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href="#Fermentation_and_kefir_grain_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fermentation and kefir grain formation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fermentation_and_kefir_grain_formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fermentation and kefir grain formation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fermentation_and_kefir_grain_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decreased_lactose_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decreased_lactose_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Decreased lactose content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decreased_lactose_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alcohol content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Microbiota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Milk types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kefir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="كفير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80" title="Кефір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кефір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80" title="Кефір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кефір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quefir_de_llet" title="Quefir de llet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quefir de llet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kef%C3%ADr" title="Kefír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kefír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceffir" title="Ceffir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceffir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keefir" title="Keefir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keefir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AF%CF%81" title="Κεφίρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεφίρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9fir" title="Kéfir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kéfir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefiro" title="Kefiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kefiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کفیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کفیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9fir" title="Kéfir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kéfir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quefir" title="Quefir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quefir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%94%BC%EB%A5%B4" title="케피르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케피르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Կեֆիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեֆիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="קפיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9fir" title="Kéfir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kéfir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კეფირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეფირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kef%C4%ABrs" title="Kefīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kefīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefyras" title="Kefyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kefyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefiiru" title="Kefiiru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kefiiru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifir" title="Kifir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kifir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ケフィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケフィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Йетта шура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йетта шура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefir" title="Chefir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chefir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefiri" title="Kefiri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kefiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kef%C3%ADr" title="Kefír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kefír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кефир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кефир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefiiri" title="Kefiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kefiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คีเฟอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คีเฟอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80" title="Кефір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кефір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Kefir" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li 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this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fermented milk drink made from kefir grains</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kefir grains" redirects here. For water kefir grains, see <a href="/wiki/Tibicos" title="Tibicos">Tibicos</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the beverage known as water kefir, see <a href="/wiki/Tibicos" title="Tibicos">Tibicos</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kaffir (disambiguation)">Kaffir (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Kefir</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG/175px-Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG/263px-Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG/350px-Kefir_in_a_glass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Plain milk kefir being poured</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Milk kefir, gıpı ayran, qundəps, búlgaros</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Milk and kefir grains</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kefir" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Kefir">Cookbook: Kefir</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kefir" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kefir">Media: Kefir</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwas_chlebowy,_kefir,_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/220px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/330px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/440px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption>Slavic homemade foods <a href="/wiki/Kolach_(bread)" title="Kolach (bread)">kolach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">korovai</a> served alongside <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a> and kefir</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kefir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">FEER</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternative spellings: <b>kephir</b> or <b>kefier</b>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">кефир</span>; <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: <span lang="krc">гыпы</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">fermented milk drink</a> similar to a thin <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">ayran</a> that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Mesophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesophilic">mesophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">symbiotic culture</a>. It is prepared by <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculating</a> the milk of <a href="/wiki/Milk#Sources" title="Milk">cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goats</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">sheep</a> with kefir grains.