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<li id="toc-Earlier_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Earlier discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall's_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall's_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marshall's discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall's_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_and_supplies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_and_supplies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transportation and supplies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_and_supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forty-niners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forty-niners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forty-niners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forty-niners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_gold-recovery_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_gold-recovery_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development of gold-recovery techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_gold-recovery_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of gold-recovery techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_gold-recovery_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Profits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Profits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Profits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Profits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Path_of_the_gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_of_the_gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Path of the gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_of_the_gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Government and commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World-wide_economic_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World-wide_economic_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>World-wide economic stimulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-wide_economic_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gender practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longer-term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longer-term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Longer-term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longer-term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">California gold rush</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiebre_del_oru_de_California" title="Fiebre del oru de California – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fiebre del oru de California" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniya_q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_h%C9%99risliyi" title="Kaliforniya qızıl hərisliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaliforniya qızıl hərisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Калифорнийска златна треска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорнийска златна треска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febre_de_l%27or_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia" title="Febre de l'or de Califòrnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Febre de l'or de Califòrnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornsk%C3%A1_zlat%C3%A1_hore%C4%8Dka" title="Kalifornská zlatá horečka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalifornská zlatá horečka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldfeberen_i_Californien" title="Guldfeberen i Californien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guldfeberen i Californien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornischer_Goldrausch" title="Kalifornischer Goldrausch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalifornischer Goldrausch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_kullapalavik" title="California kullapalavik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="California kullapalavik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiebre_del_oro_de_California" title="Fiebre del oro de California – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiebre del oro de California" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornia_deliro_pri_oro" title="Kalifornia deliro pri oro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalifornia deliro pri oro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniako_urre_sukarra" title="Kaliforniako urre sukarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaliforniako urre sukarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تب طلا در کالیفرنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تب طلا در کالیفرنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C3%A9e_vers_l%27or_en_Californie" title="Ruée vers l'or en Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruée vers l'or en Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornyske_Goudkoarts" title="Kalifornyske Goudkoarts – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalifornyske Goudkoarts" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuadar_%C3%93ir_Chalifornia" title="Fuadar Óir Chalifornia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuadar Óir Chalifornia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febre_do_ouro_de_California" title="Febre do ouro de California – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Febre do ouro de California" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%A8%EB%93%9C_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="캘리포니아 골드 러시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘리포니아 골드 러시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6" title="कैलिफ़ोर्निया गोल्ड रश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलिफ़ोर्निया गोल्ड रश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam_Emas_California" title="Demam Emas California – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demam Emas California" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Kaliforn%C3%ADu" title="Gullæðið í Kaliforníu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gullæðið í Kaliforníu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_all%27oro_californiana" title="Corsa all'oro californiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsa all'oro californiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91_(%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94)" title="הבהלה לזהב (קליפורניה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבהלה לזהב (קליפורניה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კალიფორნიის ოქროს ციებ-ცხელება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიფორნიის ოქროს ციებ-ცხელება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijas_zelta_drudzis" title="Kalifornijas zelta drudzis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalifornijas zelta drudzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijos_aukso_kar%C5%A1tin%C4%97" title="Kalifornijos aukso karštinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalifornijos aukso karštinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniai_aranyl%C3%A1z" title="Kaliforniai aranyláz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaliforniai aranyláz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="കാലിഫോർണിയ ഗോൾഡ് റഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലിഫോർണിയ ഗോൾഡ് റഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerubut_Emas_California" title="Kerubut Emas California – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerubut Emas California" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californische_goldrush" title="Californische goldrush – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Californische goldrush" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="カリフォルニア・ゴールドラッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリフォルニア・ゴールドラッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullfeberen_i_California" title="Gullfeberen i California – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gullfeberen i California" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijska_gor%C4%85czka_z%C5%82ota" title="Kalifornijska gorączka złota – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalifornijska gorączka złota" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrida_do_ouro_na_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Corrida do ouro na Califórnia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrida do ouro na Califórnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goana_dup%C4%83_aur_din_California" title="Goana după aur din California – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Goana după aur din California" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Калифорнийская золотая лихорадка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калифорнийская золотая лихорадка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="California Gold Rush" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornian_kultarynt%C3%A4ys" title="Kalifornian kultaryntäys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalifornian kultaryntäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldrushen_i_Kalifornien" title="Guldrushen i Kalifornien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guldrushen i Kalifornien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="கலிபோர்னியா தங்க வேட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோர்னியா தங்க வேட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การตื่นทองที่แคลิฟอร์เนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตื่นทองที่แคลิฟอร์เนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniya_Alt%C4%B1na_H%C3%BCcum" title="Kaliforniya Altına Hücum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliforniya Altına Hücum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Каліфорнійська золота лихоманка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каліфорнійська золота лихоманка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=California_gold_rush&params=38_48_1_N_120_53_32_W_&title=Visitor+Center+of+the+Marshall+Gold+Discovery+State+Historic+Park"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°53′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.80028°N 120.89222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.80028; -120.89222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Visitor Center of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gold rush from 1848 until 1855</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush_(film)" title="California Gold Rush (film)"><i>California Gold Rush</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">California gold rush</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/240px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/360px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/480px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="362" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Prospectors working California gold <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Placer deposits">placer deposits</a> in 1850</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">January 24, 1848<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1848-01-24</span>)</span>–1855</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> goldfields</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=California_gold_rush&params=38_48_1_N_120_53_32_W_&title=Visitor+Center+of+the+Marshall+Gold+Discovery+State+Historic+Park"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°53′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.80028°N 120.89222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.80028; -120.89222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Visitor Center of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;">300,000 prospectors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">California becomes a US state <br /> <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a> occurs</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>California gold rush</b> (1848–1855) was a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> that began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by <a href="/wiki/James_W._Marshall" title="James W. Marshall">James W. Marshall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coloma,_California" title="Coloma, California">Coloma, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sudden influx of gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy; the sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. The gold rush had severe effects on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Native Californians</a> and accelerated the Native American population's decline from disease, starvation, and the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>. </p><p>The effects of the gold rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called "forty-niners" (referring to 1849, the peak year for gold rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a> (Hawaii), and Latin America in late 1848. Of the approximately 300,000 people who came to California during the gold rush, about half arrived by sea and half came overland on the <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_Road" title="California Road">California Road</a>; forty-niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the gold rush attracted thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and China. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtown</a> of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. In 1849, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (California)">state constitution was written</a>. The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote; the future state's interim first governor and legislature were chosen. In September 1850, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">California became a state</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of the gold rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of "staking claims" was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">panning</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">mining</a> caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> came into regular service. By 1869, <a href="/wiki/California_and_the_railroads" class="mw-redirect" title="California and the railroads">railroads</a> were built from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners. Gold worth tens of billions of today's US dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few, though many who participated in the California gold rush earned little more than they had started with. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Overview"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900" title="History of California before 1900">History of California before 1900</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaliforniaGoldRush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CaliforniaGoldRush.png/220px-CaliforniaGoldRush.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CaliforniaGoldRush.png/330px-CaliforniaGoldRush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/CaliforniaGoldRush.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>California goldfields (red) in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_discoveries">Earlier discoveries</h3></div> <p>Gold was discovered <a href="/wiki/Gold_in_California" title="Gold in California">in California</a> as early as March 9, 1842, at <a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Francisco" title="Rancho San Francisco">Rancho San Francisco</a>, in the mountains north of present-day Los Angeles. Californian native Francisco Lopez was searching for stray horses and stopped on the bank of a small creek (in today's <a href="/wiki/Placerita_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Placerita Canyon">Placerita Canyon</a>), about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Newhall,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Newhall, California">Newhall</a>, and about 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Los Angeles. While the horses grazed, Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the bulbs. He looked further and found more gold.<sup id="cite_ref-blakely_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakely-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth. Lopez and others began to search for other streambeds with gold deposits in the area. They found several in the northeastern section of the forest, within present-day <a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blakely_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakely-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, some of the gold was sent to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Mint">U.S. Mint</a>, although otherwise attracted little notice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RawlsPlacerita_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsPlacerita-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, Lopez found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery. Mexican miners from <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> worked the placer deposits until 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-blakely_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakely-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor finds of gold in California were also made by <a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> prior to 1848. The <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> instructed them to keep its location secret to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall's_discovery"><span id="Marshall.27s_discovery"></span>Marshall's discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_W._Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_W._Marshall.jpg/170px-James_W._Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_W._Marshall.jpg/255px-James_W._Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_W._Marshall.jpg/340px-James_W._Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>1855 illustration of <a href="/wiki/James_W._Marshall" title="James W. Marshall">James W. Marshall</a>, discoverer of gold at <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1847, nine months into the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a> was signed, leading to the resolution of the military conflict in <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (Upper California).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 24, 1848, <a href="/wiki/James_W._Marshall" title="James W. Marshall">James W. Marshall</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found shiny metal in the <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">tailrace</a> of a lumber mill he was building for <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>—known as <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Coloma,_California" title="Coloma, California">Coloma</a> on the <a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BancroftDiscovery_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BancroftDiscovery-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAMap_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMap-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall brought what he found to Sutter, and the two privately tested the metal. After the tests showed that it was gold, Sutter expressed dismay, wanting to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to <a href="/wiki/New_Helvetia" title="New Helvetia">his plans for an agricultural empire</a> if there were a gold rush in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican–American War ended on May 30 with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, which formally transferred California to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having sworn all concerned at the mill to secrecy, in February 1848, Sutter sent <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(soldier)" title="Charles H. Bennett (soldier)">Charles Bennett</a> to <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> to meet with Colonel Mason, the chief U.S. official in California, to secure the mineral rights of the land where the mill stood. Bennett was not to tell anyone of the discovery of gold, but when he stopped at <a href="/wiki/Benicia,_California" title="Benicia, California">Benicia</a>, he heard talk about the discovery of coal near Mount Diablo, and he blurted out the discovery of gold. He continued to San Francisco, where again, he could not keep the secret. At Monterey, Mason declined to make any judgement of title to lands and mineral rights, and Bennett for the third time revealed the gold discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1848, rumors of the discovery were confirmed by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brannan" title="Samuel Brannan">Samuel Brannan</a>. Brannan hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies,<sup id="cite_ref-HollBran_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollBran-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he walked through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting "Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 19, 1848, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, US President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrCongress_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrCongress-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, individuals seeking to benefit from the gold rush—later called the "forty-niners"—began moving to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Country_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Country of California">Gold Country of California</a> or "Mother Lode" from other countries and from other parts of the United States. As Sutter had feared, his business plans were ruined after his workers left in search of gold, and <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatters</a> took over his land and stole his crops and cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began. When residents learned about the discovery, it at first became a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a> of abandoned ships and businesses,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived. The population of San Francisco increased quickly from about 1,000<sup id="cite_ref-HollidaySF_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollidaySF-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1848 to 25,000 full-time residents by 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsSF_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsSF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships.<sup id="cite_ref-HollInfra_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollInfra-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no churches or religious services in the rapidly growing city, which prompted missionaries like <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(missionary)" title="William Taylor (missionary)">William Taylor</a> to meet the need, where he held services in the street, using a barrel head as his pulpit. Crowds would gather to listen to his sermons, and before long he received enough generous donations from successful gold miners and built San Francisco's first church.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_and_supplies">Transportation and supplies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Clipper_500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/California_Clipper_500.jpg/220px-California_Clipper_500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/California_Clipper_500.jpg/330px-California_Clipper_500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/California_Clipper_500.jpg/440px-California_Clipper_500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement about sailing to California, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In what has been referred to as the "first world-class gold rush,"<sup id="cite_ref-HillWorld_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillWorld-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was no easy way to get to California; forty-niners faced hardship and often death on the way. At first, most <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Argonaut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Argonaut">Argonauts</a>, as they were also known, traveled by sea. From the East Coast, a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take four to five months,<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsCape_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsCape-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cover approximately 18,000 nautical miles (21,000 mi; 33,000 km). An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle, and then on the Pacific side, wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsPan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsPan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">route</a> across Mexico starting at <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. The companies providing such transportation created vast wealth among their owners and included the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Mail_Steamship_Company" title="U.S. Mail Steamship Company">U.S. Mail Steamship Company</a>, the federally subsidized <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Accessory_Transit_Company" title="Accessory Transit Company">Accessory Transit Company</a>. Many gold-seekers took the overland route across the continental United States, particularly along the <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsTravel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsTravel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards, from shipwreck to <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HollDeath_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollDeath-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the rush, much of the population growth in the San Francisco area was due to steamship travel from New York City through overland portages in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and then back up by steamship to San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Stiles_2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiles_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While traveling, many steamships from the eastern seaboard required the passengers to bring kits, which were typically full of personal belongings such as clothes, guidebooks, tools, etc. In addition to personal belongings, Argonauts were required to bring barrels full of beef, biscuits, butter, pork, rice, and salt. While on the steamships, travelers could talk to each other, smoke, fish, and other activities depending on the ship they traveled. Still, the dominant activity held throughout the steamships was gambling, which was ironic because segregation between <a href="/wiki/Wealth_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth gap">wealth gaps</a> was prominent throughout the ships. Everything was segregated between the rich vs. the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were different levels of travel one could pay for to get to California. The cheaper steamships tended to have longer routes. In contrast, the more expensive would get passengers to California quicker. There were clear social and economic distinctions between those who traveled together, being that those who spent more money would receive accommodations that others were not allowed. They would do this with the clear intent to distinguish their higher class power over those that could not afford those accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg/220px-SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg/330px-SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg/440px-SanFranciscoharbor1851c_sharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>Merchant ships fill <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, 1850–51.