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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&params=29_48_41.37_S_30_58_46.71_E_region:ZA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°48′41.37″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°58′46.71″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.8114917°S 30.9796417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-29.8114917; 30.9796417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Violent 2009 incident in South Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of KwaZulu-Natal marking location of Kennedy Road"><img alt="Map of KwaZulu-Natal marking location of Kennedy Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg/240px-South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg/360px-South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg/480px-South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.033%;left:49.548%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Attack on Kennedy Road"><img alt="Map of KwaZulu-Natal marking location of Kennedy Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_location_map.svg" title="File:South Africa KwaZulu-Natal location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Road,_Durban" title="Kennedy Road, Durban">Kennedy Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlement">informal settlement</a> on map of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></div></div></div> <p>The <b>attack on Kennedy Road</b> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa, occurred on 26 September 2009. A mob of men armed with bush knives, guns and bottles entered the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Road,_Durban" title="Kennedy Road, Durban">Kennedy Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlement">informal settlement</a> searching for leaders of the shackdwellers movement <a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> (AbM). They looted shacks and threatened residents, before attacking a hall where a youth meeting was happening. Two people were killed and around a thousand were displaced. In the aftermath, AbM representatives such as <a href="/wiki/S%27bu_Zikode" title="S'bu Zikode">S'bu Zikode</a> went into hiding and thirteen AbM members were arrested. </p><p>The attack was immediately condemned by academics and church leaders, and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> later expressed concerns. The trial of the Kennedy 12 experienced delays, leading the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Constitutional_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Constitutional Rights">Centre for Constitutional Rights</a> and Amnesty to raise questions about the process. In 2011, all the charges were dropped; AbM then sued the local <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality</a>. The incident is regarded as an attack by the police and the local branch of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) against the AbM movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack">Attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, an estimated 10,000 people were living at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Road,_Durban" title="Kennedy Road, Durban">Kennedy Road</a>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlement">informal settlements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. The shackdwellers movement <a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> (AbM) had been founded at Kennedy Road and campaigned on issues such as better sanitation, which brought it into conflict with the ruling <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC).<sup id="cite_ref-Vartak_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vartak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturday 26 September 2009, a weekend of <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Heritage Day (South Africa)">Heritage Day</a> events began at Kennedy Road, with an AbM youth camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 22:30, a mob armed with <a href="/wiki/Panga_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panga (knife)">pangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">sjamboks</a>, guns and bottles entered the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Padayachee_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padayachee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men woke residents up by banging on their doors and made threats whilst searching for AbM leaders such as Lindela Figlan and <a href="/wiki/S%27bu_Zikode" title="S'bu Zikode">S'bu Zikode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figlan had received warnings that his life was in danger and was forced to hide in his shack with his wife and 3-year-old daughter. He was saved by locking his door from the outside, so it appeared that he was not at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Tensions_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tensions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob shouted that <a href="/wiki/Mpondo_people" title="Mpondo people">Mpondo people</a> were taking over the settlement from <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vartak_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vartak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">police</a> were called by residents, but did not come. At around 01:00, about fifty armed men approached the hall where the youth camp was taking place. The police came and by 03:00 the mob had dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was witnessed by the makers of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Mandela" title="Dear Mandela">Dear Mandela</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around 03:30, the mob returned to the hall, smashing its windows and entering inside. Two people were killed in the ensuing disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Losier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Losier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, shacks belonging to members of the Kennedy Road Development Committee (KRDC) were demolished and others were looted by men shouting "Down with Abahlali! Down with the KRDC!".<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated one thousand inhabitants fled after being threatened with violence and rape, as the violence continued into the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Figlan and Zikode (who was not present) went into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath, nobody from the mob was arrested but thirteen members of AbM were arrested and charged with murder. Eight were granted bail and five were remanded.