CINXE.COM
Cookie policy | Research Communities by Springer Nature
<!doctype html> <html class="zapnito" lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video#"> <title>Cookie policy | Research Communities by Springer Nature</title> <!-- Meta --> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="author" content="Research Communities by Springer Nature"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Research Communities by Springer Nature"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"> <link href="https://images.zapnito.com" rel="preconnect"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="vjqJRcTiXUV7yxiH66aWu6JlwcKF5zf9ZRXNI/gY1M3FWGpNZ39ADWU7SP+uH9eZ5bt6whK51y1/lqwyECiB4g==" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://communities.springernature.com/rss.xml" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://communities.springernature.com/theme/assets/touch-icon.png?cache_key=8ed4331c9894d8ffb710f192edd51d133d997042&theme=springer-nature-research-communities"> <link rel="icon" href="https://communities.springernature.com/theme/assets/favicon.png?cache_key=aa83766f7949ee1400be576c1083009938b76d8a&theme=springer-nature-research-communities"> <!-- end --> <!-- Zapnito --> <meta name="zapnito:json" content="{"user":{}}"> <meta name="zapnito:release" content="v4937"> <meta name="zapnito:commit" content="7efa65b92c7bd1f156658957a5770c50f4baeff1"> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.zapnito={};zapnito.advertising={"ad_unit_path":"/cookie-policy"};zapnito.session={"authenticated":false,"referrer_url":null,"switched_user_from_id":null,"switched_user_to_id":null};zapnito.env={"RAILS_ENV":"production","EMBER_ENV":null,"FILESTACK_API_KEY":"AyqmsPN5ETBqjso42fsNgz","CDN_IMAGE_HOST":"https://images.zapnito.com","USER_DELETION_HOURLY_DELAY":"24","DISABLE_IN_APP_NOTIFICATIONS":false,"COMMIT_SHA":"7efa65b92c7bd1f156658957a5770c50f4baeff1"};zapnito.segment={"session_id":null,"request_path":"/cookie-policy","request_url":"https://communities.springernature.com/cookie-policy","request_user_agent":"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)","request_ip_address":"8.222.208.0","current_tenant_id":46,"current_customer_id":32,"current_hubspot_deal_id":"6745675437"};zapnito.password_requirements={"characters":{"uppercase":["A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z"],"number":["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9"],"lowercase":["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l","m","n","o","p","q","r","s","t","u","v","w","x","y","z"]},"length":[8,128]}; //]]> </script> <!-- end --> <!-- Code Snippets --> <!-- end --> <!-- Schema --> <!-- end --> <!-- Styles --> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/vite/assets/tailwind-BilY24nQ.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/assets/application-808c4ef83334153eede34b67043c3f73d1f37483cb7f41d94486af2a87d4b9c2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/vite/assets/application-C0Y_7XCu.css" /> <!-- end --> <!-- Theme --> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://communities.springernature.com/fonts.css?cache_key=bf4632008a6b81d744cfac39db59c0ba3a53a0cf&theme=springer-nature-research-communities" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://communities.springernature.com/theme.css?cache_key=7d67cef8540b10aa7c13f035c2f3abdf0cd09af0&theme=springer-nature-research-communities" /> <!-- end --> <!-- Scripts --> <script src="/vite/assets/application-CFadQyxl.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/_commonjsHelpers-BosuxZz1.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/jquery-C91TX3s8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script src="/vite/assets/icons-B2h9fHQl.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="async"></script> <!-- end --> <!-- Custom Head --> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="tMt7gXO3wolu3A2j2g_un8j8-9oacvoGEgNyIirizD4" /> <!-- end --> <!-- Custom Scripts --> <script type="javascript/blocked" data-consent="measurement"> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3778248,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script><!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MZ68P7FR');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- end --> <!-- Custom Styles --> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/custom.css?cache_key=ab6ef8a446478ae2c0d70cf3ff432d0cfa636666" /> <!-- end --> <!-- Segment --> <script type="text/javascript"> !function(){var analytics=window.analytics=window.analytics||[];if(!analytics.initialize)if(analytics.invoked)window.console&&console.error&&console.error("Segment snippet included twice.");else{analytics.invoked=!0;analytics.methods=["trackSubmit","trackClick","trackLink","trackForm","pageview","identify","reset","group","track","ready","alias","debug","page","once","off","on","addSourceMiddleware","addIntegrationMiddleware","setAnonymousId","addDestinationMiddleware"];analytics.factory=function(e){return function(){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);t.unshift(e);analytics.push(t);return analytics}};for(var e=0;e<analytics.methods.length;e++){var key=analytics.methods[e];analytics[key]=analytics.factory(key)}analytics.load=function(key,e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript";t.async=!0;t.src="https://cdn.segment.com/analytics.js/v1/" + key + "/analytics.min.js";var n=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n);analytics._loadOptions=e};analytics._writeKey="ITDK7JLZzPnVAVeGt4DAUlL4hS1g67Ku";analytics.SNIPPET_VERSION="4.13.2"; analytics.load("ITDK7JLZzPnVAVeGt4DAUlL4hS1g67Ku"); analytics.identify({ tenant_id: "46", customer_id: "32" }); }}(); </script> <!-- end --> <script type="javascript/blocked" data-consent="measurement"> !function(g,s,q,r,d){r=g[r]=g[r]||function(){(r.q=r.q||[]).push( arguments)};d=s.createElement(q);q=s.getElementsByTagName(q)[0]; d.src="//d1l6p2sc9645hc.cloudfront.net/tracker.js";q.parentNode. insertBefore(d,q)}(window,document,"script","_gs"); _gs("GSN-470882-X", "master"); _gs("GSN-983739-W", "tenant"); _gs("unidentify"); _gs('set', 'chat', { button: true }); </script> <script type="javascript/blocked" data-consent="measurement"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,"script","//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga"); ga("create", "UA-71668177-1", "auto", "defaulttracker"); ga("defaulttracker.send", "pageview"); </script> </head> <body class="overscroll-none springer-nature-research-communities user-signed-out rails guest-pages guest-pages-cookie_policy cookie-policy_npjdm "> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MZ68P7FR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script> _gs('set', 'chat', { button: false, assistant: false }); </script> <div class="wrapper overflow-hidden"> <div class="branding-bar flex relative z-10"> <div class="branding-bar"> <div class="branding-bar__wrap"> <div class="branding-bar__parent" style="padding-left:40%;"> Share your thoughts about the Research Communities in our <a href="https://springernature.