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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-电报和电话" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电报和电话"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>电报和电话</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电报和电话-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无线电和电视" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无线电和电视"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>无线电和电视</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无线电和电视-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卫星" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卫星"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>卫星</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卫星-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机网络和因特网" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机网络和因特网"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>计算机网络和因特网</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机网络和因特网-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光纤" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光纤"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>光纤</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光纤-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关概念子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-电信系统组成元素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电信系统组成元素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>电信系统组成元素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电信系统组成元素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发射机" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发射机"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>发射机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发射机-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传输介质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传输介质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>传输介质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传输介质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-接收机" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#接收机"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>接收机</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-接收机-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有线通信" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有线通信"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>有线通信</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有线通信-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无线通信" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无线通信"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>无线通信</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无线通信-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-职务" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#职务"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>职务</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-职务-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关职务子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-职务-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-电信设备工程师" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电信设备工程师"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>电信设备工程师</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电信设备工程师-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-网络工程师" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#网络工程师"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>网络工程师</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-网络工程师-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中央办公室工程师" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中央办公室工程师"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>中央办公室工程师</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中央办公室工程师-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-子角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>子角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外派工程师" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外派工程师"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>外派工程师</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外派工程师-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-子角色_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子角色_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>子角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子角色_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进一步阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进一步阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>进一步阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进一步阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">通信工程</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。26种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchenier%C3%ADa_de_telecomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Incheniería de telecomunicación – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Incheniería de telecomunicación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هندسة الاتصالات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة الاتصالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Телекомуникационно инженерство – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телекомуникационно инженерство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="টেলিযোগাযোগ প্রকৌশল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিযোগাযোগ প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_de_telecomunicaci%C3%B3" title="Enginyeria de telecomunicació – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria de telecomunicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtentechnik" title="Nachrichtentechnik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachrichtentechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Telecommunications engineering" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_de_telecomunicaciones" title="Ingeniería de telecomunicaciones – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería de telecomunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikazio_ingeniaritza" title="Telekomunikazio ingeniaritza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telekomunikazio ingeniaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مهندسی مخابرات – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی مخابرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="הנדסת מערכות תקשורת – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסת מערכות תקשורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="दूरसंचार अभियाँत्रिकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरसंचार अभियाँत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADrad%C3%A1stechnika" title="Híradástechnika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Híradástechnika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_telekomunikasi" title="Teknik telekomunikasi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknik telekomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_delle_telecomunicazioni" title="Ingegneria delle telecomunicazioni – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria delle telecomunicazioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="通信工学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通信工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="통신공학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통신공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_telekomunikasi" title="Kejuruteraan telekomunikasi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan telekomunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_de_telecomunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Engenharia de telecomunicações – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia de telecomunicações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On,_London,_January_1942_D6437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg/220px-The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg/330px-The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg/440px-The_Telephone_Service_Carries_On%2C_London%2C_January_1942_D6437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1942年2月2日第二次世界大战期间，电信工程师正忙于维持伦敦的电话服务。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>通信工程</b>（也作<b>信息工程</b>、<b>电信工程</b>，旧称<b>远距离通信工程</b>、<b>弱电工程</b>）是一门以<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">电气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">计算机工程</a>为中心的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程</a>学科，其关注的是通信过程中的信息传输和信号处理的原理和应用，旨在支持和加强<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信">电信</a>系统。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 通信工程的基础建立于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数理方程（页面不存在）">数理方程</a>。其理论起点是物质与波在<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%B6%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="傅里叶变换">傅里叶</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热扩散（页面不存在）">热扩散</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦电动力</a>条件下观察到的传播现象。 </p><p>通信工程研究的是，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="声波">声波</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="光波">光波</a>的形式把<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a>通过电脉冲，从发送端（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="信源">信源</a>）传输到一个或多个接受（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E5%AE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信宿（页面不存在）">信宿</a>）。接受端能否正确辨认信息，取决于传输中的损耗高低。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="信号处理">信号处理</a>是通信工程中一个重要环节，其包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%BB%A4" title="过滤">过滤</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="编码">编码</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="解碼">解码</a>等。工作范围从基本的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="电路设计">电路设计</a>到战略性质的大规模设备研究与部署。 </p><p>通信工程所关注的频段涉及甚广。低频段，亦即低<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="赫兹">赫兹</a>，关心的是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术声学（页面不存在）">技术声学</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E9%A2%91%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低频技术（页面不存在）">低频技术</a>。高频段中关注的范围从<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>系统到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光">可见光</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="镭射">镭射</a>系统。微波到可见光中间的频段几乎都是通信工程的研究对象。除此之外，通信过程中所应用的媒介和技术，包括通信系统在陆上、水下、空中和宇宙空间中的应用，也是相当丰富的。 </p><p>通信工程是与<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a>等多学科相关的工程领域。这些学科为通信工程前期基础设施设备地建设提供帮助。最终，由电信工程师负责提供高速<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93" title="数据传输">数据传输</a>服务。他们使用各种设备和传输介质来设计电信网络基础架构；当今，有线电信使用的最常见的介质是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%9E%E7%BA%BF" title="双绞线">双绞线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%BD%B4%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86" title="同轴电缆">同轴电缆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纤</a>。电信工程师还提供围绕<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="無線通訊">无线</a>通信和信息传输模式的解决方案，例如无线电话服务，无线电和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="通訊衛星">卫星通信</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AC%E9%A0%BB" title="寬頻">宽带</a>技术。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>电信系统通常是由电信工程师设计的，其源于19世纪末电报行业和20世纪初无线电和电话行业的技术进步。如今，电信已广泛普及，在该过程中诞生的设备（例如电视，广播和电话）在世界许多地方都很普遍。同时可以通过许多网络连接这些设备，包括计算机网络、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E7%BD%91" title="公共交换电话网">公用电话交换网</a> （PSTN）、<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>无线电网络和电视网络。通过互联网连接的计算机通信是电信的典型示例之一。电信在世界经济中发挥着重要作用，并且电信行业的收入占世界生产总值的3％左右。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电报和电话"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E6.8A.A5.E5.92.8C.E7.94.B5.E8.AF.9D"></span>电报和电话</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：电报和电话"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone,_1876,_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_big_box_telephone%2C_1876%2C_one_of_the_first_commercially_available_telephones_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06223.