<sup id="cite_ref-NH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Monday 28 September, a letter from South African academics was published which condemned the attack and raised concerns that local police and ANC members had colluded with the mob. Signatories included the academics <a href="/wiki/John_Dugard" title="John Dugard">John Dugard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Friedman" title="Steven Friedman">Steven Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Huchzermeyer" title="Marie Huchzermeyer">Marie Huchzermeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Legassick" title="Martin Legassick">Martin Legassick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Neocosmos" title="Michael Neocosmos">Michael Neocosmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vale" title="Peter Vale">Peter Vale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AEC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a>, was heckled when making speeches and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ronald_Makue" title="Edwin Ronald Makue">Edwin Ronald Makue</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" title="South African Council of Churches">South African Council of Churches</a> (SACC), called it "an attack on democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-LPSA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(South_African_political_party)" title="Congress of the People (South African political party)">Congress of the People</a> (COPE) party claimed that the two murdered men were members of their group and that they had been killed by people from the ANC. COPE was an offshoot from the ANC and there were tensions between the groups; the slogans shouted by the mob about supporting Zulu people were taken to be a coded message for supporting the ANC.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local authorities blamed vigilantes connected to Abahlali baseMjondolo for the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-LPSA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> A representative of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> province said to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a></i> newspaper that the "underlying cause for the violence was criminal".<sup id="cite_ref-Tensions_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tensions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Safety and Security held meetings at Kennedy Road for stakeholders which were condemned as unrepresentative by church leaders, AbM and the <i>Mail & Guardian</i>, the latter describing them as "a sham" and an "exercise in speaking with forked tongues".<sup id="cite_ref-Sham_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internationally, intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Slavoj Zizek</a> released a statement supporting AbM and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> expressed concern about the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-LPSA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Mute_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mute-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_case">Court case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Court case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trial of the Kennedy 12 began on 12 July 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Durban_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban High Court">Durban High Court</a>. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Phillip" title="Rubin Phillip">Rubin Phillip</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Natal" title="Diocese of Natal">Diocese of Natal</a> wrote a statement of support in which he hoped for a fair judicial process.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillip_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillip-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All twelve were charged with public violence and five also faced the charge of murder, with the rest accused of attempted murder. There were also other lesser charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Padayachee_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padayachee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court case was delayed several times, leading to concerns that it was becoming a politicised trial. Amnesty wrote a report questioning the impartiality of the process,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Politicsweb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politicsweb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the New York-based <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Constitutional_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Constitutional Rights">Centre for Constitutional Rights</a> sent an urgent appeal to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders to ask her to investigate the attacks on Abahlali baseMjondolo and the subsequent legal process.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist and former political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Paul_Trewhela" title="Paul Trewhela">Paul Trewhela</a> commented that the trial had lasted longer than any case under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> excepting the <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956 Treason Trial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that "the AbM trial in Durban/eThekwini is now the most graphic faultline in the struggle to preserve democratic freedoms in South Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-Politicsweb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Politicsweb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July 2011, the entire case against the Kennedy 12 was thrown out. The Durban Regional Court magistrate stated that the prosecution witnesses "contradicted their prior statements to the police during the trial. As if that was not enough, they contradicted one another"<sup id="cite_ref-Padayachee_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padayachee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further described them as "belligerent", "unreliable" and "dishonest".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amnesty noted that the court had found that "police had directed some witnesses to point out members of Abahlali-linked organizations at the identification parade"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the people whose shacks had been demolished had been unable to return to Kennedy Road.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The attack on Kennedy Road posed a challenge to the ability of Abahlali baseMjondolo to organise, since its leaders were forced to go underground and it was unable to hold public meetings for several months, but the group survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Interface_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interface-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack is seen by the Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa as having been planned by local ANC members with the help of the local police.<sup id="cite_ref-Tissington_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tissington-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute launched a court case in tandem with AbM, suing the police and the municipality for their failure to intervene in the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-seri-sa.