-à-vis two other Islamist groups, Ikhwan al-Muslimun and Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI), having similar goals and the same high international profile. This paper concludes that HT’s uniqueness is given by its method, detailed vision of the caliphate, consistency over time and the emphasis placed on the caliphate as the leading force of HT’s unchanged motivation for action. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agency" title="agency">agency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caliphate" title=" caliphate"> caliphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamist%20groups" title=" Islamist groups"> Islamist groups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radicalization" title=" radicalization"> radicalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocal%20radicals" title=" vocal radicals"> vocal radicals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106515/the-appeal-of-vocal-islamism-in-the-west-the-case-of-hizb-ut-tahrir-vis-a-vis-its-competitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Organic Contaminant Degradation Using H₂O₂ Activated Biochar with Enhanced Persistent Free Radicals </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalyani%20Mer">Kalyani Mer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the most efficient and commonly used oxidants in in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of organic contaminants. In the present study, we investigated the activation of H₂O₂ by heavy metal (nickel and lead metal ions) loaded biochar for phenol degradation in an aqueous solution (concentration = 100 mg/L). It was found that H₂O₂ can be effectively activated by biochar, which produces hydroxyl (•OH) radicals owing to an increase in the formation of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on biochar surface. Ultrasound treated (30s duration) biochar, chemically activated by 30% phosphoric acid and functionalized by diethanolamine (DEA) was used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. It was found that modified biochar could remove almost 60% of nickel in eight hours; however, for lead, the removal efficiency reached up to 95% for the same time duration. The heavy metal loaded biochar was further used for the degradation of phenol in the absence and presence of H₂O₂ (20 mM), within 4 hours of reaction time. The removal efficiency values for phenol in the presence of H₂O₂ were 80.3% and 61.9%, respectively, by modified biochar loaded with nickel and lead metal ions. These results suggested that the biochar loaded with nickel exhibits a better removal capacity towards phenol than the lead loaded biochar when used in H₂O₂ based oxidation systems. Meanwhile, control experiments were set in the absence of any activating biochar, and the removal efficiency was found to be 19.1% when only H₂O₂ was added in the reaction solution. Overall, the proposed approach serves a dual purpose of using biochar for heavy metal ion removal and treatment of organic contaminants by further using the metal loaded biochar for H₂O₂ activation in ISCO processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochar" title="biochar">biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20chemical%20oxidation" title=" in-situ chemical oxidation"> in-situ chemical oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20activation" title=" chemical activation"> chemical activation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112706/organic-contaminant-degradation-using-h2o2-activated-biochar-with-enhanced-persistent-free-radicals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> The Effect of Addition of White Mulberry Fruits on the Antioxidant Activity of the New Developed Bioactive Bread</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kobus-Cisowska%20Joanna">Kobus-Cisowska Joanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flaczyk%20Ewa"> Flaczyk Ewa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gramza-Michalowska%20Anna"> Gramza-Michalowska Anna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kmiecik%20Dominik"> Kmiecik Dominik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Przeor%20Monika"> Przeor Monika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcinkowska%20Agata"> Marcinkowska Agata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korczak%20J%C3%B3zef">Korczak Józef </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cereal products, including mainly bread is a staple food known from the beginning of history throughout the world. It is now believed that there is no replacement of the basic food. Bread, due to the high content of starch is the energy source for the proper functioning of our body. It also contains proteins, fats, vitamins, especially of the B group and vitamin E, a number of minerals, and fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of new developed bread premixes with mulberry fruits for people with anemia, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. From the finished product-bread, aqueous and methanol extracts was prepared, which in next step were analyzed to assess the activity of the radical DPPH test, ABTS, chelating activity, the ability to reduce metals. Extracts were prepared from bread were acquired with premixes directly after production and stored for three months. The resulting trial breads effect by different mechanisms of antioxidant. They showed the ability to scavenge radicals ABTS and DPPH and chelating activity. Methanol extracts showed significantly greater antioxidant activity in comparison with aqueous extracts, and the largest effect was estimated for sample of bread for anemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The greatest ability to scavenging ABTS radicals showed breads for anemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, while smaller for anemia and control sample. It was shown that the methanol extracts of the breads samples showed no ability to chelate iron (II). These properties are observed only in the aqueous extracts. The greatest ability attempt had anemia while the lowest control sample. Financial supported by the UE Project no POIG 01.01.02-00-061/09. