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var $tag_code='f862615582213edde8283e02b203a81d'; var $r_quote_bligid='9ffd30b80102vegm'; var $worldcup='0'; var $worldcupball='0'; </script> <span class="SG_txtb">标签：</span>  <h3>洪秀全</h3>  <h3>曾国藩</h3>  <h3>奏稿</h3>  <h3>四月</h3>  <h3>太平天国</h3> </td> <td class="blog_class"> <span class="SG_txtb">分类：</span> <a target="_blank" href="//blog.sina.com.cn/s/articlelist_2684170424_7_1.html">历史迷雾</a> </td> </tr> </table> </div>  <div id="sina_keyword_ad_area2" class="articalContent newfont_family"> <p STYLE="TexT-ALiGn: center; Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ALIGN="center"><b STYLE="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 22pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 曾国藩篡改洪秀全死因是何居心？</SPAN></B></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt"><font FACE="Times New Roman"> <wbr></FONT></SPAN></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">  <wbr></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 过去许多关于太平天国史的论著，都说洪秀全是在清军逼紧时服毒自杀的，现在不少太平天国的论著则说洪秀全是病死的，这到底是怎么一回事？</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 洪秀全之死，由于原始材料记载不一，加上曾国藩篡改史料，以假乱真，因此分歧颇多。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 一百多年来太平天国史的研究者，大多认为洪秀全是“服毒自杀”的，所据史料主要有三条：</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 一是曾国藩同治三年六月二十三日奏称：“首逆洪秀全实系本年五月间，官军猛攻时，服毒而死”。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 另一条是曾国藩同治三年七月七日奏稿称，洪秀全“四月二十七日，因官军急攻，服毒身死，秘不发丧”。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 还有一条就是曾国藩刊刻的《李秀成自述》记载：“天王斯时焦急，日日烦躁，即以四月二十七日服毒而亡。”</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 这三条材料出自当时清政府和太平天国双方的知情主将之手，因此，被史学界的大部分人当成信史。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 但，当时在洪秀全身边的幼天王洪福瑱在“自述”中却说：“本年四月十九日，老大王病死了，二十四日众臣子扶我登极。”这条材料自然也无法列在信史之外。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 这样一来，洪秀全究竟是自杀还是病死，便成为历史之谜。尽管大部分太平天国史论著都从曾国藩及其刊刻本《李秀成自述》的说法。但都以存疑的办法，把洪福瑱、洪仁玕所记史料罗列于后。如郭廷以在《太平天国史事日志》中根据“李秀成供状及曾国藩奏报”，认为洪秀全之死“以服毒说为近真”。在罗列了洪仁玕，洪福瑱供词中关于洪秀全之死的文字之后，又说“似洪秀全系病死”。简又文在《太平天国全史》中认为洪秀全自杀是“事实”，但又对曾国藩奏稿中的内容多加批驳，如在“官军急攻”语下批驳说，在洪秀全死前三个月“曾国藩未攻城，天京外亦无战事”。曾国藩奏稿说，洪秀全“服毒”材料来自天王府宫婢黄氏，简又文批驳道：“其言由黄氏宫婢供，伪言也”。可见，在很长一段时间里，史学界对洪秀全之死实无定论。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt">60</SPAN><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'">年代初，藏在曾国藩家中达一百多年的《李秀成亲供手迹》（即《李秀成自述》）正式影印发行，其中关于洪秀全之死的原始记载，有力地证明了洪秀全是病死，并非自杀。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 《李秀成自述》刊刻本中有关此事的记载，是经曾国藩篡改过的。李秀成当时正在天京，对天王府的一切都了如指掌，他所记洪秀全之死的材料最为后人所重视。为说明问题，现把正伪两段材料摘录如下：</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 《李秀成自述》原稿影印本：“此时大概三月将尾，四月将初之候。