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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-文献的属性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文献的属性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>文献的属性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文献的属性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文献的载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文献的载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>文献的载体</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文献的载体-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文献的载体子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文献的载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代的载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代的载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>古代的载体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代的载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>现代载体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文献的产生方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文献的产生方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>文献的产生方式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文献的产生方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文献分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文献分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文献分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文献分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">文献</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。79种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="प्रलेख – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रलेख" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="وثيقة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentu" title="Documentu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Documentu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99n%C9%99d" title="Sənəd – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənəd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumento" title="Dokumento – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dokumento" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дакумент – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дакумент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дакумэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дакумэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teul" title="Teul – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95" title="قەواڵە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەواڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Dokument (právo) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dokument (právo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftst%C3%BCck" title="Schriftstück – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schriftstück" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumento" title="Dokumento – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dokumento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentu" title="Dokumentu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dokumentu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مدرک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentti" title="Dokumentti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dokumentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumint" title="Dokumint – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dokumint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ip%C3%A9is" title="Cáipéis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cáipéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9A" title="מסמך – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסמך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="दस्तावेज़ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दस्तावेज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irat" title="Irat – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9" title="Փաստաթուղթ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փաստաթուղթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumen" title="Dokumen – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dokumen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumento" title="Dokumento – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dokumento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjal" title="Skjal – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skjal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="文書 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A6%A2%EA%A6%BA%EA%A6%B4%EA%A6%8F%EA%A6%B8%EA%A6%A9%EA%A6%BA%EA%A6%A4%EA%A7%80" title="ꦢꦺꦴꦏꦸꦩꦺꦤ꧀ – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ꦢꦺꦴꦏꦸꦩꦺꦤ꧀" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Құжат – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құжат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="문서 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belge" title="Belge – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belge" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentas" title="Dokumentas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dokumentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuments" title="Dokuments – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dokuments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Баримт бичиг – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баримт бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumen" title="Dokumen – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dokumen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دستاویز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دستاویز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducumentu" title="Ducumentu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ducumentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="دستاويز – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دستاويز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Document" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaro" title="Gwaro – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gwaro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumenti" title="Dokumenti – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dokumenti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument" title="Dokument – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dokument" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraka" title="Waraka – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waraka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவணம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="డాక్యుమెంట్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డాక్యుమెంట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%B7%D2%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ҳуҷҷат – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуҷҷат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เอกสาร – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumento" title="Dokumento – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dokumento" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belge" title="Belge – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Документ – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Документ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دستاویز – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دستاویز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujjat" title="Hujjat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujjat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documento" title="Documento – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Documento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_ki%E1%BB%87n" title="Văn kiện – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn kiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="文献 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文献" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-ki%C4%81%E2%81%BF" title="Bûn-kiāⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-kiāⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文獻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49848#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&oldid=82271854" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&id=82271854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" 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rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Documents" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49848" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox" style="max-width:300px;float:right;padding:0 