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morus%20alba" title="morus alba">morus alba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title=" antioxidant activity"> antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radicals" title=" free radicals"> free radicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyphenols" title=" polyphenols "> polyphenols </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11797/the-effect-of-addition-of-white-mulberry-fruits-on-the-antioxidant-activity-of-the-new-developed-bioactive-bread" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Comparative Efficacy of Gas Phase Sanitizers for Inactivating Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on Intact Lettuce Heads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kayla%20Murray">Kayla Murray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Green"> Andrew Green</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gopi%20Paliyath"> Gopi Paliyath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keith%20Warriner"> Keith Warriner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: It is now acknowledged that control of human pathogens associated with fresh produce requires an integrated approach of several interventions as opposed to relying on post-harvest washes to remove field acquired contamination. To this end, current research is directed towards identifying such interventions that can be applied at different points in leafy green processing. Purpose: In the following the efficacy of different gas phase treatments to decontaminate whole lettuce heads during pre-processing storage were evaluated. Methods: Whole Cos lettuce heads were spot inoculated with L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella spp. The inoculated lettuce heads were then placed in a treatment chamber and exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide or hydroxyl radicals at different time periods under a range of relative humidity. Survivors of the treatments were enumerated along with sensory analysis performed on the treated lettuce. Results: Ozone gas reduced L. monocytogenes by 2-log10 after ten-minutes of exposure with Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 being decreased by 0.66 and 0.56-log cfu respectively. Chlorine dioxide gas treatment reduced L. monocytogenes and Salmonella on lettuce heads by 4 log cfu but only supported a 0.8 log cfu reduction in E. coli O157:H7 numbers. In comparison, hydroxyl radicals supported a 2.9 – 4.8 log cfu reduction of model human pathogens inoculated onto lettuce heads but required extended exposure times and relative humidity < 0.8. Significance: From the gas phase sanitizers tested, chlorine dioxide and hydroxyl radicals are the most effective. The latter process holds most promise based on the ease of delivery, worker safety and preservation of lettuce sensory characteristics. Although expose times for hydroxyl radicles was relatively long (24h) this should not be considered a limitation given the intervention is applied in store rooms or in transport containers during transit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20phase%20sanitizers" title="gas phase sanitizers">gas phase sanitizers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iceberg%20lettuce%20heads" title=" iceberg lettuce heads"> iceberg lettuce heads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leafy%20green%20processing" title=" leafy green processing"> leafy green processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29596/comparative-efficacy-of-gas-phase-sanitizers-for-inactivating-salmonella-escherichia-coli-o157h7-and-listeria-monocytogenes-on-intact-lettuce-heads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Degradation of Emerging Pharmaceuticals by Gamma Irradiation Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Jahouach-Rabai">W. Jahouach-Rabai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Aribi"> J. Aribi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Azzouz-Berriche"> Z. Azzouz-Berriche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Lahsni"> R. Lahsni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Hosni"> F. Hosni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gamma irradiation applied in removing pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater is an effective advanced oxidation process (AOP), considered as an alternative to conventional water treatment technologies. In this purpose, the degradation efficiency of several detected contaminants under gamma irradiation was evaluated. In fact, radiolysis of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions produces powerful reactive species, essentially hydroxyl radical ( ·OH), able to destroy recalcitrant pollutants in water. Pharmaceuticals considered in this study are aqueous solutions of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and diclofenac at different concentrations 0.1-1 mmol/L, which were treated with irradiation doses from 3 to 15 kGy. The catalytic oxidation of these compounds by gamma irradiation was investigated using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a convenient oxidant. Optimization of the main parameters influencing irradiation process, namely irradiation doses, initial concentration and oxidant volume (H₂O₂) were investigated, in the aim to release high degradation efficiency of considered pharmaceuticals. Significant modifications attributed to these parameters appeared in the variation of degradation efficiency, chemical oxygen demand removal (COD) and concentration of radio-induced radicals, confirming them synergistic effect to attempt total mineralization. Pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics could be used to depict the degradation process of these compounds. A sophisticated analytical study was released to quantify the detected radio-induced radicals (electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)). All results showed that this process is effective for the degradation of many pharmaceutical products in aqueous solutions due to strong oxidative properties of generated radicals mainly hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, the addition of an optimal amount of H₂O₂ was efficient to improve the oxidative degradation and contribute to the high performance of this process at very low doses (0.5 and 1 kGy). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AOP" title="AOP">AOP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD" title=" COD"> COD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroxyl%20radical" title=" hydroxyl radical"> hydroxyl radical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPR" title=" EPR"> EPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20irradiation" title=" gamma irradiation"> gamma irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC" title=" HPLC"> HPLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmaceuticals" title=" pharmaceuticals"> pharmaceuticals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91224/degradation-of-emerging-pharmaceuticals-by-gamma-irradiation-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Rice Paddy Herb (Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rutanachai%20Thaipratum">Rutanachai Thaipratum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Free radicals are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. Many diseases are caused by free radicals. Normally, free radical formation is controlled naturally by various beneficial compounds known as antioxidants. Several analytical methods have been used for qualitative and quantitative determination of antioxidants, and each has its own specificity. This project aimed to evaluate antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.) measured by DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging method. The results showed that averaged antioxidant activity measured in ethanolic extract (µmol Ascorbic acid equivalent/g fresh mass) were 67.09± 4.99 and 15.55±4.82 as determined by DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assays, respectively. Averaged antioxidant activity measured in aqueous extract (µmol Ascorbic acid equivalent/g fresh mass) were 21.08±1.25 and 10.14±3.94 as determined by DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assays respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radical" title="free radical">free radical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20paddy%20herb" title=" rice paddy herb"> rice paddy herb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Limnophila%20aromatica%20%28Lam.