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<li id="toc-Old_Bering_Sea_stage,_200_BC_to_AD_500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Bering_Sea_stage,_200_BC_to_AD_500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Old Bering Sea stage, 200 BC to AD 500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Bering_Sea_stage,_200_BC_to_AD_500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punuk_and_Birnirk_stages,_c._800_to_1400" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punuk_and_Birnirk_stages,_c._800_to_1400"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Punuk and Birnirk stages, c. 800 to 1400</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punuk_and_Birnirk_stages,_c._800_to_1400-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_stage,_1100_to_1400" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_stage,_1100_to_1400"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Classic stage, 1100 to 1400</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_stage,_1100_to_1400-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Classic_stage,_1400_to_1600" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Classic_stage,_1400_to_1600"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-Classic stage, 1400 to 1600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Classic_stage,_1400_to_1600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_into_West_and_Eastern_Arctic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_into_West_and_Eastern_Arctic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Expansion into West and Eastern Arctic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_into_West_and_Eastern_Arctic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sites and projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thule people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="شعب ثولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب ثولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Туле (культура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туле (культура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Thule" title="Cultura de Thule – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Thule" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule-kulturen" title="Thule-kulturen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thule-kulturen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit-Kultur#Kulturgeschichtlicher_Überblick" title="Inuit-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inuit-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_(pueblo)" title="Thule (pueblo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thule (pueblo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_kultura" title="Thule kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thule kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مردم تولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم تولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Thul%C3%A9" title="Culture de Thulé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Thulé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8" title="툴레인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툴레인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Thule" title="Kebudayaan Thule – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Thule" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_(popolo)" title="Thule (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thule (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulecultuur" title="Thulecultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thulecultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="トゥーレ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥーレ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulekulturen" title="Thulekulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thulekulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulekulturen" title="Thulekulturen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thulekulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Thule" title="Kultura Thule – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Thule" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Thule" title="Cultura Thule – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura Thule" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Туле (культура) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туле (культура)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Тули (култура) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тули (култура)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulen_kulttuuri" title="Thulen kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thulen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulefolket" title="Thulefolket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thulefolket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Thule kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thule kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Туле (культура) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туле (культура)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancestors of the Inuit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_cultures_900-1500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arctic_cultures_900-1500.png/220px-Arctic_cultures_900-1500.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="840" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Arctic_cultures_900-1500.png 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>The different cultures in Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland and the Canadian arctic islands between 900AD and 1500AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Thule</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θj/: 'th' in 'enthuse'">θj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">THEW</span>-lee</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TOO</span>-lee</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>proto-Inuit</b> were the ancestors of all modern <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. They developed in coastal <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> by the year 1000 and expanded eastward across <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">northern Canada</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process, they replaced people of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a> that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "<a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>" originates from the location of <a href="/wiki/Pituffik" title="Pituffik">Thule</a> (relocated and renamed <a href="/wiki/Qaanaaq" title="Qaanaaq">Qaanaaq</a> in 1953) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> remains of the people were first found at <a href="/wiki/Comer%27s_Midden" title="Comer's Midden">Comer's Midden</a>. </p><p>Evidence supports the idea that the Thule (and, to a lesser