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin:0 0 0.4em 0.4em"><div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0.5em 0;margin:0.5em 0;font-size:120%">文献</div><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/300px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/450px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/600px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div><table style="text-align:left;word-break:break-word;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;font-size:90%"><caption style="background-color:#f5f5f5;font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.2em"></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row">上级分类</th><td><span><span>資訊資源</span>、<span>知識產權作品</span>、<span>表示</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P279" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">起因</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" title="書寫">書寫</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P828" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">研究学科</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%AD%A6" title="图书馆学">圖書館學</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P2579" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">特性</th><td><span><span>文件体裁</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P1552" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Entry in abbreviations table</th><td><span><span>док.</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P8703" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Unicode字符</th><td><span><span>🗎</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49848#P487" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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.ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globe icon"><img alt="Globe icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/60px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/80px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>論述以中國為主</b>，未必有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">普世通用</a>的觀點。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit">協助補充內容</a></span>以<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">避免偏頗</a>，或<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Talk:文献">討論</a>本文的問題。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于中共北京市朝阳区委书记，请见「<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE_(1969%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文献 (1969年)（页面不存在）">文献 (1969年)</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于蘋果公司開發的名為文件的應用程序，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6_(%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C)" title="文件 (苹果)">文件 (蘋果)</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>文件</b>」重定向至此。關於计算机中所指的文件，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88" title="電腦檔案">電腦檔案</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_book_bindings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/200px-Old_book_bindings.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/300px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/400px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>幾本古老的文献</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg/200px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg/300px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg/400px-Ruined_bank_building_in_Mostar_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>電腦製表再手寫內容的文件</figcaption></figure> <p><b>文獻</b>（document）一词最早见于《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="论语">论语</a>·八佾》：“子曰，夏礼，吾能言之，杞不足征也。殷礼，吾能言之，宋不足征也。文献不足故也。足，则吾能征之矣。”文指典籍，献指人才。朱熹《论语集注》中解释：“文，典籍也。献，贤也。”后该词向偏义词演化，偏重于“文”，单指<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="典籍（页面不存在）">典籍</a>。 </p><p>从学术的角度看，<b>文献</b>（literature）是古代为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="官方">官方</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4" title="民间">民间</a>收藏的用来记录群体或个人在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="经济">经济</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="军事">军事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>等方面活动的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>。《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="书经">书经</a>》被看作是世界上最早的档案。<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="商代">商代</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>档案是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>目前能见的最古老的历史档案。现代学术文献的定义是记录有知识和信息的一切载体，包括文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段或记录方式，具有历史意义或研究价值<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文献的属性"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E7.9A.84.E5.B1.9E.E6.80.A7"></span>文献的属性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：文献的属性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文献具有三个基本属性，即： </p> <ul><li>知识性</li> <li>记录性</li> <li>物质性</li></ul> <p>它具有存贮知识、传递和交流信息的功能。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文献的载体"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E7.9A.84.E8.BD.BD.E4.BD.93"></span>文献的载体</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：文献的载体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG/220px-Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG/330px-Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG/440px-Shang-Orakelknochen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>甲骨文</figcaption></figure> <p>作为有形载体的文献处于不断的演化之中。目前已知的文献载体包括以下： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代的载体"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E8.BD.BD.E4.BD.93"></span>古代的载体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古代的载体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨</a>：包括龟甲和兽骨，应用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="商代">商代</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>：应用得最多的为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8" title="青铜器">青铜器</a>，即<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">锡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>，也有少量铁、金银等，流传于先秦时期。此類金屬製品其上的文字稱為<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87" title="金文">金文</a></b>或<b>銘文</b>。后世政府使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="贵金属">贵金属</a>制作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金属文件（页面不存在）">金属文件</a>，以作凭证。</li> <li>石：以石为载体的文献包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碣（页面不存在）">碣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%91" title="碑">碑</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B4%96%E5%88%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="崖刻（页面不存在）">崖刻</a>等，从<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>到现代都有应用。</li> <li>竹木：将竹或木头劈成长而窄的竹木片，可用来记录文字，称为<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E7%89%8D" title="简牍">竹木简</a></b>，广泛应用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">三国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%99%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="两晋">两晋</a>时期。此外，还有以宽木板作为书写载体的，称为<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E7%89%8D" title="简牍">牍</a></b>。</li> <li>帛：即<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8" title="丝绸">丝绸</a>，蠶絲製成，價高耐用，質薄性柔，始见于<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a>，流行于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%B1%89" title="秦汉">秦汉</a>时期，後為紙取代。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸">纸</a>：纸最早发明于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a>初年，公元150年左右，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官">宦官</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E4%BC%A6" title="蔡伦">蔡伦</a>改进<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AF" title="造纸术">造纸术</a>，到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a>基本取代竹木作為書寫載體的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E7%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="簡牘">簡牘</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B8" title="莎草纸">莎草纸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶（页面不存在）">贝叶</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="羊皮纸">羊皮纸</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代载体"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E8.BD.BD.E4.BD.93"></span>现代载体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：现代载体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现代的文献根据载体形式分为： </p> <ul><li>印刷型文献：是以纸质材料为载体，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷</a>为记录手段而形成的文献形式，是目前整个文献中的主体，也是有着悠久历史的传统文献形式。