%29%20Merr." title=" Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr."> Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9754/evaluation-of-antioxidant-activities-of-rice-paddy-herb-limnophila-aromatica-lam-merr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9754.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Explanation of the Electron Transfer Mechanism from β-Carotene to N-Pentyl Peroxyl Radical by Density Functional Theory Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Esra%20Kasapba%C5%9F%C4%B1">E. Esra Kasapbaşı</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%BC%C5%9Fra%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m"> Büşra Yıldırım</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Weak oxidizing radicals, such as alkyl peroxyl derivatives, react with carotenoids through hydrogen atom transfer to form neutral carotenoid radicals. Using the DFT method, it has been observed that s-cis-β-carotene is more stable than all-transforms. In the context of this study, an attempt is made to explain the reaction mechanism of the isomers of β-carotene, which exhibits antioxidant properties, with n-pentyl peroxide, one of the alkyl peroxyl molecules, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. The cis and transforms of β-carotene are used in the study to determine which form is more reactive. For this purpose, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) charges of all optimized structures are calculated, and electron transfer is determined by examining electron transitions between Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO). Additionally, the radical character and reaction mechanism of β-carotene in a radical environment are attempted to be explained based on the calculations. The theoretical inclination of whether β-carotene in cis or transforms is more active in reaction is also discussed. All these calculations are performed in the gas phase using the Integral Equation Formalism Polarizable Continuum Model IEFPCM method with dichloromethane as the solvent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B2-carotene" title="β-carotene">β-carotene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-pentyl%20peroxyl%20radical" title=" n-pentyl peroxyl radical"> n-pentyl peroxyl radical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TD-DFT" title=" TD-DFT"> TD-DFT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176701/explanation-of-the-electron-transfer-mechanism-from-v-carotene-to-n-pentyl-peroxyl-radical-by-density-functional-theory-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Using Modified Carbon Nitride CCN/Bi₂WO₆ Heterojunction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Najeeb-Uz-Zaman%20Haider">Syed Najeeb-Uz-Zaman Haider</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Juan"> Yang Juan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antibiotic overuse raises environmental concerns, boosting the demand for efficient removal from pharmaceutical wastewater. Photocatalysis, particularly using semiconductor photocatalysts, offers a promising solution and garners significant scientific interest. In this study, a Z-scheme 0.15BWO/CCN heterojunction was developed, analyzed, and employed for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under visible light. The study revealed that the dosage of 0.15BWO@CCN and the presence of coexisting ions significantly influenced the degradation efficiency, achieving up to 87% within 20 minutes under optimal conditions (at pH 9-11/strongly basic conditions) while maintaining 84% efficiency under standard conditions (unaltered pH). Photoinduced electrons gathered on the conduction band of BWO while holes accumulated on the valence band of CCN, creating more favorable conditions to produce superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, through comprehensive experimental analysis, the degradation pathway and mechanism were thoroughly explored. The superior photocatalytic performance of 0.15BWO@CCN was attributed to its Z-scheme heterojunction structure, which significantly reduced the recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes. The radicals produced were identified using ESR, and their involvement in tetracycline degradation was further analyzed through active species trapping experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCN" title="CCN">CCN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bi%E2%82%82WO%E2%82%86" title=" Bi₂WO₆"> Bi₂WO₆</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TC" title=" TC"> TC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalytic%20degradation" title=" photocatalytic degradation"> photocatalytic degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterojunction" title=" heterojunction"> heterojunction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186128/efficient-photocatalytic-degradation-of-tetracycline-hydrochloride-using-modified-carbon-nitride-ccnbi2wo6-heterojunction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">44</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Extract from Monascus purpureus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Pourshirazi">M. Pourshirazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Esmaelifar"> M. Esmaelifar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aliahmadi"> A. Aliahmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Yazdian"> F. Yazdian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Hatamian%20Zarami"> A. S. Hatamian Zarami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20J.