CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9179a0195fc93f82',cH: 'f0i4GSxcOLo1lCFqmYP83bi3CmXBXupSau.YYOLK98I-1740506745-1.2.1.1-gfrq0cfwUAa1kIGRvflX0CCSdmGvM2WXQWjl_O8MdTWeQGGMhmu9784qrIGHSSMA',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Ground%20heat%20exchangers&__cf_chl_tk=5COa7llyW7jkZ3cPNRkG5Z7zauJEiu1J3IauAYClViI-1740506745-1.0.1.1-a1kytxrQ_7VAwBI0jamWeUynVdBVEJBFcAx4BWzOrKw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740506745',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Ground%20heat%20exchangers&__cf_chl_f_tk=5COa7llyW7jkZ3cPNRkG5Z7zauJEiu1J3IauAYClViI-1740506745-1.0.1.1-a1kytxrQ_7VAwBI0jamWeUynVdBVEJBFcAx4BWzOrKw",md: "7LDujTaDXh2jVj_9QXfnLbweXFsm6L03ufpcAQ7TEZc-1740506745-1.2.1.1-zeksC3LEdncUDjYmzOpNVUWcyS0aOkMgIts.rGNjB9zSGif4x.oV3gOf3s46vaMmjdZReBBQz.siV6KxFLPBU7qMfYN1.ucQbUzJXq2b64y_t8m8HHEMmAhfgGRFSnn.mkgZ7jPWnxVPcSOCu6ohn4if8neAYXnO1way3ID2nrT49gcfftab7bX4bzHm_x1xmk8NUfkc3KCDrYO_JiCoRHG_HrNFAo0xzjLFZd8cIYezi_OFeMHD90uaksPFFTd8zBlfXjgXzJgde62GDI3ymgNNFx7xiV0CCyRVHUyl_MmRsp5zELasqcdE7SWLgsDD77FWq.SbzMbFNtRGtv0WKVZQF4_CXrz58eHkJL60fvlvOspnHdXAS5.PFHV6LtXEMCoi.X49ro_T6sHh_dYWI.BOJgctt_Va5DnHyYb2ZD8Oxkwd7ttFJGISsVuoPXDF0eEpo1QF0hqJ_1Jf75AdEeNMl6dkemmbjGudmEpMrE7PaNxa9NqivfRHXFLYdZslVbSFbhCLVBwZLF1Y_3i_sb1Z4WWbxLP_d4V7UzDhegl41PY9IC1G3pyRhibGLfOc0r5c943TaT3ep91VOqJ9ewKXIeTGVU4LVYNpTpa.zr1p7JmQBIojhXTz0am7l49syjK2X7NJxYpaTe0o1x.1SVecjfyMFWTJyLrPAQPOplow8Dv9Say9N9HaMAHpsiW1cqfU.ykUwkn8ZGMb1XN0OddivBiz7SgRePBx3vysEHMkJsunZQKhjCXywRW3FrBQkWKA7pSK3Ldv.sc72qACXgUeXdErZRGNP1gwyzS.mleXbzStRE2Wyw.CKORCls0hWWf2HhgLLnSbyyvqLpDqWw.W8wHml5DVfRGNzR0QmxCsdl1IrVQIQTq7yYjOXxIBCBxtwXe_PsDsKarqznKKmETZmlrXJdZALRxqhWLxnCr75tmtd7HzgI.WKOfTnBXIVjqUngGnlIN0n3DI5PhxhtahT20t7BPsCiKv_zHVG4NvTn47u3JHCXDnOiN8dedjprIdwCdsHmhIHKbP0YOPx.WjDOiO6GO3RMUQWVIn0P2X7ByrKKiHUZ9RLj8Ulpk0BjbTLapuLMWUo_wlEZTr7jAaSEJ.omX3RvsKTnAqt4.UxXSsC2MKVZlzhvY8LWoW47Cfnqp7hBPMX.5cmAm.ykWzp9J.8NLLt2.ktIqBJOE9RR98we.Hx_v8eUlGbBWTdUexGPmn45Krb8.Wea4R.9D9V0MUqmJBXgqYCbSbn0CenZPGLWHvsb3BbAXZPjaeYdvNsDiR6ZSjpEJAmBd0ClV0fiaejB4_wI4_f7zl2ZcOBk7RH2RiK3jsxggPl_EgRVzBw2f7ZmD4bYlxNxdp7E_lh5t3Z5MOxKroF5pXh8n8d6Cz0lh0K4pfAoDp7UDgkM8wU.BCTd0VWIZkHaGdBmCqDt2ZBK7ZcALpxje5SMfGgSdq15ZUCO4pD8NScxQ3o1UOIdR5mxnthP12DQpBWs_yE7xvlQocYYydnXSdo8mZK.ZLuP1f1zo9aKxsnzapCruV0Xzd9zmj8Yc_IFI_WqK9qlUoUUYB1oS7Nbb0Mnh5OFmTpKcDvDuzYI0WN2ndhreKq00PIcRfEqbw4VnAZ6wK.0_XywJFz4us3t0QXcn9gZinPDvKgx0Ec7fh_rNLMlCHPfXuFtgniHkDE_jC0B.5lGE8qAeLLWatSqD1f6vwDmTclcSyzzSvzztWRg8zgarXGjWHfu2i4RbNLzurKV8FFZ05DcDQ92Bbl.bQ.CixEK_6IDNlmkH1ORY9W_luVwNAONPgesADdGw6GxHhSUAbuYLfQ7I9wc2s5wOpFy5Emu4eMEoBYXU8vqMqiao0KM3U3Scqx8SF4wjeidWosFVRaSL08ZaQCDUbul9VU0zjr623xHhcqIQQ3xY1Z4G4EB3FVCoEyuOX4GZdgj6dum.lgPDIW_K1n79qeOn1jA0",mdrd: "vgBO8nDy7HDcS08usuG0OqUGlV5Pf_R1fUqRcrbbxU8-1740506745-1.2.1.1-fyCtb7Bj9TSepl1_y6xHZSpCijusyHtwU1S_caArTDF3YI5NKzmYbpyDPrf80m55xcmXYcpcP35Jk82m5jZOK0W3QzKTYtZV.q9FdGrWR05IPgkwV5AXjCsH.nkiEh0On1C45JJbA3HGxYg40UrA7fmBwP2psn5VGq2LoI9ieY1wS1OjdyF9NvSf6i1vI62EUHIYdx.NfKqL8yIDk9GBw3HCWI8TDQBsVMiqTk41oZUH_0bi95Gvz4wm9mduvdB0tj0PBMmnmXPcFA6adqfZapvO_qkhdDX_wyAWrKMRA7iA8ZJr25f9uP58jwvZqTKeqLz_WJPC8c6arAAhuGAdEZrmYydvBnD6FTHGFPdkh0d6odyfXyyppgn0dIYdmn4F94AwfGg0ULO4U1T_BvVisge3elwr01.ZRz5x0p45trbIeTmJKJA3BulM6_67tfIXBMtdUHVpT9LzhBgYQ8KYzTfmzMrlgoZpQBhRdj3caFRh_Arhg6zrDu6b73niEy5g_DL8cqpneFhfjsFbqu9SzmqUykwW7eSUJtM263CTPA4O9Hkic7VvZ2pfUZjtE.O0O1ZnJZMYDUNbV1iA_HhSqJSNyiTMXLgQvvn5cEX9FRqoTthm6aIpmyjkdOBVm0NO44anyIwjxXTrdhB6MBPdpfuv8SYIJAuj07IAocqVlyEA70yh7sWeYUGUCnAP0VZ3foKhdLQFcEdjRZyRyIf6GO5gZhzIIR_OF8w4bYSwql0yIW.4vI8DW0DllOI2CTLc55tQnYm8oh8pbzZea3GOe_7ADGTJxD2KS2Gwi0kwQSrntuOfCU1kU.i5KPMzGq0umkwZsRB5vnjeGwdKiIuG5a6pilR3r_e5_94zZcYHhercvtDMgs1zr8PchtZBHmNApcXQ_HjcjvanCu_gLG8qZNJeJzXJSrOT92GWCEXoKD2yv7S_3ezy3c3Dvt4liX8RSYH1fvNedtDWrLKO.RKodL_oCFMlZM1y4a.LSBk1Ktt6qeQcgCNZuQNb9b3Igu2YjuNR_P7SFEqBf.1PQByDpZqXNjfMwMYm0Nio8G8ZFoP1uCY1TH7tqtvoQUIXkcv0X8zxlgIQ8lSTKTLP0yC3tgG.usrvMTUfzk5vd09ieRcSHsiv4LjgNX0Y_.8MApstjk4VrdHHi144YPnknqGPUF67uDSd6A.uade86JqzDErufvpjfmkRGZrzGhIbcM8kUKdfFVl.FZxmbHsGHS1kHhrx5uYzGpdBvHEDq0228d9tUxajeJ_edwIMKgIrTtqPCBsUOoPdmoiw3HOyGIgmJfUb1WcPsc630Xiz49daoMZcqJ7d62QTE1mkV8aos6Kusvd8cvow_Fl7XhkpdCb9PoDzCU6gV67yB9Ys3MSeEjHhaj43YkxNqwjlu8lGEtkzX.0rMI.hSMiYVhu_e.06o6Hr8Z3XQVXWkd3A72se0prca3e6HL4gF0Hjf2kLbi_yZExAXbg84j.rWZkVqnGuNcKAH6aLFIE3A.5lb57v4RlKioTv12RHl0TK0RBa2KsKvALkOH5I9Bvcn5PXRW4I4fL3F1Dn1UkBErUQtg3Bjy8aya10Kbaug_3Qs5fOOvm.ZMGGjZRazTXK27Nk8TTEFCC4ku_6REUEbV3Wr3ll3nkEfLUt5brAqKN2SLaxLKJVOpC.IBhvXxa480u3AHLGfrGVL13XbYcISPWONNhryEYNHBGeuSbS8jaVBU_FQCfHx.2R_p3iUwzPUH_U..M.p.L0kUNQAODBFzP0um_m5OQtw_yX0nIlZRjn6_JMgy32tEbQS2SNvHp3iydgM35RDaZIzQdTGjJWK5qOfl7s80UYnSv6qNHm8XBAuMTgwPhkSloxZuIteWFsQN51KLB28C2.Lr5A_w27U2rzwRZxCVDgchb3NWZTy1YalGt7YlaAE_E.BH.uxhfRIYBNiTkBtUuGMWqWxQoZXGk6._2d7WE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9179a0195fc93f82';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Ground%20heat%20exchangers&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5COa7llyW7jkZ3cPNRkG5Z7zauJEiu1J3IauAYClViI-1740506745-1.0.1.1-a1kytxrQ_7VAwBI0jamWeUynVdBVEJBFcAx4BWzOrKw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>