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔（Alexander Graham Bell）的大盒子电话。1876年，第一批商用电话之一——美国国家历史博物馆</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="萨缪尔·摩尔斯">塞缪尔·莫尔斯（Samuel Morse）</a>独立开发了电子电报的一种版本，但他在1837年9月2日未能成功演示。寄存器发明者<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗莱德·维尔">阿尔弗雷德·韦尔</a> （ <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗莱德·维尔">Alfred Vail</a> ）加入他后不久，新一种电报终端被发明出来，并且集成了用于将消息记录到纸带上的记录设备。 1838年1月6日，这套设备成功地实现了超过三英里（五公里）距离的通信，最终于1844年5月24日在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="华盛顿哥伦比亚特区">华盛顿特区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E6%91%A9" title="巴爾的摩">巴尔的摩</a>之间实现了超过四十英里（六十四公里）的通信。这项专利发明被证明是有利可图的，到1851年， <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>的电报线路总长度超过20,000英里（32,000公里）。 <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>第一条成功的<a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">跨大西洋电报电缆</a>于1866年7月27日建成，首次实现了跨大西洋通信。而此前于1857年和1858年安装的跨大西洋电缆在失效前仅运行了几天或几周。 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 电报在国际范围地使用有时被称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=Victorian_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victorian Internet（页面不存在）">维多利亚时代的互联网</a>”。 <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>第一家商业电话服务于1878年和1879年在大西洋两岸的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87" title="纽黑文">纽黑文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>建立。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔">亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔（Alexander Graham Bell）</a>拥有两国在此类服务中所需的电话主专利。从那时起，该技术迅速发展，到1880年代中期，美国的每个主要城市都建立了城际线路，并建立了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2" title="电信交换">电话交换机</a> 。 <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 尽管如此，直到1927年1月7日使用无线电建立连接之前，客户仍无法进行跨大西洋语音通信。但是，直到1956年9月25日<a href="/wiki/TAT-1" title="TAT-1">TAT-1</a>启用时，才提供36条电话线路的电缆连接。 <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1880年，贝尔和共同发明人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·萨姆纳·坦特（页面不存在）">查尔斯·萨姆纳泰恩特</a>通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photophone（页面不存在）">光电话机</a>投射的调制光束进行了世界上第一个无线电话呼叫。当它们首次被部署在军事和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="光纖通訊">光纤通信</a>中时，这项科学技术已经沉寂了几十年。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="无线电和电视"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E7.BA.BF.E7.94.B5.E5.92.8C.E7.94.B5.E8.A7.86"></span>无线电和电视</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：无线电和电视"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg/220px-Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg/330px-Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg/440px-Marconi_crystal_radio_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">马可尼</a>水晶无线电接收机</figcaption></figure> <p>从1894年开始的几年内，意大利发明家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">Guglielmo Marconi</a>建立了第一个完整的，商业上成功的，基于机载电磁波（ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">无线电传输</a> ）的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">无线电</a>报系统。 <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1901年12月，他继续建立英国与纽芬兰之间的无线通信设施，并于1909年获得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a> （与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" title="卡尔·布劳恩">卡尔·布劳恩</a>分享）。 <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1900年， <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" title="卡尔·布劳恩">雷金纳德·费森登</a> （ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" title="卡尔·布劳恩">Reginald Fessenden</a> ）成功通过无线设备传输了人类的声音。 1925年3月25日，苏格兰发明家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·罗杰·贝尔德">约翰·洛吉·贝尔德（John Logie Baird）</a>在伦敦百货商店<a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>首次公开展示了运动剪影照片的传输。 1925年10月，贝尔德（Baird）成功地获得了具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%89%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="半色調">半色调</a>阴影的动态图像，这被大多数人认为是第一幅真正的电视图像。 <sup id="cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Baird_Television_Website-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1926年1月26日他再次在<a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>公开展示这一改进后的成果。贝尔德的第一批设备依赖于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%9B%98" title="尼普科夫盘">Nipkow磁盘</a>，因此被称为机械电视。它构成了1929年9月30日开始由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>进行的半实验性广播的基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卫星"><span id=".E5.8D.AB.E6.98.9F"></span>卫星</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：卫星"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美国第一颗中继通信的卫星诞生于1958年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E8%AF%84%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="项目评分（页面不存在）">SCORE项目</a> ，该项目使用磁带录音机存储和转发语音消息。它被用来向美国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E8%B1%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="德怀特·艾森豪威尔">德怀特·艾森豪威尔</a> （ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E8%B1%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="德怀特·艾森豪威尔">Dwight D. Eisenhower）</a>致以圣诞节的问候。 1960年， <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局">美国宇航局</a>发射了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E8%81%B2%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回聲計畫（页面不存在）">回声卫星</a> ；100英尺（30 m）高的镀铝PET薄膜气球被用作无线电通信的被动反射器。由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9B%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飛歌（页面不存在）">Philco</a>制造的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%921B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快递1B（页面不存在）">Courier 1B</a>也于1960年发射升空，它是世界上第一颗有源直放站卫星。如今，卫星已用于许多应用，例如GPS，电视，互联网和电话用途。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局">NASA</a>于1962年7月10日从<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%A7%92" title="卡纳维拉尔角">卡纳维拉尔角</a>发射的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%8B%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰事达（页面不存在）">Telstar</a>是第一颗主动式直接中继的商业<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="通訊衛星">通信卫星</a> ，这是首次私人赞助的太空发射。