<sup id="cite_ref-Altay2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altay2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kefir is a common breakfast, lunch or dinner drink consumed in countries of western <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Kefir is consumed at any time of the day, such as alongside European pastries like <a href="/wiki/Zelnik" title="Zelnik">zelnik</a> (zeljanica), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">burek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banitsa" title="Banitsa">banitsa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gibanica" title="Gibanica">gibanica</a>, as well as being an ingredient in cold soups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_etymology">Origin and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kefir has been found in graves in the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>, dating back 3,600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>kefir</i>, known in Russia, Central European and Eastern European countries since at least 1884,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is of North Caucasian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Prado_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Russian borrowing in English, its ultimate origin is unknown, though one theory is that the word comes from <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk-Latn">köpür</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More likely is another Caucasian origin; compare <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">კეფირი</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">k’epiri</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> <span title="Mingrelian-language text"><span lang="xmf">ქიფური</span></span> (<span title="Mingrelian-language text"><i lang="xmf-Latn">kipuri</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <span title="Ossetian-language text"><span lang="os-Cyrl">къӕпы</span></span> (<span title="Ossetian-language text"><i lang="os-Latn">k’æpy</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a> <span title="Karachay-Balkar-language text"><span lang="krc-Cyrl">гыпы</span></span> (<span title="Karachay-Balkar-language text"><i lang="krc-Latn">gıpı</i></span>). The <i>p</i> to <i>f</i> transformation may indicate possible transmission to Russian through <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كِفِير</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">kifīr</i></span>), which would have served as a lingua franca in the Muslim parts of the Caucasus. </p><p>Traditional kefir was made in <a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">goatskin</a> bags that were hung near a doorway; the bags would be knocked by anyone passing through to keep the milk and kefir grains well mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Karachay-Balkar, <i><span title="Karachay-Balkar-language text"><i lang="krc-Latn">gıpı</i></span></i> has a connection with <i><span title="Karachay-Balkar-language text"><i lang="krc-Latn">gıpıt</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wineskin" title="Wineskin">wineskin</a>). It was under the name <i>wineskin</i> that Karachay kefir was distributed in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kefir spread from the former Soviet Union to the rest of Europe, Canada, Japan, and the United States by the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Prado_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arslan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arslan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has become known in parts of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">búlgaros</i></span>, or "<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Bekmyrza Baychorov and Irina Sakharova—the first distributors of kefir to Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The homeland of kefir is considered to be "the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Elbrus</a>, along the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermentation_and_kefir_grain_formation">Fermentation and kefir grain formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fermentation and kefir grain formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kefirpilze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kefirpilze.jpg/250px-Kefirpilze.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kefirpilze.jpg/375px-Kefirpilze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kefirpilze.jpg/500px-Kefirpilze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Kefir grains, a <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> matrix of bacteria and yeasts</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional kefir is fermented at ambient temperatures, generally overnight. Fermentation of the lactose yields a <a href="/wiki/Taste#Sourness" title="Taste">sour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonated</a>, slightly alcoholic beverage, with a consistency and taste similar to drinkable <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kowsikoski_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kowsikoski-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kefir grains initiating the fermentation are initially created by auto-aggregations of <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_kefiranofaciens" title="Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens">Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens</a></i> and <i>Kazachstania turicensis</i>, where multiple <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> producers cause the surfaces to adhere which form a three dimensional microcolony.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biofilm is a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(biology)#Matrix_(medium)" title="Matrix (biology)">matrix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">heteropolysaccharides</a> called kefiran, which is composed of equal proportions of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prado_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It resembles small <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a> grains, with color ranging from white to creamy yellow. A complex and highly variable symbiotic community can be found in these grains, which can include <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid_bacteria" title="Acetic acid bacteria">acetic acid bacteria</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Acetobacter_aceti" title="Acetobacter aceti">Acetobacter aceti</a></i> and <i>A. rasens</i>), yeasts (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_kefyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida kefyr">Candida kefyr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) and a number of <i>Lactobacillus</i> species, such as <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_parakefiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus parakefiri"><i>L. parakefiri</i></a>, <i>L. kefiranofaciens</i> (and subsp. <i>kefirgranum</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Lentilactobacillus_kefiri" title="Lentilactobacillus kefiri"><i>L. kefiri</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Prado_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some microbes predominate, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> species are always present.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The microbe flora can vary between batches of kefir due to factors such as the kefir grains rising out of the milk while fermenting or curds forming around the grains, as well as temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Tibetan kefir composition differs from that of the Russian kefir, Irish kefir, Taiwan kefir and Turkey <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a> with kefir.