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0HPh4JlBoFH5EUK?&Community=Researchers">survey</a>. </div> <div class="branding-bar__kitemark"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> .branding-bar { height: 36px !important; } @media (min-width: 750px) { .min-h-screen-navbar { min-height: calc(100vh - var(--navbar-height) - 36px) !important; } .h-screen-navbar, .sm\:h-screen-navbar, .md\:h-screen-navbar, .lg\:h-screen-navbar, .xl\:h-screen-navbar { height: calc(100vh - var(--navbar-height) - 36px) !important; } } </style> <header data-zapnito-navbar role="banner" aria-label="Main site navigation"> <div class="flex items-center bg-brand-navbar h-navbar"> <button type="button" class="w-14 cursor-pointer p-4" data-toggle-universal-sidebar="true" data-test-universal-sidebar-toggle data-zapnito-navbar-sidebar-toggle aria-label="Toggle universal sidebar" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="h-6 w-6 text-brand-navbar-button-text-color fill-current group-hover:text-brand-navbar-button-background-color-hover transition-colors" role="img" aria-hidden="true"> <title>Menu Icon</title> <path d="M0 88C0 74.7 10.7 64 24 64l400 0c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24L24 112C10.7 112 0 101.3 0 88zM0 248c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24l400 0c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24L24 272c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zM448 408c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24L24 432c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24l400 0c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24z"/> </svg> </button> <a class="hidden xs:inline-block h-14 min-w-24 mr-8" aria-label="Home" href="/"> <h1 data-zapnito-brand-logo class="m-0 h-full bg-no-repeat bg-center" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="sr-only">Research Communities by Springer Nature</span> </h1> </a> <div class="flex justify-end items-center w-full" role="navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> <form class="relative flex-1 sm:flex-none" role="search" id="search-form" data-controller="global-search" data-global-search-url-value="https://communities.springernature.com/search/typeahead" data-test-navbar-search="" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" /> <label for="search" class="sr-only">Search</label> <div data-zapnito-navbar-search-wrapper> <input type="search" name="query" id="search" value="" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" data-action="input->global-search#onInput blur->global-search#blur focus->global-search#focus" data-global-search-target="query" data-zapnito-navbar-search-input="" /> <button data-test-navbar-search-button name="search" type="button" class="absolute top-1/2 right-1 transform -translate-y-1/2" data-global-search-target="kbdCommandHelper"></button> <button data-zapnito-navbar-search-clear type="button" data-global-search-target="clearButton" data-action="click->global-search#clearSearch"> <i class="fa-regular fa-times"></i> <span class="sr-only">Clear</span> </button> <button data-zapnito-navbar-search-button type="submit"> <i class="fa-regular fa-magnifying-glass pb-2"></i> <span class="sr-only">Search</span> </button> </div> <div class="absolute mt-1 min-w-full z-max bg-white rounded shadow-md w-auto max-w-4xl overflow-hidden"> <div data-global-search-target="resultsList"></div> </div> </form> <div data-zapnito-navbar-divider></div> <div class="flex items-center"> <ul class="flex list-none gap-2 pl-2 sm:pr-4" role="menu"> <li class="hidden xs:block"> <a class="px-1" data-zapnito-navbar-text-button="" aria-label="Sign up" role="menuitem" href="/users/sign_up">Register</a> </li> <li> <a class="pl-3 pr-4 sm:px-1" data-test-signin-button="" data-zapnito-navbar-text-button="" aria-label="Sign in" role="menuitem" href="/users/sign_in">Sign In</a> </li> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="h-screen-navbar"> <div class="flex h-full"> <aside data-controller="universal-sidebar" class="relative flex h-screen-navbar flex-col"> <div data-universal-sidebar-target="overlay" data-overlay-active="false" role="dialog" ></div> <section data-test-universal-sidebar data-universal-sidebar-target="sidebar" data-zapnito-universal-sidebar="untoggled" class="absolute left-0 top-0 sm:static z-90 h-screen-navbar overflow-y-auto md:flex w-64 flex-grow flex-col transition-all ease-in-out duration-200 justify-between border-r border-gray-200 bg-white" > <div class="relative flex flex-col flex-grow inset-0 h-screen-navbar"> <div class="h-full w-full overflow-y-auto border-gray-300 px-3 py-5"> <ul class="flex flex-col m-0 p-0 list-none"> <li title="Home" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Home", "navigation_url": "/", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="/"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-house"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Home </span> </a> </li> <li data-universal-sidebar-target="grouping" aria-expanded="false" title="Health & Clinical Research" class="flex flex-col mb-1" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2622" > <button data-action="universal-sidebar#toggleGrouping" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2622" class="flex items-center justify-between p-2 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" > <div class="flex items-center text-left space-x-4"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-sm"> Health & Clinical Research </span> </div> <i data-universal-sidebar-group-chevron class="fa-regular fa-chevron-down h-3 w-3 text-gray-700 ease-in-out hover:text-gray-900 transform transition-transform duration-300 mx-2"></i> </button> <section data-universal-sidebar-children-wrapper> <ul data-universal-sidebar-children class="m-0 p-0"> <li title="Biomedical Research" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Biomedical