</figcaption></figure> <p>Supply ships arrived in San Francisco with goods to supply the needs of the growing population. When hundreds of ships were abandoned after their crews deserted to go into the goldfields, many ships were converted to warehouses, stores, taverns, hotels, and one into a jail.<sup id="cite_ref-AbandonShip_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbandonShip-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the city expanded and new places were needed on which to build, many ships were destroyed and used as landfill.<sup id="cite_ref-AbandonShip_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbandonShip-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h3></div> <p>Within a few years, there was an important but lesser-known surge of prospectors into far Northern California, specifically into present-day <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity Counties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Yreka,_California" title="Yreka, California">Yreka</a> in 1851 brought thousands of gold-seekers up the <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Trail" title="Siskiyou Trail">Siskiyou Trail</a><sup id="cite_ref-DillonSiskiyou_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DillonSiskiyou-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout California's northern counties.<sup id="cite_ref-WellsYreka_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WellsYreka-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settlements of the gold rush era, such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Flat,_California" title="Portuguese Flat, California">Portuguese Flat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a>, sprang into existence and then faded. The Gold Rush town of <a href="/wiki/Weaverville,_California" title="Weaverville, California">Weaverville</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(California)" title="Trinity River (California)">Trinity River</a> today retains the oldest continuously used <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> temple in California, a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese immigration to the United States">Chinese</a> miners who came. While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence, the remains of the once-bustling town of <a href="/wiki/Shasta,_California" title="Shasta, California">Shasta</a> have been preserved in a <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_State_Historic_Parks" title="List of California State Historic Parks">California State Historic Park</a> in Northern California.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodie_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodie-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve, Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained. The new <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California State Legislature</a> passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ($730 per month as of 2024), and American <a href="/wiki/Prospectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospectors">prospectors</a> began organized attacks on foreign miners, particularly <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsTax_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsTax-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting, fishing and food-gathering areas. To protect their homes and livelihood, some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners. This provoked counter-attacks on native villages. The Native Americans, out-gunned, were often slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsGeno_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsGeno-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food-gathering areas, and they starved to death. Novelist and poet <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Miller" title="Joaquin Miller">Joaquin Miller</a> vividly captured one such attack in his semi-autobiographical work, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_Amongst_the_Modocs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life Amongst the Modocs (page does not exist)">Life Amongst the Modocs</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-MillerModoc_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerModoc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forty-niners">Forty-niners</h2></div> <p>The first people to rush to the goldfields, beginning in the spring of 1848, were the residents of California themselves—primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Native Californians</a> and some <i><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></i> (Spanish-speaking Californians; at the time, commonly referred to in English as simply 'Californians').<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsFirst_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsFirst-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort. Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men. Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men; in such cases, the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Moynihan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moynihan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Word of the gold rush spread slowly at first. The earliest gold-seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California. The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregonians</a> who came down the Siskiyou Trail.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr1848_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr1848-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next came people from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a>, and several thousand Latin Americans, including people from Mexico, from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and from as far away as Chile,<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsChile_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsChile-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both by ship and overland.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr48_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1848, some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr48_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a small number (probably fewer than 500) traveled overland from the United States that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr48_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these "forty-eighters",<sup id="cite_ref-Caughey_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caughey-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the earliest gold-seekers were sometimes called, were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold—in some cases, thousands of dollars worth each day.<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsGold_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsGold-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HollDollars_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollDollars-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast. A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years' wages back home.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrAvg_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrAvg-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hoped to get rich quick and return home, and others wished to start businesses in California. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg/220px-Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg/330px-Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg/440px-Independent_Gold_Hunter_on_His_Way_to_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>"Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California", c. 1850<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of 1849, word of the gold rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were Americans, arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes<sup id="cite_ref-Starr49_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr49-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the name "forty-niner" was derived from the year 1849). Many from the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> negotiated a crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, taking to <a href="/wiki/Riverboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverboats">riverboats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, poling the <a href="/wiki/Keelboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keelboats">keelboats</a> to <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon train</a> assembly ports, and then traveling in a wagon train along the <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a>. Many others came by way of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> and the steamships of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a>. Australians<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsAus_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsAus-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers, and thousands, infected with "gold fever", boarded ships for California.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr1849_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr1849-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty-niners came from Latin America, particularly from the Mexican mining districts near <a href="/wiki/Sonora,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora, Mexico">Sonora</a> and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr1849_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr1849-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold-seekers and merchants from Asia, primarily from China,<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsChina_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsChina-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began arriving in 1849, at first in modest numbers to <i>Gum San</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Gold_Mountain_(Chinese_name_for_part_of_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Mountain (Chinese name for part of North America)">Gold Mountain</a>"), the name given to California in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-goldmountain_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldmountain-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first immigrants from Europe, reeling from the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and with a longer distance to travel, began arriving in late 1849, mostly from France,<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsFrance_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsFrance-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr49_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr49-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—about half by land and half by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr49note_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr49note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans, and the rest were from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr49_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr49-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1855, it is estimated at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr300_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr300-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest group continued to be Americans, but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans, Chinese, Britons, Australians,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French, and Latin Americans,<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsPop_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsPop-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with many smaller groups of miners, such as African Americans, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basques</a><sup id="cite_ref-StarrBasq_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrBasq-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neary_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neary-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People from small villages in the hills near <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada foothills">Sierra Nevada foothills</a>; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills, developed to survive cold winters.<sup id="cite_ref-Freguli49note_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freguli49note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modest number of miners of African ancestry (probably less than 4,000)<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsAf_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsAf-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had come from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wysinger_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysinger-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrAf_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrAf-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of immigrants were from China. Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850, and in 1852 more than 20,000 landed in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Out_of_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Out_of-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields. Chinese miners suffered enormously, enduring violent racism from white miners who aimed their frustrations at foreigners. Further animosity toward the Chinese led to legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Foreign Miners Tax.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Out_of_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Out_of-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_California_gold_rush" title="Women in the California gold rush">women in the gold rush</a>. However, their numbers were small. Of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> in 1849, only 700 were women (including those who were poor, wealthy, entrepreneurs, prostitutes, single, and married).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were of various ethnicities including Anglo-American, African-American,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native</a>, European, Chinese, and Jewish. The reasons they came varied: some came with their husbands, refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves, some came because their husbands sent for them, and others came (singles and widows) for the adventure and economic opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Moynihan2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moynihan2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the trail many people died from accidents, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, fever, and myriad other causes, and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California. While in California, women became widows quite frequently due to <a href="/wiki/Mining_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining accidents">mining accidents</a>, disease, or mining disputes of their husbands. Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of many thousands of people flooding into California at <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> and San Francisco and surrounding areas, the Methodist church deemed it necessary to send missionaries there to preach the gospel, as churches in that part of the state were not to be found. The first missionary to arrive was <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor</a> who arrived in San Francisco in September 1849. For many months he preached in the streets to hundreds of people without salary, and ultimately after saving often generous donations from successful miners, he built and established the first Methodist church in California, and California's first professional hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor103_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor103-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_rights">Legal rights</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joaquin_Murieta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joaquin_Murieta.jpg/220px-Joaquin_Murieta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joaquin_Murieta.jpg/330px-Joaquin_Murieta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joaquin_Murieta.jpg/440px-Joaquin_Murieta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Murrieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Murrieta">Joaquín Murrieta</a>, called the "<a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> of California", was a notorious <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> during the gold rush.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Gold Rush began, the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California was still technically part of Mexico, under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican–American War. With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2, 1848, California became a possession of the United States, but it was not a formal "<a href="/wiki/Organized_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized territory">territory</a>" and did not become a state until September 9, 1850. California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control. There was no civil legislature, executive or judicial body for the entire region.<sup id="cite_ref-HollidayRights_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollidayRights-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules, American principles, and personal dictates. Lax enforcement of federal laws, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>, encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-neary_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neary-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the treaty ending the Mexican–American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants,<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsLandGrants_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsLandGrants-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost all the goldfields were outside those grants. Instead, the goldfields were primarily on "<a href="/wiki/Public_land#United_States" title="Public land">public land</a>", meaning land formally owned by the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsPublic_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsPublic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there were no legal rules yet in place,<sup id="cite_ref-Young_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no practical enforcement mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsEnf_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsEnf-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefit to the forty-niners was that the gold was simply "free for the taking" at first. In the goldfields at the beginning, there was no private property, no licensing fees, and no <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsFree_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsFree-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers; a "<a href="/wiki/Land_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Land claims">claim</a>" could be "staked" by a prospector, but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClayRights_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClayRights-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DameShirley_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DameShirley-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential. If a claim was deemed as low-value—as most were—miners would abandon the site in search of a better one. In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon, other miners would "claim-jump" the land. "Claim-jumping" meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site.<sup id="cite_ref-ClayRights_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClayRights-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DameShirley_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DameShirley-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes were often handled personally and violently, and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as <a href="/wiki/Arbitrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrator">arbitrators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsPublic_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsPublic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClayRights_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClayRights-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DameShirley_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DameShirley-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often led to heightened ethnic tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-InformationSharing_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InformationSharing-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_gold-recovery_techniques">Development of gold-recovery techniques</h2></div> <p>Approximately four hundred million years ago, California lay at the bottom of a large sea; underwater <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> deposited <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> and minerals (including gold) onto the sea floor. By <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic forces</a> these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada,<sup id="cite_ref-HillLift_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillLift-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a>. Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-HillRest_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillRest-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forty-niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-HillShift_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillShift-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the gold in the California <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> beds was so richly concentrated, early forty-niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands, or simply "<a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">pan</a>" for gold in rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrandsMine_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsMine-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panning cannot take place on a large scale, and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer mining</a>, using "<a href="/wiki/Cradle_(mining)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle (mining)">cradles</a>" and "rockers" or "long-toms"<sup id="cite_ref-PlacerImage_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlacerImage-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to process larger volumes of gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners would also engage in "coyoteing",<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters (20 to 43 ft) deep into placer deposits along a stream. Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pay_dirt" class="extiw" title="wikt:pay dirt">pay dirt</a>. </p><p>In the most complex placer mining, groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> alongside the river and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsDiv_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsDiv-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern estimates are that as much as 12 million ounces<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (370 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">t</a>) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldValue_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldValue-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next stage, by 1853, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a> was used on ancient gold-bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrHydra_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrHydra-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California, and later used around the world, a high-pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold-bearing gravel beds.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices, with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected. By the mid-1880s, it is estimated that 11 million troy ounces (340 t) of gold (worth approximately US$15 billion at December 2010 prices) had been recovered by hydraulic mining.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldValue_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldValue-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, and other pollutants went into streams and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RawlsHyd_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsHyd-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Court rulings (1882 Gold Run and 1884 <a href="/wiki/Woodruff_v._North_Bloomfield_Gravel_Mining_Company" title="Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company">"Sawyer Act"</a>) and 1893 federal legislation limited hydraulic mining in California. As of 1999<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_gold_rush&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining, since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsGrav_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsGrav-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the gold rush had concluded, gold recovery operations continued. The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California's <a href="/wiki/California_Central_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="California Central Valley">Central Valley</a> and other gold-bearing areas of California (such as <a href="/wiki/Scott_Valley" title="Scott Valley">Scott Valley</a> in Siskiyou County). By the late 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> technology (also invented in California) had become economical,<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsDredge_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsDredge-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is estimated that more than 20 million troy ounces (620 t) were recovered by dredging.