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seri-sa.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Trewhela wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The scandal is that this political prosecution was ever instituted in the first place, and that it was dragged on, month after month, by magistrates, prosecution and police without a shred of reliable evidence – with plentiful evidence, rather, of manipulation and intimidation of witnesses by the police and local ANC structures.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Kennedy_Road&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vartak-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vartak_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vartak_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVartak2009" class="citation news cs1">Vartak, Malavika (14 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0912/S00343/experiences-of-abahlali-basemjondolo-in-durban.htm">"Experiences Of Abahlali Basemjondolo In Durban"</a>. <i>Scoop</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130100843/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0912/S00343/experiences-of-abahlali-basemjondolo-in-durban.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scoop&rft.atitle=Experiences+Of+Abahlali+Basemjondolo+In+Durban&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.aulast=Vartak&rft.aufirst=Malavika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FWO0912%2FS00343%2Fexperiences-of-abahlali-basemjondolo-in-durban.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2010" class="citation book cs1">Chance, Kerry (2010). <i>The work of violence: A timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road</i>. Durban: School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781868406937" title="Special:BookSources/9781868406937"><bdi>9781868406937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+work+of+violence%3A+A+timeline+of+armed+attacks+at+Kennedy+Road&rft.place=Durban&rft.pub=School+of+Development+Studies%2C+University+of+KwaZulu-Natal&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781868406937&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padayachee-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Padayachee_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padayachee_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padayachee_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadayachee2011" class="citation news cs1">Padayachee, Kamini (19 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/shack-dwellers-movement-12-free-at-last-1101643">"Shack dwellers' movement 12 free at last"</a>. <i>Mercury</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624130340/https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/news/shack-dwellers-movement-12-free-at-last-1101643">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury&rft.atitle=Shack+dwellers%27+movement+12+free+at+last&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Padayachee&rft.aufirst=Kamini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fmercury%2Fshack-dwellers-movement-12-free-at-last-1101643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tensions-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tensions_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tensions_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-10-03-ethnic-tension-boils-over">"Ethnic Tensions Boil Over, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 3 October 2009"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126202639/http://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-03-ethnic-tension-boils-over">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Tensions+Boil+Over%2C+Niren+Tolsi%2C+Mail+%26+Guardian%2C+3+October+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2009-10-03-ethnic-tension-boils-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Losier_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosier2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Losier, Toussaint (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://desinformemonos.org/un-golpe-silencioso-el-movimiento-social-sudafricano-atacado/">"Un golpe silencioso: El movimiento social Sudafricano atacado"</a>. <i>Desinformémonos</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604235940/http://libcom.org/news/quiet-coup-south-africa%E2%80%99s-largest-social-movement-under-attack-world-cup-looms-02062010">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desinform%C3%A9monos&rft.atitle=Un+golpe+silencioso%3A+El+movimiento+social+Sudafricano+atacado&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Losier&rft.aufirst=Toussaint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesinformemonos.org%2Fun-golpe-silencioso-el-movimiento-social-sudafricano-atacado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00020384.html">"Violent Mob Attacks at Kennedy Road Settlement Target Leaders of Abahlali baseMjondolo"</a>. <i>All Africa</i>. 2 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329100733/https://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00020384.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Africa&rft.atitle=Violent+Mob+Attacks+at+Kennedy+Road+Settlement+Target+Leaders+of+Abahlali+baseMjondolo&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fview%2Fresource%2Fmain%2Fmain%2Fid%2F00020384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIRIN_News2010" class="citation news cs1">IRIN News (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2010/04/21/poor-peoples-movement-draws-government-wrath">"Poor people's movement draws government wrath"</a>. <i>The New Humanitarian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015846/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2010/04/21/poor-peoples-movement-draws-government-wrath">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=Poor+people%27s+movement+draws+government+wrath&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.au=IRIN+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fnews%2F2010%2F04%2F21%2Fpoor-peoples-movement-draws-government-wrath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-News24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-News24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105235359/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/94212f4a70a54a77a811b7fb94c15069/28-09-2009-10-36/Dbn_attackers_associated_with_ANC">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Attackers associated with ANC"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>News24</i>. SAPA. 28 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/94212f4a70a54a77a811b7fb94c15069/28-09-2009-10-36/Dbn_attackers_associated_with_ANC">the original</a> on 5 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=%22Attackers+associated+with+ANC%22&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FContent%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2F1059%2F94212f4a70a54a77a811b7fb94c15069%2F28-09-2009-10-36%2FDbn_attackers_associated_with_ANC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEC_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018040141/http://antieviction.org.za/2009/09/28/joint-statement-on-the-attacks-on-the-kennedy-road-informal-settlement-in-durban/">"Joint