Research", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/biomedical-research", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/biomedical-research"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Biomedical Research </span> </a> </li> <li title="General & Internal Medicine" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "General & Internal Medicine", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/general-internal-medicine", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/general-internal-medicine"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> General & Internal Medicine </span> </a> </li> <li title="Healthcare & Nursing" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Healthcare & Nursing", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/healthcare-nursing", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/healthcare-nursing"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Healthcare & Nursing </span> </a> </li> <li title="Paediatrics, Reproductive Medicine & Geriatrics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Paediatrics, Reproductive Medicine & Geriatrics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/paediatrics-reproductive-medicine-geriatrics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/paediatrics-reproductive-medicine-geriatrics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Paediatrics, Reproductive Medicine & Geriatrics </span> </a> </li> <li title="Pharmacy & Pharmacology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Pharmacy & Pharmacology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/pharmacy-pharmacology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/pharmacy-pharmacology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Pharmacy & Pharmacology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Public Health" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Public Health", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/public-health", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/public-health"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Public Health </span> </a> </li> <li title="Surgery" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Surgery", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/surgery", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/surgery"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Surgery </span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </li> <li data-universal-sidebar-target="grouping" aria-expanded="false" title="Humanities & Social Sciences" class="flex flex-col mb-1" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2635" > <button data-action="universal-sidebar#toggleGrouping" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2635" class="flex items-center justify-between p-2 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" > <div class="flex items-center text-left space-x-4"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-sm"> Humanities & Social Sciences </span> </div> <i data-universal-sidebar-group-chevron class="fa-regular fa-chevron-down h-3 w-3 text-gray-700 ease-in-out hover:text-gray-900 transform transition-transform duration-300 mx-2"></i> </button> <section data-universal-sidebar-children-wrapper> <ul data-universal-sidebar-children class="m-0 p-0"> <li title="Arts & Humanities" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Arts & Humanities", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/arts-humanities", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/arts-humanities"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Arts & Humanities </span> </a> </li> <li title="Behavioural Sciences & Psychology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Behavioural Sciences & Psychology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/behavioural-sciences-psychology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/behavioural-sciences-psychology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Behavioural Sciences & Psychology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Business & Management" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Business & Management", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/business-management", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/business-management"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Business & Management </span> </a> </li> <li title="Economics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Economics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/economics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/economics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Economics </span> </a> </li> <li title="Education" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Education", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/education", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/education"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Education </span> </a> </li> <li title="Law, Politics & International Studies" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Law, Politics & International Studies", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/law-politics-international-studies", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/law-politics-international-studies"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Law, Politics & International Studies </span> </a> </li> <li title="Philosophy & Religion" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Philosophy & Religion", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/philosophy-religion", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/philosophy-religion"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Philosophy & Religion </span> </a> </li> <li title="Social Sciences" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Social Sciences", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/social-sciences", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/social-sciences"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Social Sciences </span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </li> <li data-universal-sidebar-target="grouping" aria-expanded="false" title="Life Sciences" class="flex flex-col mb-1" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2558" > <button data-action="universal-sidebar#toggleGrouping" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2558" class="flex items-center justify-between p-2 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" > <div class="flex items-center text-left