%20Ashrafi"> S. J. Ashrafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medicinal fungi are the new potential source of drugs to improve the treatment of diseases with association to oxidative agents such as cancers. Monascus purpureus contains functional components potentially effective in improving human health. In the present work, ethanolic extract of Monascus purpureus (EEM) was evaluated for health improving potential mainly focusing on antioxidant and anticancer activities. Ferric ion reducing power (FRAP), scavenging of DPPH radicals and determining viability of breast carcinoma MCF-7 and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells with MTT assay were evaluated. Our data showed a significant antioxidant activity of EEM with 142.45 µg/ml inhibition concentration of 50% DPPH radicals and 2112.33 µg eq.Fe2+/mg extract of FRAP assay. These results might be caused by antioxidant components such as pigments and phenolic compounds. Further, the results demonstrated that EEM caused significant reduction in the viability of MCF-7 with IC50 of 7 µg/ml but not have good effect against viability of HeLa cells. Accordingly, Monascus purpureus is presented as a strong potential of breast cancer treatment. In further study, the mechanistic studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of anticancer activity of EEM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monascus%20purpureus" title="Monascus purpureus">Monascus purpureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title=" cancer"> cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanolic%20extract" title=" ethanolic extract"> ethanolic extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9514/antioxidant-and-anticancer-activities-of-ethanolic-extract-from-monascus-purpureus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> Sulfate Radicals Applied to the Elimination of Selected Pollutants in Water Matrices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Javier%20Benitez">F. Javier Benitez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20L.%20Acero"> Juan L. Acero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20J.%20Real"> Francisco J. Real</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Rodriguez"> Elena Rodriguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Five selected pollutants which are frequently present in waters and wastewaters have been degraded by the advanced oxidation process constituted by UV radiation activated with the additional presence of persulfate (UV/PS). These pollutants were 1H-benzotriazole (BZ), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or DEET (DT), chlorophene (CP), 3-methylindole (ML), and nortriptyline hydrochloride (NH).While UV radiation alone almost not degraded these substances, the addition of PS generated the very reactive and oxidizing sulfate radical SO₄⁻. The kinetic study provided the second order rate constants for the reaction between this radical and each pollutant. An increasing dose of PS led to an increase in the degradation rate, being the highest results obtained at near neutral pH. Several water matrices were tested, and the presence of bicarbonate showed different effects: a decrease in the elimination of DT, BZ, and NH; and an increase in the oxidation of CP and ML. The additional presence of humic acids (AH) decreased this degradation, because of several effects: light screening and radical scavenging. The presence of several natural substances in waters (both types, inorganic and organic matter) usually diminishes the oxidation rates of organic pollutants, but this combination UV/PS process seems to be an efficient solution for the removal of the selected contaminants when are present in contaminated waters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20purification" title="water purification">water purification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20activated%20persulfate" title=" UV activated persulfate"> UV activated persulfate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20study" title=" kinetic study"> kinetic study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulfate%20radicals" title=" sulfate radicals"> sulfate radicals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93988/sulfate-radicals-applied-to-the-elimination-of-selected-pollutants-in-water-matrices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Antioxidative Potential of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum americanum L. Leaves: An in vitro and in vivo Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bukola%20Tola%20Aluko">Bukola Tola Aluko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omotade%20Ibidun%20Oloyede"> Omotade Ibidun Oloyede</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb that is native to tropical Africa. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of its aqueous extract was carefully investigated by assessing the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. The reducing power, total phenol, total flavonoids and flavonols content of the extract were also evaluated. The data obtained revealed that the extract is rich in polyphenolic compounds and scavenged the radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. This was done in comparison with the standard antioxidants such as BHT and Vitamin C. Also, the induction of oxidative damage with paracetamol (2000 mg/kg) resulted in the elevation of lipid peroxides and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase in the liver and kidney of rats. However, the pretreatment of rats with aqueous extract of O. americanum leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg), and silymarin (100 mg/kg) caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the values of lipid peroxides and restored the levels of antioxidant parameters in these organs. These findings suggest that the leaves of O. americanum have potent antioxidant properties which may be responsible for its acclaimed folkloric uses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title="antioxidants">antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radicals" title=" free radicals"> free radicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ocimum%20%20americanum" title=" ocimum americanum"> ocimum americanum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scavenging%20activity" title=" scavenging activity"> scavenging activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22578/antioxidative-potential-of-aqueous-extract-of-ocimum-americanum-l-leaves-an-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> Modeling of Processes Running in Radical Clusters Formed by Ionizing Radiation with the Help of Continuous Petri Nets and Oxygen Effect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Barilla">J. Barilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Lokaj%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"> M. Lokajíček</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Pisakov%C3%A1"> H. Pisaková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Simr"> P. Simr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The final biological effect of ionizing particles may be influenced strongly by some chemical substances present in cells mainly in the case of low-LET radiation. The influence of oxygen may be particularly important because oxygen is always present in living cells. The corresponding processes are then running mainly in the chemical stage of radio biological mechanism. The radical clusters formed by densely ionizing ends of primary or secondary charged particles are mainly