Statement on the attacks on the Kennedy Road Informal Settlement in Durban"</a>. <i>Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antieviction.org.za/2009/09/28/joint-statement-on-the-attacks-on-the-kennedy-road-informal-settlement-in-durban/">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Cape+Anti-Eviction+Campaign&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+on+the+attacks+on+the+Kennedy+Road+Informal+Settlement+in+Durban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantieviction.org.za%2F2009%2F09%2F28%2Fjoint-statement-on-the-attacks-on-the-kennedy-road-informal-settlement-in-durban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPSA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPSA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPSA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPSA_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2018" class="citation book cs1">Chance, Kerry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mxaDwAAQBAJ"><i>Living Politics in South Africa's Urban Shacklands</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51983-8"><bdi>978-0-226-51983-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624130343/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mxaDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Politics+in+South+Africa%27s+Urban+Shacklands&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51983-8&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mxaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006111237/http://www.sacc.org.za/news09/kennedy.html">"South African Council of Churches (SACC)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacc.org.za/news09/kennedy.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Council+of+Churches+%28SACC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacc.org.za%2Fnews09%2Fkennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sham-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sham_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2009" class="citation news cs1">Staff reporter (11 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-11-kennedy-olive-branch-a-sham/">"Kennedy olive branch a sham"</a>. <i>The Mail & Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128114139/https://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-11-kennedy-olive-branch-a-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kennedy+olive+branch+a+sham&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2009-10-11-kennedy-olive-branch-a-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mute-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mute_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metamute.org/community/your-posts/statement-support-abahlali-basemjondolo">"Statement in support of Abahlali baseMjondolo"</a>. <i>Mute</i>. 13 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903201436/http://www.metamute.org/community/your-posts/statement-support-abahlali-basemjondolo">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mute&rft.atitle=Statement+in+support+of+Abahlali+baseMjondolo&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metamute.org%2Fcommunity%2Fyour-posts%2Fstatement-support-abahlali-basemjondolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillip-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillip_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip2010" class="citation news cs1">Phillip, Rubin (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/justice-trial">"Justice on trial"</a>. <i>Pambazuka News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211174730/https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/justice-trial">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pambazuka+News&rft.atitle=Justice+on+trial&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Phillip&rft.aufirst=Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pambazuka.org%2Fgovernance%2Fjustice-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214161959/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/">"Amnesty International South Africa Report 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/south-africa/report-2011">the original</a> on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+South+Africa+Report+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fsouth-africa%2Freport-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politicsweb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politicsweb_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politicsweb_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewhela2010" class="citation news cs1">Trewhela, Paul (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/undermining-of-the-rule-of-law-in-abahlali-case">"Undermining of the rule of law in Abahlali case"</a>. <i>Politicsweb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411021723/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/undermining-of-the-rule-of-law-in-abahlali-case">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politicsweb&rft.atitle=Undermining+of+the+rule+of+law+in+Abahlali+case&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.aulast=Trewhela&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsweb.co.za%2Fopinion%2Fundermining-of-the-rule-of-law-in-abahlali-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/ccr-appeals-un-behalf-of-south-african-shack-dwellers-movement">CCR Appeals to UN on Behalf of South African Shack Dwellers Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091141/http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/ccr-appeals-un-behalf-of-south-african-shack-dwellers-movement">Archived</a> 2 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=252931&sn=Detail&pid=71616">The ANC and the failing of democratic governance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318135007/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=252931&sn=Detail&pid=71616">Archived</a> 18 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Trewhela" title="Paul Trewhela">Paul Trewhela</a>, <i>Politics Web</i>, 27 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seri-sa.org/images/stories/seri_kennedy_12_press_release_18jul11.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kennedy 12" Acquitted"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa</i>. 18 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122715/http://www.seri-sa.org/images/stories/seri_kennedy_12_press_release_18jul11.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socio-Economic+Rights+Institute+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=%22Kennedy+12%22+Acquitted&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seri-sa.