General Grant Writing Tips | Grants & Funding

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Learn about assistance programs, how to identify a potential funding organization, and past NIH funding.</p> <a href="/funding" title="As the largest public funder of biomedical research in the world, NIH supports a variety of programs from grants and contracts to loan repayment. 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Learn to work with your organization, assess resources and teammates, identify a funding opportunity, check application policies, and lay out your timeline." class="1 nav-link position-relative px-0 py-2 py-lg-1 fw-bold" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1073">Plan to Apply</a> </li> <li class="nav-item d-flex flex-wrap flex-column position-static mb-2"> <a href="/grants-process/write-application" title="Find the official grant application instructions, preview application forms, get advice on grant writing, check out sample grant applications, and read our tips on specific application attachments and sections." class="1 nav-link position-relative px-0 py-2 py-lg-1 fw-bold" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/670">Write Application</a> </li> <li class="nav-item d-flex flex-wrap flex-column position-static mb-2"> <a href="/grants-process/submit" title="Learn about the steps you must take after filling out your application forms to complete the submission process, how NIH checks your application for completeness prior to review, and NIH submission policies." class="1 nav-link position-relative px-0 py-2 py-lg-1 fw-bold" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43">Submit</a> </li> <li class="nav-item d-flex flex-wrap flex-column position-static mb-2"> <a href="/grants-process/review" title="What happens between the time you submit the application and NIH lets you know you will be funded? 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Learn about reporting and monitoring requirements." class="1 nav-link position-relative px-0 py-2 py-lg-1 fw-bold" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/349">Post-Award Monitoring and Reporting</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item d-flex flex-wrap flex-column position-static d-lg-block flex-grow-1"> <a href="/policy-and-compliance" title="By accepting a grant award, recipients agree to comply with the requirements in the NIH Grants Policy Statement unless the notice of award states otherwise." class="nav-link position-relative px-0 btn btn-primary rounded-0 text-lg-center text-uppercase fw-bold me-0 py-2 px-3 py-lg-3 d-flex collapsed justify-content-between d-lg-block" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#PolicyCompliance" aria-expanded="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3"> Policy & Compliance <i class="bi bi-caret-down-fill"></i> </a> <div> <div class="container-fluid rounded-0 w-100 start-0 bg-white text-black shadow 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bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Required Disclosures of Foreign Affiliations or Relationships to Foreign Countries" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Required Disclosures of Foreign Affiliations or Relationships to Foreign Countries</a> </li> <li class="level-3 list-group-item d-none"> <a href="/grants-process/write-application/forms-directory/research-performance-progress-report-rppr-annual-interim-and-final" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Research Performance Progress Report (RPPR) - Annual, Interim, and Final" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Research Performance Progress Report (RPPR) - Annual, Interim, and Final</a> </li> <li class="level-3 list-group-item d-none"> <a 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menu NIH Modular Research Grant Applications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/455">NIH Modular Research Grant Applications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-3 list-group-item d-none"> <a href="/grants-process/write-application/advice-on-application-sections/reference-letters" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Reference Letters" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/603">Reference Letters</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2 list-group-item dropdown"> <a href="/grants-process/write-application/samples-applications-and-documents" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Sample Applications and Documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/745">Sample Applications and Documents</a> <ul data-block="sidebar_first" 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error has occurred" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/310">Notification to be sent if a system error has occurred</a> </li> <li class="level-4 list-group-item d-none"> <a href="/grants-process/submit/submit-track-view/email-notifications/view-assembled-application" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Notification to be sent instructing PI to log on to the Commons and view the assembled application" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/125">Notification to be sent instructing PI to log on to the Commons and view the assembled application</a> </li> <li class="level-4 list-group-item d-none"> <a href="/grants-process/submit/submit-track-view/email-notifications/view-errors-and-warnings" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Notification to be sent instructing SO and PI to log on to the Commons and view errors and warnings associated with a Grants.gov submission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/274">Notification to be sent