responsible for final biological effect. The damage effect depends then on radical concentration at a time when the cluster meets a DNA molecule. It may be strongly influenced by oxygen present in a cell as oxygen may act in different directions: at small concentration of it the interaction with hydrogen radicals prevails while at higher concentrations additional efficient oxygen radicals may be formed. The basic radical concentration in individual clusters diminishes, which is influenced by two parallel processes: chemical reactions and diffusion of corresponding clusters. The given simultaneous evolution may be modeled and analyzed well with the help of Continuous Petri nets. The influence of other substances present in cells during irradiation may be studied, too. Some results concerning the impact of oxygen content will be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiobiological%20mechanism" title="radiobiological mechanism">radiobiological mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20phase" title=" chemical phase"> chemical phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSB%20formation" title=" DSB formation"> DSB formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petri%20nets" title=" Petri nets"> Petri nets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2417/modeling-of-processes-running-in-radical-clusters-formed-by-ionizing-radiation-with-the-help-of-continuous-petri-nets-and-oxygen-effect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Characterization of Caneberry Juices Enriched by Natural Antioxidants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jelena%20Vuli%C4%87">Jelena Vulić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jasna%20%C4%8Canadanovi%C4%87-Brunet"> Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gordana%20%C4%86etkovi%C4%87"> Gordana Ćetković</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonja%20Djilas"> Sonja Djilas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vesna%20Tumbas%20%C5%A0aponjac"> Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Caneberries (raspberries and blackberries) are among the most popular berries in the world, which are consumed as fresh and processed to juice, jams, conﬁtures and other products or as ingredients for different foods. These fruits are known as a rich source of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Antioxidant activity (AA) of caneberry juices was improved by addition of phenolic compounds which were extracted from two raspberry cultivars (Rubus idaeus, cv. 'Willamette' (RW) and 'Meeker' (RM)) and two blackberry cultivars (Rubus fruticosus, cv. 'Čačanka' (BC) and 'Thornfree' (BT)) pomace, a by-product in juice processing. The total phenolic contents in raspberry and blackberry pomace extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagens. The phenolic concentrations in caneberries (RW, RM, BC and BT) pomace extracts were 43.67 ± 2.13 mg GAE/g, 26.25 ± 1.18 mg GAE/g, 46.01 ± 3.26 mg GAE/g and 61.59 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. In order to obtain enriched juices, phenolic compounds were applied at concentration of 0.05 mg GAE/ 100 ml. Antioxidant activities of caneberry juices and caneberry enriched juices were measured using stable 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. AADPPH of RW, RM, BC and BT juices and enriched juices with addition of 0.01 µg GAE/ml, changed from 37.12% to 93.01%, 23.26% to 91.57%, 53.61% to 95.65% and 52.06% to 93.13%, respectively, while IC50 values of RW, RM, BC and BT juices and enriched juices were diminished 6.33, 19.00, 6.33 and 4.75 times, respectively. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that phenolic enriched juices were significantly more effective on DPPH radicals. Caneberry juices enriched with waste material are a good source of natural pigments and antioxidants and could be used as functional foods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caneberry" title="caneberry">caneberry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enriched%20juice" title=" enriched juice"> enriched juice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolic%20antioxidant" title=" phenolic antioxidant"> phenolic antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DPPH%20radical" title=" DPPH radical"> DPPH radical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4894/characterization-of-caneberry-juices-enriched-by-natural-antioxidants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> Surpassing Antibiotic Resistance through Synergistic Effects of Polyethyleneimine-Silver Nanoparticle Complex Coated Mesoporous Silica Trio-Nanoconstructs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjith%20Kumar%20Kankala">Ranjith Kumar Kankala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Zhi%20Lin"> Wei-Zhi Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Hung%20Lee"> Chia-Hung Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become an emergency situation clinically. To improve the efficacy of antibiotics in resistant strains, advancement of nanoparticles is inevitable than ever. Herewith, we demonstrate a design by immobilizing tetracycline (TET) in copper substituted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Cu-MSNs) through a pH-sensitive coordination link, enabling its release in the acidic environment. Subsequently, MSNs are coated with silver nanoparticles stabilized polyethyleneimine (PEI-SNP) to act against drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Silver ions released from SNP are capable of sensitizing the resistant strains and facilitate the generation of free radicals capable of damaging the cell components. In addition, copper ions in the framework are also capable of generating free radicals through Fenton-like reaction. Furthermore, the nanoparticles are well-characterized physically, and various antibacterial efficacious tests against isolated multidrug resistant bacterial strain were highly commendable. However, this formulation has no significant toxic effect on normal mammalian fibroblast cells accounting its high biocompatibility. These MSN trio-hybrids, i.e., SNP, tetracycline, and copper ions result in synergistic effects, and their advancement could bypass resistance and allow synergism for effective treatment of antibiotic clinically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title="antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporous%20silica%20nanoparticles" title=" mesoporous silica nanoparticles"> mesoporous silica nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ph-sensitive%20release" title=" Ph-sensitive release"> Ph-sensitive release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethyleneimine" title=" polyethyleneimine"> polyethyleneimine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver" title=" silver"> silver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetracycline" title=" tetracycline"> tetracycline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73491/surpassing-antibiotic-resistance-through-synergistic-effects-of-polyethyleneimine-silver-nanoparticle-complex-coated-mesoporous-silica-trio-nanoconstructs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> The Antioxidant Gel Mask Supplies Of Bitter Melon's Extract ( Momordica charantia Linn.