space-x-4"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Life Sciences </span> </div> <i data-universal-sidebar-group-chevron class="fa-regular fa-chevron-down h-3 w-3 text-gray-700 ease-in-out hover:text-gray-900 transform transition-transform duration-300 mx-2"></i> </button> <section data-universal-sidebar-children-wrapper> <ul data-universal-sidebar-children class="m-0 p-0"> <li title="Agricultural & Food Science" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Agricultural & Food Science", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/agricultural-food-science", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/agricultural-food-science"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Agricultural & Food Science </span> </a> </li> <li title="Anatomy & Physiology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Anatomy & Physiology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/anatomy-physiology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/anatomy-physiology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Anatomy & Physiology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Bioengineering & Biotechnology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Bioengineering & Biotechnology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/bioengineering-biotechnology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/bioengineering-biotechnology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Bioengineering & Biotechnology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Cancer" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Cancer", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/cancer", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/cancer"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Cancer </span> </a> </li> <li title="Cell & Molecular Biology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Cell & Molecular Biology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/cell-molecular-biology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/cell-molecular-biology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Cell & Molecular Biology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Ecology & Evolution" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Ecology & Evolution", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/ecology-evolution", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/ecology-evolution"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Ecology & Evolution </span> </a> </li> <li title="Genetics & Genomics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Genetics & Genomics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/genetics-genomics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/genetics-genomics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Genetics & Genomics </span> </a> </li> <li title="Immunology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Immunology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/immunology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/immunology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Immunology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Microbiology" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Microbiology", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/microbiology", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/microbiology"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Microbiology </span> </a> </li> <li title="Neuroscience" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Neuroscience", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/neuroscience", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/neuroscience"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Neuroscience </span> </a> </li> <li title="Plant Science" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Plant Science", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/plant-science", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/plant-science"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Plant Science </span> </a> </li> <li title="Zoology & Veterinary Science" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Zoology & Veterinary Science", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/zoology-veterinary-science", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/zoology-veterinary-science"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Zoology & Veterinary Science </span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </li> <li data-universal-sidebar-target="grouping" aria-expanded="false" title="Mathematics, Physical & Applied Sciences" class="flex flex-col mb-1" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2626" > <button data-action="universal-sidebar#toggleGrouping" data-universal-sidebar-grouping-id="2626" class="flex items-center justify-between p-2 rounded hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" > <div class="flex items-center text-left space-x-4"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-sm"> Mathematics, Physical & Applied Sciences </span> </div> <i data-universal-sidebar-group-chevron class="fa-regular fa-chevron-down h-3 w-3 text-gray-700 ease-in-out hover:text-gray-900 transform transition-transform duration-300 mx-2"></i> </button> <section data-universal-sidebar-children-wrapper> <ul data-universal-sidebar-children class="m-0 p-0"> <li title="Astronomy" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Astronomy", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/astronomy", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/astronomy"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Astronomy </span> </a> </li> <li title="Chemistry" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Chemistry", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/chemistry", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/chemistry"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Chemistry </span> </a> </li> <li title="Civil Engineering" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Civil Engineering", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/civil-engineering", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/civil-engineering"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Civil Engineering </span> </a> </li> <li title="Computational Sciences" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Computational