instructing SO and PI to log on to the Commons and view errors and warnings associated with a Grants.gov submission</a> </li> <li class="level-4 list-group-item d-none"> <a href="/grants-process/submit/submit-track-view/email-notifications/view-warnings" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Notification to be sent instructing SO and PI to log on to the Commons and view warnings and the assembled application" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/365">Notification to be sent instructing SO and PI to log on to the Commons and view warnings and the assembled application</a> </li> <li class="level-4 list-group-item d-none"> <a 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position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Audit Requirements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/37">Audit Requirements</a> </li> <li class="level-2 list-group-item"> <a href="/grants-process/post-award-monitoring-and-reporting/closeout" class="dropdown-item py-1 text-wrap border-start border-3 d-flex align-items-center bi bi-circle-fill ps-4 position-relative d-block" role="button" title="Expand menu Closeout" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Closeout</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="order-1 order-lg-2 syndicate col-12 col-lg-9 ps-0 ps-lg-5"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-nihod5-subtheme-page-title" class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <h1><strong><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">General Grant Writing Tips</span> </strong></h1> </div> <div id="block-nihod5-subtheme-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-block-node-page-field-scope-note"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-scope-note field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Scope Note</div> <div class="field__item"><p>A well-written, well-formatted application is key to your success. Find crosscutting advice for the narrative sections of your grant application. As you consider how to write, choose the approaches you consider optimal for your unique application.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-block-node-page-body"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Are You Ready to Write?</h2> <p>Once you have created your <a href="/grants-process/plan-to-apply">Plan to Apply</a>, found your funding opportunity, and understand the <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide">How to Apply – Application Guide</a> instructions, it’s time to write. Remember the details when you <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide/format-attachments">Format Attachments</a>, follow <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide/page-limits">Page Limits</a>, and match <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide/rules-for-text-fields">Rules for Text Fields</a>.</p> <div class="d-flex mb-4" data-ds-id="aas23v54"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <small class="bg-secondary bi bi-pencil-fill d-flex p-1 rounded-circle text-white"></small> <div class="d-flex h-100 justify-content-around mt-1 mx-2"> <div class="bg-secondary h-100" style="width: 3px;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ps-3"> <strong>Note</strong> <div>The tips in this section are suggestions for your consideration. We encourage you to seek additional sources of advice and discuss with your organization. Choose the approaches you consider optimal for your unique application.</div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-block-node-page-field-body-2"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-body-2 field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Tip 1: Make Your Project’s Goals Realistic and Clear</h2><p>Before you dive into the full writing process, we encourage you to start with a first draft of your <a href="/grants-process/write-application/advice-on-application-sections#specific-aims">Specific Aims</a>. Use feedback on your Aims from prereaders to revise, refine, and clarify further.</p><p>Consider the scope of your project plan and goals carefully:</p><ul><li>Before you start writing the application, think about how the budget is related to your research plan. Everything in the budget must be reasonable and justified by the work you propose.</li><li>Be realistic. Don't propose more work than can be reasonably done during the proposed project period. Make sure that the personnel have appropriate expertise and training.</li></ul><h2>Tip 2: Be Organized</h2><p>Why? Reviewers are accustomed to finding information in specific sections of the application. This creates an efficient evaluation process and saves reviewers from hunting for required information.</p><p>Consider starting with an outline that reflects everything that the <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide">How to Apply – Application Guide</a> and your funding opportunity announcement instruct you to include. There are also special content rules for <a href="/grants-process/submit/submission-policies/resubmission-applications">Resubmission</a> and <a href="/funding/funding-categories/supplemental-funding/competing-revisions">Competing Revision</a> applications.</p><p>As you organize and draft each application section and attachment, we recommend:</p><ul><li>Be specific and informative, avoiding redundancies. The thought process of the application should be easy to follow.</li><li>Make your application as easy to read as possible.<ul><li>Establish a clear, organized structure with headings. </li><li>Use short paragraphs, bulleted or numbered lists, adequate white space, and indents.