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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mittepolaarne_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mittepolaarne_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mittepolaarne side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mittepolaarne_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polaarne_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polaarne_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Polaarne side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polaarne_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doonor-aktseptorside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doonor-aktseptorside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Doonor-aktseptorside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doonor-aktseptorside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Üleminek_iooniliseks_sidemeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Üleminek_iooniliseks_sidemeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Üleminek iooniliseks sidemeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Üleminek_iooniliseks_sidemeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tüübid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tüübid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tüübid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tüübid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teooriad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teooriad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Teooriad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teooriad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_lihtainetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_lihtainetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kovalentse sideme moodustumine lihtainetes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_lihtainetes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine lihtainetes"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_lihtainetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vesinikumolekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesinikumolekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vesinikumolekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesinikumolekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorimolekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorimolekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fluorimolekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorimolekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapnikumolekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapnikumolekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Hapnikumolekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapnikumolekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lämmastikumolekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lämmastikumolekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Lämmastikumolekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lämmastikumolekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_liitainetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_liitainetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kovalentse sideme moodustumine liitainetes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_liitainetes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine liitainetes"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_liitainetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vesinikkloriidhappe_molekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesinikkloriidhappe_molekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Vesinikkloriidhappe molekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesinikkloriidhappe_molekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veemolekuli_moodustumine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veemolekuli_moodustumine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Veemolekuli moodustumine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veemolekuli_moodustumine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kovalentne side</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 93 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalente_binding" title="Kovalente binding – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kovalente binding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رابطة تساهمية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابطة تساهمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_covalent" title="Enlace covalent – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Enlace covalent" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enllaz_covalente" title="Enllaz covalente – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enllaz covalente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_%C9%99laq%C9%99" title="Kovalent əlaqə – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kovalent əlaqə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikatan kovalen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikatan kovalen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8" title="সমযোজী বন্ধন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমযোজী বন্ধন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-i%C3%BA_kiat-ha%CC%8Dp" title="Kiōng-iú kiat-ha̍p – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-iú kiat-ha̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Кавалентная сувязь – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кавалентная сувязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kovalentna veza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна връзка – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ковалентна връзка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_covalent" title="Enllaç covalent – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enllaç covalent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ковалентла çыхăну – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ковалентла çыхăну" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentn%C3%AD_vazba" title="Kovalentní vazba – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovalentní vazba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhondi_yeGombedzanwa" title="Bhondi yeGombedzanwa – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhondi yeGombedzanwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_cofalent" title="Bond