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If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. 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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. 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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Database stored query result set}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}} In a [[database]], a '''view''' is the [[result set]] of a stored [[Query language|query]] that presents a limited perspective of the database to a user.<ref name="mysql-views">{{cite web |url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/views.html | title=25.5 Using Views | author= | date=2023-12-12 | website=MySQL | publisher=Oracle | access-date=2023-12-12 | quote=Views are stored queries that when invoked produce a result set. A view acts as a virtual table.| archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231123070115/http://dev.mysql.com:80/doc/refman/8.0/en/views.html | archive-date=2023-11-23 | url-status=live }}</ref> This pre-established query command is kept in the [[data dictionary]]. Unlike ordinary ''[[base table]]s'' in a [[relational database]], a view does not form part of the [[database design|physical schema]]: as a result set, it is a virtual table<ref name="mysql-views" /> computed or collated dynamically from data in the database when access to that view is requested. Changes applied to the data in a relevant ''underlying table'' are reflected in the data shown in subsequent invocations of the view. Views can provide advantages over tables: * Views can represent a subset of the data contained in a table. Consequently, a view can limit the degree of exposure of the underlying tables to the outer world: a given user may have permission to query the view, while denied access to the rest of the base table.<ref name="SQL-reference-groff-weinberg">{{cite book | last1 = Groff | first1 = James R. | last2 = Weinberg | first2 = Paul N. | date = 1999 | title = SQL: The Complete Reference | url = http://englishonlineclub.com/pdf/SQL%20-%20The%20Complete%20Reference%20[EnglishOnlineClub.com].pdf | location =  | publisher = Osborne/McGraw-Hill | pages = 291–292 | isbn = 0072118458 }}</ref> * Views can [[Join (SQL)|join]] and simplify multiple tables into a single virtual table.<ref name="SQL-reference-groff-weinberg" /> * Views can act as aggregated tables, where the [[database engine]] aggregates data ([[summation|sum]], [[average]], etc.) and presents the calculated results as part of the data. * Views can hide the complexity of data. For example, a view could appear as Sales2020 or Sales2021, transparently [[Partition (database)|partitioning]] the actual underlying table. * Views take very little space to store; the database contains only the definition of a view, not a copy of all the data that it presents. * Views structure data in a way that classes of users find natural and intuitive.<ref name="SQL-reference-groff-weinberg"/> Just as a [[function (computing)|function]] (in programming) can provide [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstraction]], so can a database view. In another parallel with functions, database users can manipulate nested views, thus one view can aggregate data from other views. Without the use of views, the [[Database normalization|normalization]] of databases above [[second normal form]] would become much more difficult. Views can make it easier to create lossless join decomposition. Just as [[Row (database)|rows]] in a base table lack any defined ordering, rows available through a view do not appear with any default sorting. A view is a relational table, and the relational model defines a table as a set of rows. Since sets are not ordered &mdash; by definition &mdash; neither are the rows of a view. Therefore, an [[order by (SQL)|ORDER BY]] clause in the view definition is meaningless; the SQL standard ([[SQL:2003]]) does not allow an ORDER BY clause in the subquery of a CREATE VIEW command, just as it is refused in a CREATE TABLE statement. However, sorted data can be obtained from a view, in the same way as any other table &mdash; as part of a query [[Statement (programming)|statement]] on that view. Nevertheless, some DBMS (such as [[Oracle Database]]) do not abide by this SQL standard restriction. == Read-only vs. updatable views == Views can be defined as read-only or updatable. If the database system can determine the reverse mapping from the view schema to the schema of the underlying base tables, then the view is updatable. [[Insert (SQL)|INSERT]], [[Update (SQL)|UPDATE]], and [[Delete (SQL)|DELETE]] operations can be performed on updatable views. Read-only views do not support such operations because the DBMS cannot map the changes to the underlying base tables. A view update is done by key preservation. Some systems support the definition of INSTEAD OF [[Database trigger|triggers]] on views. This technique allows the definition of other logic for execution in place of an insert, update, or delete operation on the views. Thus database systems can implement data modifications based on read-only views. However, an INSTEAD OF trigger does not change the read-only or updatable property of the view itself. ==Materialized views== {{further|Materialized view}} Various [[database management system]]s have extended the views from read-only subsets of [[data]], particularly [[materialized view]]s: pre-executed, non-virtual views commonly used in [[Data warehouse|data warehousing]]. They give a static snapshot of the data and may include data from remote sources. The accuracy of a materialized view depends on the frequency of trigger mechanisms behind its updates. Materialized views were introduced by [[Oracle Database]], while [[IBM Db2]] provides so-called "materialized query tables" (MQTs) for the same purpose. [[Microsoft SQL Server]] introduced in its 2000 version indexed views which only store a separate index from the table, but not the entire data. [[PostgreSQL]] implemented materialized views in its 9.3 release. == Equivalence == A view is equivalent to its source query. When queries are run against views, the query is modified. For example, if there exists a view named accounts_view with the content as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="sql"> -- accounts_view: ------------- SELECT name, money_received, money_sent, (money_received - money_sent) AS balance, address, ... FROM table_customers c JOIN accounts_table a ON a.customer_id = c.customer_id </syntaxhighlight> then the application could run a simple query such as: <syntaxhighlight lang="sql"> -- Simple query ------------ SELECT name, balance FROM accounts_view </syntaxhighlight> The RDBMS then takes the simple query, replaces the equivalent view, then sends the following to the [[query optimizer]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="sql"> -- Preprocessed query: ------------------ SELECT name, balance FROM (SELECT name, money_received, money_sent, (money_received - money_sent) AS balance, address, ... FROM table_customers c JOIN accounts_table a ON a.customer_id = c.customer_id ) </syntaxhighlight> The optimizer then removes unnecessary fields and complexity (for example it is not necessary to read the address, since the parent invocation does not make use of it) and then sends the query to the SQL engine for processing. == See also == * [[Bidirectionalization]] {{Databases}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:View (Database)}} [[Category:Database management systems]] [[Category:SQL]] [[Category:Database theory]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view 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