</li></ul></li><li>Use bold text judiciously to highlight key concepts, allowing reviewers to scan the pages and retrieve information quickly.</li></ul><p>You should not include headers or footers in your application attachments. Upon submission, NIH’s electronic systems will automatically add a time stamp, tracking number, funding opportunity number, and page numbers in the application’s header and footer areas.</p><h2>Tip 3: Write in Clear, Concise Language</h2><p>Why? Reviewers must read quite a few applications in full detail. Your application has a better chance of being successful if it is easy to read and well-written.</p><ul><li>Write a clear topic sentence for each paragraph with one main point or idea. This is key for readability.</li><li>Aim to keep sentences as clear, simple, and short as possible. Sentences of 20 words or less are easier to read.</li><li>Make your points as directly as possible. Avoid jargon or excessively technical language. Remember, not all reviewers will be experts in your field. </li><li>Be consistent with terms, references, and writing style.</li><li>Write in the active voice: "We will develop an experiment.” Active voice clarifies who will take which actions. Avoid using passive voice: "An experiment will be developed."</li><li>Spell out all acronyms on first reference.</li><li>If writing is not your forte, seek assistance.</li></ul><p>Check <a href="/grants-process/write-application/general-grant-writing-tips/communicating-research-intent-and-value-in-nih-applications"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Communicating Research Intent and Value in NIH Applications</span></a><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden" style="box-sizing:border-box;"> for more advice and examples edited for plain language.</span></p><h2>Tip 4: Your Reviewers Are Your Primary Audience</h2><p>Capture the attention of your peer review group by making an evocative case for why NIH should fund your research.</p><ul><li>Your funding opportunity notice lists all the <a href="/grants-process/review/first-level#peer-review-criteria-and-considerations">Review Criteria</a>, including any opportunity-specific criteria. Make it clear how well your project fits all the criteria.</li><li>Stress the significance of your proposed work. Doing so can enhance the application’s appeal.</li><li>Describe how your planned project reflects principles of scientific <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(33, 37, 41);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"Open Sans", sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">rigor, reproducibility, and transparency. Find application resources and guidance on </span><a href="/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/reproducibility"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Enhancing Reproducibility through Rigor and Transparency</span></a><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden" style="box-sizing:border-box;">.</span></li><li><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Include enough background information to enable the reader to understand your proposed work. Spell out acronyms and minimize jargon.</span></li><li>Consider adding figures, diagrams, charts, and other graphics to summarize your data and project plan. Read <a href="/grants-process/write-application/general-grant-writing-tips/tips-for-tables-charts-and-figures">Tips for Tables, Charts, and Figures</a>.</li></ul><p>All reviewers are important to you because each gets one vote. For context, learn about the <a href="/grants-process/review">Review</a> process.</p><ul><li>Write to ensure that your assigned reviewers can readily grasp and explain what you propose. </li><li>They summarize your application and guide the review panel's discussion. </li><li>They can clarify any unusual or complex elements for the other reviewers.</li></ul><p>Your application should be clear enough to inform and convince reviewers with different levels of expertise. In a sense, you have two audiences of reviewers:</p><ul><li>The majority of your peer reviewers will not be experts in your niche scientific area or familiar with all of your techniques.</li><li>A smaller number of reviewers will be familiar.</li></ul><h2>Tip 5: Edit Yourself</h2><p>It can be challenging to edit your own text. Our advice:</p><ul><li>Set your draft aside for a few days, then return when you have fresher eyes.</li><li>Reread and consider whether the content flows well.</li><li>Have zero tolerance for typographical errors, misspellings, grammatical mistakes, or messy formatting. If the application is sloppy or disorganized, reviewers may think your research could be conducted in the same manner.</li><li>Remember the details! Follow the requirements when you <a href="/grants-process/write-application/how-to-apply-application-guide/format-attachments">Format Attachments</a>, such as font size, margins, and spacing. Label sections as directed. You don’t want your application removed from funding consideration because of missed rules.</li><li>Try reading your draft text out loud to catch any odd phrasing, typos, and missing or duplicated words.</li><li>Conduct a self-review based on the peer review criteria in your funding opportunity notice. How would you rate your own application?</li></ul><h2>Tip 6: Enlist Help, Share for Comments</h2><p>It can help to recruit someone else to review your content, check your punctuation, and give you feedback on whether the content flows.</p><ul><li>Consider asking your peers to be pre-readers, such as mentors, collaborators, experienced investigators in your organization, or colleagues elsewhere. If possible, have both experts in your field and those who are less familiar with your science provide feedback.