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20S.%20Risqina">N. S. Risqina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Edijanti"> G. Edijanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20S.%20Nurita"> P. S. Nurita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Endang"> L. Endang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Siti"> R. A. Siti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Tri"> R. Tri </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Skin is an important and vital organs and also as a mirror of health and life. Facial skin care is one of the main emphasis to get the beautiful, healthy, and fresh skin. Potentially antioxidant phenolic compounds shows, antimutagen, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that have the nature of free radicals, inhibiting the oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes as well as anti-inflammatory. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn) is a plant that contains flavonoids, and phenolic antioxidant activity. Bitter melon has strong antioxidant activity that can counteract the free radicals.These compounds can prevent free radicals that cause premature aging. Gel masks including depth cleansing is the cosmetics which work in depth and could raise the dead skin cells. Measurement of antioxidant activity of the extract and gel mask is done by using the immersion method of DPPH. IC50 value of ethanol extract of bitter melon fruit of 287.932 ppm. The preparation of gel mask bitter melon fruit extract, necessary to test the effectiveness of antioxidants using DPPH method is done by measuring the inhibition of DPPH and using UV spectrophotometer at the wavelength of maximum DPPH solution. Tests conducted at the beginning and end of the evaluation (day 0 and day 28). The purpose of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity of the bitter melon's extract and to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract gel mask pare in varying concentrations, ie 1xIC100 (0.295%), 2xIC100 (0.590%) and 4xIC100 (1.180%). Evaluation of physical properties of the preparation on (Day-0,7,14,21, and 28) and evaluation of antioxidant activity (day 0 and 28). Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA to determine differences in the physical properties of each formula. The statistical results showed that differences in the formula and storage time affects the adhesion, dispersive power, dry time and pH it is shown on a significant value of p <0.05, but longer storage does not affect the pH because the significance value p> 0,05. The antioxidant test showed that there are differences in antioxidant activity in all formulas. Measurement of antioxidant activity of bitter melon fruit extract gel mask on day 0 with a concentration of 0.295%, 0.590%, and 1.180%, respectively, are 124,209.277 ppm, ppm 83819.223 and 47323.592 ppm, whereas day 28 consecutive 130 411, 495 ppm, and 53239.806 95561.645 ppm ppm. The Conclusions drawn that there are antioxidant activity in preparation gel mask of bitter melon fruit extract. The antioxidant activity of bitter melon fruit extract gel mask on the day 0 with a concentration of 0.295%, 0.590%, and 1.180%, respectively, are 124,209.277 ppm, ppm 83819.223 and 47323.592 ppm, whereas on day 28 of antioxidant activity gel mask bitter melon fruit extract with a concentration of 0.295%, 0.590%, and 1.180% in succession, namely: 130,411.495 ppm, ppm 95561.645 and 53239.806 ppm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxdant" title="antioxdant">antioxdant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitter%20melon" title=" bitter melon"> bitter melon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gel%20mask" title=" gel mask"> gel mask</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IC50" title=" IC50"> IC50</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32963/the-antioxidant-gel-mask-supplies-of-bitter-melons-extract-momordica-charantia-linn" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Chemical and Biological Examination of De-Oiled Indian Propolis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harshada%20Vaidya-Kannur">Harshada Vaidya-Kannur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dattatraya%20Naik"> Dattatraya Naik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Propolis, one of the beehive products also referred as bee-glue is sticky dark coloured complex mixture of compounds. The volatile oil can be isolated from the propolis by hydrodistillation. The mark that is left behind after the removal of volatile oil is referred as the de-oiled propolis. Antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties of total ethanolic extract of de-oiled propolis (TEEDP) was investigated. Another lot of deoiled propolis was successively exacted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Activities of these fractions were also determined. Antioxidant activity was determined by studying ABTS, DPPH and NO radical scavenging. Determination of anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by topical TPA induced mouse ear oedema model. It is noteworthy that ethyl acetate fraction of deoiled propolis (EAFDP) exhibited 49.45 % TEAC activity at the concentration 0.2 mg/ml which is equivalent to the activity of trolox at the concentration 0.2 mg/ml. Its DPPH scavenging activity (72.56%) was closely comparable to that of trolox (75%). However its NO scavenging activity was comparatively low. From IC50 values it could be concluded that the efficiency of scavenging ABTS radicals by the de-oiled propolis was more pronounced as compared to scavenging of other radicals. Studies by TPA induced mouse ear inflammation model indicated that the de-oiled propolis of Indian origin had significant topical anti-inflammatory activity. The EAFDP was found to be the most active fraction for this activity also. The purification of EAFP yielded six pure crystalline compounds. These compounds were identified by their physical data and spectral data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-inflammatory%20activity" title="anti-inflammatory activity">anti-inflammatory activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-oxidant%20activity" title=" anti-oxidant activity"> anti-oxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=column%20chromatography" title=" column chromatography"> column chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=de-oiled%20propolis" title=" de-oiled propolis"> de-oiled propolis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8467/chemical-and-biological-examination-of-de-oiled-indian-propolis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> Nucleophile Mediated Addition-Fragmentation Generation of Aryl Radicals from Aryl Diazonium Salts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elene%20Tatunashvili">Elene Tatunashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bun%20Chan"> Bun Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20E.