<sup id="cite_ref-Prado_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the use of <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-dried</a> starter culture has become common due to stability of the fermentation result, because the species of microbes are selected in laboratory conditions, as well as easy transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During fermentation, changes in the composition of ingredients occur. <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a>, the sugar present in milk, is broken down mostly to <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> by the lactic acid bacteria, which results in acidification.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Propionibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Propionibacteria">Propionibacteria</a> further break down some of the lactic acid into <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic acid</a> (these bacteria also carry out the same fermentation in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cheeses" title="List of Swiss cheeses">Swiss cheese</a>). Other substances that contribute to the flavor of kefir are <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl" title="Diacetyl">diacetyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetoin" title="Acetoin">acetoin</a> (both of which contribute a "buttery" flavor), <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> resulting from protein breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wyk_2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyk_2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decreased_lactose_content">Decreased lactose content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decreased lactose content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the fermentation process, bacteria and yeast break lactose down into glucose and galactose.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the fermentation, lactose levels are decreased by 20–30% with respect to the initial lactose levels present in the milk.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that when people with <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a> consumed the same amount of lactose in milk, kefir or <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yoghurt</a> products, the latter two showed significantly reduced symptoms of lactose intolerance during the first 8 hours after consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This result suggests that yoghurt and kefir might be suitable for people with lactose intolerance. However, the long-term impact of kefir consumption on lactose intolerance has not been studied. It has also been shown that fermented milk products have a slower transit time than milk, which may further improve lactose digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_content">Alcohol content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alcohol content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kefir contains <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laur_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laur-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of ethanol in kefir can vary by production method. A 2016 study of kefir sold in Germany showed an ethanol level of only 0.02 g per litre, which was attributed to fermentation under controlled conditions allowing the growth of <i>Lactobacteria</i> only, but excluding the growth of other microorganisms that form much higher amounts of ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorgus_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorgus-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study of German commercial kefir found levels of 0.002–0.005% of ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-Farnworth_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnworth-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kefir produced by small-scale dairies in Russia in the early 20th century had 1–2% ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-Farnworth_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnworth-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kefir products contain nutrients in varying amounts from negligible to significant, including <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid" title="Conjugated linoleic acid">conjugated linoleic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guzel2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzel2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nd_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a pH of 4.2 – 4.6,<sup id="cite_ref-Odet1995_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odet1995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kefir is composed mainly of water and by-products of the fermentation process, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several dietary minerals are found in kefir, such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, copper, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> in amounts that have not been standardized to a reputable nutrient database.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nd_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kefir contains vitamins in variable amounts, including <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a> (thiamine), <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a> (riboflavin), <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a> (niacin), <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a> (pyridoxine), <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a> (folic acid), <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a> (cyanocobalamin), <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essential amino acids found in kefir include <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">valine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nd_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiota">Microbiota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microbiota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotic</a> bacteria found in kefir products include: <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_acidophilus" title="Lactobacillus acidophilus">Lactobacillus acidophilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium_bifidum" title="Bifidobacterium bifidum">Bifidobacterium bifidum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_thermophilus" title="Streptococcus thermophilus">Streptococcus thermophilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus" title="Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus">Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_helveticus" title="Lactobacillus helveticus">Lactobacillus helveticus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_kefiranofaciens" title="Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens">Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Lactococcus lactis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc" title="Leuconostoc">Leuconostoc</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira2013_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guzel2011_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzel2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farnworth2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnworth2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">Lactobacilli</a> in kefir may exist in concentrations varying from approximately 1 million to 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Colony-forming_unit" title="Colony-forming unit">colony-forming units</a> per milliliter, and are the bacteria responsible for the synthesis of the polysaccharide <i>kefiran</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Altay2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altay2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to bacteria, kefir often contains strains