cofalent – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bond cofalent" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kovalent binding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovaleanta_%C4%8Danus" title="Kovaleanta čanus – põhjasaami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kovaleanta čanus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="põhjasaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalente_Bindung" title="Kovalente Bindung – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kovalente Bindung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ομοιοπολικός δεσμός – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοιοπολικός δεσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Covalent bond" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_covalente" title="Enlace covalente – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enlace covalente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalenta_ligo" title="Kovalenta ligo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kovalenta ligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lotura kobalente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پیوند کووالانسی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیوند کووالانسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_covalente" title="Liaison covalente – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liaison covalente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasc_comhfhi%C3%BAsach" title="Nasc comhfhiúsach – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nasc comhfhiúsach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangley_cofioosagh" title="Kiangley cofioosagh – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiangley cofioosagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_covalente" title="Enlace covalente – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enlace covalente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="공유 결합 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공유 결합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Կովալենտ կապ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կովալենտ կապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="सहसंयोजी आबंध – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहसंयोजी आबंध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovalentna veza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legame_covalente" title="Legame covalente – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legame covalente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="קשר קוולנטי – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשר קוולנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_Kovalen" title="Ikatan Kovalen – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ikatan Kovalen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კოვალენტური ბმა – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოვალენტური ბმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Коваленттік байланыс – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коваленттік байланыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyezon_kovalan" title="Lyezon kovalan – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lyezon kovalan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent%C4%81_saite" title="Kovalentā saite – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kovalentā saite" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentinis_ry%C5%A1ys" title="Kovalentinis ryšys – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kovalentinis ryšys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalens_k%C3%B6t%C3%A9s" title="Kovalens kötés – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kovalens kötés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна врска – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ковалентна врска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സഹസംയോജകബന്ധനം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹസംയോജകബന്ധനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="सहसंयुज बंध – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सहसंयुज बंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="კოვალენტური ბუნაფა – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოვალენტური ბუნაფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯣꯚꯦꯂꯦꯟꯠ ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯚꯦꯂꯦꯟꯠ ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-g%C3%A1-gi%C3%B4ng" title="Gê̤ṳng-gá-giông – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gê̤ṳng-gá-giông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Ковалент холбоо – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ковалент холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဖက်စပ်စည်း – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်စပ်စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalente_binding" title="Covalente binding – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Covalente binding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88" title="共有結合 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共有結合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kovalent binding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kovalent binding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligam_covalent" title="Ligam covalent – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ligam covalent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_va_ion_bog%CA%BBlanish" title="Kovalent va ion bogʻlanish – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kovalent va ion bogʻlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C" title="ਸਹਿਯੋਜਕੀ ਜੋੜ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਹਿਯੋਜਕੀ ਜੋੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%91" title="کوویلنٹ جوڑ – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوویلنٹ جوڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="សម្ព័ន្ធកូវ៉ាឡង់ – khmeeri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្ព័ន្ធកូវ៉ាឡង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C4%85zanie_kowalencyjne" title="Wiązanie kowalencyjne – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiązanie kowalencyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_covalente" title="Ligação covalente – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ligação covalente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg%C4%83tur%C4%83_covalent%C4%83" title="Legătură covalentă – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legătură covalentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна вязба – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ковалентна вязба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Ковалентная связь – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ковалентная связь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Коваленнаах ситим – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Коваленнаах ситим" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شریک گرفتہ بند – seraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="شریک گرفتہ بند" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="seraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Covalent bond" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidhja_kovalente" title="Lidhja kovalente – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lidhja kovalente" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සහසංයුජ බන්ධනය – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සහසංයුජ බන්ධනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Covalent bond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentn%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Kovalentná väzba – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kovalentná väzba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_vez" title="Kovalentna vez – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kovalentna vez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بەندی کوالانسی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەندی کوالانسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна веза – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ковалентна веза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kovalentna veza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beungkeut_koval%C3%A9n" title="Beungkeut kovalén – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beungkeut kovalén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalenttinen_sidos" title="Kovalenttinen sidos – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kovalenttinen sidos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_bindning" title="Kovalent bindning – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kovalent bindning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சகப் பிணைப்பு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சகப் பிணைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turza_tattekkant" title="Turza tattekkant – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turza tattekkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Ковалент бәйләнеш – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ковалент бәйләнеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธะโคเวเลนต์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธะโคเวเลนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Liên kết cộng hóa trị – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên kết cộng hóa trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalent_ba%C4%9F" title="Kovalent bağ – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kovalent bağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ковалентний зв'язок – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ковалентний зв'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88" title="کوویلنٹ بونڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوویلنٹ بونڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" title="共價鍵 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="共價鍵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE" title="共价键 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共价键" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קאוואלענטער בונד – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאוואלענטער בונד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csop%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0j%E1%BB%8Dfagb%C3%A1rad%C3%ACm%C3%BA" title="Ìsopọ̀ àjọfagbáradìmú – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsopọ̀ àjọfagbáradìmú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" title="共價鍵 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="共價鍵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE" title="共价键 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共价键" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127920#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kovalentne side</b> ehk <b>kovalentside</b> ehk <b>aatomside</b> ehk <b>atomaarne side</b> ehk <b>homöopolaarne side</b> on ühiste <a href="/wiki/Elektronpaar" title="Elektronpaar">elektronpaaride</a> vahendusel <a href="/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom">aatomite</a> vahele moodustuv <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_side" title="Keemiline side">keemiline side</a>. </p><p>See esineb <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekulides</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liitioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liitioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">liitioonides</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">kristallides</a>. </p><p>Kovalentse sidemega seonduvad ühe ja sama <a href="/wiki/Mittemetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittemetall">mittemetalli</a> aatomid või väikese <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivsuste</a> vahega <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">elementide</a> aatomid. </p><p>Kovalentse sideme juures etendab kandvat osa <a href="/wiki/Elektronkate" title="Elektronkate">elektronkatte</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4liskiht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väliskiht (pole veel kirjutatud)">väliskihi</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valentselektron" title="Valentselektron">valentselektronide</a>) vastastikune toime. Aatomid moodustavad vähemalt ühe ühise <a href="/wiki/Elektronpaar" title="Elektronpaar">elektronpaari</a>. Ühe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siduv_elektronpaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siduv elektronpaar (pole veel kirjutatud)">siduva elektronpaari</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cksikside" title="Üksikside">üksikside</a>; kõige levinum juhtum) asemel võib olla ka mitu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitmikside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitmikside (pole veel kirjutatud)">mitmikside</a>): kaks (<a href="/wiki/Kaksikside" title="Kaksikside">kaksikside</a>), kolm (<a href="/wiki/Kolmikside" title="Kolmikside">kolmikside</a>) või väga harva ka neli (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelikside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelikside (pole veel kirjutatud)">nelikside</a>) või kuus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuuikside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuuikside (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuuikside</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusikareegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusikareegel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rusikareeglina</a> võib öelda, et kovalentne side moodustub kas ühe ja sama elemendi aatomite vahel või nende elementide aatomite vahel, mille <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivsuste</a> erinevus pole <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulingi_skaala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulingi skaala (pole veel kirjutatud)">Paulingi skaalal</a> suurem kui 1,6...1,7. Suurema elektronegatiivsuste erinevusega elementide vahele tekib <a href="/wiki/Iooniline_side" title="Iooniline side">iooniline side</a>. </p><p>Nagu ioonilise sideme puhulgi, on peamine tendents <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Väärisgaas">väärisgaasile</a> omase stabiilse <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsiooni</a> saavutamisele. Ent erinevalt ioonilisest sidemest saavutatakse see aatomitevaheliste ühiste elektronpaaride moodustamise teel, mitte elektronide loovutamise ja vastuvõtmise teel. </p><p>Kovalentse sideme moodustamisel vabaneb energiat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidemeentalpia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidemeentalpia (pole veel kirjutatud)">sidemeentalpia</a>). </p><p>Kovalentsed sidemed moodustuvad eriti <a href="/wiki/Mittemetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittemetall">mittemetallide</a> aatomite vahel. <a href="/wiki/Mittemetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittemetall">Mittemetalli</a> ja metalli aatomi vahel tekib tavaliselt <a href="/wiki/Iooniline_side" title="Iooniline side">iooniline side</a>, metallide aatomite vahel <a href="/wiki/Metalliline_side" title="Metalliline side">metalliline side</a>. </p><p>Kovalentne side moodustub nii ühesuguste aatomite vahel, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Dikloor" title="Dikloor">dikloori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">dihapniku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divesinik" title="Divesinik">divesiniku</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Teemant" title="Teemant">teemandi</a> molekulides, kui ka erinevate aatomite vahel, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vee</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Ammoniaak" title="Ammoniaak">ammoniaagi</a> molekulides ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karborund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karborund (pole veel kirjutatud)">karborundi</a> kristallides. Ka kõigis <a href="/wiki/Orgaaniline_%C3%BChend" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgaaniline ühend">orgaanilistes ühendites</a>, nii madal- kui ka kõrgmolekulaarsetes, on side kovalentne. </p><p>Kovalentse sideme tugevus oleneb selle moodustumisel vabanevast energiast. Side on tugevam ja raskemini lagunev, kui selle moodustumisel vabaneb rohkem energiat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mittepolaarne_side">Mittepolaarne side</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Mittepolaarne side"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Mittepolaarne side" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kui kovalentne side on tekkinud sama elemendi aatomite vahel, või aatomite vahel, mille elektronegatiivsus on võrdne (ΔEN = 0), seovad mõlemad aatomid ühiseid elektronpaare võrdse jõuga ning suurem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrontihedus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrontihedus (pole veel kirjutatud)">elektrontihedus</a> on jaotatud mõlema aatomituuma suhtes sümmeetriliselt. Positiivsete ja negatiivsete laengute keskmed langevad kokku. Niisugust sidet nimetatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittepolaarne_kovalentne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittepolaarne kovalentne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">mittepolaarseks kovalentseks sidemeks</a> ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittepolaarne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittepolaarne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">mittepolaarseks sidemeks</a>. Niisugune side on näiteks <a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">dihapnikus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dil%C3%A4mmastik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilämmastik (pole veel kirjutatud)">dilämmastikus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Dikloor" title="Dikloor">diklooris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polaarne_side">Polaarne side</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Polaarne side"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Polaarne side" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kui side on tekkinud erineva elektronegatiivsusega elementide aatomite vahel, mõjutab suurema elektronegatiivsusega elemendi aatom elektronpaare tugevamini ning need on nihutatud selle elemendi aatomi poole. Niiviisi omandab see aatom sidemes negatiivse, teised aatomid (või teine aatom) positiivse <a href="/wiki/Elektrilaeng" title="Elektrilaeng">elektrilaengu</a>. Molekul tervikuna jääb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroneutraalsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroneutraalsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">elektroneutraalseks</a>. Et molekulis tekivad poolused, nimetatakse sellist sidet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaarne_kovalentne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaarne kovalentne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">polaarseks kovalentseks sidemeks</a> ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaarne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaarne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">polaarseks sidemeks</a>. Polaarne side on näiteks <a