degree, the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a>) were in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, who had reached the shores of Canada in the 11th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a>. In Viking sources, these peoples are called the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skrælingjar</a></i>. </p><p>Some Thule migrated southward, in the "Second Expansion" or "Second Phase". By the 13th or 14th century, the Thule had occupied an area inhabited until then by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Inuit" title="Central Inuit">Central Inuit</a>, and by the 15th century, the Thule had replaced the Dorset. </p><p>Intensified contacts with Europeans began in the 18th century. Compounded by the already disruptive effects of the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>" (1650–1850), the Thule communities broke apart, and the people were henceforward known as the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a>, and later, Inuit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Bay_Thule_Site_1998-06-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Thule site near <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bay" title="Cambridge Bay">Cambridge Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Thule Tradition lasted from about 200 BC to 1600 AD around the Bering Strait, the Thule people being the prehistoric ancestors of the Inuit.<sup id="cite_ref-waterloo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterloo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thule culture was mapped out by <a href="/wiki/Therkel_Mathiassen" title="Therkel Mathiassen">Therkel Mathiassen</a>, following his participation as an archaeologist and cartographer of the Fifth Danish Expedition to Arctic America in 1921–1924. He excavated sites on Baffin Island and the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> region, which he considered to be the remains of a highly developed Eskimo whaling culture that had originated in Alaska and moved to Arctic Canada approximately 1000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three stages of development leading up to Thule culture; they are Okvik/Old Bering Sea, Punuk, Birnirk, and then Thule culture. These groups of peoples have been referred to as "Neo-Eskimo" cultures, which are differentiated from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Norton_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Tradition">Norton Tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several stages of the Thule tradition: Old Bering Sea Stage, Punuk Stage, and Birnirk Stage. These stages represent variations of the Thule Tradition as it expanded over time. The Thule Tradition replaced the Dorset Tradition in the Eastern Arctic and introduced both <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umiak" title="Umiak">umiaks</a>, or skin covered boats, into the archaeological record as well as developed new uses for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and demonstrated advanced <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a> technology and use of <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whales</a>, the largest animal in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spread across the coasts of Labrador and Greenland. It is the most recent "neo-Eskimo" culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Bering_Sea_stage,_200_BC_to_AD_500"><span id="Old_Bering_Sea_stage.2C_200_BC_to_AD_500"></span>Old Bering Sea stage, 200 BC to AD 500</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Bering Sea stage, 200 BC to AD 500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Bering_Sea" title="Old Bering Sea">Old Bering Sea</a></div> <p>The Old Bering Sea (OBS) stage was first characterized by <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jenness" title="Diamond Jenness">Diamond Jenness</a>, on the basis of a collection of deeply <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patinated</a> decorated ivory harpoon heads and other objects dug up by natives on the St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenness identified the Bering Sea culture as a highly developed Inuit culture of northeastern Asiatic origin and pre-Thule in age. </p><p>A strong maritime adaptation is characteristic of the Thule, and the OBS stage, and then can be seen in the archaeological evidence. Both Kayaks and umiaks (large skinned boats) appear in the archaeological record for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toolkits of the people of the time are dominated by polished-slate rather than flaked-stone artifacts, including lanceolate knives, projectile heads, and the ulu transverse-bladed knife. The people also made a crude form of pottery and there was much use of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> for heads on harpoons, as well as to make darts, spears, snow goggles, blubber scrapers, needles, awls and mattocks, also walrus shoulder-blade snow shovels.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many important innovations that emerged that allowed hunting to be more efficient. Harpoon mounted ice picks were used for seal hunting, as well as ivory plugs and mouthpieces for inflating harpoon line floats, which enabled them to recover larger sea mammals when dispatched. These people relied heavily on seal and walrus for subsistence. It is easy to pick out OBS technology because of the artistic curvilinear dots, circles, and shorter lines that were used to decorate their tools.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chronological relationship between the Okvik and Old Bering Seas cultures has been the subject of debate and remains largely undecided, based mainly on art styles. Some consider it to be a distinct culture pre-dating Old Bering Sea, but the close similarity and overlapping radiocarbon dates suggest Okvik and Old Bering Sea are best considered as roughly contemporaneous, with regional variants.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 genetic analysis concluded that between 2,700 and 4,900 years ago, the ancestors of the Thule emerged in Alaska through admixture between the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a> and the Ocean Bay Tradition and that these ancestors subsequently migrated back to Siberia where they became the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bering_Sea" title="Old Bering Sea">Old Bering Sea</a>, only to eventually return to Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punuk_and_Birnirk_stages,_c._800_to_1400"><span id="Punuk_and_Birnirk_stages.2C_c._800_to_1400"></span>Punuk and Birnirk stages, c. 800 to 1400</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Punuk and Birnirk stages, c. 800 to 1400"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Punuk stage is a development of Old Bering Sea stage, with distribution along the major Strait islands and along to shores of the Chukchi Peninsula. The Punuk culture was initially defined by Henry Collins in 1928 from a 16 ft (4.9 m) deep midden on one of the Punuk Islands. Later excavation on St Lawrence Island confirmed Jenness's ideas on the Bering Sea culture, and demonstrated a continual cultural sequence on the island from Old Bering Sea, to Punuk, to modern Eskimo culture.