%20Nashar"> Philippe E. Nashar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20S.%20P.%20McErlean"> Christopher S. P. McErlean</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reduction of aryl diazonium salts is one of the most efficient ways to generate aryl radicals for use in a wide range of transformations, including Sandmeyer-type reactions, Meerwein arylations of olefins and Gomberg-Bachmann-Hey arylations of heteroaromatic systems. The aryl diazonium species can be reduced electrochemically, by UV irradiation, inner-sphere and outer-sphere single electron transfer processes (SET) from metal salts, SET from photo-excited organic catalysts or fragmentation of adducts with weak bases (acetate, hydroxide, etc.). This paper details an approach for the metal-free reduction of aryl diazonium salts, which facilitates the efficient synthesis of various aromatic compounds under exceedingly mild reaction conditions. By measuring the oxidation potential of a number of organic molecules, a series of nucleophiles were identified that reduce aryl diazonium salts via the addition-fragmentation mechanism. This approach leads to unprecedented operational simplicity: The reactions are very rapid and proceed in the open air; there is no need for external irradiation or heating, and the process is compatible with a large number of radical reactions. We illustrate these advantages by using the addition-fragmentation strategy to regioselectively arylate a series of heterocyclic compounds, to synthesize ketones by arylation of silyl enol ethers, and to synthesize benzothiophene and phenanthrene derivatives by radical annulation reactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diazonium%20salts" title="diazonium salts">diazonium salts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hantzsch%20esters" title=" hantzsch esters"> hantzsch esters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen" title=" oxygen"> oxygen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radical%20reactions" title=" radical reactions"> radical reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20methods" title=" synthetic methods"> synthetic methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112892/nucleophile-mediated-addition-fragmentation-generation-of-aryl-radicals-from-aryl-diazonium-salts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> Photocatalytic Disintegration of Naphthalene and Naphthalene Similar Compounds in Indoors Air</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobias%20Schnabel">Tobias Schnabel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Naphthalene and naphthalene similar compounds are a common problem in the indoor air of buildings from the 1960s and 1970s in Germany. Often tar containing roof felt was used under the concrete floor to prevent humidity to come through the floor. This tar containing roof felt has high concentrations of PAH (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and naphthalene. Naphthalene easily evaporates and contaminates the indoor air. Especially after renovations and energetically modernization of the buildings, the naphthalene concentration rises because no forced air exchange can happen. Because of this problem, it is often necessary to change the floors after renovation of the buildings. The MFPA Weimar (Material research and testing facility) developed in cooperation a project with LEJ GmbH and Reichmann Gebäudetechnik GmbH. It is a technical solution for the disintegration of naphthalene in naphthalene, similar compounds in indoor air with photocatalytic reforming. Photocatalytic systems produce active oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals) through trading semiconductors on a wavelength of their bandgap. The light energy separates the charges in the semiconductor and produces free electrons in the line tape and defect electrons. The defect electrons can react with hydroxide ions to hydroxyl radicals. The produced hydroxyl radicals are a strong oxidation agent, and can oxidate organic matter to carbon dioxide and water. During the research, new titanium oxide catalysator surface coatings were developed. This coating technology allows the production of very porous titan oxide layer on temperature stable carrier materials. The porosity allows the naphthalene to get easily absorbed by the surface coating, what accelerates the reaction of the heterogeneous photocatalysis. The photocatalytic reaction is induced by high power and high efficient UV-A (ultra violet light) Leds with a wavelength of 365nm. Various tests in emission chambers and on the reformer itself show that a reduction of naphthalene in important concentrations between 2 and 250 µg/m³ is possible. The disintegration rate was at least 80%. To reduce the concentration of naphthalene from 30 µg/m³ to a level below 5 µg/m³ in a usual 50 ² classroom, an energy of 6 kWh is needed. The benefits of the photocatalytic indoor air treatment are that every organic compound in the air can be disintegrated and reduced. The use of new photocatalytic materials in combination with highly efficient UV leds make a safe and energy efficient reduction of organic compounds in indoor air possible. At the moment the air cleaning systems take the step from prototype stage into the usage in real buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naphthalene" title="naphthalene">naphthalene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titandioxide" title=" titandioxide"> titandioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20air" title=" indoor air"> indoor air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title=" photocatalysis"> photocatalysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76709/photocatalytic-disintegration-of-naphthalene-and-naphthalene-similar-compounds-in-indoors-air" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Caesalpinia sappan Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monthon%20Tangjitmungman">Monthon Tangjitmungman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerous diseases have been linked to oxidative stress, in which a disproportion of free radicals in the body leads to tissue or cell damage. Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants found in plants, and they are highly effective at scavenging oxidative free radicals. Due to the presence of phenolic compounds in Caesalpinia sappan has been discovered to have antioxidant activity. It has several health benefits, the most important of which is preventing cardiovascular and cancer diseases. This study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. sappan extract using a variety of antioxidant assays. The extract of C. sappan was made using a mixture of solvents (ethyl alcohol: water in ratio 8:2). The total phenolic content of C. sappan extract was determined and expressed as gallic acid equivalents using the Folin-Cioucalteu method (GAE). The antioxidant activity of C. sappan extract was assessed using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the ABTS radical scavenging capacity assay. An association was found between antioxidant activity and total phenol content. The antioxidant activity of C. sappan extract was also determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. The IC50 values for C. sappan extract from DPPH and ABTS assays were 54.48 μg/mL ± 0.545 and 25.46 μg/mL ± 0.790, respectively, in the DPPH assay. In the DPPH assay, vitamin C was used as a positive control, whereas Trolox was used as a positive control in the ABTS assay. In conclusion, C. sappan extract contains a high level of total phenolics and exhibits significant antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, more research should be done on the antioxidant activity, such as SOD and ROS scavenging assays and in vivo experiments, to determine whether the compound has antioxidant activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABTS%20assay" title="ABTS assay">ABTS assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title=" antioxidant activity"> antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caesalpinia%20sappan" title=" Caesalpinia sappan"> Caesalpinia sappan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DPPH%20assays" title=" DPPH assays"> DPPH assays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenolic%20content" title=" total phenolic content"> total phenolic content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140865/in-vitro-antioxidant-activity-of-caesalpinia-sappan-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">198</span> Production and Quality Assessment of Antioxidant-Rich Biscuit Produced from Pearl Millet and Orange Peel Flour Blends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oloniyo%20Rebecca%20Olajumoke">Oloniyo Rebecca Olajumoke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The unstable free radicals molecules oxidize cells throughout the body to cause oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Thus, the consumption of antioxidant-rich snacks could help to reduce the production of these free radicals in the body. This study aimed at producing antioxidant–rich biscuits from an underutilized pearl millet and agricultural waste from orange peel flour (PMF and OPF, respectively) blends. Biscuits were produced from PMF, and OPF blends using various proportions (95:05; 90:10; 85:15; 80:20 with 100% PMF as control. The functional properties of the flours, as well as the antioxidant properties, physical evaluation, and consumer acceptability of the biscuits, were evaluated. The functional properties of the composite flour showed an increase in oil absorption capacity (7.73-8.80 g/ml), water absorption capacity (6.82-7.21 g/ml), foaming (3.91-5.88 g/ml), and emulsification (52.85-58.82 g/ml) properties. The increased addition of OPF significantly (p<0.05) increased the antioxidant properties of the biscuits produced from the composite flour. For instance, the ferric reducing properties (0.10-0.4 mgAAE/g), total flavonoid (1.20-8.12 mg QE/g), and ABTS radical scavenging (1.17-2.19 mmol/TEAC/g) of the composite flours were increasingly comparable to those of 100% PMF. The physical parameters of the biscuit were significantly different (p<0.05) from one another. The addition of OPF into PMF reduced the weight, diameter, and spread ratio of biscuits produced while contrarily increasing the height of the biscuit. The incorporation of OPF at 5% (95:05) substitution yielded a consumedly acceptable biscuit product. The significant increase in antioxidant properties with an increase in OPF during the production of biscuits would therefore increase the nutritional value and potential health benefits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orange%20peel" title="orange peel">orange peel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biscuit" title=" biscuit"> biscuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pearl%20millet" title=" pearl millet"> pearl millet</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155927/production-and-quality-assessment-of-antioxidant-rich-biscuit-produced-from-pearl-millet-and-orange-peel-flour-blends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">197</span> Azadrachea indica Leaves Extract Assisted Green Synthesis of Ag-TiO₂ for Degradation of Dyes in Aqueous Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Saeed">Muhammad Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheeba%20Khalid"> Sheeba Khalid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aqueous pollution due to the textile industry is an important issue. Photocatalysis using metal oxides as catalysts is one of the methods used for eradication of dyes from textile industrial effluents. In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of photocatalytic activity of Ag-TiO₂ are reported. TiO₂ catalysts with 2, 4, 6 and 8% loading of Ag were prepared by green methods using Azadrachea indica leaves' extract as reducing agent and titanium dioxide and silver nitrate as precursor materials. The 4% Ag-TiO₂ exhibited the best catalytic activity for degradation of dyes. Prepared catalyst was characterized by advanced techniques. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B were carried out in Pyrex glass batch reactor. Deposition of Ag greatly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of TiO₂ towards degradation of dyes. Irradiation of catalyst excites electrons from conduction band of catalyst to valence band yielding an electron-hole pair. These photoexcited electrons and positive hole undergo secondary reaction and produce OH radicals. These active radicals take part in the degradation of dyes. More than 90% of dyes were degraded in 120 minutes. It was found that there was no loss catalytic efficiency of prepared Ag-TiO₂ after recycling it for two times. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B followed Eley-Rideal mechanism which states that dye reacts in fluid phase with adsorbed oxygen. 27 kJ/mol and 20 kJ/mol were found as activation energy for photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B dye respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO%E2%82%82" title="TiO₂">TiO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ag-TiO%E2%82%82" title=" Ag-TiO₂"> Ag-TiO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methylene%20blue" title=" methylene blue"> methylene blue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhodamine%20B." title=" Rhodamine B."> Rhodamine B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo%20degradation" title=" photo degradation"> photo degradation</a> </p> <a 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