……天王斯时已病甚重，四月二十一日而故。”</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> “此人之病，不食药方，任病任好，不好亦不服药，是以四月二十一日而亡。”</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 曾国藩在刊刻《李秀成自述》时将上述说法篡改成：“天王斯时焦急，日日烦躁，即以四月二十七日服毒而亡。”</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 原稿和刊刻本对照，真相大白，人们历来所据信史系曾国藩所伪造，而李秀成“亲供”原稿则明明白白记载了洪秀全因病而死。再和其他原始记载对照，洪秀全病死更可确信无疑。上述《洪福瑱自述》明确记载“本年四月十九日，老天王病死了”。曾国藩的幕僚赵烈文《能静居士日记》五月初六日条也记有：“闻探报禀称，逆首洪秀全已于四月二十八日病死（彼中之四月二十日）”。当时清、太双方记载是一致的。洪仁玕虽然不在天京，但他在湖州和幼天王会师，自然要谈到洪秀全去世情况，所以他在“自述”中关于洪秀全之死的记述，也为史学界所重视。但《洪仁玕自述》前半部分说：“至今年四月十九，我主老天王卧病二旬升天。”后半部分又说：“天王之自杀，更令全局混乱”。这个自相矛盾的记载到底是怎么回事，现在不得而知，不过，《洪仁玕自述》前半部分，即病死说是出自洪仁玕供词原稿，而后半部分，即自杀说，出自英译本，原稿己失，无法查证。但英、中两次翻译受《李秀成自述》刊物本之影响，并不是不可能的。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 人们也许会问，曾国藩为什么一定要篡改《李秀成自述》中关于洪秀全之死的说法呢？这是因为，湘军攻破南京之后，曾国藩在安庆给清廷的一个奏折中已经说过洪秀全是“官军猛攻时，服毒而死”的。而在他到达南京之后，又于七月初四日亲自拟写了七月初七日的奏稿；并在奏稿中重申了洪秀全因“官军急攻，服毒身死”。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 这两个奏稿都是在曾国藩看完李秀成亲供前写成的。曾国藩看到李秀成亲供有关洪秀全之死记载和奏稿截然不同，他在把亲供抄送军机处时，把这些文字给篡改了，当不难理解。至于曾国藩两次谎报军情，罗尔纲和周村合写的《洪秀全论》说：“洪秀全因天京缺粮，久吃甜露充饥，致病发逝世。”并在注中说：“曾国藩刻本《李秀成供》所说洪秀全因被围急自杀死，乃是曾国藩为着要向清廷报功而盗改的。”</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; TexT-inDenT: 24pt; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"> <font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 16px"><font STYLE="FonT-siZe: 18px"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; FonT-FAMiLY: 宋体; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times new roman'"> 由于《李秀成亲供》影印出版，曾国藩篡改史料骗局被揭穿，洪秀全死因之谜已初步解开，近年来有关太平天国史论著，大多改变了“自杀”说的看法。当然也还有一些人仍然坚持自己的观点。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt"><font FACE="Times New Roman"> <wbr></FONT></SPAN></P> <p STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt"><font FACE="Times New Roman"> <wbr></FONT></SPAN></P> <p STYLE="TexT-ALiGn: center; Line-HeiGHT: 150%; MArGin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" ALIGN="center"><span STYLE="Line-HeiGHT: 150%; CoLor: #993300; FonT-siZe: 12pt"><font FACE="Times New Roman"><a HREF="http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/002VEvlmzy6PTYLHyrSa0" TARGET="_blank"><img STYLE="WiDTH: 456px; HeiGHT: 629px" NAME="image_operate_10691423666835218" src="//simg.sinajs.cn/blog7style/images/common/sg_trans.gif" real_src ="http://s1.sinaimg.cn/mw690/002VEvlmzy6PTYLHyrSa0&690" WIDTH="638" HEIGHT="336" ALT="曾国藩篡改洪秀全死因是何居心？" TITLE="曾国藩篡改洪秀全死因是何居心？" /></A> <wbr></FONT></SPAN></P> <p STYLE="TexT-ALiGn: center; 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