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punuk is differentiated with Old Bering Sea through its artifact styles and house forms, as well as harpoon styles and whale hunting. Punuk settlements were larger and more common than earlier villages. They were subterranean, square or rectangular dwellings with wooden floors. The house was held up by whale jaw-bones, and covered in skins, sod and then snow. These houses were nicely insulated, and would have been only visible to the occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-glenbow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenbow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whaling has a greater emphasis in the Punuk stage. Hunters would use umiaks and kill whales in narrow ice leads as well as in the open sea in the fall. Open sea whaling required skilled leadership, teams of expert boatmen and hunters, and the cooperation of several boats. The whaleboat captain, the umialik, is still a prominent position in Arctic communities today.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chipped stone tools were replaced by ground slate, ivory winged tolls were largely replaced by tridents, and iron-tipped tools were used for engraving.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harpoon styles became simpler and more standardised, as did Punuk art. The Punuk developed their methods of hunting that led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a> made from bone as well as the technology of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a>. As well, bone plated wrist guards, the reinforced bow, bird bola, heavy ivory net sinkers, and blunt tipped bird arrows appeared in the Punuk stage.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birnirk culture is best known along coastal northern and western Alaska. There are three phases of Birnirk culture: Early Birnirk, Middle Birnirk, and Late Birnirk. These phases were primarily distinguishable by gradual changes in harpoon head and arrow styles. Harpoon heads were more often made of antler, rather than ivory, and were characterized by medially-placed, trifurcated spurs during Early Birnirk, bifurcated in Middle Birnirk, and single-laterally-placed spurs in Late Birnirk.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Birnirk people used many of the same hunting methods and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> as Punuk and Old Bering Sea, but there was no art. There is very little evidence of tool or weapon decoration. The little art that was present in the Birnirk stage was limited to spiral and concentric motifs on clay pots with bone paddles.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did use sledges, of the same basic design as were later used with dog teams. Birnirk people were sea-mammal hunters who engaged in fishing and whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birnirk houses were square shaped, with walls constructed of horizontal logs and single or double posts in each corner. Sleeping areas were at the back of the dwelling and were either built up or at floor level. No interior hearths were found in the house ruins, although heavily encrusted and fire-blackened pottery vessel fragments suggest extensive use of open fires.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_stage,_1100_to_1400"><span id="Classic_stage.2C_1100_to_1400"></span>Classic stage, 1100 to 1400</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classic stage, 1100 to 1400"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this time, eastern Thule spread out throughout the High Arctic and into the south. Thule people were living along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a> coasts, in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> region, on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a>, and along the present-day Canadian mainland from the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie Delta</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Melville_Peninsula" title="Melville Peninsula">Melville Peninsula</a>. The archaeologist Alan McCartney originally coined the term "Classic Thule" with reference to the population that existed between 1100 and 1400 AD. </p><p>The Thule people still lived in semi-subterranean winter houses, but in the summer moved into skin tents, the edges held down by circles of stone. The Thule were using iron long before European contact. In the west it was used in small quantities for carving knives and for engraving other tools. The iron came both from meteoric resources and from trade from the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> expansion; the Thule worked raw iron into tools for their own use. Iron enabled the Thule people to work with more materials to make more wood and bone tools. The only problem they faced was a lack of a steady supply of metal. The Thule were clever with technology. Reports on classic Thule sites lists myriad artifacts used for hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classic Thule did not place much emphasis on art. There were slight artistic details on household things such as combs but it involved very simple, linear designs featuring people without appendages, animals, or symbols that represented the human ties with the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Classic_stage,_1400_to_1600"><span id="Post-Classic_stage.2C_1400_to_1600"></span>Post-Classic stage, 1400 to 1600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Classic stage, 1400 to 1600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-Classic Thule tradition existed from 1400 up until European contact in areas where whales were not as prevalent so there is an increase in evidence of other means of subsistence, such as caribou, seal and fish. These settlements show a more gradual settlement of fewer whales and using more subsistence strategies from the west. The redistribution of the Thule people reflects the population pressures of the Classic Thule, but the climate played a more important role. The onset of the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>" that occurred between 1400 and 1600 limited the use of boats and number of whales present in the area. This shortened the season for open-water whale hunting. By the 16th century, umiak and kayak whale hunting had ceased in the High Arctic. By 1600, the people had moved on and abandoned the High Arctic due to the severe <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate changes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Thule Eskimos who lived near open water were not as affected by the decrease in temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this time that local groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Inuit" title="Copper