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fseri_kennedy_12_press_release_18jul11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/south-africa/report-2012">"Amnesty International Annual Report 2012"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125531/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/south-africa/report-2012">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Annual+Report+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fsouth-africa%2Freport-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interface-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interface_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harley, Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Interface-6-1-Harley.pdf">"The pedagogy of road blockades"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 266–296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105063517/http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Interface-6-1-Harley.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interface%3A+A+Journal+for+and+About+Social+Movements&rft.atitle=The+pedagogy+of+road+blockades&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=266-296&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfacejournal.net%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FInterface-6-1-Harley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tissington-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tissington_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTissington2012" class="citation book cs1">Tissington, Kate (2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tacticians in the Struggle for Change'? Exploring the Dynamics between Legal Organisations and Social Movements Engaged in Rights-Based Struggles in South Africa". In Dawson, Marcelle C.; Sinwell, Luke (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p1vx.16"><i>Contesting Transformation: Popular Resistance in Twenty-First Century South Africa</i></a>. London: Pluto Press. pp. 201–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p1vx.16">10.2307/j.ctt183p1vx.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3502-5"><bdi>978-0-7453-3502-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624130418/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p1vx?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Tacticians+in+the+Struggle+for+Change%27%3F+Exploring+the+Dynamics+between+Legal+Organisations+and+Social+Movements+Engaged+in+Rights-Based+Struggles+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Contesting+Transformation%3A+Popular+Resistance+in+Twenty-First+Century+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=201-221&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p1vx.16&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3502-5&rft.aulast=Tissington&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p1vx.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Kennedy+Road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seri-sa.org-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seri-sa.org_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seri-sa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35:abahlali-basemjondolo-and-52-others-v-minister-of-police-and-others-kennedy-road&catid=19">Abahlali baseMjondolo and 52 Others v Minister of Police and Others ('Kennedy Road')</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093957/http://www.seri-sa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35:abahlali-basemjondolo-and-52-others-v-minister-of-police-and-others-kennedy-road&catid=19">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 27 September 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Template:Abahlali baseMjondolo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Template talk:Abahlali baseMjondolo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abahlali baseMjondolo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abahlali_baseMjondolo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkululeko_Gwala" title="Nkululeko Gwala">Nkululeko Gwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Legassick" title="Martin Legassick">Martin Legassick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokuthula_Mabaso" title="Nokuthula Mabaso">Nokuthula Mabaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandile_Mdlalose" title="Bandile Mdlalose">Bandile Mdlalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindokuhle_Mnguni" title="Lindokuhle Mnguni">Lindokuhle Mnguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Motha" title="Louisa Motha">Louisa Motha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnikelo_Ndabankulu" title="Mnikelo Ndabankulu">Mnikelo Ndabankulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanda_Ngila" title="Ayanda Ngila">Ayanda Ngila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodwa_Nsibande" title="Zodwa Nsibande">Zodwa Nsibande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nqobile_Nzuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nqobile Nzuza">Nqobile Nzuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Patel" title="Raj Patel">Raj Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Phillip" title="Rubin Phillip">Rubin Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzonke_Poni" title="Mzonke Poni">Mzonke Poni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27bu_Zikode" title="S'bu Zikode">S'bu Zikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philani_Zungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Philani Zungu">Philani Zungu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="AbM logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg/100px-Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg/150px-Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg/200px-Abahlali_baseMjondolo_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EKhenana_Commune" title="EKhenana Commune">eKhenana Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Road,_Durban" title="Kennedy Road, Durban">Kennedy Road, Durban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaMashu" title="KwaMashu">KwaMashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macassar_Village_land_occupation" title="Macassar Village land occupation">Macassar Village land occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_land_occupation_(Cape_Town)" title="Marikana land occupation (Cape Town)">Marikana land occupation (Cape Town)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_land_occupation_(Durban)" title="Marikana land occupation (Durban)">Marikana land occupation (Durban)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Section" title="QQ Section">QQ Section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nqobile_Nzuza" title="Death of Nqobile Nzuza">Death of Nqobile Nzuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZN_Slums_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="KZN Slums Act">KZN Slums Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Mandela" title="Dear Mandela"><i>Dear Mandela</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dlamini_King_Brothers" title="Dlamini King Brothers">Dlamini King Brothers (choir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)"><i>No Land! No House! No Vote!</i> (book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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