这颗卫星属于<a href="/wiki/AT%26T%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="AT&T公司">AT＆T</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="贝尔实验室">贝尔电话实验室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局">NASA</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國郵政總局（页面不存在）">英国邮政总局</a>和<a href="/wiki/Orange_(%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8)" title="Orange (公司)">法国国家PTT</a> （邮局）之间的多国协议的一部分，用以开发卫星通信。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="继电器1（页面不存在）">中继1号</a>于1962年12月13日发射升空，并于1963年11月22日成为在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>上广播的第一颗卫星。 <sup id="cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SP-93-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>通信卫星的第一个也是历史上最重要的应用是洲际<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%80%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="長途電話">长途电话</a>。固定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E7%BD%91" title="公共交换电话网">公用电话交换网</a>将电话呼叫从<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="固网电信">地面线路</a>电话中继到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E7%AB%99" title="衛星地面站">地球站</a>，然后通过在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道">地球静止轨道</a>上运行的通信卫星向卫星接收天线发送信号。然而，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" title="海底電纜">海底通信电缆</a>由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纤</a>技术的改进，导致卫星在固定电话中的使用率有所下降，但在20世纪后期，它们仍专门为诸如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%BE%E5%B2%9B" title="阿森松岛">阿森松岛</a> ， <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%8B%BF" title="圣赫勒拿">圣海伦娜</a> ， <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%88%88%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="迪戈加西亚岛">迭戈加西亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80%E5%B3%B6" title="復活節島">复活节岛</a>服务，因为那里没有海底电缆。也有一些大洲和国家的某些地区不存在陆上通讯，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a> ，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="加拿大北部">加拿大北部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0" title="格陵兰">格陵兰</a>的大部分地区。 </p><p>在通过通信卫星建立了商业长途电话服务之后，从1979年开始，许多其他商业电信也提供了相应的卫星服务，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="卫星电话">移动卫星电话</a> ， <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人造衛星廣播（页面不存在）">卫星广播</a> ， <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="卫星电视">卫星电视</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91" title="卫星上网">卫星互联网接入</a> 。大多数此类服务的最早兴起于1990年代，因为此时商业<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E7%AD%94%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应答器（卫星通信）（页面不存在）">卫星转发器频道</a>的价格持续大幅下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="计算机网络和因特网"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E7.BD.91.E7.BB.9C.E5.92.8C.E5.9B.A0.E7.89.B9.E7.BD.91"></span>计算机网络和因特网</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：计算机网络和因特网"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_1974.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arpanet_1974.svg/220px-Arpanet_1974.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arpanet_1974.svg/330px-Arpanet_1974.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arpanet_1974.svg/440px-Arpanet_1974.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>1974年Arpanet已连接区域图示</figcaption></figure> <p>1940年9月11日， <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%8F%90%E6%AF%94%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·史提比茲（页面不存在）">乔治·斯蒂伯兹（ George Stibitz ）</a> 使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%82%B3%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%A9%9F" title="電傳打字機">电传打印机</a>能够将问题传输到他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6" title="纽约">纽约</a>的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="复数 (数学)">复数</a>计算器”，然后将计算结果返回<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%95%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%9E" title="新罕布什尔州">新罕布什尔州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="达特茅斯学院">达特茅斯学院</a> 。 <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 带有远程“哑终端”的集中式计算机或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="大型计算机">大型机</a>——这种形式在整个1950年代和1960年代一直很流行。直到1960年代，研究人员才开始研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2" title="分组交换">数据包交换</a> 。这项技术允许数据块在不同计算机之间发送，而无需先通过集中式<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="大型计算机">大型机</a>。四个节点的网络于1969年12月5日出现。该网络很快成为<a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>，到1981年，该网络已由213个节点组成。 <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>的开发以“征求意见”流程为中心，并于1969年4月7日发布了<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1">RFC 1</a> 。此流程影响甚远，<a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>最终将与其他网络合并形成了<a href="/wiki/Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet">Internet</a>，并且Internet今天所依赖的许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="网络传输协议">通信协议</a>都是通过这样的流程指定的。 1981年9月， <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc791">RFC 791</a>引入了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">Internet协议</a>版本4（IPv4），<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793">RFC 793</a>引入了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">传输控制协议</a> （TCP），从而创建了当今许多<a href="/wiki/Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet">Internet</a>所依赖的<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP协议">TCP/IP协议</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="光纤"><span id=".E5.85.89.E7.BA.A4"></span>光纤</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：光纤"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Air_Force_Staff_Sgt._Gary_Chitwood,_a_tactical_automated_security_system_(TASS)_administrator_with_the_380th_Expeditionary_Security_Forces_Squadron,_tests_a_fiber_optic_wire_130320-F-ME639-036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Air_Force_Staff_Sgt._Gary_Chitwood%2C_a_tactical_automated_security_system_%28TASS%29_administrator_with_the_380th_Expeditionary_Security_Forces_Squadron%2C_tests_a_fiber_optic_wire_130320-F-ME639-036.