Inuit">Copper Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netsilik" title="Netsilik">Netsilik</a>, and Inglulingmuit (<a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Igloolik" title="Igloolik">Igloolik</a> area) emerged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_into_West_and_Eastern_Arctic">Expansion into West and Eastern Arctic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion into West and Eastern Arctic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 900 and 1100, the Thule Tradition spread westward. The efficiency of housing was improved as they spread to the west and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> methods were improved due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sleds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umiak" title="Umiak">umiaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaks</a>. This enabled the hunters to travel further to hunt and follow the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Large_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Large game">large game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mammal">sea mammals</a>. After 1000, the practice of using polished <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> for tool making continued to spread to the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>. The methods of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> making also spread and replaced the Norton tradition in Southern Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were differences between the areas to which the tradition migrated. Houses in the more eastern region were more above ground and round with stone platforms to sleep on. The shape and support for the buildings came from whale bones. Eastern populations preferred <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a> domestic items instead of pottery and developed the use of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> to pull sleds. </p><p>Sometime around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, Thule people began migrating east.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As western Thule peoples settled the northern and western coasts of Alaska, other Thule groups migrated eastward across the Canadian Arctic as far as <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Prior to 1000, the central and eastern Canadian Arctic were occupied by people of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset Culture">Dorset Culture</a>. Within a few centuries, Dorset culture was completely displaced by Thule immigrants from the west. Evidence of contact between Dorset and Thule peoples is scarce and the nature of the Dorset/Thule succession remains poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thule culture was first identified in the Eastern Arctic by interdisciplinary researches of Danish scholars between 1921 and 1924. A team of anthropologists, archaeologists and natural scientists compiled a massive description of the Canadian Arctic on the fifth Thule expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-waterloo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterloo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therkel Mathiassen added upon their research and claimed that the tradition had started out in Alaska, and that Thule hunting was based on the dog sled, the large skin boat and the kayak which enabled them to range over a much greater hunting territory, participate in widespread trade, and transport heavier loads. Mathiassen was right about his hypotheses and even mapped out the Thule migration and interaction with Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many different theories as to why the Thule moved out of the Bering Strait. One is the cultural-ecological model developed by R. McGhee. The idea is that the first Thule families to move followed groups of <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whales</a>, which were an important source of food, fuel and raw materials.<sup id="cite_ref-glenbow_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenbow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Neo-Atlantic climatic episode</a>, a warming trend which occurred between 900 and 1200 in the northern hemisphere, resulted in the lengthened season of open water along the North Alaskan Coast, and an extension of the summer range of bowhead whales into the Beaufort Sea and further east into the Canadian Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-karenm_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karenm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other whale species, bowheads tend to avoid ice-choked channels and passages because of the possibility of entrapment and death. General climatic warming may have reduced the extent and severity of pack ice, allowing bowheads and their Thule predators to expand eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-glenbow_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenbow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory is that warfare in Alaska or a desire to seek out new resources of iron for making tools such as knives may have encouraged people to move eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-glenbow_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenbow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists have used the distribution of early Alaskan-style harpoon heads to track the routes taken by Thule people. One route follows the Beaufort Sea coast and Amundsen Gulf, entering the High Arctic via Parry Channel and Smith Sound. A second route led the Thule south, along the western coast of Hudson Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-glenbow_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenbow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The culture of the Thule people varied greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a>. Their success in hunting bowhead whales was facilitated through their use of large boats, and their vast foraging range through the use of <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sleds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoodOHA2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoodOHA2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In prime whaling areas, known Thule sites regularly contain fifteen to twenty houses, and in one case sixty.<sup id="cite_ref-Park1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Savelle2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savelle2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clusters of houses suggest extended family units,<sup id="cite_ref-SavelleWenzel2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SavelleWenzel2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communal structures dedicated to ceremony have also been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-HoodOHA2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoodOHA2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some form of hierarchical social structure may be identifiable though variations in dwelling size, form, and content (whaling equipment, non-local goods, etc.) which could point to a difference in social status between families or households.