href="/wiki/Vesinikfluoriidhape" title="Vesinikfluoriidhape">vesinikfluoriidhappes</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Vesinikkloriidhape" title="Vesinikkloriidhape">vesinikkloriidhappes</a> </p><p>Polaarsuse tugevus sõltub aatomitevahelisest <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivsuse</a> vahest. Kui ΔEN jääb alla 0,4, on kovalentne side enamasti mittepolaarne. Kui ΔEN jääb 0,4 ja 1,7 vahele, on ta enamasti polaarne. Viimase näiteks on väga tugev polaarne side (ΔEN = 1,4), mida leidub <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vees</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Alkoholid" title="Alkoholid">alkoholides</a>. Vee (H<sub>2</sub>O) molekulis, kus <a href="/wiki/Hapnik" title="Hapnik">hapnik</a>, mille aatomil on suurem elektronegatiivsus, omandab molekulis negatiivse, kaks üksiksidemetega seotud <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesiniku</a> aatomit aga positiivsed laengud. Ühised elektronpaarid on seejuures rohkem hapniku poole tõmmatud. Positiivse laenguga vesiniku aatomite omavahelise tõukumise tulemusena kujuneb vee molekulis sidemete omavaheliseks nurgaks 104...106 kraadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doonor-aktseptorside">Doonor-aktseptorside</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Doonor-aktseptorside"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Doonor-aktseptorside" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tavalise kovalentse sideme kõrval on ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doonor-aktseptorside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doonor-aktseptorside (pole veel kirjutatud)">doonor-aktseptorside</a>, kus üks sideme partneritest annab mõlemad sideme elektronid, näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksats%C3%BCanoferraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksatsüanoferraat (pole veel kirjutatud)">heksatsüanoferraat</a><a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">iooni</a> (Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3-</sup>) puhul. Sellist sidet kujutatakse mõnikord doonorilt aktseptorile suunatud noolekesega. </p><p>Semipolaarne doonor-aktseptorsideme ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semipolaarne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semipolaarne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">semipolaarse sideme</a> puhul annab ühise elektronpaari vähem elektronegatiivne aatom, nagu näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4mmastikpentoksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lämmastikpentoksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">lämmastikpentoksiidi</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloorishape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloorishape (pole veel kirjutatud)">kloorishappe</a> puhul. Doonori <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsiooniaste" title="Oksüdatsiooniaste">oksüdatsiooniaste</a> tõuseb 2 võrra. </p><p>Koordinatiivse doonor-aktseptorsideme ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koordinatiivne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koordinatiivne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">koordinatiivse sideme</a> puhul annab ühise elektronpaari elektronegatiivsem aatom. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktseptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktseptor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Aktseptor</a> on enamasti metalliiooni <a href="/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton">prooton</a>. Sarnane side on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksooniumioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksooniumioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">oksooniumioonis</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amooniumioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amooniumioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">amooniumioonis</a>. </p><p>Vaata ka artiklit <a href="/wiki/Kompleks%C3%BChendid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleksühendid">kompleksühendid</a>, kus räägitakse pikemalt koordinatiivsest sidemest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Üleminek_iooniliseks_sidemeks"><span id=".C3.9Cleminek_iooniliseks_sidemeks"></span>Üleminek iooniliseks sidemeks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Üleminek iooniliseks sidemeks"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Üleminek iooniliseks sidemeks" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polaarne kovalentne side võib <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon">keemiliste reaktsioonide</a> käigus lõhustuda ning üle minna iooniliseks sidemeks. Sel puhul liigub seotud elektronpaar tervikuna suurema elektronegatiivsusega elemendi elektronkattesse ning moodustab negatiivselt laetud <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">iooni</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tüübid"><span id="T.C3.BC.C3.BCbid"></span>Tüübid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Tüübid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Tüübid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png/220px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png/330px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png/440px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinihape" title="Sinihape">Sinihappe</a> molekulis esinevad <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cksikside" title="Üksikside">üksikside</a> (H ja C vahel) ja <a href="/wiki/Kolmikside" title="Kolmikside">kolmikside</a> (C ja N-i vahel).</figcaption></figure> <p>Kovalentsed sidemed võivad olla erineva sügavusega: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cksikside" title="Üksikside">üksikside</a> (enamasti <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Σ-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">σ-side</a>), see side on esimene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaksikside" title="Kaksikside">kaksikside</a>, σ-sideme ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Π-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">π-sideme</a> kombinatsioon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmikside" title="Kolmikside">kolmikside</a>, σ-sideme ja kahe π-sideme kombinatsioon</li></ul> <p>Kui kahe aatomi vahel on rohkem sidemeid, siis <a href="/wiki/Sidemeenergia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemeenergia">sidemeenergia</a> on suurem. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orgaaniline_%C3%BChend" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgaaniline ühend">Orgaaniliste ühendite</a> seas leidub kaksiksidemeid näiteks <a href="/wiki/Alkeenid" title="Alkeenid">alkeenides</a> ja kolmiksidemeid <a href="/wiki/Alk%C3%BC%C3%BCnid" title="Alküünid">alküünides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teooriad">Teooriad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Teooriad"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Teooriad" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewise_teooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewise teooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lewise teooria</a> ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronteooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronteooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">elektronteooria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentssidemete_teooria" title="Valentssidemete teooria">Valentssidemete teooria</a>. Selle teooria järgi tekib kovalentne side, kui seonduvate aatomite mõned kõige kõrgema energiatasemega orbitaalid kattuvad. Kattuvad kahe aatomi osaliselt täitunud (ühe, nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paardumata_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paardumata elektron (pole veel kirjutatud)">paardumata elektroniga</a>) orbitaalid, nii et toimub paardumine. Mõnikord toimub ühe elemendi aatomi tühja orbitaali kattumine teise elemendi aatomi orbitaaliga, millel on elektronpaar. Selle teooria järgi jäävad sideme moodustumisel need orbitaalid, mis ei kattu, muutumatuks. Moodustunud ühised elektronpaarid on kahe aatomituuma mõju all ja ainult sellepärast moodustubki molekul.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentskihi_elektronpaaride_t%C3%B5ukumise_teooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentskihi elektronpaaride tõukumise teooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Valentskihi elektronpaaride tõukumise teooria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekulorbitaalide_teooria" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekulorbitaalide teooria">Molekulorbitaalide teooria</a>. Selle teooria järgi moodustuvad aatomorbitaalide kattumisel molekulorbitaalid, mis ulatuvad mõlema aatomi tuuma lähedale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_lihtainetes">Kovalentse sideme moodustumine lihtainetes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine lihtainetes"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine lihtainetes" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vesinikumolekuli_moodustumine">Vesinikumolekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Vesinikumolekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Vesinikumolekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">Vesiniku</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsioon</a> on H:1s<sup>1</sup>, sellepärast peab keemilisse sidemesse astuv vesinik saavutama <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Väärisgaas">väärisgaasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">heeliumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsiooni</a>. Kaks vesinikuaatomit (mis moodustavad <a href="/wiki/Divesinik" title="Divesinik">divesiniku</a> molekuli) püüavad saada <a href="/wiki/Elektronkate" title="Elektronkate">elektronkatte</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4liskiht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väliskiht (pole veel kirjutatud)">väliskihti</a> kaks elektroni. Selleks kattuvad nende pooltäitunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-orbitaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-orbitaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">s-orbitaalid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorimolekuli_moodustumine">Fluorimolekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Fluorimolekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Fluorimolekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluori</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsioon</a> on F:1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>2p<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup>2p<sub>z</sub><sup> 1</sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4liskiht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väliskiht (pole veel kirjutatud)">Väliskihis</a> puudub väärisgaas <a href="/wiki/Neoon" title="Neoon">neooni</a> elektronkonfiguratsioonist üks elektron. Sellepärast seonduvad <a href="/wiki/Difluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Difluor">difluori</a>molekuli moodustavad fluori aatomid ja pooltäitunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-orbitaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-orbitaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">p-orbitaalide</a> kattumisel moodustub ühine elektronpaar. </p><p>Kovalentset sidet, mille moodustab ainult üks elektronpaar, nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cksikside" title="Üksikside">üksiksidemeks</a> (see on <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Σ-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">σ-side</a>). Kattuvad orbitaalid paiknevad aatomituumadevahelisel teljel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hapnikumolekuli_moodustumine">Hapnikumolekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapnikumolekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapnikumolekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hapnik" title="Hapnik">Hapniku</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsioon</a> on O:1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>2p<sub>z</sub><sup> 1</sup>. Hapnikuaatomis on kaks pooltäitunud <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-orbitaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-orbitaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">p-orbitaali</a>. Sellepärast seonduvad <a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">dihapniku</a> molekuli moodustavad aatomid nende orbitaalide kattumise teel. Moodustub kaks ühist elektronpaari. Nii saavutavad mõlemad aatomid neooni elektronkonfiguratsiooni. </p><p>Kahe ühise elektronpaariga moodustatud sidet nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Kaksikside" title="Kaksikside">kaksiksidemeks</a>. See koosneb kahest sidemest, millest üks on <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Σ-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">σ-side</a> ja