Sciences", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/computational-sciences", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/computational-sciences"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Computational Sciences </span> </a> </li> <li title="Earth & Environment" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Earth & Environment", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/earth-environment", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/earth-environment"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Earth & Environment </span> </a> </li> <li title="Electrical & Electronic Engineering" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Electrical & Electronic Engineering", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/electrical-electronic-engineering", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/electrical-electronic-engineering"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Electrical & Electronic Engineering </span> </a> </li> <li title="Materials" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Materials", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/materials", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/materials"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Materials </span> </a> </li> <li title="Mathematical & Computational Engineering applications" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Mathematical & Computational Engineering applications", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/mathematical-computational-engineering-applications", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/mathematical-computational-engineering-applications"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Mathematical & Computational Engineering applications </span> </a> </li> <li title="Mathematics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Mathematics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/mathematics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/mathematics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Mathematics </span> </a> </li> <li title="Mechanical Engineering" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Mechanical Engineering", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/mechanical-engineering", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/mechanical-engineering"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Mechanical Engineering </span> </a> </li> <li title="Physics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Physics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/physics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/physics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Physics </span> </a> </li> <li title="Statistics" class="flex focus:ring-2 rounded"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Statistics", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/statistics", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" tabindex="-1" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 mx-0.5 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/statistics"> <span class="ml-9 text-xs text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2"> Statistics </span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </li> <li title="Protocols & Methods" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Protocols & Methods", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/protocols-methods", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/protocols-methods"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Protocols & Methods </span> </a> </li> <li title="Research Data" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Research Data", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/research-data", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/research-data"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Research Data </span> </a> </li> <li title="Sustainability" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Sustainability", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/c/sustainability", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/c/sustainability"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-layer-group"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Sustainability </span> </a> </li> <li title="Help and Support" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Help and Support", "navigation_url": "https://communities.springernature.com/channels/help-and-support", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="https://communities.springernature.com/channels/help-and-support"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-circle-question"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Help and Support </span> </a> </li> <li title="Communities Guidelines" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "Communities Guidelines", "navigation_url": "/pages/community-policy-npjdm", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="/pages/community-policy-npjdm"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-book"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> Communities Guidelines </span> </a> </li> <li title="How do I create a post?" class="flex items-center space-x-3 mb-1"> <a data-controller="segment-tracking" data-segment-tracking-id-value="navigation_clicked" data-segment-tracking-json-value="{ "navigation_title": "How do I create a post?", "navigation_url": "/posts/how-do-i-create-a-post", "navigation_location": "sidebar"}" target="_self" class="flex w-full items-center space-x-4 rounded p-2 text-gray-700 hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-gray-900 hover:no-underline" href="/posts/how-do-i-create-a-post"> <i class="fa-lg w-5 h-5 text-gray-600 far fa-pencil"></i> <span class="text-gray-700 leading-tight line-clamp-2 text-base"> How do I create a post? </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="flex-end border-t border-gray-300 p-4 sm:hidden"> <div class="flex flex-col space-y-2"> <a class="flex-none flex items-center justify-center rounded ring-blue select-none relative transition-colors space-x-1 hover:no-underline text-sm h-8 leading-6 px-4 bg-white border text-gray-600 hover:text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 hover:border-gray-200 focus:ring-2" href="/users/sign_up">Register</a> <a class="flex-none flex items-center justify-center rounded ring-blue select-none relative transition-colors space-x-1 hover:no-underline text-sm h-8 leading-6 px-4 bg-white border text-gray-600 hover:text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 hover:border-gray-200 focus:ring-2" href="/users/sign_in">Sign In</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> <div data-zapnito-scrollable-container class="flex flex-grow relative"> <section data-zapnito-main role="main" class="absolute inset-0 overflow-y-auto overscroll-none"> <div id="notices" class="container"> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="page"> <div class="page__header "> <div class="page__header-wrapper"> <h1 class="page__title">Cookie policy</h1> </div> </div> <div class="page__content"> <p>The website uses cookies. By using the website and agreeing to this policy, you consent to our use of cookies in accordance with the terms of this policy.