<sup id="cite_ref-Savelle2002_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savelle2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of small quantities of native <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> from the western arctic and meteoric <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> from north-west Greenland indicate the existence of trade networks taking place in Thule culture.<sup id="cite_ref-McCartney1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartney1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The different stages of the Thule Tradition are distinguished by their different styles of making tools and art. The later stages, Punuk and <a href="/wiki/Birnirk_culture" title="Birnirk culture">Birnirk</a>, have greater representation in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a> and are said to have spread further and lasted longer than their predecessor, the Old Bering Sea Stage.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thule people are well known for their technological advances in transportation and hunting techniques and tools. The harpoon played a very significant role in whaling and the Thule people made several types of harpoon points out of <a href="/wiki/Whale_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale bone">whale bone</a>. They also made inflated harpoon line floats to help them hunt larger prey.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where available, they used and traded iron from <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pringle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pringle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg/220px-Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg/330px-Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg/440px-Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Whalebone used in the building of an ancient Thule home in <a href="/wiki/Resolute,_Nunavut" title="Resolute, Nunavut">Resolute, Nunavut</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Classic Thule tradition relied heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a> for survival because bowhead whales swim slowly and sleep near the water's surface. Bowhead whales served many purposes for the Thule people. The people could get a lot of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> for food, <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> for oil that could be used for fires for light and cooking purposes, and the bones could be used for building structures and making tools. The Thule people survived predominantly on fish, large sea mammals and caribou outside of the whaling communities. Because they had advanced transportation technology, they had access to a wider range of food sources. There is superb faunal preservation in Thule sites due to a late prehistoric date as well as an arctic environment. Most of the bowhead <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> were harvested from live bowhead whales.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thule developed an expertise in hunting and utilizing as many parts of an animal as possible. This knowledge combined with their growing wealth of tools and modes of transportation allowed the Thule people to thrive. They whaled together where one person would shoot the whale with the harpoon and the others would throw the floats on it and they all transferred the whale to land to butcher it together to share with the entire community. Their unity played a significant role in the length of time they thrived in the Arctic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg/220px-Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg/330px-Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg/440px-Thule_site_1995-06-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5251" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>Inuk pointing out Thule site, 1995</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites_and_projects">Sites and projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sites and projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several major archaeological research projects that have been conducted on the Thule culture at sites including <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat</a> Archaeological Project, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a>, The Clachan site, <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Gulf" title="Coronation Gulf">Coronation Gulf</a>, Nelson River, <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, Victoria Island, the Bell site, <a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a> – QkHn-12, and Cape York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saqqaq_culture#Genetics" title="Saqqaq culture">Saqqaq culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture#Genetics" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birnirk_culture#Genetics" title="Birnirk culture">Birnirk culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit#Genetics" title="Inuit">Inuit § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sadlermiut#Genetics" title="Sadlermiut">Sadlermiut § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in August 2014 examined the remains of a large number of Thule people buried between ca. 1050 AD and 1600 AD. The examined individuals belonged overwhelmingly to the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A2a</a>, while samples of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A2b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D3a2a</a> were also detected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.2014Supplementary_Materials,_p._109,_Table_S1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.2014Supplementary_Materials,_p._109,_Table_S1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that the Thule people probably descended from the <a href="/wiki/Birnirk_culture" title="Birnirk culture">Birnirk culture</a> of Siberia, and that they were genetically very different from the indigenous Dorset people of northern Canada and Greenland, whom they culturally and genetically completely replaced around 1300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found no evidence of genetic mixing between the Thule people and <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Norse people">Greenlandic Norse people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilakitsoq" title="Qilakitsoq">Qilakitsoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqaq_culture" title="Saqqaq culture">Saqqaq culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/thule">"Thule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Thule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fthule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/201483">"Thule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (second ed.). 