teine <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Π-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">π-side</a>. Viimane ei saa moodustuda ilma σ-sidemeta. π-sideme puhul toimub orbitaalide külgepidi kattumine. σ-side ja π-side paiknevad teineteisega risti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lämmastikumolekuli_moodustumine"><span id="L.C3.A4mmastikumolekuli_moodustumine"></span>Lämmastikumolekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Lämmastikumolekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Lämmastikumolekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">Lämmastiku</a> elektronkonfiguratsioon on N:1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>3</sup>. Neooni elektronkonfiguratsioonist jääb tal puudu kolm elektroni. Sellepärast seonduvad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dil%C3%A4mmastik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilämmastik (pole veel kirjutatud)">dilämmastikku</a> moodustavad lämmastiku aatomid kolme ühise elektronpaari abil. </p><p>Kolme ühise elektronpaari abil moodustuvat sidet nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Kolmikside" title="Kolmikside">kolmiksidemeks</a>. See koosneb ühest σ-sidemest ja kahest π-sidemest, mis paiknevad üksteise suhtes risti. </p><p>Et moodustuks kaksik- või kolmikside, peavad aatomituumad olema üksteisele lähemal. Sel juhul hoiavad aatomituumad ühiseid elektronpaare tugevamini, nii et side on tugevam. Sideme tugevuse mõõt on <a href="/wiki/Sidemeenergia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemeenergia">sidemeenergia</a>. </p><p>Eespool mainitud kolme molekuli puhul on elektronpaarid (olenemata nende arvust) mõlema aatomi tuumast võrdsel kaugusel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kovalentse_sideme_moodustumine_liitainetes">Kovalentse sideme moodustumine liitainetes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine liitainetes"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Kovalentse sideme moodustumine liitainetes" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vesinikkloriidhappe_molekuli_moodustumine">Vesinikkloriidhappe molekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Vesinikkloriidhappe molekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Vesinikkloriidhappe molekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vesiniku ja <a href="/wiki/Kloor" title="Kloor">kloori</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsioonid</a> on H:1s<sup>1</sup> ja Cl:1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>5</sup>. Vesinik püüab saada heeliumi elektronkonfiguratsiooni, kloor <a href="/wiki/Argoon" title="Argoon">argooni</a> oma. Selleks kattub vesiniku pooltäitunud s-orbitaal kloori pooltäitunud p-orbitaaliga. Nende vahel tekib <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3-side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Σ-side (pole veel kirjutatud)">σ-side</a> ja moodustub <a href="/wiki/Vesinikkloriidhape" title="Vesinikkloriidhape">vesinikkloriidhappe</a> (HCl) molekul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veemolekuli_moodustumine">Veemolekuli moodustumine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Veemolekuli moodustumine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Veemolekuli moodustumine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vesiniku ja hapniku konfiguratsioonid on H:1s<sup>1</sup> ja O:1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>2p<sub>z</sub><sup> 1</sup>. Hapnikul on neooni stabiilsest konfiguratsioonist puudu kaks elektroni. <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">Vee</a>molekuli moodustamises osaleb kaks vesinikuaatomit. </p><p>HCl ja H<sub>2</sub>O puhul moodustub kovalentne side erinevate aatomite vahel, millel on ka erinev <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivsus</a>. Elektronegatiivsema elemendi aatomituum tõmbab sideme ühiseid elektronpaare tugevamini enda poole. Sellepärast ei ole elektronpaar mõlemast tuumast võrdsel kaugusel, vaid on elektronegatiivsema elemendi aatomituumale lähemal. Iga side on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaarne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaarne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">polaarne</a> ehk polaarselt kovalentne ehk heterokovalentne. </p><p>Iga kovalentset sidet moodustavad aatomid omandavad <a href="/wiki/Osalaeng" title="Osalaeng">osalaengud</a>, mida tähistatakse δ<sup>+</sup> ja δ<sup>-</sup>. Sellega on seotud ka <a href="/wiki/Dipoolmoment" class="mw-disambig" title="Dipoolmoment">dipoolmoment</a> (µ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">Elektronegatiivsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjugeerunud_sidemed" title="Konjugeerunud sidemed">Konjugeerunud sidemed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitaalide_h%C3%BCbridisatsioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbitaalide hübridisatsioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">Orbitaalide hübridisatsioon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittekovalentne_side" title="Mittekovalentne side">Mittekovalentne side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalliline_side" title="Metalliline side">Metalliline side</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koordinatiivne_side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koordinatiivne side (pole veel kirjutatud)">Koordinatiivne side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesinikside" title="Vesinikside">Vesinikside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iooniline_side" title="Iooniline side">Iooniline side</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&action=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McMurry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McMurry (pole veel kirjutatud)">John McMurry</a>. <i>Organic chemistry</i>, 5. trükk, Cornell University 1999, lk 9–15, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0534373666" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-534-37366-6</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&oldid=5945663">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalentne_side&oldid=5945663</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keemiline_side" title="Kategooria:Keemiline side">Keemiline side</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 19:02, 15. august 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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