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldValue_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldValue-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both during the gold rush and in the decades that followed, gold-seekers also engaged in "hard-rock" mining, extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it (typically <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>), usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold-bearing quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsMine_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsMine-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the surface, the rocks were crushed and the gold separated, either using separation in water, using its density difference from quartz sand, or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (with which gold forms an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>). Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_contamination_in_California_waterways" title="Mercury contamination in California waterways">source of environmental contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsStamp_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsStamp-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, hard-rock mining became the single largest source of gold produced in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldValue_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldValue-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total production of gold in California from then until now is estimated at 118 million troy ounces (3,700 t).<sup id="cite_ref-GoldInCal_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldInCal-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forty-niner panning for gold"><img alt="Forty-niner panning for gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg/200px-Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg/300px-Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg/400px-Gullgraver_1850_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Forty-niner panning for gold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sluice for separation of gold from dirt using water"><img alt="Sluice for separation of gold from dirt using water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg/356px-Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg/535px-Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Wooden_gold_sluice_in_California_between_1890_and_1915..jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sluice for separation of gold from dirt using water</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excavating a riverbed after the water has been diverted"><img alt="Excavating a riverbed after the water has been diverted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg/407px-Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg/610px-Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg/814px-Gold_seeking_river_operations_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excavating a riverbed after the water has been diverted</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_Stamp_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold"><img alt="Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Quartz_Stamp_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crushing <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> ore prior to washing out gold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="California gold miners with long tom, c. 1850–1852"><img alt="California gold miners with long tom, c. 1850–1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_%28cropped%29.jpg/414px-California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_%28cropped%29.jpg/621px-California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/California_gold_miners_with_long_tom_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">California gold miners with long tom, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850–1852</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 321.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 319.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento,_circa_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mining on the American River near Sacramento, c. 1852"><img alt="Mining on the American River near Sacramento, c. 1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg/479px-Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg/719px-Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg/958px-Mining_on_the_American_River_near_Sacramento%2C_circa_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mining on the American River near Sacramento, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1852</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_mining,_North_Fork_of_the_American_River,_California_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="River mining, North Fork of the American River, c. 1850–1855"><img alt="River mining, North Fork of the American River, c. 1850–1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/530px-River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/707px-River_mining%2C_North_Fork_of_the_American_River%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">River mining, North Fork of the American River, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850–1855</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat,_California,_between_1857_and_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excavating a gravel bed with jets, c. 1863"><img alt="Excavating a gravel bed with jets, c. 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat%2C_California%2C_between_1857_and_1870.jpg/362px-Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat%2C_California%2C_between_1857_and_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat%2C_California%2C_between_1857_and_1870.jpg/544px-Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat%2C_California%2C_between_1857_and_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Hydraulic_mining_in_Dutch_Flat%2C_California%2C_between_1857_and_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excavating a gravel bed with jets, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1863</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panning on the Mokelumne River (1860 illustration)"><img alt="Panning on the Mokelumne River (1860 illustration)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg/238px-Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg/357px-Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg/475px-Panning_on_the_Mokelumne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panning on the <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne River</a> (1860 illustration)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese gold miners in California (illustration)"><img alt="Chinese gold miners in California (illustration)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg/347px-Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg/521px-Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chinese_Gold_Miners_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese gold miners in California (illustration)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Raschen, California Miner with Pack Horse, 1887, oil on canvas"><img alt="Henry Raschen, California Miner with Pack Horse, 1887, oil on canvas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg/202px-Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg/304px-Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg/405px-Henry_Raschen_-_California_Miner_with_Pack_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raschen" title="Henry Raschen">Henry Raschen</a>, <i>California Miner with Pack Horse</i>, 1887, oil on canvas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profits">Profits</h2></div> <p>Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the gold rush.<sup id="cite_ref-Migrating_to_Riches?_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migrating_to_Riches?-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brannan" title="Samuel Brannan">Samuel Brannan</a>, a tireless self-promoter, shopkeeper and newspaper publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-HollProf_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollProf-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento, Coloma, and other spots in the goldfields. Just as the rush began, he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and resold them at a substantial profit.<sup id="cite_ref-HollProf_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollProf-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some gold-seekers made a significant amount of money.<sup id="cite_ref-HollFeather_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollFeather-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, half the gold-seekers made a modest profit, after taking all expenses into account; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black, Indian, or Chinese miners.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, taxes such as the California foreign miners tax passed in 1851, targeted mainly Latino miners<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and kept them from making as much money as whites, who did not have any taxes imposed on them. In California most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money.<sup id="cite_ref-Migrating_to_Riches?_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migrating_to_Riches?-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, many unlucky merchants set up in settlements that disappeared, or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up. By contrast, a businessman who went on to great success was <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a>, who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail, shipping, entertainment, lodging,<sup id="cite_ref-JamesLick_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesLick-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-BigFour_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigFour-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boardinghouses, food preparation, sewing, and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women (married, single, or widowed) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman. Brothels also brought in large profits, especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1855, the economic climate had changed dramatically. Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers, either in partnerships or as employees. By the mid-1850s, it was the owners of these gold-mining companies who made the money. Also, the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsBusiness_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsBusiness-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path_of_the_gold">Path of the gold</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanFrancisco1851a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SanFrancisco1851a.jpg/280px-SanFrancisco1851a.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SanFrancisco1851a.jpg/420px-SanFrancisco1851a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SanFrancisco1851a.jpg/560px-SanFrancisco1851a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, during the gold rush, 1851</figcaption></figure> <p>Once extracted, the gold itself took many paths. First, much of the gold was used locally to purchase food, supplies and lodging for the <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a>. It also went towards entertainment, which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol, gambling, and prostitutes. These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold, carefully weighed out.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsScales_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsScales-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These merchants and vendors, in turn, used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsPack_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsPack-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world. A second path was the Argonauts themselves who, having personally acquired a sufficient amount, sent the gold home, or returned home taking with them their hard-earned "diggings". For example, one estimate is that some US$80 million worth of California gold (equivalent to US$2.6 billion today) was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-HollFren_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollFren-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of the gold went back to New York City brokerage houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Stiles_2009_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiles_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the gold rush progressed, local banks and gold dealers issued "banknotes" or "drafts"—locally accepted paper currency—in exchange for gold,<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsCurr_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsCurr-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and private mints created private gold <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsCoins_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsCoins-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the building of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mint" title="San Francisco Mint">San Francisco Mint</a> in 1854, <a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">gold bullion</a> was turned into official United States <a href="/wiki/California_gold_coinage" title="California gold coinage">gold coins</a> for circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsMint_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsMint-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic boom">booming</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">California economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsNatBank_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsNatBank-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg/220px-The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg/330px-The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg/440px-The_Heathen_Chinee_Prospecting_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="4764" /></a><figcaption>1852 photograph, captioned "The Heathen Chinee Prospecting", indicating prejudice against Chinese gold miners</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years, compared to a population of some 15,000 Europeans and <i>Californios</i> beforehand,<sup id="cite_ref-StarrPrev_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrPrev-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had many dramatic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-BancStarr_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BancStarr-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study attributes the record-long economic expansion of the United States in the recession-free period of 1841–1856 primarily to "a boom in transportation-goods investment following the discovery of gold in California."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_commerce">Government and commerce</h3></div> <p>The gold rush propelled California from a sleepy, little-known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people. The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic mindedness. For example, in the midst of the gold rush, towns and cities were chartered, a state <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a> was convened, a <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">state constitution</a> written, elections held, and representatives sent to Washington, D.C., to negotiate the admission of California as a state.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrConCon_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrConCon-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale agriculture (California's second "Gold Rush"<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsAg_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsAg-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) began during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrAgri_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrAgri-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roads, schools, churches,<sup id="cite_ref-StarrChurch_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrChurch-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and civic organizations quickly came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrConCon_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrConCon-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States, leading to statehood for California on September 9, 1850, in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">31st state of the United States</a>. </p><p>Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast. The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railway">Panama Railway</a>, spanning the Isthmus of Panama, was finished in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-HarpersPanama_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarpersPanama-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">Steamships</a>, including those owned by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a>, began regular service from San Francisco to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, where passengers, goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast. One ill-fated journey, that of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">S.S. <i>Central America</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CentAm_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CentAm-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended in disaster as the ship sank in a <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a> in 1857, with approximately three tons of California gold aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-HillCenAm_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillCenAm-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WinfieldScott_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinfieldScott-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor in California">Unfree labor in California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg/170px-%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg/255px-%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg/340px-%22Protecting_The_Settlers%22_Illustration_by_JR_Browne_for_his_work_%22The_Indians_Of_California%22_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption><i>Protecting the Settlers</i>, an illustration by J. R. Browne for his work <i>The Indians of California</i> (1864)</figcaption></figure> <p>The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial. Native Americans, dependent on traditional hunting, gathering and agriculture, became the victims of starvation and disease, as gravel, silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsHyd_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsHyd-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RawlsGrav_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsGrav-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them. Later farming spread to supply the settlers' camps, taking more land away from the Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas, systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred. <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#California" title="American Indian Wars">Various conflicts</a> were fought between natives and settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ed Allen, interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations, at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act.<sup id="cite_ref-bim_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bim-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1852 <a href="/wiki/Bridge_Gulch_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge Gulch Massacre">Bridge Gulch Massacre</a>, a group of settlers attacked a band of <a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a> Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J. R. Anderson. After his killing, the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians, whom the men then attacked, killing more than 150 Wintu people. Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians, mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres (defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise").<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to demographer <a href="/wiki/Russell_Thornton" title="Russell Thornton">Russell Thornton</a>, between 1849 and 1890, the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 – primarily because of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanindianho00thor_0page107_107–109]_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanindianho00thor_0page107_107–109]-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the government of California, some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-casecretaryofstate_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casecretaryofstate-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government, in support of miner activities funded and supported <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a>, appropriating over 1 million dollars towards the funding and operation of the paramilitary organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Burnett">Peter Burnett</a>, California's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians, extermination or removal. "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." For Burnett, like many of his contemporaries, the genocide was part of God's plan, and it was necessary for Burnett's constituency to move forward in California.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians" title="Act for the Government and Protection of Indians">Act for the Government and Protection of Indians</a>, passed on April 22, 1850, by the <a href="/wiki/California_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="California Legislature">California Legislature</a>, allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers, prohibited Native peoples' testimony against settlers, and allowed the adoption of Native children by settlers, often for labor purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the initial boom had ended, explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks, laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners—in addition to Native Americans—from the mines, especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from <a href="/wiki/Sonora,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora, Mexico">Sonora, Mexico</a>, and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Out_of_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Out_of-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StarrRace_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrRace-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well: one in twelve forty-niners perished, as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a> also took its toll.<sup id="cite_ref-StarrDeath_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrDeath-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World-wide_economic_stimulation">World-wide economic stimulation</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width=70%; font-size:90%; border:1px solid darkgrey;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wheat_cycle" title="Chilean wheat cycle">Chilean wheat exports to California</a> from 1848 to 1854 (in <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">qqm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-villalobos_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalobos-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top">Year </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;">Grains </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;">Flour </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1848 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">3000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1849 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">87,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">69,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1850 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">277,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">221,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1854 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">63,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">50,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The gold rush stimulated economies around the world as well. Farmers <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wheat_cycle" title="Chilean wheat cycle">in Chile</a>, Australia, and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food; British manufactured goods were in high demand; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsWorld_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsWorld-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsStim_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsStim-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian prospector <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hargraves" title="Edward Hargraves">Edward Hargraves</a>, noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country, returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preceding the gold rush, the United States was on a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Bimetallic_standard" title="Gold standard">bi-metallic standard</a>, but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation. The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply <a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">shock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a few years after the end of the gold rush, in 1863, the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a> was held in Sacramento. The line's completion, some six years later, financed in part with Gold Rush money,<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsRR_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsRR-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> united California with the central and eastern United States. Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days.<sup id="cite_ref-RawlsandBean_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RawlsandBean-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_practices">Gender practices</h3></div> <p>As the California gold rush brought a disproportionate population of men and set an environment of experimental lawlessness separate from the bounds of standard society, conventional American gender roles came into question.