of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> that can metabolize lactose, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kluyveromyces_marxianus" title="Kluyveromyces marxianus">Kluyveromyces marxianus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kluyveromyces_lactis" title="Kluyveromyces lactis">Kluyveromyces lactis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces" title="Saccharomyces">Saccharomyces</a> fragilis</i>, as well as strains of yeast that do not metabolize lactose, including <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Torulaspora_delbrueckii" title="Torulaspora delbrueckii">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a></i>, and <i>Kazachstania unispora</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira2013_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nutritional significance of these strains is unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg/220px-Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg/330px-Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg/440px-Kefir-grains-90grams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>90 grams of kefir grains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kefir-insieme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/220px-Kefir-insieme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/330px-Kefir-insieme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/440px-Kefir-insieme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Kefir production</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern kefir is made by adding kefir grains to milk typically at a proportion of 2–5% grains-to-milk. The mixture is then placed in a corrosion-resistant container, such as a glass jar, and stored preferably in the dark to prevent degradation of light-sensitive vitamins. After a period between 12 and 24 hours of fermentation at mild temperature, ideally 20–25 °C (68–77 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wyk_2019_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyk_2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the grains are strained from the milk using a corrosion-resistant (stainless steel or plastic) utensil and kept to produce another batch. During the fermentation process the grains enlarge and eventually split forming new units. </p><p>The resulting fermented liquid may be drunk, used in recipes, or kept aside in a sealed container for additional time to undergo a secondary fermentation. Because of its acidity the beverage should not be stored in reactive metal containers such as aluminium, copper, or zinc, as these may leach into it over time. The shelf life, unrefrigerated, is up to thirty days.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian method permits production of kefir on a larger scale and uses two fermentations. The first step is to prepare the cultures by inoculating milk with 2–3% grains as described. The grains are then removed by filtration and 1–3% of the resulting liquid mother culture is added to milk and fermented for 12 to 18 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kefir can be made using <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-dried</a> cultures commonly available in powder form from <a href="/wiki/Health_food_store" title="Health food store">health food stores</a>. A portion of the resulting kefir can be saved to be used a number of times to propagate further fermentations but ultimately does not form grains. </p><p>In Taiwan, researchers were able to produce kefir in a laboratory using microorganisms isolated from kefir grains. They report that the resulting kefir drink had chemical properties similar to homemade kefir.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milk_types">Milk types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milk types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kefir grains will ferment the milk from most <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> and will continue to grow in such milk. Typical animal milks used include cow, goat, and sheep, each with varying <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/organoleptic" class="extiw" title="wikt:organoleptic">organoleptic</a> (flavor, aroma, and texture) and nutritional qualities. <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw milk</a> has been traditionally used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milk_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk sugar">Milk sugar</a> is not essential for the synthesis of the polysaccharide that makes up the grains (kefiran), and rice hydrolysate is a suitable alternative medium.<sup id="cite_ref-maeda1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maeda1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, kefir grains will reproduce when fermenting soy milk, although they will change in appearance and size due to the differing proteins available to them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variation of kefir grains that thrive in sugary water also exists, see <a href="/wiki/Tibicos" title="Tibicos">water kefir</a> (or <i>tibicos</i>), and can vary markedly from milk kefir in both appearance and microbial composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary">Culinary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlodnik_(Cold_Borscht).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg/220px-Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg/330px-Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg/440px-Chlodnik_%28Cold_Borscht%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian soup</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">šaltibarščiai</i></span>, also known as "cold <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a>", popular in Eastern European countries</figcaption></figure> <p>As it contains <i>Lactobacillus</i> bacteria, kefir can be used to make a <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_starter" title="Fermentation starter">starter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also useful as a <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> substitute in <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>. Kefir is one of the main ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Cold_borscht" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold borscht">cold borscht</a> soup in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuania</a>, also known in Poland as <i>Lithuanian cold soup</i> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">chłodnik litewski</i></span>), and other countries. The kefir-based soup <a href="/wiki/Okroshka" title="Okroshka">okroshka</a> is common across the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet Union</a>. Kefir may be used in place of milk on cereal, <a href="/wiki/Granola" title="Granola">granola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkshakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkshakes">milkshakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a> dressing, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoothies" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothies">smoothies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, kefir is also often mixed with <a href="/wiki/Kama_(food)" title="Kama (food)">kama</a> and eaten as a snack or a quick breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See 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id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGolembiewski2024" class="citation web cs1">Golembiewski, Kate (25 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/25/science/oldest-cheese-kefir-xinjiang.html">"World's Oldest Cheese Stood Alone for 3,600 Years"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World%E2%80%99s+Oldest+Cheese+Stood+Alone+for+3%2C600+Years&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft.aulast=Golembiewski&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F09%2F25%2Fscience%2Foldest-cheese-kefir-xinjiang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720192208/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/kefir">"kefir"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kefir">kefir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225023612/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kefir">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. dictionary.reference.