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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_K._Jain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. 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Jain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American cancer researcher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rakesh K. Jain</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 18, 1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT Kanpur</a> (<a href="/wiki/BTech" class="mw-redirect" title="BTech">BTech</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._S." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S.">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Tumor pathophysiology, Tumor normalization</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">James Wei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data">Pietro M. Gullino</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rakesh K. Jain</b> (born 1950) is the Andrew Werk Cook Professor of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">Tumor</a> Biology director of the E. L. Steele Laboratories at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_career_path">Training and career path</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Training and career path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jain received his bachelor's degree in 1972 from <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT Kanpur</a>, and his MS and PhD degrees in 1974 and 1976 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>, all in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>. He served as assistant professor of chemical engineering at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1976 to 1978), and as assistant (1978–79), associate (1979–83) and full professor (1983-1991) of chemical engineering at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>. He spent his 1983-84 sabbatical year as a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellow</a> in the departments of chemical engineering at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, bioengineering at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_oncology" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation oncology">radiation oncology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, and his 1990–91 sabbatical as a <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Senior_Scientist_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Senior Scientist Award">Humboldt Senior Scientist</a>-Awardee at the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a>, and the Institute of Experimental Surgery of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>. In 1991, Jain became the Andrew Werk Cook Professor of Radiation Oncology (Tumor Biology) at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, and Director of Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jain is regarded as a pioneer in the area of tumor microenvironment and widely recognized for his seminal discoveries in tumor biology, drug delivery, <i>in vivo</i> imaging, bioengineering, and <a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">bench-to-bedside translation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include uncovering the barriers to the delivery and efficacy of molecular and <a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nano-medicines</a> in tumors, developing new strategies to overcome these barriers, and then translating these strategies from bench to bedside.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is most celebrated for proposing a new principle – normalization of <a href="/wiki/Vasculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasculature">vasculature</a> – for treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases characterized by abnormal vessels that afflict more than 500 million people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept has fundamentally changed the thinking of scientists and clinicians about how <a href="/wiki/Antiangiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiangiogenic">antiangiogenic</a> agents work, and how to combine them optimally with other therapies to improve the treatment outcome in patients.<sup id="cite_ref-asco_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asco-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He has mentored more than 200 graduate and postdoctoral students from over a dozen different disciplines. Jain's research findings are summarized in more than 600 publications, which have been cited more than 200,000 times (as of November, 2023). He was among the top 1% cited researchers in Clinical Medicine in 2014–15.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He serves or has served on advisory panels to government, industry and academia, and is a member of editorial advisory boards of 22 journals, including <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Cancer" title="Nature Reviews Cancer">Nature Reviews Cancer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Clinical_Oncology" title="Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology">Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology</a></i>. </p><p>He has received more than 75 awards from engineering and medical professional societies/institutions. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2004 for the integration of <a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">bioengineering</a> with tumor biology and imaging <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> and functions <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">drug delivery</a> in tumors. He is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. In 2014, he was chosen as one of 50 Oncology Luminaries on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="American Society of Clinical Oncology">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asco_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asco-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Jain received <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorates">honorary doctorates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT-Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In 2013, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steele.mgh.harvard.edu">Steele Laboratories web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Barriers to drug delivery in solid tumors. Sci Am, 271: 58-65, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Taming vessels to treat cancer. Sci Am, 298: 56-63, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. An indirect way to tame cancer. Sci Am, 310: 46-53, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK and PF Carmeliet. Vessels of death or life. Sci Am, 285: 38-45, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Normalizing tumor microenvironment to treat cancer: bench to bedside to biomarkers. J Clin Oncol, 31: 2205-18, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/68595?media=vm">Video of the award lecture</a>, Normalizing Tumor Microenvironment to Treat Cancer: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Antiangiogenesis strategies revisited: from starving tumors to alleviating hypoxia. Cancer Cell, 26: 605-22, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy. Nat Med, 7: 987-9, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science, 307: 58-62, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asco-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asco_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asco_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-15,-2014/asco-celebrates-oncology-luminaries-for-50th-anniversary.aspx">ASCO Post, August 15, 2014; Vol. 5, Issue 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highlycited.com">Thomson-Reuters list of highly cited researchers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalmedals.org/laureates/rakesh-k-jain">National Science & Technology Medals Foundation</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Jain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steele.mgh.harvard.edu/data/research_statements/1/JainCV15.pdf">Curriculum Vitae</a> at Harvard Medical School</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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