<sup id="cite_ref-Wide-open_Town_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wide-open_Town-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the large absence of women, these migrant young men were made to reorganize their social and sexual practices, leading to cross-gender practices that most often took place as <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>. Dance events were a notable social space for cross-dressing, where a piece of cloth (such as a handkerchief or sackcloth patch) would denote a 'woman.'<sup id="cite_ref-muse_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond social events, these subverted gender expectations continued into domestic duties as well. Though cross-dressing occurred most frequently with men as women, the reverse also applied.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These miners and merchants of various genders and gendered appearances, encouraged by the social fluidity and population limitations of the Wild West, shaped the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco's prominent queer history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wide-open_Town_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wide-open_Town-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longer-term">Longer-term</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?172881-1/the-age-gold">Presentation by H. W. Brands on <i>The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream</i>, September 19, 2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>California's name became indelibly connected with the gold rush, and fast success in a new world became known as the "California Dream".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California was perceived as a place of new beginnings, where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck. Historian <a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">H. W. Brands</a> noted that in the years after the Gold Rush, the California Dream spread across the nation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans, of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard"... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time, year by year by year. The new dream was the dream of instant wealth, won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck. [This] golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter's Mill.<sup id="cite_ref-BrandsQuote_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrandsQuote-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Legacy</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/225px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_49.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_49.svg/150px-California_49.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_49.svg/225px-California_49.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_49.svg/300px-California_49.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg/150px-California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg/225px-California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/California_diamond_jubilee_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(1) State motto, "<a href="/wiki/Eureka_(word)" title="Eureka (word)">Eureka</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of California">Seal of California</a>. (2) California state route shield, with the number 49 and shaped like a miner's spade. (3) The 1925 commemorative <a href="/wiki/California_Diamond_Jubilee_half_dollar" title="California Diamond Jubilee half dollar">California Diamond Jubilee half dollar</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Overnight California gained the international reputation as the "golden state".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream. California farmers,<sup id="cite_ref-StarrFarm_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarrFarm-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oil drillers,<sup id="cite_ref-CalOil_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalOil-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> movie makers,<sup id="cite_ref-Movies_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Movies-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft industry">airplane builders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aerospace_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aerospace-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer and microchip makers, and <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">"dot-com" entrepreneurs</a> have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush.<sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the standard route shield of <a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_California" title="State highways in California">state highways in California</a> is in the shape of a miner's spade to honor the California gold rush.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the aptly named <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_49" title="California State Route 49">State Route 49</a> travels through the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> foothills, connecting many Gold Rush-era towns such as Placerville, <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_California" title="Auburn, California">Auburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada_City,_California" title="Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a>, Coloma, <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_California" title="Jackson, California">Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonora,_California" title="Sonora, California">Sonora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This state highway also passes very near <a href="/wiki/Columbia_State_Historic_Park" title="Columbia State Historic Park">Columbia State Historic Park</a>, a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_California" title="Columbia, California">Columbia</a>; the park has preserved many gold rush-era buildings, which are presently occupied by tourist-oriented businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv2_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2></div> <p>The literary history of the gold rush is reflected in the works of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Celebrated_Jumping_Frog_of_Calaveras_County" title="The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County">The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Bret_Harte" title="Bret Harte">Bret Harte</a> (<i>A Millionaire of Rough-and-Ready</i>), <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Miller" title="Joaquin Miller">Joaquin Miller</a> (<i>Life Amongst the Modocs</i>), and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerModoc_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerModoc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team based in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> and competing in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, are named after miners.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast,_San_Francisco" title="Barbary Coast, San Francisco">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Mining_and_Mineral_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="California Mining and Mineral Museum">California Mining and Mineral Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush" title="Pike's Peak gold rush">Pike's Peak gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dor%C3%A9_bar" title="Doré bar">Doré bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_in_California" title="Gold in California">Gold in California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> native, Marshall came to California in 1844, worked for <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, and began farming. In 1846, he fought against <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne</a> Indians and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a> (an attempt to claim California as an independent republic). He then joined <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>'s <a href="/wiki/California_Battalion" title="California Battalion">California Battalion</a>, followed by further military service. When he returned to <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a>, most of his livestock had vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance, much of which would be useless in California. The prospector says (in a caption on some versions): "I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Horn</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Straights</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Chagres" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagres">Chagres</a> [Panama]."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[E]vents from January 1848 through December 1855 [are] generally acknowledged as the 'Gold Rush'. After 1855, California gold mining changed and is outside the 'rush' era."<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701144431/http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/goldrush/GoldTOC.htm">"The Gold Rush of California: A Bibliography of Periodical Articles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Stanislaus" title="California State University, Stanislaus">California State University, Stanislaus</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.csustan.edu/bsantos/goldrush/GoldTOC.htm">the original</a> on July 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Rush+of+California%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Periodical+Articles&rft.pub=California+State+University%2C+Stanislaus&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.csustan.edu%2Fbsantos%2Fgoldrush%2FGoldTOC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727033216/http://www.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=118">"California Gold Rush, 1848–1864"</a>. <i>Learn California.org, a site designed for the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California" title="Secretary of State of California">Secretary of State of California</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=118">the original</a> on July 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+California.org%2C+a+site+designed+for+the+Secretary+of+State+of+California&rft.atitle=California+Gold+Rush%2C+1848%E2%80%931864&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learncalifornia.org%2Fdoc.asp%3Fid%3D118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blakely-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blakely_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakely_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakely_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakelyBarnette1985" class="citation book cs1">Blakely, Jim; Barnette, Karen (July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf"><i>Historical Overview: Los Padres National Forest</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207165451/http://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Overview%3A+Los+Padres+National+Forest&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1985-07&rft.aulast=Blakely&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Barnette%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flpfw.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F06%2F19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrudhomme1922" class="citation web cs1">Prudhomme, Charles J. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/prudhomme1922hssc.htm">"Gold Discovery in California: Who Was the First Real Discoverer of Gold in This State?"</a>. <i>SCVHistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310204450/http://www.scvhistory.com:80/scvhistory/prudhomme1922hssc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCVHistory.com&rft.atitle=Gold+Discovery+in+California%3A+Who+Was+the+First+Real+Discoverer+of+Gold+in+This+State%3F&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Prudhomme&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scvhistory.com%2Fscvhistory%2Fprudhomme1922hssc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsPlacerita-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsPlacerita_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a href="//archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/3" class="extiw" title="iarchive:goldenstateminin0000unse/page/3">p. 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolle, Andrew (1987), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeares2014" class="citation web cs1">Meares, Hadley (July 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/columns/lost-landmarks/in-a-state-of-peace-and-tranquility-campo-de-cahuenga-and-the-birth-of-american-california.html">"In a State of Peace and Tranquility: Campo de Cahuenga and the Birth of American California"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KCET" title="KCET">KCET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717202819/http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/columns/lost-landmarks/in-a-state-of-peace-and-tranquility-campo-de-cahuenga-and-the-birth-of-american-california.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=In+a+State+of+Peace+and+Tranquility%3A+Campo+de+Cahuenga+and+the+Birth+of+American+California&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.aulast=Meares&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fsocal%2Fdepartures%2Fcolumns%2Flost-landmarks%2Fin-a-state-of-peace-and-tranquility-campo-de-cahuenga-and-the-birth-of-american-california.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolle, Andrew (1987), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BancroftDiscovery-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BancroftDiscovery_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/32/mode/2up">pp. 32–34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_741894">"Gold Nugget"</a>. <i>National Museum of American History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422073041/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_741894">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2021</span>. <q>This small piece of yellow metal is believed to be the first piece of gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter's Mill in California, launching the gold rush. James Marshall was superintending the construction of a sawmill for Col. John Sutter on the morning of January 24, 1848, on the South Fork of the American River at Coloma, California, when he saw something glittering in the water of the mill's tailrace. According to Sutter's diary, Marshall stooped down to pick it up and "found that it was a thin scale of what appeared to be pure gold." Marshall bit the metal as a test for gold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Gold+Nugget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_741894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAMap-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAMap_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed map, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/minerals/images/Big_AUMap.pdf">California Historic Gold Mines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214035847/http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/minerals/images/Big_AUMap.pdf">Archived</a> December 14, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published by the state of California. Retrieved December 3, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/39/mode/2up">pp. 39–41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/february-02/">"Today in History – February 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715083236/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/february-02/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Today+in+History+%E2%80%93+February+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Ftoday-in-history%2Ffebruary-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/42/mode/2up">pp. 42–44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollBran-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollBran_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/60">p. 60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/55/mode/2up">pp. 55–56</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrCongress-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrCongress_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/80">p. 80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/103/mode/2up">pp. 103–105</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/59/mode/2up">pp. 59–60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollidaySF-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollidaySF_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/51">p. 51</a>. "800 residents"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsSF-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsSF_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/187">p. 187</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollInfra-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollInfra_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/126">p. 126</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#taylor1895">Taylor, 1895</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillWorld-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillWorld_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Mary (1999), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsCape-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsCape_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/103">pp. 103–121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsPan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsPan_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/75">pp. 75–85</a>. Another route across <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was developed in 1851; it was not as popular as the Panama option. Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/252">pp. 252–253</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsTravel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsTravel_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/5">p. 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollDeath-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollDeath_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/101">p. 101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/107">p. 107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiles_2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stiles_2009_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stiles_2009_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiles, T. J. (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohrbough, Malcolm. "No Boy's Play: Migration and Settlement in Early Gold Rush California." <i>California History</i> 79, no. 2 (2000): 25–43. Accessed December 7, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25463687">10.2307/25463687</a>. pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohrbough, Malcolm. "No Boy's Play: Migration and Settlement in Early Gold Rush California." California History 79, no. 2 (2000): 25–43. Accessed December 7, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25463687">10.2307/25463687</a>. p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbandonShip-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbandonShip_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbandonShip_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/80">p. 80</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227172242/http://museumca.org/goldrush/getin-pr01.html">"Shipping is the Foundation of San Francisco – Literally"</a>. Oakland Museum of California. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumca.org/goldrush/getin-pr01.html">the original</a> on December 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shipping+is+the+Foundation+of+San+Francisco+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BLiterally&rft.pub=Oakland+Museum+of+California&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumca.org%2Fgoldrush%2Fgetin-pr01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/363/mode/2up">pp. 363–366</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DillonSiskiyou-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DillonSiskiyou_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dillon, Richard (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siskiyoutrailhud00dill/page/361">pp. 361–362</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WellsYreka-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WellsYreka_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, Harry (1881), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsiskiyo00well/page/60">pp. 60–64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodie-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bodie_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The buildings of <a href="/wiki/Bodie,_California" title="Bodie, California">Bodie</a>, the best-known ghost town in California, date from the 1870s and later, well after the end of the Gold Rush.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsTax-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsTax_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/9">p. 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsGeno-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsGeno_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/9">p. 8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerModoc-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillerModoc_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerModoc_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Joaquin (1873).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsFirst-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsFirst_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/43">pp. 43–46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moynihan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moynihan_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moynihan, Ruth B., Armitage, Susan, and Dichamp, Christiane Fischer (1990). <a href="//archive.org/details/somuchtobedonewo00moyn/page/n25" class="extiw" title="iarchive:somuchtobedonewo00moyn/page/n25">p. 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr1848-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starr1848_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2000), pp. 50–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsChile-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsChile_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/48">pp. 48–53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr48-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr48_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr48_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr48_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 50–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caughey-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caughey_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caughey, John (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiagoldru00caugrich/page/17">p. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsGold-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsGold_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/197">pp. 197–202</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollDollars-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollDollars_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/63">p. 63</a>. Holliday notes these luckiest prospectors were recovering, in short amounts of time, gold worth in excess of $1 million when valued at the dollars of today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrAvg-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrAvg_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGildensteinO'Donnell2015" class="citation book cs1">Gildenstein, Melanie; O'Donnell, Kerri (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIphDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>A Primary Source Investigation of the Gold Rush</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1499435115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1499435115"><bdi>978-1499435115</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731035728/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIphDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primary+Source+Investigation+of+the+Gold+Rush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1499435115&rft.aulast=Gildenstein&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Kerri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIphDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr49-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr49_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr49_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr49_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 57–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsAus-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsAus_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/53">pp. 53–61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr1849-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr1849_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr1849_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 53–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Susan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaringcamp00susa/page/59">p. 59</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsChina-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsChina_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/62">pp. 61–64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldmountain-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldmountain_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magagnini, Stephen (January 18, 1998)"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgoldrush.com/part3/03asians.html">Chinese transformed 'Gold Mountain'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230005706/http://www.calgoldrush.com/part3/03asians.html">Archived</a> December 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>The Sacramento Bee</i>. Retrieved October 22, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsFrance-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsFrance_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/93">pp. 93–103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr49note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starr49note_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 57–61. Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 (<i>ibid.