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Air_Force_Staff_Sgt._Gary_Chitwood%2C_a_tactical_automated_security_system_%28TASS%29_administrator_with_the_380th_Expeditionary_Security_Forces_Squadron%2C_tests_a_fiber_optic_wire_130320-F-ME639-036.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Air_Force_Staff_Sgt._Gary_Chitwood%2C_a_tactical_automated_security_system_%28TASS%29_administrator_with_the_380th_Expeditionary_Security_Forces_Squadron%2C_tests_a_fiber_optic_wire_130320-F-ME639-036.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纤</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>光纤可以用作电信和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">计算机网络</a>的介质，因为它很灵活并且可以捆绑成电缆。这对于长距离通信特别有利，因为与电缆相比，光通过光纤传播时衰减很小。这样就可以用很少的中继器来跨越长距离。 </p><p>1966年， <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%8C%95" title="高錕">高锟（Charles K. Kao）</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·霍克姆（页面不存在）">George Hockham</a>在英国<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B" title="哈洛">哈洛</a>的 STC实验室（STL）提出了光纤理论，当时他们发现现有玻璃中1000dB/km的损耗（作为对比，同轴电缆中的的损耗为5-10dB/km）是由于污染物而引起的，而这是可以消除的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%AF%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="康寧公司">康宁玻璃厂</a>于1970年成功开发了光纤，其衰减低至足以用于通信目的（约20<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%B2%9D" title="分貝">dB</a>/km），同时开发了紧凑的GaAs（砷化镓）<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="激光二極管">半导体激光器</a> ，因此光可以通过光纤电缆进行长距离传输。 </p><p>从1975年开始经过一段时间的研究，第一个商用光纤通信系统被开发出来，该系统使用GaAs半导体激光器在约0.8µm的波长下运行。该第一代系统运行速率达到45<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%81%E7%8E%87%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="码率单位">Mbps</a>，且中继器间距最大为10公里。1977年4月22日，通用电子电话公司在加利福尼亚州长滩通过光纤以6 Mbit/s的吞吐量实现了第一条实时电话业务。 </p><p>世界上第一个广域网光纤电缆系统似乎是1978年由Rediffusion在英国东萨塞克斯郡的黑斯廷斯安装建成的。光缆遍布整个城镇，有1000多位用户。当时它们被用于传输电视频道，但由于本地接收问题而无法使用。 </p><p>第一条跨大西洋的光缆是<a href="/wiki/TAT-8" title="TAT-8">TAT-8</a>，它基于Desurvire优化的激光放大技术，于1988年投入运营。 </p><p>在1990年代后期至2000年，行业推动者以及诸如KMI和RHK之类的研究公司预测，由于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">Internet</a>使用的增加以及各种带宽密集型消费者服务（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E9%81%B8%E8%A6%96%E8%A8%8A" title="隨選視訊">视频点播</a>）的商业化，通信带宽的需求将大大增加。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">Internet协议</a>数据流量正以指数级增长，其速度比<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="摩尔定律">摩尔定律</a>所描述的集成电路复杂度的增长还要快。 <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg/220px-Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg/330px-Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg/440px-Radio_Transmitter_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> 无线电<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%80%81%E5%99%A8" title="发送器">发射</a>室 </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电信系统组成元素"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E4.BF.A1.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E7.BB.84.E6.88.90.E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0"></span>电信系统组成元素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：电信系统组成元素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="发射机"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B0.84.E6.9C.BA"></span>发射机</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：发射机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%80%81%E5%99%A8" title="发送器">发送机</a> （信息源）接收信息并将其转换为信号以进行传输。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学">电子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信">电信</a>中，发射机或无线电发射机是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学">电子设备</a>，借助<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%BA%BF" title="天线">天线</a>产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>。除了在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播">广播</a>中使用外，发射机还存在于许多通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">无线电</a>进行通信的电子设备中。（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="移动电话">手机</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="无线路由器">无线路由器</a>等） </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg/220px-Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg/330px-Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg/440px-Lautsprecherkabel_Makro_nah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>线</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="传输介质"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E8.BE.93.E4.BB.8B.E8.B4.A8"></span>传输介质</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：传输介质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="传输介质">传输介质</a>是信号<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="传输介质">传输</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93" class="mw-disambig" title="载体">载体</a>。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音">声音</a>的传输介质通常是空气，但是固体和液体也可以充当声音的传输介质。许多传输介质被用作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93" title="信道">通信通道</a>。互联网中最常用的物理介质之一是铜线。铜线仅使用相对较低的功率便可将信号传送到较远距离。物理介质的另一个典型例子是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纤</a>，它已成为长距离通信中最常用的传输介质。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="光纤">光纤</a>是一束细<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>，可沿其<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="长度">长度</a>方向引导<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空">真空</a>中即便不存在材料介质，但也可能构成<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">电磁波</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>）的传输介质。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="接收机"><span id=".E6.8E.A5.E6.94.B6.E6.9C.BA"></span>接收机</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：接收机"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E6%9C%BA" title="无线电接收机">接收器</a>（ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="有向图">信息接收器</a> ），用于接收信号并将其转换回所需的信息。