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altay2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altay2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altay2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltayKarbancıoglu-GülerDaskaya-DikmenHeperkan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Altay F, Karbancıoglu-Güler F, Daskaya-Dikmen C, Heperkan D (October 2013). "A review on traditional Turkish fermented non-alcoholic beverages: microbiota, fermentation process and quality characteristics". <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i>. <b>167</b> (1): 44–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.016">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23859403">23859403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+review+on+traditional+Turkish+fermented+non-alcoholic+beverages%3A+microbiota%2C+fermentation+process+and+quality+characteristics&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-56&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23859403&rft.aulast=Altay&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Karbanc%C4%B1oglu-G%C3%BCler%2C+F&rft.au=Daskaya-Dikmen%2C+C&rft.au=Heperkan%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuMiaoLiHu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Yichen; Miao, Bo; Li, Wenying; Hu, Xingjun; Bai, Fan; Abuduresule, Yidilisi; Liu, Yalin; Zheng, Zequan; Wang, Wenjun; Chen, Zehui; Zhu, Shilun; Feng, Xiaotian; Cao, Peng; Ping, Wanjing; Yang, Ruowei; Dai, Qingyan; Liu, Feng; Tian, Chan; Yang, Yimin; Fu, Qiaomei (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2024.08.008">"Bronze Age cheese reveals human-Lactobacillus interactions over evolutionary history"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2024.08.008">10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+cheese+reveals+human-Lactobacillus+interactions+over+evolutionary+history&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2024.08.008&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yichen&rft.au=Miao%2C+Bo&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Bai%2C+Fan&rft.au=Abuduresule%2C+Yidilisi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yalin&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Zequan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zehui&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Shilun&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xiaotian&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Ping%2C+Wanjing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ruowei&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qingyan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Tian%2C+Chan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yimin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2024.08.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kefir">"Origin of KEFIR"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. 27 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418205119/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kefir">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+KEFIR&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary+Online&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkefir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prado-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prado_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prado_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prado_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prado_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prado_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradoBlandónVandenbergheRodrigues2015" class="citation journal cs1">Prado MR, Blandón LM, Vandenberghe LP, Rodrigues C, Castro GR, Thomaz-Soccol V, Soccol CR (30 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626640">"Milk kefir: composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b>: 1177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2015.01177">10.3389/fmicb.2015.01177</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626640">4626640</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579086">26579086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Milk+kefir%3A+composition%2C+microbial+cultures%2C+biological+activities%2C+and+related+products&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1177&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626640%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26579086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2015.01177&rft.aulast=Prado&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Bland%C3%B3n%2C+LM&rft.au=Vandenberghe%2C+LP&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+C&rft.au=Castro%2C+GR&rft.au=Thomaz-Soccol%2C+V&rft.au=Soccol%2C+CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahd-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/kefir">"kefir"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418205121/https://www.yourdictionary.com/kefir">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kefir&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Fkefir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilleySherwoodWoolvertonPrescott2008" class="citation book cs1">Willey JM, Sherwood L, Woolverton CJ, Prescott LM, Harley JP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Microbiology_7_edition_by_Joanne_Willey_Linda_Sherwood_Chris_Woolverton"><i>Prescott, Harley, and Klein's Microbiology</i></a> (7th ed.). London: McGraw–Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Microbiology_7_edition_by_Joanne_Willey_Linda_Sherwood_Chris_Woolverton/page/n1060">1040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-110231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-110231-5"><bdi>978-0-07-110231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prescott%2C+Harley%2C+and+Klein%27s+Microbiology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1040&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-110231-5&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+L&rft.au=Woolverton%2C+CJ&rft.au=Prescott%2C+LM&rft.au=Harley%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMicrobiology_7_edition_by_Joanne_Willey_Linda_Sherwood_Chris_Woolverton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbragim_Shamanov2006" class="citation web cs1">Ibragim Shamanov (26 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elbrusoid.org/articles/poznat/387255/">"Milk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>The breath hydrogen area under the curve (AUC) for milk (224±39 ppm · h) was significantly greater than for the plain yogurt (76±14 ppm · h, P<.001), the plain kefir (87±37 ppm · h, P<.001), and the flavored yogurt (76±14 ppm · h, P=.005). 