</p><h3>About cookies</h3><p>Cookies are files, often including unique identifiers, that are sent by web servers to web browsers, and which may then be sent back to the server each time the browser requests a page from the server.</p><p>Cookies can be used by web servers to identity and track users as they navigate different pages on a website, and to identify users returning to a website.</p><p>Cookies may be either "persistent" cookies or "session" cookies. A persistent cookie consists of a text file sent by a web server to a web browser, which will be stored by the browser and will remain valid until its set expiry date (unless deleted by the user before the expiry date). A session cookie, on the other hand, will expire at the end of the user session, when the web browser is closed.</p><h3>Cookies on the website</h3><p>We use both session cookies and persistent cookies on the website.</p><h3>How we use cookies</h3><p>Cookies do not contain any information that personally identifies you, but personal information that we store about you may be linked, by us, to the information stored in and obtained from cookies. The cookies used on the website include those which are strictly necessary cookies for access and navigation, cookies that track usage (performance cookies), remember your choices (functionality cookies), and cookies that provide you with targeted content or advertising.</p><p>We may use the information we obtain from your use of our cookies for the following purposes:</p><ol> <li>to recognise your computer when you visit the website</li> <li>to track you as you navigate the website, and to enable the use of any e-commerce facilities</li> <li>to improve the website's usability</li> <li>to analyse the use of the website</li> <li>in the administration of the website</li> <li>to personalise the website for you, including targeting advertisements which may be of particular interest to you.</li> </ol><h3>Third party cookies</h3><p>When you use the website, you may also be sent third party cookies.</p><p>Our advertisers and service providers may send you cookies. They may use the information they obtain from your use of their cookies:</p><ol> <li>to track your browser across multiple websites</li> <li>to build a profile of your web surfing</li> <li>to target advertisements which may be of particular interest to you.</li> </ol><p>In addition to the information we provide in this Cookie Policy, you can find out more information about your online choices at <a href="http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/opt-out-help">http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/opt-out-help</a></p><h3>Blocking cookies</h3><p>Most browsers allow you to refuse to accept cookies. For example:</p><ol> <li>in Internet Explorer you can refuse all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Internet Options", "Privacy", and selecting "Block all cookies" using the sliding selector;</li> <li>in Firefox you can block all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Options", and un-checking "Accept cookies from sites" in the "Privacy" box.</li> <li>in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings.</li> <li>in Safari you can block cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Block cookies”.</li> </ol><p>Blocking all cookies will, however, have a negative impact upon the usability of many websites. If you block cookies, you may not be able to use certain features on the website (log on, access content, use search functions).</p><h3>Deleting cookies</h3><p>You can also delete cookies already stored on your computer:</p><ol> <li>in Internet Explorer, you must manually delete cookie files;</li> <li>in Firefox, you can delete cookies by, first ensuring that cookies are to be deleted when you "clear private data" (this setting can be changed by clicking "Tools", "Options" and "Settings" in the "Private Data" box) and then clicking "Clear private data" in the "Tools" menu.</li> <li>in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings.</li> <li>in Safari you can delete cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Remove All Website Data”.</li> </ol><p>Obviously, doing this may have a negative impact on the usability of many websites.</p><h3>Contact us</h3><p>The website is owned and operated by Macmillan Publishers Limited, a company registered in England under company number 00785998 with a registered office at 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom. Our VAT number is GB199440621.</p><p>If you have any questions or comments about this Notice, or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, please contact us by:</p><p>Calling: <strong>+44 207 843 4869 / +1 212 726 9200</strong></p><p>Sending an email to: <a href="mailto:feedback@nature.com">feedback@nature.com</a></p><p>Writing to:</p><div> <div>Customer Services Department<br>Nature Publishing Group<br>The Macmillan Building</div> <span class="locality">4 Crinan Street</span><br><span class="region">London</span><br><span class="postal-code">N1 9SQ</span><div>United Kingdom</div> </div><p>or</p><div> <div>Customer Service Department<br>Nature Publishing Group</div> <span class="locality">Floor 9<br>75 Varick Street</span><br><span class="region">New York</span> <span class="postal-code">NY 10013</span><div>USA</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer__ad"> <div class="container"> <p style="font-size:12px">This community is not edited and does not necessarily reflect the views of Springer Nature. Springer Nature makes no representations, warranties or guarantees, whether express or implied, that the content on this community is accurate, complete or up to date, and to the fullest extent permitted by law all liability is excluded.