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">无线电通信</a>中，无线电接收器是一种接收<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>并将其携带的信息转换为可用形式的电子设备。它与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%BA%BF" title="天线">天线</a>一起使用。接收器产生的信息可以是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音">声音</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音響訊號（页面不存在）">音频信号</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F" title="图像">图像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91" title="视频">视频信号</a>）或其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="數碼">数字形式</a> 。 <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_communication_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wireless_communication_tower.JPG/220px-Wireless_communication_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wireless_communication_tower.JPG/330px-Wireless_communication_tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wireless_communication_tower.JPG/440px-Wireless_communication_tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="無線通訊">无线</a>通信塔，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E8%87%BA" title="行動通信基地臺">蜂窝基站</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有线通信"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E7.BA.BF.E9.80.9A.E4.BF.A1"></span>有线通信</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：有线通信"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有线通信有各种不同类型，常见的有：地下通信电缆（较少使用架空线路）、在指定点插入连接电缆的电子信号放大器（中继器）和各种类型的终端设备。 <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="无线通信"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E7.BA.BF.E9.80.9A.E4.BF.A1"></span>无线通信</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：无线通信"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>无线通信涉及远距离的信息传输，而无需电线，电缆或任何其他形式的电导体。 <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 无线形式可以实现有线服务无法实现或不便实现的服务，例如远程通信。该术语在电信业中常用来指使用某种形式的能量（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>、声能等）在不使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="电线">电线</a>的情况下传输信息的电信系统（如无线电发射机和接收机、遥控器等）。 <sup id="cite_ref-FS1037C_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS1037C-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 信息通过无线的方式在短距离和长距离上传输。   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="职务"><span id=".E8.81.8C.E5.8A.A1"></span>职务</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：职务"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电信设备工程师"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E4.BF.A1.E8.AE.BE.E5.A4.87.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.B8.88"></span>电信设备工程师</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：电信设备工程师"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>电信设备工程师通也称电子工程师，负责设计和监督安装电信设备和设施，例如复杂的电子交换系统以及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%80%81%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="普通老式电话服务">普通的老式电话服务</a>设施、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纤</a>电缆、<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">IP网络</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="微波通讯">微波传输</a>系统。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="网络工程师"><span id=".E7.BD.91.E7.BB.9C.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.B8.88"></span>网络工程师</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：网络工程师"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>网络工程师是负责设计，部署和维护计算机网络的计算机工程师。此外，他们从<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="网络运维中心">网络运营中心</a>监督网络运营，设计骨干基础架构或监督<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="数据中心">数据中心</a>内的互连。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中央办公室工程师"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.A4.AE.E5.8A.9E.E5.85.AC.E5.AE.A4.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.B8.88"></span>中央办公室工程师</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：中央办公室工程师"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg/220px-Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg/330px-Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg/440px-Typical_Northern_Telecom_DMS100_Telephone_Central_Office_Installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>典型的北部电信DMS100电话<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2" title="电信交换">中央办公室</a>设施</figcaption></figure> <p>中央办公室工程师负责设计和监督<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2" title="电信交换">中心局（简称CO）</a>中电信设备，也称为有线中心或<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2" title="电信交换">电话交换中心</a> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>CO工程师负责将新技术集成到现有网络中，分配设备在有线中心的位置，并为新设备提供电源、时钟（数字设备）和报警监控设施。如果当前没有足够的资源来支持正在安装的新设备，则CO工程师还负责提供更多的电源，时钟和警报监视功能。最后，CO工程师负责设计如何将大量电缆分配到整个中心的各种设备和配线架，并监督所有新设备的安装和启动。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="子角色"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>子角色</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：子角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为结构工程师，CO工程师负责设计和放置待安装的设备以及待安装设备的机架及其结构。 </p><p>作为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">电气工程师</a> ，CO工程师负责所有新设施的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">电容</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a>（RCL）设计，以确保电话服务清晰明了，数据服务干净可靠。同时为了确定提供所需服务所需的电缆长度和尺寸，需要进行强度衰减或逐渐损耗和环路损耗计算。此外，必须计算并提供电源要求，以便为放置在中心的电子设备供电。 </p><p>总体而言，CO工程师需要洞察行业的新挑战。随着数据中心、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议">互联网协议</a>（IP）设施，蜂窝无线站点以及电信网络内其他新兴技术设备环境的出现，CO工程师的重要任务是要实施一套既定的惯例或要求。 </p><p>安装供应商或其分包商应提供其产品、功能或服务的要求。这些服务可能与安装新设备或扩建设备以及拆除现有设备有关。 <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>必须考虑其他几个因素，例如： </p> <ul><li>安装规定与安全</li> <li>清除有害物质</li> <li>进行设备安装和拆卸常用设备</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外派工程师"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.B4.BE.