</i> p. 57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr300-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starr300_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/brit-1.html">"Exploration and Settlement – John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations – Exhibitions (Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. July 22, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109173456/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/brit-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Exploration+and+Settlement+%E2%80%93+John+Bull+and+Uncle+Sam%3A+Four+Centuries+of+British-American+Relations+%E2%80%93+Exhibitions+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fbritish%2Fbrit-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsPop-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsPop_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/193">pp. 193–194</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrBasq-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrBasq_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513205758/http://www.isu.edu/~trinmich/prback.html">"The Oregon Trail"</a>. <i>isu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isu.edu/~trinmich/prback.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Oregon+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.edu%2F~trinmich%2Fprback.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neary-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neary_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neary_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neary, J. (2015), pp. 226–248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freguli49note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freguli49note_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freguli, Carolyn (2008), pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsAf-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsAf_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/5">p. 5</a>. Another estimate is 2,500 forty-niners of African ancestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wysinger-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wysinger_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African Americans who were slaves and came to California during the Gold Rush could gain <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL">their freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL">Archived</a> March 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. One of the miners was African American <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Edward_Wysinger" title="Edmond Edward Wysinger">Edmond Edward Wysinger</a> (1816–1891), see also <a href="/wiki/Moses_Rodgers" title="Moses Rodgers">Moses Rodgers</a> (1835–1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrAf-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrAf_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Out_of-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Out_of_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Out_of_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Out_of_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faragher, John (2006), p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/goldrush/">"The Gold Rush"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Experience">The American Experience</a></i>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731035851/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/goldrush/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Experience&rft.atitle=The+Gold+Rush&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Fgoldrush%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Men_:_Women_in_Early_San_Francisco">"Men : Women in Early San Francisco"</a>. FoundSF. August 26, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410184718/http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Men_:_Women_in_Early_San_Francisco">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Men+%3A+Women+in+Early+San+Francisco&rft.pub=FoundSF&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundsf.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMen_%3A_Women_in_Early_San_Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/hs/im/didyouknow1.asp">"Key Points in Black History and the Gold Rush – Instructional Materials (CA Dept of Education)"</a>. <i>Cde.ca.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cde.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Key+Points+in+Black+History+and+the+Gold+Rush+%E2%80%93+Instructional+Materials+%28CA+Dept+of+Education%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cde.ca.gov%2Fci%2Fhs%2Fim%2Fdidyouknow1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moynihan2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moynihan2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moynihan, Ruth B., Armitage, Susan, and Dichamp, Christiane Fischer (1990). <a href="//archive.org/details/somuchtobedonewo00moyn/page/n25" class="extiw" title="iarchive:somuchtobedonewo00moyn/page/n25">pp. 3–8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, Joann (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theysawelephantw00levy/page/n25">p. xxii</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theysawelephantw00levy/page/92">p. 92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By one account, in late 1850, the population of California was over 110,000, not including the <a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a> or the California Indians. The surviving US census counts in California add up to 92,600, not including the lost censuses of <a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (the largest city in California at that time), <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Costa county">Contra Costa county</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara County">Santa Clara County</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the California Gold Rush">women</a> who came to California in the early years were a distinct minority, consisting of less than 10% of the population.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor103-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor103_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#taylor1895">Taylor, 1895</a>, pp. 103, 131–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#dictionary2024">Dictionary of African Christian Biography</a>, Essay</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Otis (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn/page/111">pp. 111–112</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollidayRights-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollidayRights_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/115">pp. 115–123</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsLandGrants-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsLandGrants_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/235">p. 235</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsPublic-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsPublic_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsPublic_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/123">pp. 123</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/124">125</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsEnf-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsEnf_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/127">p. 127</a>. There were fewer than 1,000 U.S. soldiers in California at the beginning of the Gold Rush.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsFree-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsFree_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/27">p. 27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The federal law in place at the time of the California Gold Rush was the <a href="/wiki/Preemption_Act_of_1841" title="Preemption Act of 1841">Preemption Act of 1841</a>, which allowed "squatters" to improve federal land, then buy it from the government after 14 months.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, Rodman (1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiagoldbe00rodm/page/210">pp. 211–213</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClayRights-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClayRights_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClayRights_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClayRights_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay, Karen and Wright, Gavin. (2005), pp. 155–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DameShirley-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DameShirley_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DameShirley_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DameShirley_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clappe, Louise (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shirleylettersf00russgoog/page/n262">pp. 207–221</a>. "Dame Shirley" was the name adopted by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Amelia_Knapp_Smith_Clappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe">Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe</a> as she wrote a series of letters to her family describing in detail her life in the Feather River goldfields. The letters were originally published in 1854–1855 by <i>The Pioneer</i> magazine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rules of mining claims adopted by the forty-niners spread with each new mining rush throughout the western United States. The U.S. Congress finally legalized the practice in the "<a href="/wiki/Mining_Act_of_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining Act of 1872">Chaffee laws</a>" of 1866 and the "placer law" of 1870. Lindley, Curtis H. (1914) <i>A Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands</i>, San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, pp. 89–92. Karen Clay and Gavin Wright, "Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush." <i>Explorations in Economic History</i> 2005 42(2): 155–183. See also John F. Burns, and Richard J. Orsi, eds; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105960680"><i>Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California</i> University of California Press, 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525144717/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105960680">Archived</a> May 25, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InformationSharing-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InformationSharing_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~allen/klondike.pdf">Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush, pp. 13–14.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227184556/http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/klondike.pdf">Archived</a> December 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Douglas W. Allen, Simon Fraser University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillLift-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillLift_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Mary (1999), pp. 169–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillRest-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillRest_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Mary (1999), pp. 94–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Otis (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn/page/106">pp. 106–108</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillShift-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillShift_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Mary (1999), pp. 105–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Otis (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn/page/108">pp. 108–110</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsMine-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsMine_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/198">pp. 198–200</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlacerImage-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PlacerImage_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514223457/http://www.goldrushtrail.net/indexgrt.asp?p=230">"goldrushtrail.net"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldrushtrail.net/indexgrt.asp?p=230">the original</a> on May 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=goldrushtrail.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldrushtrail.net%2Findexgrt.asp%3Fp%3D230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft, Hubert (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/page/87/mode/2up">pp. 87–88</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Otis (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn/page/110">pp. 110–111</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsDiv-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsDiv_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/90">p. 90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy weight</a> system is traditionally used to measure precious metals, not the more familiar <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois weight</a> system. The term "ounces" used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces. There are some historical uses where, because of the age of the use, the intention is ambiguous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldValue-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoldValue_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldValue_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldValue_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldValue_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes, Garry "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hayesg.faculty.mjc.edu/Gold_Rush.html">Mining History and Geology of the California Gold Rush</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908174814/http://hayesg.faculty.mjc.edu/Gold_Rush.html">Archived</a> September 8, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Modesto Junior College (accessed September 20, 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrHydra-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrHydra_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/89">p. 89</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use of volumes of water in large-scale gold-mining dates at least to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. (<i>See</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mining.com/lidar-survey-discovers-roman-gold-mines-in-spain-99350/">Roman-era gold mines in Spain.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083203/http://www.mining.com/lidar-survey-discovers-roman-gold-mines-in-spain-99350/">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Roman engineers built extensive <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Roman_Britain" title="Mining in Roman Britain">aqueducts and reservoirs</a> above gold-bearing areas, and released the stored water in a flood so as to remove over-burden and expose gold-bearing bedrock, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Hushing" title="Hushing">hushing</a>. The bedrock was then attacked using fire and mechanical means, and volumes of water were used again to remove debris and to process the resulting ore. Examples of this Roman mining technology may be found at <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Dolaucothi_Gold_Mines" title="Dolaucothi Gold Mines">Dolaucothi</a> in South <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The gold recovered using these methods was used to finance the expansion of the Roman Empire. Hushing was also used in lead and tin mining in Northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. There is, however, no evidence of the earlier use of hoses, nozzles and continuous jets of water in the manner developed in California during the Gold Rush.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolnit,_R.2006" class="citation web cs1">Solnit, R. (September–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/176/">"Winged Mercury and the Golden Calf"</a>. Orion Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005122256/http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/176/">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winged+Mercury+and+the+Golden+Calf&rft.pub=Orion+Magazine&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft.au=Solnit%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orionmagazine.org%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Farticle%2F176%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsHyd-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsHyd_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsHyd_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/32">pp. 32–36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsGrav-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsGrav_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RawlsGrav_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/16">pp. 116–121</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsDredge-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsDredge_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/199">p. 199</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsMine-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsMine_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/36">pp. 36–39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsStamp-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsStamp_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/39">pp. 39–43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_N._AlpersMichael_P._HunerlachJason_T._MayRoger_L._Hothem" class="citation web cs1">Charles N. Alpers; Michael P. Hunerlach; Jason T. May; Roger L. Hothem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3014/">"Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222034946/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3014/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Mercury+Contamination+from+Historical+Gold+Mining+in+California&rft.au=Charles+N.+Alpers&rft.au=Michael+P.+Hunerlach&rft.au=Jason+T.+May&rft.au=Roger+L.+Hothem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F2005%2F3014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldInCal-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoldInCal_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausel" class="citation web cs1">Hausel, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://californiangold.blogspot.dk/">"California – Gold, Geology & Prospecting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012202722/http://californiangold.blogspot.dk/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+%E2%80%93+Gold%2C+Geology+%26+Prospecting&rft.aulast=Hausel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniangold.blogspot.dk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migrating_to_Riches?-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Migrating_to_Riches?_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migrating_to_Riches?_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayJones2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clay, Karen; Jones, Randall (2008). "Migrating to Riches? Evidence from the California Gold Rush". <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 997–1027. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.572">10.1.1.163.572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070800079X">10.1017/S002205070800079X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Migrating+to+Riches%3F+Evidence+from+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=997-1027&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.163.572%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070800079X&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Jones%2C+Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohrbough, Malcolm (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollProf-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollProf_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollProf_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/69">pp. 69–70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollFeather-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollFeather_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/63">p. 63</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerbeAnderson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zerbe, R. O.; Anderson, C. L. (2001). "Culture and fairness in the development of institutions in the California gold fields". <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 114–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050701025062">10.1017/S0022050701025062</a> (inactive November 1, 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697857">2697857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14379888">14379888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Culture+and+fairness+in+the+development+of+institutions+in+the+California+gold+fields&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-143&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14379888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050701025062&rft.aulast=Zerbe&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, Clare (2014), p. 68. "In 1852 the California state legislature targeted Chinese residents for a 'foreign miners' tax [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Levi%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi's">Levi's</a> jeans were not invented until the 1870s. Lynn Downey, <i>Levi Strauss & Co.</i> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesLick-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JamesLick_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Lick" title="James Lick">James Lick</a> made a fortune running a hotel and engaging in land speculation in San Francisco. Lick's fortune was used to build <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BigFour-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BigFour_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Four particularly successful Gold Rush era merchants were <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Leland Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collis_P._Huntington" class="mw-redirect" title="Collis P. Huntington">Collis P. Huntington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Hopkins, Jr.">Mark Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Crocker" title="Charles Crocker">Charles Crocker</a>, Sacramento area businessmen (later known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(Central_Pacific_Railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)">Big Four</a>) who financed the western leg of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a>, and became very wealthy as a result.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Susan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaringcamp00susa/page/164">pp. 164–168</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsBusiness-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsBusiness_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/52">pp. 52–68</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/193">pp. 193–197</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsScales-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsScales_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/212">pp. 212–214</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Otis (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn/page/109">p. 109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsPack-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsPack_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/256">pp. 256–259</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollFren-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollFren_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/90">p. 90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsCurr-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsCurr_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/193">pp. 193–97</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/214">pp. 214–215</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsCoins-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsCoins_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/214">p. 214</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsMint-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsMint_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/212">p. 212</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsNatBank-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsNatBank_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/226">pp. 226–227</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrPrev-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrPrev_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), p. 50. Other estimates are that there were 7,000–13,000 non-Native Americans in California before January 1848. See Holliday, J. S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/26">p. 26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl/page/51">p. 51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BancStarr-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BancStarr_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians have reflected on the Gold Rush and its effect on California. Historian <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Starr" title="Kevin Starr">Kevin Starr</a> stated that for all its problems and benefits, the Gold Rush established the "founding patterns, the DNA code, of American California", and quotes from <i>The Annals of San Francisco</i> in 1855 that the Gold Rush advanced California into a "rapid, monstrous maturity". <i>See</i> Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/80">p. 80</a> and Starr, Kevin (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanscalifor00star/page/110">p. 110</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisWeidenmier2017" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Joseph; Weidenmier, Marc D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w21856.pdf">"America's First Great Moderation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 1116–1143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700081X">10.1017/S002205071700081X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Great+Moderation&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1116-1143&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205071700081X&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Weidenmier%2C+Marc+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw21856.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrConCon-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StarrConCon_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarrConCon_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/91">pp. 91–93</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsAg-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsAg_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/243">pp. 243–248</a>. By 1860, California had over 200 flour mills, and was exporting wheat and flour around the world. <i>Ibid.