</p> </div> </div> <ul class="footer__nav"> <li><a class="footer__nav-link" href="/terms-and-conditions">Website terms of use</a></li> <li><a class="footer__nav-link" href="/privacy-policy">Online privacy notice</a></li> <li><a class="footer__nav-link" href="/cookie-policy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li><a class="footer__nav-link" href="/pages/report-content_npjdm">Report content</a></li> <li><a class="footer__nav-link" href="/manage-cookies">Manage Cookies</a></li> </ul> <div class="footer__copyright"> Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature All rights reserved. <a href='https://zapnito.com' target='_blank' class="text-gray-700 hover:text-gray-700 hover:no-underline"> <span>Built with Zapnito</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 32 32" class="inline-flex align-baseline fill-current w-2 h-2"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.33 23.01a5.27 5.27 0 0 0-.04 7.46 5.27 5.27 0 0 0 7.46-.03l10.69-10.7a5.27 5.27 0 0 0 .03-7.45 5.27 5.27 0 0 0-7.46.04L12.33 23Zm1.6 1.6 10.69-10.68a3 3 0 0 1 4.24-.02 3 3 0 0 1-.03 4.24L18.15 28.83a3 3 0 0 1-4.24.03 3 3 0 0 1 .02-4.24ZM1.56 12.25a5.27 5.27 0 0 0-.03 7.46 5.27 5.27 0 0 0 7.46-.04L19.67 9a5.27 5.27 0 0 0 .04-7.46 5.27 5.27 0 0 0-7.46.03L1.56 12.26Zm1.6 1.6 10.7-10.68a3 3 0 0 1 4.23-.03 3 3 0 0 1-.02 4.24L7.38 18.08a3 3 0 0 1-4.24.01 3 3 0 0 1 .03-4.24Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.25 30.44a5.27 5.27 0 0 0 7.46.03 5.27 5.27 0 0 0-.04-7.46L9 12.33a5.27 5.27 0 0 0-7.46-.04 5.27 5.27 0 0 0 .03 7.46l10.7 10.69Zm1.6-1.6L3.17 18.13a3 3 0 0 1-.03-4.23 3 3 0 0 1 4.24.02l10.7 10.69a3 3 0 0 1 .01 4.24 3 3 0 0 1-4.24-.03ZM23.01 19.67a5.27 5.27 0 0 0 7.46.04 5.27 5.27 0 0 0-.03-7.46L19.74 1.56a5.27 5.27 0 0 0-7.45-.03 5.27 5.27 0 0 0 .04 7.46L23 19.67Zm1.6-1.6L13.94 7.38a3 3 0 0 1-.02-4.24 3 3 0 0 1 4.24.03l10.68 10.68a3 3 0 0 1 .03 4.24 3 3 0 0 1-4.24-.02Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path> </a> </div> <div class="footer__tenant"> <a class="footer__logo" href="/">Research Communities by Springer Nature</a> </div> </div> </footer> <div data-cookie-consent data-controller="cookie-consent" data-cookie-consent-target="consentContainer" data-cookie-consent-strict-mode-value="true"> <div class="fixed inset-3 bottom-20 top-auto md:inset-auto md:bottom-3 md:left-3 md:right-3 p-6 text-center transition-all duration-150 bg-gray-900 rounded shadow-lg sm:text-left cookie-consent" data-cookie-consent-target="consentBannerContainer"> <div class="flex flex-col sm:flex-row"> <div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center w-12 h-12 mx-auto mb-4 text-white rounded-full flex-0 sm:mx-0 cookie-consent__icon bg-alpha-800"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="w-6 h-6 stroke-current" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="cls-1" d="M20.973,8.989A3.746,3.746,0,0,1,17.225,5.22a3.716,3.716,0,0,1-2.252.769A3.747,3.747,0,0,1,11.528.761a11.238,11.238,0,1,0,11.158,7.8A3.708,3.708,0,0,1,20.973,8.989Z"></path> <circle class="cls-1" cx="7.473" cy="10.489" r="2.25"></circle> <circle class="cls-1" cx="14.223" cy="17.239" r="1.5"></circle> <path class="cls-1" d="M7.1,16.489a.375.375,0,1,1-.375.375.375.375,0,0,1,.375-.375"></path> <path class="cls-1" d="M13.038,9.744a.375.375,0,1,1-.31.43.374.374,0,0,1,.31-.43"></path> <path class="cls-1" d="M19.038,12.744a.375.375,0,1,1-.31.43.375.375,0,0,1,.31-.43"></path> </svg> </div> <div class="flex flex-col w-full sm:pl-6"> <h4 class="mb-2 text-xl text-white">Cookies</h4> <div class="text-gray-400"> <p class="mb-2">We use cookies to ensure the functionality of our website, to personalize content and advertising, to provide social media features, and to analyze our traffic. If you allow us to do so, we also inform our social media, advertising and analysis partners about your use of our website. You can decide for yourself which categories you want to deny or allow. Please note that based on your settings not all functionalities of the site are available.</p> <p class="mb-4">Further information can be found in our <a href='https://communities.springernature.com/privacy-policy' class='text-white underline hover:text-gray-400 hover:no-underline'>privacy policy</a>.</p> </div> <div class="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-center w-full space-y-2 sm:justify-between cookie-consent__actions sm:space-x-2" data-controller="modal"> <dialog data-modal-target="dialog" data-cookie-consent-target="dialog" onmousedown="event.target==this && this.close()" class="p-0 m-auto max-w-full border border-gray-200 lg:max-w-3xl shadow-xl rounded overflow-auto max-h-screen-navbar"> <div class="rounded shadow-xl modal__content"> <div class="modal__header"> <button data-action="modal#close" data-cookie-consent-target="consentCloseButton" aria-label="Close" type="button" class="close"> <span class="sr-only"> Close </span> <i class="fa-xmark far"></i> </button> <div class="flex"> <div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center w-12 h-12 text-gray-600 rounded-full bg-alpha-50"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="w-6 h-6 stroke-current" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5"> <path class="cls-1" d="M20.973,8.989A3.746,3.746,0,0,1,17.225,5.22a3.716,3.716,0,0,1-2.252.769A3.747,3.747,0,0,1,11.528.761a11.238,11.238,0,1,0,11.158,7.8A3.708,3.708,0,0,1,20.973,8.989Z"></path> <circle class="cls-1" cx="7.473" cy="10.489" r="2.25"></circle> <circle class="cls-1" cx="14.223" cy="17.239" r="1.5"></circle> <path class="cls-1" d="M7.1,16.489a.375.375,0,1,1-.375.375.375.375,0,0,1,.375-.375"></path> <path class="cls-1" d="M13.038,9.744a.375.375,0,1,1-.31.43.374.374,0,0,1,.31-.43"></path> <path class="cls-1" d="M19.038,12.744a.375.375,0,1,1-.31.43.375.375,0,0,1,.31-.43"></path> </svg> </div> <div class="flex flex-col w-full pl-4"> <h3 class="mb-0 text-xl modal__title">Cookie Control</h3> <p class="mb-0 text-gray-600">Customise your preferences for any tracking technology</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal__body"> <p class="mb-6 text-sm">The following allows you to customize your consent preferences for any tracking technology used to help us achieve the features and activities described below. To learn more about how these trackers help us and how they work, refer to the cookie policy. You may review and change your preferences at any time.