</li><li>Early in the process, ask pre-readers to review a first draft of your <a href="/grants-process/write-application/advice-on-application-sections#specific-aims">Specific Aims</a>. Refine as needed, then move ahead to draft more sections. This step can save lots of valuable time.</li><li>Ask if your pre-readers would also review other parts of your draft application. If so:<ul><li>Encourage them to use a critical eye and evaluate the application using the peer review criteria.</li><li>Be sure to include any special review criteria listed in the funding opportunity.</li></ul></li><li>If more than one investigator contributes to writing the application, you can review each other’s text for consistent tone, style, and proofreading.</li><li>If possible, get an experienced editor to check clarity and proofread.</li></ul><p>Based on comments from your volunteers, make the revisions and edits that seem likely to improve your application.</p></div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-extra-field-block-node-page-workbench-moderation-control"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div id="block-grants-learningcenterresources" class="block block-oer-resources-module block-learning-center-resources-block"> <div class="border-2 border-secondary border-top container mb-5 mt-5" id="faq-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <h3 class="border-5 border-secondary border-top col-12 col-md-3 pt-3 text-secondary">FAQs</h3> <div class="border-5 border-top border-white col-12 col-md-9 pt-3"> <div id="featured-faq-wrapper"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script> let faq_block = document.getElementById("faq-wrapper"); let faq_header = document.getElementById("faq-name"); let faq_raw_data = {"tags":[],"project_id":"https:\/\/search.grants.nih.gov\/lc\/api\/resources\/tags","project":"64888cbd5b0ce2db990fc8d3","fqs":[{"value":"faq610","_attributes":[]},{"value":"faq570","_attributes":[]}],"query":"OR","see_also":"<ul><li><a href=\"\/grants-process\/write-application\/advice-on-application-sections\">Advice on Application Sections<\/a><\/li><\/ul>","page_contact":"<p>Check online guidance and direct your questions to staff in your organization's sponsored programs office. 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let resources_data = data.resources_data let general_resources_present = false; if(data.general_resources && data.general_resources.trim() !== ""){ general_resources_present = true; } let general_resources_wrapper = document.getElementById("general-resource-wrapper"); const upcoming_events = document.querySelector(".upcoming-events-block"); const videos_block = document.querySelector(".videos-block"); let future_events = []; let videos = []; const currentTimestamp = Date.now(); if (resources_data.resources && resources_data.resources.length > 0) { resources_data.resources.map((resource) => { if (resource.type === "standard_event") { if (new Date() < new Date(resource.date)){ future_events.push({ id: resource._id, title: resource.title, date: new Date(resource.date), }); } let obj = {}; let transcriptPresent = false; let slidedeckPresent = false; let videoPresent = false; resource.resources.map((r) => { if(r.kind === "transcript"){ transcriptPresent = true; } if(r.kind === "slideDeck"){ slidedeckPresent = true; 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} else { const events_element = document.getElementById("upcoming-events"); const date_options = { year: "numeric", month: "long", day: "numeric" }; if (future_events.length > 0) { future_events.map((i) => { const newLiElement = document.createElement("li"); newLiElement.innerHTML = `<a href="/news-events/calendar-of-events/${i.id}">${i.title}</a> on ${new Date(i.date).toLocaleString("en-US",date_options)}`; events_element.appendChild(newLiElement); }); } else { upcoming_events.style.display = "none"; } const videos_element = document.getElementById("videos"); if (videos.length > 0) { videos.map((i) => { const newLiElement = document.createElement("li"); if(i.externalYoutube){ newLiElement.innerHTML = `<a href="${i.url}" target="_blank" class="new-domain">${i.title}</a> (${new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US', date_utc_options).format(new Date(i.published))})`; } else { newLiElement.innerHTML = `<a href="/news-events/calendar-of-events/${i.id}/video">${i.title}</a> (${new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US', date_utc_options).format(new Date(i.published))})`; } videos_element.appendChild(newLiElement); }); } else { videos_block.style.display = "none"; } const video_list = document.querySelector(".videos-see-more"); const seeMoreVideos = document.createElement("div"); collapseMore(video_list, seeMoreVideos, "Videos"); } </script> <div class="border-2 border-secondary border-top container mb-5" id="see-also-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <h3 class="border-5 border-secondary border-top col-12 col-md-3 pt-3 text-secondary">See Also</h3> <div class="border-5 border-top border-white col-12 col-md-9 pt-3"> <ul><li><a href="/grants-process/write-application/advice-on-application-sections">Advice on Application Sections</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="border-2 border-secondary border-top container mb-5" id="contact-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <h3 class="border-5 border-secondary border-top col-12 col-md-3 pt-3 text-secondary">Contact</h3> <div class="border-5 border-top border-white col-12 col-md-9 pt-3"> <p>Check online guidance and direct your questions to staff in your organization's sponsored programs office. 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