</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/278">278–280</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrAgri-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrAgri_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/110">pp. 110–111</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrChurch-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrChurch_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanscalifor00star/page/69">pp. 69–75</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caughey, 1975, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304073056/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab10.txt">Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1870</a>, U.S. Bureau of the Census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarpersPanama-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarpersPanama_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Monthly Record of Current Events". <i>Harper's New Monthly Magazine</i>. <b>10</b> (58): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b000541557&view=1up&seq=557">543</a>. March 1855. <q>From <i>California</i> we have intelligence to January 16. The railroad across the Isthmus of Panama is completed, and trains passed.. for the first time on the 28th of January.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+New+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Monthly+Record+of+Current+Events&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=543&rft.date=1855-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CentAm-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CentAm_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscentralamerica.com/history.html">S.S. Central America information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124225358/http://www.sscentralamerica.com/history.html">Archived</a> November 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwestcom.com/klare/">Final voyage of the S.S. Central America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205042338/http://www.pacificwestcom.com/klare/">Archived</a> February 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillCenAm-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillCenAm_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Mary (1999), pp. 192–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinfieldScott-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinfieldScott_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another notable shipwreck was the steamship <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_(ship)" title="Winfield Scott (ship)"><i>Winfield Scott</i></a>, bound to Panama from San Francisco, which crashed into <a href="/wiki/Anacapa_Island" title="Anacapa Island">Anacapa Island</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> coast in December 1853. All hands and passengers were saved, along with the cargo of gold, but the ship was a total loss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/focus-on-the-west/">"Focus On the West"</a>. <i>apstudynotes.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apstudynotes.org&rft.atitle=Focus+On+the+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstudynotes.org%2Fus-history%2Ftopics%2Ffocus-on-the-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo1998" class="citation web cs1">Castillo, Edward D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312042429/http://www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian.html">"California Indian History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian.html">the original</a> on March 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Indian+History&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nahc.ca.gov%2Fcalifindian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418110452/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/01/24/native-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230">"Native History: California Gold Rush Begins, Devastates Native Population"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today Media Network.com</i>. January 24, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/01/24/native-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230">the original</a> on April 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network.com&rft.atitle=Native+History%3A+California+Gold+Rush+Begins%2C+Devastates+Native+Population&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2Fnative-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418110452/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/01/24/native-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230">"Native History: California Gold Rush Begins, Devastates Native Population"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today Media Network.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/01/24/native-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230">the original</a> on April 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network.com&rft.atitle=Native+History%3A+California+Gold+Rush+Begins%2C+Devastates+Native+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2Fnative-history-california-gold-rush-begins-devastates-native-population-153230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bim-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bim_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Island_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Island Massacre">Bloody Island Massacre</a> occurred during this time period, it did not occur in the Gold Rush era mining districts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visittrinity.com/explore-history/natural-bridge/">"Trinity County California"</a>. <i>visittrinity.com</i>. August 10, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016100128/http://visittrinity.com/explore-history/natural-bridge/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visittrinity.com&rft.atitle=Trinity+County+California&rft.date=2013-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisittrinity.com%2Fexplore-history%2Fnatural-bridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madley, Benjamin (2016), pp. 11, 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanindianho00thor_0page107_107–109]-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanindianho00thor_0page107_107–109]_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1987">Thornton 1987</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/107">107–109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casecretaryofstate-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casecretaryofstate_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201074206/http://www2.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=1933">"Minorities During the Gold Rush"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State">California Secretary of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.learncalifornia.org/doc.asp?id=1933">the original</a> on February 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities+During+the+Gold+Rush&rft.pub=California+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.learncalifornia.org%2Fdoc.asp%3Fid%3D1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Jack (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocideinnorthw00nort/page/70">pp. 70–73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Chuck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101135439/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth6_americanperiod.html">"Indians of California – American Period (Anthropology Class 6)"</a>. <i>Cabrillo College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth6_americanperiod.html">the original</a> on November 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cabrillo+College&rft.atitle=Indians+of+California+%E2%80%93+American+Period+%28Anthropology+Class+6%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabrillo.edu%2F~crsmith%2Fanth6_americanperiod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay, Brenden (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murderstatecalif0000lind/page/231">p. 231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay, Brenden (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murderstatecalif0000lind/page/148">p. 148</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrRace-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrRace_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (2000), pp. 56–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrDeath-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrDeath_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/84">pp. 84–87</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cossley-Batt, Jill (1928), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/california_rangers/california_banditti.html">ch. 16: "California Banditti"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513161925/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/california_rangers/california_banditti.html">Archived</a> May 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a> was a famous Mexican <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">bandit</a> during the Gold Rush of the 1850s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-villalobos-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villalobos_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Villalobos, Sergio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Silva" title="Osvaldo Silva">Silva, Osvaldo</a>; Silva, Fernando and Estelle, Patricio. 1974. <i>Historia De Chile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Editorial_Universitaria" title="Editorial Universitaria">Editorial Universitaria</a>, Chile. pp 481–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsWorld-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsWorld_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/286">p. 286</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsStim-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsStim_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/287">pp. 287–289</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Younger, R. M. 'Wondrous Gold' in <i>Australia and the Australians: A New Concise History</i>, Rigby, Sydney, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarronMorgan2015" class="citation web cs1">Narron, James; Morgan, Don (August 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2015/08/crisis-chronicles-the-california-gold-rush-and-the-gold-standard.html">"Crisis Chronicles–The California Gold Rush and the Gold Standard"</a>. <i>New York Fed</i>. Liberty Street Economics. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809003039/http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2015/08/crisis-chronicles-the-california-gold-rush-and-the-gold-standard.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>. <q>The gold rush constituted a positive monetary supply shock because the United States was on the gold standard at the time. The nation had switched from a bimetallic (gold and silver) standard to a de facto gold standard in 1834. Under the latter, the U.S. government stood ready to buy gold for $20.67 per ounce, a parity that prevailed until 1933. That commitment anchored prices, but the large gold discovery functioned like a monetary easing by a central bank, with more gold chasing the same amount of goods and services. The increase in spending ultimately led to higher prices because nothing real had changed except the availability of a shiny yellow metal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Fed&rft.atitle=Crisis+Chronicles%E2%80%93The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+Gold+Standard&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.aulast=Narron&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org%2F2015%2F08%2Fcrisis-chronicles-the-california-gold-rush-and-the-gold-standard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsRR-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsRR_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawls, James J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse/page/278">pp. 278–279</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RawlsandBean-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RawlsandBean_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have postulated that were it not for the discovery of gold, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> might have been granted statehood ahead of California, and therefore the first "Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state." <i>See</i> Rawls, James, J., and Walton Bean (2003), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wide-open_Town-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wide-open_Town_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wide-open_Town_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wideopentownhist00boyd/page/26/mode/2up"><i>Wide-open town</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520204157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520204157"><bdi>978-0520204157</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wide-open+town&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0520204157&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Nan+Alamilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwideopentownhist00boyd%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muse-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muse_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, Clare (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/glq/article-pdf/14/2-3/383/414276/GLQ142-3_10_Sears.pdf">"All that Glitters: Trans-ing California's Gold Rush Migrations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 383–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10642684-2007-038">10.1215/10642684-2007-038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-9375">1527-9375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144533043">144533043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731035729/https://read.dukeupress.edu/glq/article-pdf/14/2-3/383/414276/GLQ142-3_10_Sears.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GLQ%3A+A+Journal+of+Lesbian+and+Gay+Studies&rft.atitle=All+that+Glitters%3A+Trans-ing+California%27s+Gold+Rush+Migrations&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-402&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144533043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-9375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10642684-2007-038&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fglq%2Farticle-pdf%2F14%2F2-3%2F383%2F414276%2FGLQ142-3_10_Sears.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImbler2019" class="citation web cs1">Imbler, Sabrina (June 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/trans-history-wild-west">"The Forgotten Trans History of the Wild West"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731035729/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/trans-history-wild-west">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Trans+History+of+the+Wild+West&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.aulast=Imbler&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Ftrans-history-wild-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrandsQuote-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrandsQuote_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran/page/442">p. 442</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A perception of lawlessness also was connected with California. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchell1974" class="citation journal cs1">Burchell, Robert A. (1974). "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875". <i>California Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 115–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157500">10.2307/25157500</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157500">25157500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Loss+of+a+Reputation%3B+or%2C+The+Image+of+California+in+Britain+before+1875&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-130&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25157500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25157500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span> (stories about gold rush lawlessness deterred some immigration for two decades).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarrFarm-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarrFarm_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Kevin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0/page/110">p. 110</a>. "[A]griculture dominated the post-gold rush sequence of development, employing more people than mining by 1869 ... and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalOil-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CalOil_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See, e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill,_California" title="Signal Hill, California">Signal Hill, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Movies-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Movies_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/20th_Century-Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century-Fox">20th Century-Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a>, <a href="/wiki/RKO" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO">RKO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> are among the most recognized entertainment industry names centered in California; <i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aerospace-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aerospace_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Aircraft">Douglas Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop</a> were among the complex of companies in the aerospace industry which flourished in California during and after World War II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouTube-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YouTube_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaither,_ChrisChmielewski,_Dawn_C2006" class="citation news cs1">Gaither, Chris; Chmielewski, Dawn C (October 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010200549/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-google10oct10%2C0%2C1747609.story?coll=la-home-business">"Google Bets Big on Videos"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-google10oct10,0,1747609.story?coll=la-home-business">the original</a> on October 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Bets+Big+on+Videos&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.au=Gaither%2C+Chris&rft.au=Chmielewski%2C+Dawn+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-google10oct10%2C0%2C1747609.story%3Fcoll%3Dla-home-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/economic_development/studies/sr99ca.cfm">"Economic Development History of State Route 99 in California"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In the 1960s, green and white CA-99 signs that resemble miners' spades replaced the black and white U.S. 99 shields</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Development+History+of+State+Route+99+in+California&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fplanning%2Feconomic_development%2Fstudies%2Fsr99ca.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapoulias2008" class="citation web cs1">Papoulias, Alexander (January 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019072433/http://sd08.senate.ca.gov/news/2008-01-04-car-sales-curbed-along-el-camino-palo-alto-weekly">"Car Sales Curbed Along El Camino"</a>. <i>Palo Alto Weekly</i>. Office of California State Senator <a href="/wiki/Leland_Yee" title="Leland Yee">Leland Yee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sd08.senate.ca.gov/news/2008-01-04-car-sales-curbed-along-el-camino-palo-alto-weekly">the original</a> on October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>. <q>State routes can be identified by the green State Highway Route shield, which is in the shape of a spade in honor of the California Gold Rush, and bears the route's number</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palo+Alto+Weekly&rft.atitle=Car+Sales+Curbed+Along+El+Camino&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft.aulast=Papoulias&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsd08.senate.ca.gov%2Fnews%2F2008-01-04-car-sales-curbed-along-el-camino-palo-alto-weekly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historichwy49.com/mainmap.html">"Your guide to the Mother Lode: Complete map of historic Hwy 49"</a>. <i>historichwy49.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123192529/http://historichwy49.com/mainmap.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historichwy49.com&rft.atitle=Your+guide+to+the+Mother+Lode%3A+Complete+map+of+historic+Hwy+49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historichwy49.com%2Fmainmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv2-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv2_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell,_Charles1964" class="citation web cs1">Snell, Charles (April 8, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000242_text">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Columbia Historic District"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008204950/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000242_text">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory-Nomination%3A+Columbia+Historic+District&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1964-04-08&rft.au=Snell%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F66000242_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000242_photos"><i>Accompanying photos, exterior and interior</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(32 KB) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, Matthew (2005) looks at <a href="/wiki/Bret_Harte" title="Bret Harte">Bret Harte</a>'s notion of Western partnership in such California gold rush stories as "<a href="/wiki/The_Luck_of_Roaring_Camp" title="The Luck of Roaring Camp">The Luck of Roaring Camp</a>" (1868), "<a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_Partner_(short_story)" title="Tennessee's Partner (short story)">Tennessee's Partner</a>" (1869), and "Miggles" (1869). While critics have long recognized Harte's interest in gender constructs, Harte's depictions of Western partnerships also explore changing dynamics of economic relationships and gendered relationships through terms of contract, mutual support, and the bonds of labor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.49ers.com/history/founder">"San Francisco 49ers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508022442/https://www.49ers.com/history/founder">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+49ers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.49ers.com%2Fhistory%2Ffounder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrohistofcali23huberich/mode/2up"><i>The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft</i></a>. Vol. XXIII: History of California: 1848–1859. San Francisco: The History Company – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Hubert+Howe+Bancroft&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbancrohistofcali23huberich%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wideopentownhist00boyd"><i>Wide-Open Town: A History of Queery San Francisco to 1965</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520204157" title="Special:BookSources/9780520204157"><bdi>9780520204157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wide-Open+Town%3A+A+History+of+Queery+San+Francisco+to+1965&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520204157&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Nan+Alamilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwideopentownhist00boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H. W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgoldcalifor00bran"><i>The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House#Subsidiaries_and_affiliates" title="Random House">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50216-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50216-8"><bdi>0-385-50216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Gold%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+New+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-385-50216-8&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofgoldcalifor00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaughey1975" class="citation book cs1">Caughey, John Walton (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiagoldru00caugrich"><i>The California Gold Rush</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02763-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Gold+Rush&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02763-3&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=John+Walton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniagoldru00caugrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClappe1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Amelia_Knapp_Smith_Clappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe">Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shirleylettersf00russgoog"><i>The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851–1852</i></a>. San Francisco: T.C. Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shirley+Letters+from+the+California+Mines%2C+1851%E2%80%931852&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=T.C.+Russell&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Clappe&rft.aufirst=Louise+Amelia+Knapp+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshirleylettersf00russgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayGavin_Wright2005" class="citation journal cs1">Clay, Karen; Gavin Wright (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809035951/http://www-siepr.stanford.edu/workp/swp03008.pdf">"Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 155–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2004.05.003">10.1016/j.eeh.2004.05.003</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-siepr.stanford.edu/workp/swp03008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Order+Without+Law%3F+Property+Rights+During+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-183&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2004.05.003&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Gavin+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-siepr.stanford.edu%2Fworkp%2Fswp03008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCossley-Batt1928" class="citation book cs1">Cossley-Batt, Jill L. (1928). <i>The Last of the California Rangers</i>. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+California+Rangers&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Cossley-Batt&rft.aufirst=Jill+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1975" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Richard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siskiyoutrailhud00dill"><i>Siskiyou Trail: The Hudson's Bay Company Route to California</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016980-7"><bdi>978-0-07-016980-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siskiyou+Trail%3A+The+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Route+to+California&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-07-016980-7&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiskiyoutrailhud00dill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2006" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, John Mack (2006). <i>Out of Many: A History of the American People</i> (5th ed.). Pearson. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Many%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=411&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaitherChmielewski,_Dawn_C.2006" class="citation news cs1">Gaither, Chris; Chmielewski, Dawn C. (October 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151921/http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/latimes/2006-10-10_latimes_google_youtube.pdf">"Google Bets Big on Videos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/latimes/2006-10-10_latimes_google_youtube.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Bets+Big+on+Videos&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.aulast=Gaither&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Chmielewski%2C+Dawn+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsl1.mit.edu%2Ffurdlog%2Fdocs%2Flatimes%2F2006-10-10_latimes_google_youtube.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeizer1974" class="citation book cs1">Heizer, Robert F. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/destructionofcal00heiz"><i>The Destruction of California Indians</i></a>. Lincoln and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7262-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-7262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+California+Indians&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7262-0&rft.aulast=Heizer&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdestructionofcal00heiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1999" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Mary (1999). <i>Gold: The California Story</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21547-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21547-4"><bdi>978-0-520-21547-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold%3A+The+California+Story&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21547-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliday1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Holliday" title="J. S. Holliday">Holliday, J. S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rushforrichesgol00holl"><i>Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California</i></a>. Oakland, California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Museum_of_California" title="Oakland Museum of California">Oakland Museum of California</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21401-9"><bdi>978-0-520-21401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rush+for+Riches%3A+Gold+Fever+and+the+Making+of+California&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California%2C+Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Oakland+Museum+of+California+and+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21401-9&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frushforrichesgol00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Susan Lee (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaringcamp00susa"><i>Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32099-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32099-2"><bdi>978-0-393-32099-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roaring+Camp%3A+The+Social+World+of+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32099-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Susan+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froaringcamp00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1990" class="citation book cs1">Levy, JoAnn (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theysawelephantw00levy"><i>They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush</i></a>. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-02273-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-208-02273-2"><bdi>0-208-02273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Saw+the+Elephant%3A+Women+in+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Hamden%2C+CT&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-208-02273-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=JoAnn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheysawelephantw00levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2012" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Brenden C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murderstatecalif0000lind"><i>Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846–1873</i></a>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803224803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803224803"><bdi>978-0803224803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+State%3A+California%27s+Native+American+Genocide%2C+1846%E2%80%931873&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0803224803&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Brenden+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmurderstatecalif0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2016" class="citation book cs1">Madley, Benjamin (2016). <i>An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300181364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300181364"><bdi>978-0300181364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Genocide%3A+The+United+States+and+the+California+Indian+Catastrophe%2C+1846%E2%80%931873&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0300181364&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Miller" title="Joaquin Miller">Miller, Joaquin</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unwrittenhist00millrich/"><i>Life Amongst the Modocs</i></a>. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Amongst+the+Modocs&rft.place=Hartford%2C+CT&rft.pub=American+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Joaquin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funwrittenhist00millrich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNearyRobbins2015" class="citation book cs1">Neary, J.; Robbins, Hollis (2015). "11: African American Literature of the Gold Rush". <i>Mapping Regions in Early American Writing</i>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 226–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4823-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-4823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+African+American+Literature+of+the+Gold+Rush&rft.btitle=Mapping+Regions+in+Early+American+Writing&rft.pages=226-248&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-4823-0&rft.aulast=Neary&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Hollis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1979" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Jack (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocideinnorthw00nort"><i>Genocide in Northwestern California: When Our Worlds Cried</i></a>. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Northwestern+California%3A+When+Our+Worlds+Cried&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Indian+Historian+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocideinnorthw00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1969" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Rodman W. (1969) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiagoldbe00rodm"><i>California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West</i></a>. Bison: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Gold%3A+The+Beginning+of+Mining+in+the+Far+West&rft.place=Bison&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Rodman+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniagoldbe00rodm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrbough1998" class="citation book cs1">Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). <i>Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21659-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21659-4"><bdi>978-0-520-21659-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Gold%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+American+Nation&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21659-4&rft.aulast=Rohrbough&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihanArmitageDichamp1990" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Ruth B.; Armitage, Susan; Dichamp, Christiane Fischer, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somuchtobedonewo00moyn"><i>So Much to be Done: Women Settlers on the Mining and Ranching Frontier</i></a> (2nd ed.). Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8248-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-8248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Much+to+be+Done%3A+Women+Settlers+on+the+Mining+and+Ranching+Frontier&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8248-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomuchtobedonewo00moyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlsBean2003" class="citation book cs1">Rawls, James J.; Bean, Walton (2003). <i>California: An Interpretive History</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-255255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-255255-3"><bdi>978-0-07-255255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-255255-3&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Bean%2C+Walton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlsOrsi1999" class="citation book cs1">Rawls, James J.; Orsi, Richard J., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenstateminin0000unse"><i>A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California</i></a>. California History Sesquicentennial, 2. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21771-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21771-3"><bdi>978-0-520-21771-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Golden+State%3A+Mining+and+Economic+Development+in+Gold+Rush+California&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.series=California+History+Sesquicentennial%2C+2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21771-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenstateminin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolle1987" class="citation book cs1">Rolle, Andrew (1987) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13333829"><i>California: A History</i></a> (4th ed.). Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-839-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-839-9"><bdi>0-88295-839-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13333829">13333829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154843/https://www.worldcat.org/title/california-a-history/oclc/13333829">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%3A+A+History&rft.place=Arlington+Heights%2C+IL&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13333829&rft.isbn=0-88295-839-9&rft.aulast=Rolle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13333829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2014" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Clare (2014). <i>Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco</i>. Duke University Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5754-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-5754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arresting+Dress%3A+Cross-Dressing%2C+Law%2C+and+Fascination+in+Nineteenth-Century+San+Francisco&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5754-4&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Starr" title="Kevin Starr">Starr, Kevin</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanscalifor00star"><i>Americans and the California Dream: 1850–1915</i></a>. New York and Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504233-7"><bdi>978-0-19-504233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+and+the+California+Dream%3A+1850%E2%80%931915&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504233-7&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanscalifor00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2005" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Kevin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiahistor00star_0"><i>California: A History</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64240-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64240-4"><bdi>978-0-679-64240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64240-4&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniahistor00star_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr,_KevinRichard_J._Orsi2000" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Kevin; Richard J. Orsi, eds. (2000). <i>Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22496-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22496-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rooted+in+Barbarous+Soil%3A+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Community+in+Gold+Rush+California&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22496-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thornton" title="Russell Thornton">Thornton, Russell</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0"><i>American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492</i></a>. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2074-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-2074-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Holocaust+and+Survival%3A+A+Population+History+Since+1492&rft.pub=Norman+%3A+University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2074-4&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanindianho00thor_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Matthew A. (2005). "The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West". <i>Western American Literature</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 33–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwal.2005.0076">10.1353/wal.2005.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165279197">165279197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+American+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Argonauts+of+%2749%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Partnership+in+Bret+Harte%27s+West&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwal.2005.0076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165279197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="dictionary2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/angola/taylor-william/">"Taylor, William"</a>. Dictionary of African Christian Biography. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylor%2C+William&rft.pub=Dictionary+of+African+Christian+Biography&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdacb.org%2Fstories%2Fangola%2Ftaylor-william%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="taylor1895" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, William (1895). Ridpath, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamtaylor00tayluoft"><i>Story of my life</i></a>. Toronto: W. Briggs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+my+life&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=W.+Briggs&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamtaylor00tayluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1881" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Harry L. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsiskiyo00well"><i>History of Siskiyou County, California</i></a>. Oakland, California: D.J. Stewart & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Siskiyou+County%2C+California&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=D.J.+Stewart+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsiskiyo00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1970" class="citation book cs1">Young, Otis E. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmininginf0000youn"><i>Western Mining</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1352-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1352-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-1352-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Mining&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1352-4&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Otis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternmininginf0000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_California_history" title="Bibliography of California history">Bibliography of California history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchell1974" class="citation journal cs1">Burchell, Robert A. (Summer 1974). "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875". <i>California Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 115–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157500">10.2307/25157500</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-6059">0097-6059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157500">25157500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Loss+of+a+Reputation%3B+or%2C+The+Image+of+California+in+Britain+before+1875&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-130&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0097-6059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25157500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25157500&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Durham" title="Walter T. Durham">Durham, Walter T.</a> (1997). <i>Volunteer Forty-Niners: Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0585170930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0585170930"><bdi>978-0585170930</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44959444">44959444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volunteer+Forty-Niners%3A+Tennesseans+and+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44959444&rft.isbn=978-0585170930&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Walter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEifler2002" class="citation book cs1">Eifler, Mark A. (2002). <i>Gold Rush Capitalists: Greed and Growth in Sacramento</i>. Albuquerque: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826328229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826328229"><bdi>978-0826328229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Rush+Capitalists%3A+Greed+and+Growth+in+Sacramento&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826328229&rft.aulast=Eifler&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2003" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Eugene (2003). <i>A Guide to the California Gold Rush</i>. Merced: Freewheel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0963419729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0963419729"><bdi>978-0963419729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Merced&rft.pub=Freewheel+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0963419729&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelper1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hinton_Rowan_Helper" title="Hinton Rowan Helper">Helper, Hinton Rowan</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofgoldrealit00help_2/"><i>The Land of Gold: Reality Versus Fiction</i></a>. Baltimore: H. Taylor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Gold%3A+Reality+Versus+Fiction&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=H.+Taylor&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Helper&rft.aufirst=Hinton+Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandofgoldrealit00help_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidaySwain2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Holliday" title="J. S. Holliday">Holliday, J. S.</a>; Swain, William (2002) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldrushedinthe00holl"><i>The World Rushed in: The California Gold Rush Experience</i></a>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806134642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806134642"><bdi>978-0806134642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Rushed+in%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+Experience&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0806134642&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.au=Swain%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldrushedinthe00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2006" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Albert L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsutterlifeon00hurt"><i>John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806137728"><bdi>978-0806137728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Sutter%3A+A+Life+on+the+North+American+Frontier&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0806137728&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnsutterlifeon00hurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnorr2008" class="citation book cs1">Knorr, Lawrence (2008). <i>A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush</i>. Camp Hill: Sunbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976092582" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976092582"><bdi>978-0976092582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pennsylvania+Mennonite+and+the+California+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Camp+Hill&rft.pub=Sunbury+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0976092582&rft.aulast=Knorr&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ngai, Mae. <i>The Chinese Question: The Gold Rushes and Global Politics</i> (2021), Mid 19c in California, Australia and South Africa</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens,_Kenneth_N.2002" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Kenneth N., ed. (2002). <i>Riches for All: The California Gold Rush and the World</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803286177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803286177"><bdi>978-0803286177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riches+for+All%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+World&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0803286177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Brian (2000). <i>American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-class Culture</i>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807848562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807848562"><bdi>978-0807848562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Alchemy%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+Middle-class+Culture&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0807848562&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrbough1998" class="citation book cs1">Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). <i>Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520216594" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520216594"><bdi>978-0520216594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Gold%3A+The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+American+Nation&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0520216594&rft.aulast=Rohrbough&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00571.0001.001">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223084625/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00571.0001.001">Archived</a> December 23, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Matthew A. (2005). "The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West". <i>Western American Literature</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 33–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3462">0043-3462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+American+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Argonauts+of+%2749%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Partnership+in+Bret+Harte%27s+West&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0043-3462&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Witschi, N. S. (2004). "Bret Harte." <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature</i>. Ed. Jay Parini. New York: Oxford University Press. 154–157.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitschi2002" class="citation book cs1">Witschi, N.S. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tracesofgold0000unse"><i>Traces of Gold: California's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature</i></a></span>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817311179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817311179"><bdi>978-0817311179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+Gold%3A+California%27s+Natural+Resources+and+the+Claim+to+Realism+in+Western+American+Literature&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0817311179&rft.aulast=Witschi&rft.aufirst=N.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftracesofgold0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+gold+rush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4361h.mf000057/?r=0.038,0.707,0.915,0.473,0">Ord, Edward Otho Cresap, Topographical sketch of the gold & quicksilver district of California, 1848.</a> from loc.gov accessed October 4, 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/45039/lawsons-map-from-actual-survey-of-the-gold-silver-quicks-lawson">Lawson's Map from Actual Survey of the Gold, Silver & Quicksilver Regions of Upper California Exhibiting the Mines, Diggings, Roads, Paths, Houses, Mills, Missions &c. &c by J.T. Lawson, Esq. Cala. ... New York, 1849.</a> from raremaps.com accessed October 4, 2018. Lawson's map of the Gold Regions is the first map to accurately depict California's Gold Regions. Issued in January 1849, at the beginning of the California gold rush, Lawson's map was produced specifically for prospectors and miners.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/44942/a-correct-map-of-the-bay-of-san-francisco-and-the-gold-regio-jarves">A Correct Map of the Bay of San Francisco and the Gold Region from actual Survey June 20th. 1849 for J.J. Jarves. Embracing all the New Towns, Ranchos, Roads, Dry and Wet Diggings, with their several distances from each other, James Munroe & Co. of Boston, 1849</a> from raremaps.com accessed October 4, 2018. One of the earliest maps of the gold region made from personal observation, Jarves' map states on it that it was the result of a survey of the diggings made for him on June 20, 1849.