</p> <div class="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between mb-6"> <div class="mr-1"> <a class="btn btn--default" href="/cookie-policy">See the full cookie policy</a> <a class="btn btn--default" href="/privacy-policy">See the full privacy policy</a> </div> <div class="ml-1"> <button type="button" class="px-3 py-2 text-sm transition-all duration-150 bg-transparent border-0 rounded hover:bg-gray-200 text-blue" data-action="click->cookie-consent#disableAll"> <span class="inline-block mr-1 text-gray-500"> <svg width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="stroke-current"> <line x1="1" y1="9" x2="9" y2="1" id="Icon" stroke-width="1.5"></line> <line x1="9" y1="9" x2="1" y2="1" id="Icon" stroke-width="1.5"></line> </svg> </span> Reject All </button> <button type="button" class="px-3 py-2 text-sm transition-all duration-150 bg-transparent border-0 rounded hover:bg-gray-200 text-blue" data-action="click->cookie-consent#enableAll"> <span class="inline-block mr-1 text-gray-500"> <svg width="14" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="stroke-current"> <polyline id="Icon" stroke-width="1.5" points="1 5.05490007 5 9 13 1" fill="none"></polyline> </svg> </span> Accept All </button> </div> </div> <div class="cookie-prefs"> <div class="w-full py-3 border-b border-gray-300 cookie-prefs__item" data-cookie-consent-strictly-necessary> <div class="form__switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="cookie-consent-strictly-necessary" name="cookie-consent-strictly-necessary" value="strictly-necessary" disabled checked> <label class="relative form__label" for="cookie-consent-strictly-necessary"> <span class="inline-block font-bold text-gray-900 cookie-prefs__label"> Strictly Necessary </span> </label> <details> <summary class="top-0 right-0 text-xs cookie-prefs__more md:absolute cursor-pointer select-none md:mr-16"> More information </summary> <p id="cookie-consent-strictly-necessary-info" class="mt-2 mb-1 text-sm"> These trackers are used for activities that are strictly necessary to operate or deliver the service you requested from us and, therefore, do not require you to consent. </p> </details> </div> </div> <div class="w-full py-3 border-b border-gray-300 cookie-prefs__item" data-cookie-consent-advertising> <div class="form__switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="cookie-consent-advertising" name="cookie-consent-advertising" value="advertising" data-cookie-consent-target="consentInput"> <label class="flex justify-between form__label" for="cookie-consent-advertising"> <span class="inline-block font-bold text-gray-900 cookie-prefs__label"> Advertising </span> </label> <details> <summary class="top-0 right-0 text-xs cookie-prefs__more md:absolute cursor-pointer select-none md:mr-16"> More information </summary> <p id="cookie-consent-advertising-info" class="mt-2 mb-1 text-sm"> These trackers help us to deliver personalized marketing content and to operate, serve and track ads. </p> </details> </div> </div> <div class="w-full py-3 border-b border-gray-300 cookie-prefs__item" data-cookie-consent-social-and-targeting> <div class="form__switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="cookie-consent-social-and-targeting" name="cookie-consent-social-and-targeting" value="social_and_targeting" data-cookie-consent-target="consentInput"> <label class="flex justify-between form__label" for="cookie-consent-social-and-targeting"> <span class="inline-block font-bold text-gray-900 cookie-prefs__label"> Social & Targeting </span> </label> <details> <summary class="top-0 right-0 text-xs cookie-prefs__more md:absolute cursor-pointer select-none md:mr-16"> More information </summary> <p id="cookie-consent-social-and-targeting-info" class="mt-2 mb-1 text-sm"> These trackers help us to deliver personalized marketing content to you based on your behaviour and to operate, serve and track social advertising. </p> </details> </div> </div> <div class="w-full py-3 border-b border-gray-300 cookie-prefs__item" data-cookie-consent-measurement> <div class="form__switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="cookie-consent-measurement" name="cookie-consent-measurement" value="measurement" data-cookie-consent-target="consentInput"> <label class="flex justify-between form__label" for="cookie-consent-measurement"> <span class="inline-block font-bold text-gray-900 cookie-prefs__label"> Measurement </span> </label> <details> <summary class="top-0 right-0 text-xs cookie-prefs__more md:absolute cursor-pointer select-none md:mr-16"> More information </summary> <p id="cookie-consent-measurement-info" class="mt-2 mb-1 text-sm"> These trackers help us to measure traffic and analyze your behaviour with the goal of improving our service. </p> </details> </div> </div> <div class="w-full py-3 border-b border-gray-300 cookie-prefs__item" data-cookie-consent-experience-enhancements> <div class="form__switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="cookie-consent-experience-enhancements" name="cookie-consent-experience-enhancements" value="experience_enhancements" data-cookie-consent-target="consentInput"> <label class="flex justify-between form__label" for="cookie-consent-experience-enhancements"> <span class="inline-block font-bold text-gray-900 cookie-prefs__label"> Experience Enhancements </span> </label> <details> <summary class="top-0 right-0 text-xs cookie-prefs__more md:absolute cursor-pointer select-none md:mr-16"> More information </summary> <p id="cookie-consent-experience-enhancements-info" class="mt-2 mb-1 text-sm"> These trackers help us to provide a personalized user experience by improving the quality of your preference management options, and by enabling the interaction with external networks and platforms. </p> </details> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal__footer"> <div class="flex items-center justify-end"> <button type="button" class="btn btn--primary" data-action="click->cookie-consent#save">Save and continue →</button> </div> </div> </div> </dialog> <button type="button" data-cookie-consent-target="learnMoreButton" data-action="modal#open" class="btn btn--default">Learn more and customise</button> <div class="flex gap-2"> <button type="button" class="btn btn--primary" data-action="click->cookie-consent#reject">Reject All</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn--primary" data-action="click->cookie-consent#accept">Accept All</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ember-basic-dropdown-wormhole"></div> <script> //<![CDATA[ //]]> </script> <!-- Custom Scripts --> <!-- end --> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e74c4e418838965',t:'MTczMjQwMjc2MS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>