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"Kefir and health: a contemporary perspective". <i>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</i>. <b>53</b> (5): 422–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2010.540360">10.1080/10408398.2010.540360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23391011">23391011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5166812">5166812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Kefir+and+health%3A+a+contemporary+perspective&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=422-34&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5166812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23391011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2010.540360&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+A&rft.au=Khan%2C+ST&rft.au=Nisa%2C+M&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+H&rft.au=Afreen%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farnworth2005-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farnworth2005_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnworth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Farnworth ER (4 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514095454/http://www.kefir.it/kefir_probiotic.pdf">"Kefir-a complex probiotic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Food Science and Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.583.6014">10.1.1.583.6014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1616%2F1476-2137.13938">10.1616/1476-2137.13938</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kefir.it/kefir_probiotic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Science+and+Technology+Bulletin%3A+Functional+Foods&rft.atitle=Kefir-a+complex+probiotic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.583.6014%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1616%2F1476-2137.13938&rft.aulast=Farnworth&rft.aufirst=Edward+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkefir.it%2Fkefir_probiotic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotaghiMazaheriMoazamiFarkhondeh1997" class="citation journal cs1">Motaghi M, Mazaheri M, Moazami N, Farkhondeh A, Fooladi MH, Goltapeh EM (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121027/http://kefir.ilbello.com/articoli/k4.pdf">"Kefir production in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 579–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018577728412">10.1023/A:1018577728412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85138812">85138812</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kefir.ilbello.com/articoli/k4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Kefir+production+in+Iran&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=579-581&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018577728412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85138812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Motaghi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mazaheri%2C+M&rft.au=Moazami%2C+N&rft.au=Farkhondeh%2C+A&rft.au=Fooladi%2C+MH&rft.au=Goltapeh%2C+EM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkefir.ilbello.com%2Farticoli%2Fk4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112092352/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C11/C11Links/rawhealth.net/kefir2.htm">"Fabrication of kefir"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C11/C11Links/rawhealth.net/kefir2.htm">the original</a> on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fabrication+of+kefir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwb.unl.edu%2FTeacher%2FNSF%2FC11%2FC11Links%2Frawhealth.net%2Fkefir2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWangChenLiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chen TH, Wang SY, Chen KN, Liu JR, Chen MJ (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/177484/1/04.pdf">"Microbiological and chemical properties of kefir manufactured by entrapped microorganisms isolated from kefir grains"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>92</b> (7): 3002–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.2008-1669">10.3168/jds.2008-1669</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528577">19528577</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007202451/http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/177484/1/04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Microbiological+and+chemical+properties+of+kefir+manufactured+by+entrapped+microorganisms+isolated+from+kefir+grains&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3002-13&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.2008-1669&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19528577&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=TH&rft.au=Wang%2C+SY&rft.au=Chen%2C+KN&rft.au=Liu%2C+JR&rft.au=Chen%2C+MJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F246246%2F177484%2F1%2F04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maeda1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maeda1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaedaZhuSuzukiSuzuki2004" class="citation journal cs1">Maeda H, Zhu X, Suzuki S, Suzuki K, Kitamura S (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf049617g">"Structural characterization and biological activities of an exopolysaccharide kefiran produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens WT-2B(T)"</a>. <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>52</b> (17): 5533–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf049617g">10.1021/jf049617g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15315396">15315396</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094933/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf049617g">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Structural+characterization+and+biological+activities+of+an+exopolysaccharide+kefiran+produced+by+Lactobacillus+kefiranofaciens+WT-2B%28T%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=5533-8&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf049617g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15315396&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Zhu%2C+X&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+S&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+K&rft.au=Kitamura%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf049617g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamDe_Antoni1999" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham AG, De Antoni GL (May 1999). "Characterization of kefir grains grown in cows' milk and in soya milk". <i>The Journal of Dairy Research</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 327–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022029999003490">10.1017/S0022029999003490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10376251">10376251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32190162">32190162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Dairy+Research&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+kefir+grains+grown+in+cows%27+milk+and+in+soya+milk&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-33&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32190162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10376251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022029999003490&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=De+Antoni%2C+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2021" class="citation book cs1">Zak, Zuza (2021). <i>Amber & Rye: A Baltic Food Journey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Interlink_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlink Books">Interlink Books</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62-371900-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62-371900-5"><bdi>978-1-62-371900-5</bdi></a>. <q>To make this quintessential Baltic loaf, you'll need to get your sourdough starter under way three days beforehand (unless you already have one on the go, of course). I used to make mine from just rye flour and water, but in the Baltics I learnt to use something that has living cultures in it, like kefir or buttermilk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amber+%26+Rye%3A+A+Baltic+Food+Journey&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-62-371900-5&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Zuza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2021" class="citation