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.B8.88"></span>外派工程师</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：外派工程师"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG/220px-VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG/330px-VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG/440px-VZ_SAI_workers_Secaucus_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>工程师在一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交叉连接（页面不存在）">交叉连接</a>箱工作，也称为一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="服务的地区的界面（页面不存在）">地区服务接口</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%8E%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外厂（页面不存在）">外派</a> （OSP）工程师通常也被称为现场工程师，因为他们经常在现场花费大量时间来记录有关空中，地上和地下的土木环境。OSP工程师负责将工厂（铜，纤维等）从交换中心直接到配电点或目的地。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="子角色_2"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2_2"></span>子角色</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：子角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg/220px-Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg/330px-Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg/440px-Lady_pole_climbing_Telephone_Engineer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_467324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>工程师(OSP)攀登电线杆</figcaption></figure> <p>作为结构工程师，OSP工程师负责蜂窝式塔架和电话线杆的结构设计和布置，并计算现有电话线杆或将要添加新设备的电线杆的容量。在交通繁忙的区域（如公路）下钻孔或连接到其他结构（如桥梁）时，进行结构计算。 </p><p>作为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">电气工程师</a> ，OSP工程师负责所有新设施的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">电容</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a>（RCL）设计，以确保电话服务清晰明了，数据服务干净可靠。同时为了确定提供所需服务所需的电缆长度和尺寸，需要进行强度衰减或逐渐损耗和环路损耗计算。此外，必须计算并提供电源要求，以便为放置在中心的电子设备供电。在现场放置设备、设施和设备时，必须考虑到接地电位，以考虑雷击、不正确接地或损坏的电力公司设施导致的高压截获以及各种电磁干扰源。 </p><p>作为土木工程师，OSP工程师负责手工或使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="计算机辅助设计">计算机辅助设计</a> （CAD）软件起草计划，以安排电信工厂设施的放置方式。通常，当与市政当局合作时，需要获得挖沟或钻孔许可证，并且必须为这些许可证绘制图纸。通常，这些图纸包括铺设设施所需的大约70%的详细信息。在高速公路等交通繁忙的地区或与桥梁等其他建筑物连接时，需要进行结构计算。作为土木工程师，电信工程师为分布在当今文明中的所有通信技术提供了基础骨干。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">计算机工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">计算机网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化">电子设计自动化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電子媒體">电子媒体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="光纤通信">光纤通信</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电信史（页面不存在）">电信史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%88%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电气工程主题列表（字母顺序）（页面不存在）">电气工程主题列表</a>（字母顺序）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电气工程主题列表（页面不存在）">电气工程主题列表</a>（主题）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="專業工程師">专业工程师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="无线电">无线电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="接收机">接收机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="电信">电信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="电话">电话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="传输介质">传输介质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="发射机">发射机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%B2%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="对讲机">对讲机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有线通信（页面不存在）">有线通信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="无线">无线</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Burnham, Gerald O.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jee.org/2001/october/417.pdf">The First Telecommunications Engineering Program in the United States</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Engineering_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Engineering Education（页面不存在）">Journal of Engineering Education</a> (<a 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October 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2012年9月22日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234416/http://www.abet.org/uploadedFiles/Accreditation/Accreditation_Process/Accreditation_Documents/Current/tac-criteria-2012-2013.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2015-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=Program+criteria+for+telecommunications+engineering+technology+or+similarly+named+programs&rft.date=2011-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criteria+for+accrediting+engineering+technology+programs+2012-2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abet.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FAccreditation%2FAccreditation_Process%2FAccreditation_Documents%2FCurrent%2Ftac-criteria-2012-2013.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">The Electromagnetic Telegraph</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070804113714/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, J. 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January 1906, <b>XIII</b>: 8408–8422 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030180740/https://books.google.com/books?id=3IfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8408">存档</a>于2020-10-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=Communication+By+Wire+And+%22Wireless%22%3A+The+Wonders+of+Telegraph+and+Telephone&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.&rft.aulast=Page&rft.date=1906-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=8408-8422&rft.volume=XIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IfNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA8408&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Cables/CableTimeLine/index1951.htm">History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081208122203/http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Cables/CableTimeLine/index1951.