它的特点是不需要特殊设备，可以随身携带，随处随时阅读。但存贮密度小，体积大，占据空间大，不便于保存。</li> <li>缩微型文献是以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E5%85%89%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感光材料（页面不存在）">感光材料</a>为载体，以照相为记录手段而形成的一种文献形式，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%A9%E5%BE%AE%E8%83%B6%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缩微胶卷（页面不存在）">缩微胶卷</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%A9%E5%BE%AE%E5%B9%B3%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缩微平片（页面不存在）">缩微平片</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%A9%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缩微卡片（页面不存在）">缩微卡片</a>等。缩微型文献的优点是体积小，便于收藏和保存，价格便宜等，但阅读需要有较复杂的阅读设备来支持。目前在整个文献中，所占数量较少。</li> <li>声像型文献是以磁性和感光材料为介质记录<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音">声音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F" title="图像">图像</a>等信息的一种文献形式。其优点是存取快捷，可闻其声，见其形，易理解。</li> <li>电子数字型文献是伴随<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">计算机</a>技术和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">网络</a>技术发展而产生的，以计算机处理技术为核心记录信息的一种文献形式。这种文献存贮容量大，检索速度快捷、灵活，使用方便。电子数字型文献又分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E7%9B%98%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光盘文献（页面不存在）">光盘文献</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网络文献（页面不存在）">网络文献</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文献的产生方式"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E7.9A.84.E4.BA.A7.E7.94.9F.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>文献的产生方式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：文献的产生方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D" title="中文古典典籍">中国古典文献</a>产生的主要方式包括文献的产生方式包括“著”、“述”、“编”和“译”四类： </p> <ul><li>著：古代亦称“作”、“造”、“著作”，强调“无本于前”、“前始未有”，即强调原创性。</li> <li>述：相对于著来说，述就是“古已有之，有所承因”，即在前人著作基础上进行解释、疏通和解说。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>自称“述而不作，信而好古”，事实上，以今天的眼光看，《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="论语">论语</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋 (史书)">春秋</a>》等著作的原创性也是很高的。</li> <li>编：又叫纂、辑，是根据一定体例编辑旧文，重要特征是条文都是其他文献的原文，不加篡改，一般都注明出处。常见的编纂成果包括总集，如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E7%BB%8F" title="诗经">诗经</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%BA%9C%E8%AF%97%E9%9B%86" title="乐府诗集">乐府诗集</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%94%90%E6%96%87" title="全唐文">全唐文</a>》等；<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="类书">类书</a>，如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A7%88" title="太平御览">太平御览</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" title="永乐大典">永乐大典</a>》等；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="叢書">丛书</a>，如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%93%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四库全书">四库全书</a>》等；档案类编，如《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8B%B1%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清代文字狱档案（页面不存在）">清代文字狱档案</a>》等；资料摘抄，如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A8%97%E9%A1%9E%E9%88%94" title="清稗類鈔">清稗类钞</a>》等。</li> <li>译：即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="翻译">翻译</a>，将一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>的文献转换为另一种文献。中国古代最早的翻译是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">佛经</a>翻译，东汉明帝时期，大月氏沙门迦叶摩腾和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0" title="竺法兰">竺法兰</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳">洛阳</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%AF%BA" title="白马寺">白马寺</a>译出《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="四十二章经">四十二章经</a>》，为佛经翻译之滥觞。后来重要的佛经翻译家有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E9%81%93%E5%AE%89" title="釋道安">释道安</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a>，唐代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>等。明代以后中国开始出现学术翻译，重要的翻译家由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>传教士<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%9B%E7%AA%A6" title="利玛窦">利玛窦</a>、中国人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%90%AF" title="徐光启">徐光启</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%BA%90" title="魏源">魏源</a>等。佛经翻译中有部分文学故事，但真正的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a>翻译始于近代，主要翻译家是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="林纾">林纾</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新文化运动">新文化运动</a>以后，<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85" title="鲁迅">鲁迅</a>等人都翻译过大量的文学作品。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文献分类"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>文献分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：文献分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:60px;"><b>文獻型式</b> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:180px;"><b>性質</b> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><b>例子</b> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><b>發表為</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="一次文獻">一次文獻</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>原創</li> <li>證據及記錄</li> <li>還未被資料創造者以外的人改寫或詮釋過</li></ul> </td> <td> <p>實驗結果、觀察、問卷、訪查、資料庫、典藏資料、書信、文學或藝術作品、手稿、會議記錄、企業檔案、專利、碩博士論文、出生/婚姻/稅務記錄、祖譜、相片、日記、部落格、微博、網站內容、自傳 </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="学术论文">學術論文</a>（通常為非文獻回顧部份）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%A9%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碩博士論文（页面不存在）">碩博士論文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E7%A8%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="手稿">手稿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞">新聞</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A8%BF" title="新聞稿">新聞稿</a><sup id="cite_ref-张大可_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-张大可-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:129</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="部落格">部落格</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="二次文献">二次文獻</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>非原創</li> <li>非證據，而是對一次文獻做的分析、摘要、重組或精要</li> <li>在一次文獻產生之後才出來的</li></ul> </td> <td>對於一次文獻內容的引文、引用、詮釋和描述 </td> <td> <ul><li>學術論文的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%BB%BC%E8%BF%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="文献综述">文献综述</a>章節</li> <li>碩博士論文</li> <li>會議論文記要</li> <li>學術專書</li> <li>傳記</li> <li>教科書</li> <li>專題報導</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="三次文献">三次文獻</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>非原創</li> <li>非證據，而是對一次文獻、二次文獻做的分析、摘要、重組或精要</li> <li>在一次文獻、二次文獻產生之後一陣子才出來的</li></ul> </td> <td>對於一次文獻、二次文獻內容的引文、引用、詮釋和描述</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="百科全書">百科全書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91" title="年鑑">年鑑</a></li> <li>手冊</li> <li>年代学編年史</li> <li>操作手冊</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" class="mw-disambig" title="目錄">目錄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="書目（页面不存在）">書目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="索引">索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="資料庫">資料庫</a></li> <li>摘要</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/399564/1#s1">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201014053/https://www.termonline.cn/word/399564/1#s1">存档</a>于2022-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F399564%2F1%23s1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-张大可-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-张大可_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">张大可, 俞樟华. 《中国文献学》. 福建人民出版社. 2005年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787211050499" title="Special:网络书源/9787211050499"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787211050499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%AF%2C+%E4%BF%9E%E6%A8%9F%E5%8D%8E&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787211050499&rft.pub=%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>杜泽逊《文献学概要》</li> <li>GB/T 3792.1—1983</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="目录学">文獻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A3%80%E7%B4%A2" title="文献检索">文献检索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="灰色文獻">灰色文獻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑色文獻（页面不存在）">黑色文獻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="数据">数据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="情报">情报</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8_%EF%BC%88%E8%81%B7%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文書（職位）（页面不存在）">文書（職位）</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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