book cs1">Zak, Zuza (2021). <i>Amber & Rye: A Baltic Food Journey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Interlink_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlink Books">Interlink Books</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62-371900-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62-371900-5"><bdi>978-1-62-371900-5</bdi></a>. <q>Estonians will often stir <i>kama</i> – usually a mixture of ground wheat, rye, barley and peas – into a glass of kefir, then either sweeten it or add salt to taste. It makes a quick, nutritious snack or speedy breakfast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amber+%26+Rye%3A+A+Baltic+Food+Journey&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-62-371900-5&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Zuza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kefir" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kefir">kefir</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kefir" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kefir">Kefir</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216015658/http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/publications/nchfp/factsheets/kefir.html">Fermented Foods: Kefir</a>, from the National Center for Home Food Preservation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kephir"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Kephir">"Kephir" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kephir&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Kephir"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Kephir">"Kephir" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kephir&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKefir" 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.navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yogurt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yogurts" title="Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yogurts" title="Template talk:Yogurts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yogurts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yogurt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curd_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curd (India)">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiah" title="Dadiah">Dadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhau" title="Dhau">Dhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_yogurt" title="Frozen yogurt">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoon" title="Matzoon">Matzoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatiq" title="Qatiq">Qatiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Strained</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstjoghurt01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/80px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/120px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg/160px-Obstjoghurt01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_starter" title="Fermentation starter">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus" title="Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus"><i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_thermophilus" title="Streptococcus thermophilus">Streptococcus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borani" title="Borani">Borani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churri" title="Churri">Churri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1lb%C4%B1r" title="Çılbır">Çılbır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukauni" title="Chukauni">Chukauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_raita" title="Cucumber raita">Cucumber raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_chutney" title="Dahi chutney">Dahi chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_baigana" title="Dahi baigana">Dahi baigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_machha" title="Dahi machha">Dahi machha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_vada" title="Dahi vada">Dahi vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahibara_Aludam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahibara Aludam">Dahibara Aludam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovga" title="Dovga">Dovga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameed" title="Jameed">Jameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Kadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">Kashk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitha_dahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitha dahi">Mitha dahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfait" title="Parfait">Parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papri_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Papri chaat">Papri chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">Raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">Shrikhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(soup)" title="Spas (soup)">Spas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">Tarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoixo" title="Zhoixo">Zhoixo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yogurt-based_dishes_and_beverages" title="List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages">Drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiline" title="Acidophiline">Acidophiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaas" title="Chaas">Chaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chal" title="Chal">Chal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalap" title="Chalap">Chalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Doogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leben_(milk_product)" title="Leben (milk product)">Leben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">Mattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_lao" title="Nai lao">Nai lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaere" title="Omaere">Omaere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazhenka" title="Ryazhenka">Ryazhenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenets" title="Varenets">Varenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk products">Fermented milk products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasi" title="Amasi">Amasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clabber_(food)" title="Clabber (food)">Clabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocoque" title="Jocoque">Jocoque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursik" title="Mursik">Mursik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suorat" title="Suorat">Suorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viili" title="Viili">Viili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yay%C4%B1k_ayran%C4%B1" title="Yayık ayranı">Yayık ayranı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185749#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/986680/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4193603-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072025">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131817415">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131817415">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kefír"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph575625&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX545459">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543440605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kéfir"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035324864">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kéfir"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/199623023">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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