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Bill Glover, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Klooster, John W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA161">Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 161–168 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780313347436" title="Special:网络书源/9780313347436"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780313347436</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428080953/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA161">存档</a>于2021-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.aulast=Klooster&rft.btitle=Icons+of+invention%3A+the+makers+of+the+modern+world+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780313347436&rft.pages=161-168&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKuG-VIwID8C%26pg%3DPA161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm">Tesla Biography</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160114205727/http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Ljubo Vujovic, Tesla Memorial Society of New York, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Baird_Television_Website-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Baird_Television_Website_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829044127/http://www.bairdtelevision.com/">The Baird Television Website</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.btitle=The+Baird+Television+Website&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bairdtelevision.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-SP-93-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf">Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958-1964</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. NASA-SP-93. NASA: 30–32. 1966 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-31</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023426/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2013-11-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=Significant+Achievements+in+Space+Communications+and+Navigation%2C+1958-1964&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA-SP-93&rft.pages=30-32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19660009169_1966009169.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm">George Stlibetz</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170815235330/http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Kerry Redshaw, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hafner, Katie. 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EngineersGarage. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123000/https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless_communication">存档</a>于2018-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=What+is+wireless+communication+technology+and+its+types&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EngineersGarage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineersgarage.com%2Farticles%2Fwireless_communication&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FS1037C-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FS1037C_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/">ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007</a>. atis.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-03-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atis.org/tg2k/">原始内容</a>存档于2008-03-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.btitle=ATIS+Telecom+Glossary+2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=atis.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atis.org%2Ftg2k%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Overstreet, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankoverstreet.com/pages/co/what-is-a-central-office.aspx">What is a Central Office</a>. www.frankoverstreet.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190057/http://www.frankoverstreet.com/pages/co/what-is-a-central-office.aspx">存档</a>于2019-12-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Central+Office&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Overstreet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frankoverstreet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankoverstreet.com%2Fpages%2Fco%2Fwhat-is-a-central-office.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1275&">GR-1275, <i>Central Office/Network Environment Equipment Installation/Removal Generic Requirements,</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170630020946/http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1275&">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Telcordia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1502&">GR-1502, <i>Central Office/Network Environment Detail Engineering Generic Requirements,</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110716204652/http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1502&">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Telcordia.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="进一步阅读"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E4.B8.80.E6.AD.A5.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>进一步阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：进一步阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Dahlman, Erik; Parkvall, Stefan; Beming, Per; Bovik, Alan C.; Fette, Bruce A.; Jack, Keith; Skold, Johan; Dowla, Farid; Chou, Philip A. Communications engineering desk reference. Academic Press. 2009: 544. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-374648-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-374648-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-12-374648-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.au=Beming%2C+Per&rft.au=Bovik%2C+Alan+C.&rft.au=Chou%2C+Philip+A.&rft.au=Dowla%2C+Farid&rft.au=Fette%2C+Bruce+A.&rft.au=Jack%2C+Keith&rft.au=Parkvall%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Skold%2C+Johan&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.aulast=Dahlman&rft.btitle=Communications+engineering+desk+reference&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374648-1&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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