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0543-3_4">"Logistical Organization, Social Complexity, and the Collapse of Prehistoric Thule Whaling Societies in the Central Canadian Arctic Archipelago"</a>. <i>Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems</i>. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Springer US. pp. 73–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0543-3_4">10.1007/978-1-4615-0543-3_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-0543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-0543-3"><bdi>978-1-4615-0543-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uaf.edu&rft.atitle=Thule+Culture+%26%23124%3B+Museum+%26%23124%3B+Museum+of+the+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fmuseum%2Fcollections%2Farchaeo%2Fonline-exhibits%2Fpaleo-eskimo-cultures%2Fthule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_AppeltJens_Fog_JensenMikkel_MyrupHenning_Haack2014" class="citation report cs1">Martin Appelt; Jens Fog Jensen; Mikkel Myrup; Henning Haack; Mikkel Sørensen; Michelle Taube (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521075851/https://now.ku.dk/documents/Meteorit2014FinalReportLight.pdf">The cultural history of the Innaanganeq/Cape York meteorite</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). The Greenland National Museum & Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.ku.dk/documents/Meteorit2014FinalReportLight.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+cultural+history+of+the+Innaanganeq%2FCape+York+meteorite&rft.pub=The+Greenland+National+Museum+%26+Archives&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Martin+Appelt&rft.au=Jens+Fog+Jensen&rft.au=Mikkel+Myrup&rft.au=Henning+Haack&rft.au=Mikkel+S%C3%B8rensen&rft.au=Michelle+Taube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnow.ku.dk%2Fdocuments%2FMeteorit2014FinalReportLight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pringle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pringle_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Heather (1997). "New Respect for Metal's Role in Ancient Arctic Cultures". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)">Science</a></i>. <b>277</b> (5327): 766–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5327.766">10.1126/science.277.5327.766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129339473">129339473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+Respect+for+Metal%27s+Role+in+Ancient+Arctic+Cultures&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=5327&rft.pages=766-767&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.277.5327.766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129339473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartneySavelle1999" class="citation journal cs1">McCartney, Allen P.; Savelle, James M. (February 1999). "Thule Eskimo Bowhead Whale Interception Strategies". <i>World Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (3, Arctic Anthropology). Taylor & Francis: 437. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/124962">124962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Thule+Eskimo+Bowhead+Whale+Interception+Strategies&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3%2C+Arctic+Anthropology&rft.pages=437&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Allen+P.&rft.au=Savelle%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.2014Supplementary_Materials,_p._109,_Table_S1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.2014Supplementary_Materials,_p._109,_Table_S1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaghavan_et_al.2014">Raghavan et al. 2014</a>, Supplementary Materials, p. 109, Table S1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan_et_al.20141_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaghavan_et_al.2014">Raghavan et al. 2014</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan_et_al.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raghavan, Maanasa; DeGiorgio, Michael; Albrechtsen, Anders; et al. (29 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255832">"The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>345</b> (6200). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255832">10.1126/science.1255832</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25170159">25170159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:353853">353853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+prehistory+of+the+New+World+Arctic&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6200&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A353853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25170159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1255832&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Maanasa&rft.au=DeGiorgio%2C+Michael&rft.au=Albrechtsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Moltke%2C+Ida&rft.au=Skoglund%2C+Pontus&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn+S.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B8nnow%2C+Bjarne&rft.au=Appelt%2C+Martin&rft.au=Gull%C3%B8v%2C+Hans+Christian&rft.au=Friesen%2C+T.+Max&rft.au=Fitzhugh%2C+William&rft.au=Malmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Helena&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Melchior%2C+Linea&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Benjamin+T.&rft.au=Fahrni%2C+Simon+M.&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Grimes%2C+Vaughan&rft.au=Renouf%2C+M.+A.+Priscilla&rft.au=Cybulski%2C+Jerome&rft.au=Lynnerup%2C+Niels&rft.au=Miraz%C3%B3n+Lahr%2C+Marta&rft.au=Britton%2C+Kate&rft.au=Knecht%2C+Rick&rft.au=Arneborg%2C+Jette&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Cornejo%2C+Omar+E.&rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yong&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+Vibha&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Thomas+V.+O.&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Pierre%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Dneprovsky%2C+Kirill&rft.au=Andreasen%2C+Claus&rft.au=Lange%2C+Hans&rft.au=Hayes%2C+M.+Geoffrey&rft.au=Coltrain%2C+Joan&rft.au=Spitsyn%2C+Victor+A.&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Michael+H.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Finn+C.&rft.au=Dissing%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft.au=Heinemeier%2C+Jan&rft.au=Meldgaard%2C+Morten&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Dennis+H.&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+Thomas+P.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1255832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThule+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonvillain, Nancy. The Inuit. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995</li> <li>Dumond, Don. The Eskimos and Aleuts. Westview Press, 1977</li> <li>Schledermann, Peter. The Thule Tradition in Northern Labrador. Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1971</li> <li>Tuck, James. Newfoundland and Labrador Prehistory. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/natureofthings/2009/inuitodyssey/history.html">History of the Thule Migration</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things" title="The Nature of Things">The Nature of Things</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Informational webpage related to the TV documentary, <i>Inuit Odyssey</i>, shown below in the External links section.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thule_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thule culture">Thule culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/natureofthings/2009/inuitodyssey/"><i>Inuit Odyssey</i></a>, produced by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things" title="The Nature of Things">The Nature of Things</a></i> and first broadcast 29 June 2009 on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. This is a documentary on the Thule people and their eastward migration across the Arctic to Greenland. The webpage contains a link to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2549923005">view the documentary online here</a> (length: 44:32; may not be viewable online outside of Canada). Note: <i>Nature of Things</i> episodes are also viewable on iTunes, and can be purchased at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbcshop.ca/">CBC's online shop</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inuit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inuit" title="Template:Inuit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inuit" title="Template talk:Inuit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inuit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inuit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inuit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_culture" title="Inuit culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Inuit">Proto-Inuit language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing" title="Inuit throat singing">Throat singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inuit_conf_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the members of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png/150px-Inuit_conf_map.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png/225px-Inuit_conf_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inuit_conf_map.png/300px-Inuit_conf_map.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_doll" title="Inuit doll">Dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuksuk" title="Inuksuk">Inuksuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_clothing" title="Inuit clothing">Clothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inuit_clothing" title="History of Inuit clothing">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_on_Inuit_clothing" title="Research on Inuit clothing">Research</a></li> <li>Types <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atik%C5%82uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atikłuk">Atikłuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amauti" title="Amauti">Amauti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamleika" title="Kamleika">Kamleika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mukluk" title="Mukluk">Mukluk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">Parka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goggles" title="Snow goggles">Snow goggles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuilik" title="Tuilik">Tuilik</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_weapons" title="Inuit weapons">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">Unaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toggling_harpoon" title="Toggling harpoon">Sakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakivak" title="Kakivak">Kakivak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_knife" title="Snow knife">Pana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Savik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">Ulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudlik">Qulliq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammassalik_wooden_maps" title="Ammassalik wooden maps">Ammassalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goggles" title="Snow goggles">Iggaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuksuk" title="Inuksuk">Inuksuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Qajaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">Snowmobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamutiik" title="Qamutiik">Qamutiik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiak" title="Umiak">Umiak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Homelands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat Nunaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Nunavut (Alaska)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Nunarpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit Nunangit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Nunaat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_people_in_Denmark" title="Greenlandic people in Denmark">Denmark</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation" title="Alaska Native corporation">Alaska Native corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation" title="Arctic Slope Regional Corporation">Arctic Slope Regional Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calista_Corporation" title="Calista Corporation">Calista Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Straits_Native_Corporation" title="Bering Straits Native Corporation">Bering Straits Native Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Region,_Inc." title="Cook Inlet Region, Inc.">Cook Inlet Region, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANA_Regional_Corporation" title="NANA Regional Corporation">NANA Regional Corporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Tapiriit_Kanatami" title="Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami">Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makivik_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Makivik Corporation">Makivik Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated" title="Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated">Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Inuit" title="List of American Inuit">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Inuit" title="List of Canadian Inuit">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greenlandic_Inuit" title="List of Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit" title="Category:Inuit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&oldid=1259217504">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thule_people&oldid=1259217504</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit_history" title="Category:Inuit history">Inuit history</a></li><li><a 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