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0085bm/sketch-of-general-rileys-route-through-the-mining-districts-derby-hollingsworth">George Derby, Sketch of General Riley's Route Through the Mining Districts July and Aug., J. McH. Hollingsworth, New York, 1849</a> from raremaps.com accessed October 4, 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/55191/the-sacramento-valley-from-the-american-river-to-butte-creek-derby">The Sacramento Valley from The American River to Butte Creek, Surveyed & Drawn by Order of Gen.l Riley ... by Lt. George H. Derby,... September & October 1849, Washington, 1849</a> from raremaps.com accessed October 4, 2018. Map by Lt. George H. Derby, from Tyson's Information in Relation to the Geology and Topography of California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4361h.mf000060/?r=-0.655,0.502,2.309,0.963,0">Jackson, William A., Map of the mining district of California, Lambert & Lane's Lith., 1850.</a> from loc.gov accessed October 4, 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/43035mp2/map-of-the-gold-region-of-california-taken-from-a-recent-sur-ellis">Map of the Gold Region of California taken from a recent survey By Robert H. Ellis 1850 (with early manuscript annotations), George F. Nesbitt, Lith., New York, 1850</a> from raremaps.com accessed October 4, 2018. A later 1850 map showing the growing settlement in the goldfields and in that vicinity of the state.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniatlas.com/maps/northamerica/18490211/">Map of North America during the California gold rush at omniatlas.com</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:California_Gold_Rush" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist/chron1.html">California gold rush chronology</a> at The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/Goldrush/introduction.html">University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108003054/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/Goldrush/introduction.html">Archived</a> November 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/3169">Lewis B. Rush diary, diary of a gold rush miner, MSS SC 161</a> at <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.goldrush" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.goldrush">Gold Rush Collection</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="California_Gold_Rush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California_Gold_Rush" title="Template:California Gold Rush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California_Gold_Rush" title="Template talk:California Gold Rush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_Gold_Rush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California Gold Rush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="California_Gold_Rush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_in_California" title="Gold in California">Gold in California</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_California_Gold_Rush" title="List of people associated with the California Gold Rush">List of people associated with the California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Californios_people" title="List of Californios people">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_the_California_gold_rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Americans in the California gold rush">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Joaquins_Gang" title="Five Joaquins Gang">Five Joaquins Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the California Gold Rush">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oh_My_Darling,_Clementine" title="Oh My Darling, Clementine">Oh My Darling, Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursheen_Durkin" title="Mursheen Durkin">Mursheen Durkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Key California Gold sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading%27s_Bar" title="Reading's Bar">Reading's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Mine">Empire Mine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Early US mining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_Lode" title="Comstock Lode">Comstock Lode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Michigan" title="Copper mining in Michigan">Copper mining in Michigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><div>Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:California history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:California history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History of California </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900" title="History of California before 1900">Before 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Native Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Pre_European_settlement" title="History of California before 1900">Precontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1530–1765)" title="History of California before 1900">First explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#European_exploration_(1765–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Later explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">Genocide of indigenous population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#Spanish_colonization_and_governance_(1697–1821)" title="History of California before 1900">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_Mexican_rule_(1821–1846)" title="History of California before 1900">Mexican rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War#California_Campaign" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_government_of_California" title="Interim government of California">Interim government of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_American_rule_(beginning_1846)" title="History of California before 1900">United States rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of California (1900–present)">Since 1900</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Organized_labor" title="History of California (1900–present)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Examples_of_engineering" title="History of California (1900–present)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_water_wars" title="California water wars">Water wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Oil,_movies,_and_the_military" title="History of California (1900–present)">Industrial growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Baby_boomers_and_free_spirits" title="History of California (1900–present)">Postwar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#Economic_power_house" title="History of California (1900–present)">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#The_California_legal_revolution" title="History of California (1900–present)">Legal revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#High-tech_expansion" title="History of California (1900–present)">Tech boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_(1900%E2%80%93present)#2000.E2.80.93present" title="History of California (1900–present)">Present day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_California" title="Category:History of California">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_California" title="Etymology of California">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California%27s_state_highway_system" title="History of California's state highway system">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_California" title="Maritime history of California">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_California" title="History of rail transportation in California">Railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchos_of_California" title="Ranchos of California">Ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_California" title="Territorial evolution of California">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catalina_Island" title="History of Santa Catalina Island">Santa Catalina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yosemite_area" title="History of the Yosemite area">Yosemite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_San_Fernando_Valley" title="History of the San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">By county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alameda_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alpine_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amador_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Butte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Calaveras_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Contra_Costa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Del_Norte_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Dorado_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glenn_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humboldt_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Imperial_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inyo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kern_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kings_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lassen_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="History of Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mariposa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mendocino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modoc_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mono_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monterey_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placer_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plumas_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Benito_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Joaquin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Mateo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="History of Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shasta_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siskiyou_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solano_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonoma_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stanislaus_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sutter_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tehama_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinity_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tulare_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuolumne_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yolo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_California" title="List of municipalities in California">By city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles" title="History of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Diego" title="History of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco" title="History of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fresno,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sacramento,_California" title="History of Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Long_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oakland,_California" title="History of Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bakersfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anaheim,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Ana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Riverside,_California" title="History of Riverside, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stockton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chula_Vista,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fremont,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fremont, California">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Irvine,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Irvine, California">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Bernardino,_California" title="History of San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modesto,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modesto, California">Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxnard,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oxnard, California">Oxnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fontana,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fontana, California">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moreno_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moreno Valley, California">Moreno Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Glendale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Glendale, California">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Huntington_Beach,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Huntington Beach, California">Huntington Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clarita,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clarita, California">Santa Clarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Garden_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Rosa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceanside,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rancho_Cucamonga,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rancho Cucamonga, California">Rancho Cucamonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ontario, California">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancaster,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lancaster, California">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Elk_Grove,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Elk Grove, California">Elk Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmdale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmdale, California">Palmdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Corona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Corona, California">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Salinas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Salinas, California">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomona,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pomona, California">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torrance,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Torrance, California">Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hayward,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hayward, California">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Escondido,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Escondido, California">Escondido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sunnyvale,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pasadena,_California" title="History of Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fullerton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fullerton, California">Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orange,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Orange, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thousand_Oaks,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Visalia,_California" title="History of Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Simi_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Concord,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Concord, California">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roseville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roseville, California">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Clara,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vallejo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Victorville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Victorville, California">Victorville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Monte,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Monte, California">El Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkeley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Downey,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Downey, California">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Mesa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inglewood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inglewood, California">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ventura,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ventura, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fairfield,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fairfield, California">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Maria,_California" title="History of Santa Maria, California">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redding,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redding, California">Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Monica,_California" title="History of Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Barbara,_California" title="History of Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chico,_California" title="History of Chico, California">Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merced,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merced, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Napa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Napa, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Redwood_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuba_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yuba City, California">Yuba City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madera,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Madera, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Cruz,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Rafael,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Rafael, California">San Rafael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woodland,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Woodland, California">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanford,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanford, California">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Luis_Obispo,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Centro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Centro, California">El Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lompoc,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lompoc, California">Lompoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinez,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Martinez, California">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hollister,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hollister, California">Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eureka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eureka, California">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Susanville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Susanville, California">Susanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukiah,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oroville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Oroville, California">Oroville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Red_Bluff,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Red Bluff, California">Red Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Auburn,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Auburn, California">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marysville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marysville, California">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piedmont,_California" title="History of Piedmont, California">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Placerville,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Placerville, California">Placerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yreka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yreka, California">Yreka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crescent_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Crescent City, California">Crescent City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Willows,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Willows, California">Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colusa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colusa, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sonora,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sonora, California">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lakeport,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lakeport, California">Lakeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jackson,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jackson, California">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alturas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Alturas, California">Alturas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gold_rushes_of_the_18th,_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gold_rush" title="Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gold_rush" title="Template talk:Gold rush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gold_rush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gold_rushes_of_the_18th,_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a> of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Gold Rush">Carolina</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon</a> (1858–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo</a> (1861–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Gold Rush">Nova Scotia</a> (1861–1874, 1896–1903, 1932–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Creek_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush">Wild Horse Creek</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leechtown,_British_Columbia" title="Leechtown, British Columbia">Leechtown</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiar Gold Rush">Cassiar</a> (1871–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian</a> (1880s–1890s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel</a> (1860s–1870s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto, Brazil</a> (1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego (Chile-Argentina)</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_Pelada" title="Serra Pelada">Serra Pelada, Brazil</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_gold_rush" title="Wicklow gold rush">Wicklow, Ireland</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan, Scotland</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">Lapland, Finland</a> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand, South Africa</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">Kakamega, Kenya</a> (1930s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><div>Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_bubbles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_bubbles" title="Template talk:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_bubbles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Financial bubbles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_exuberance" title="Irrational exuberance">Irrational exuberance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_bubble" title="Stock market bubble">Stock market bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a> (1634–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble</a> (1684–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble</a> (1711–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal Bubble of 1769</a> (1757–1769)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Mania" title="Canal Mania">Canal Mania</a> (c. 1790–c. 1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_gold_rush" title="Carolina gold rush">Carolina gold rush</a> (1802–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1810s" title="Alabama real estate bubble of the 1810s">1810s Alabama real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia Gold Rush</a> (1828–c. 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s" title="Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s">1830s Chicago real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> (1830–1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> (c. 1840–c. 1850)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California gold rush</a> (1848–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes Gold Rush</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> (1851–c. 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales gold rush</a> (1851–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> (1851–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush" title="Pike's Peak gold rush">Pike's Peak gold rush</a> (1858–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek Gold Rush</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush" title="Pennsylvania oil rush">Pennsylvania oil rush</a> (1859–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen Gold Rush</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine Gold Rush</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Steamboats of the Colorado River">Colorado River mining boom</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">First Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1861–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast gold rush</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend Gold Rush</a> (c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Lake_gold_rush" title="Vermilion Lake gold rush">Vermilion Lake gold rush</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">1870s Lapland gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel Gold Rushes</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Country" title="Cassiar Country">Cassiar Gold Rush</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush</a> (1874–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a> (1879–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian gold rushes</a> (c. 1880–c. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Indiana gas boom</a> (c. 1880–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Ohio" title="Petroleum industry in Ohio">Ohio oil rush</a> (c. 1880–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego gold rush</a> (1883–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh Gold Rush</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Cripple Creek Gold Rush">Cripple Creek Gold Rush</a> (c. 1890–c. 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> (1896–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1896–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuk_River_Stampede" title="Kobuk River Stampede">Kobuk River Stampede</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker_gold_rush" title="Mount Baker gold rush">Mount Baker gold rush</a> (1897–c. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome Gold Rush</a> (1899–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (c. 1900–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1901–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1903–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1909–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">1920s Florida land boom</a> (c. 1920–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">1930s Kakamega gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1932–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1945–c. 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1945–c. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon_bubble" title="Poseidon bubble">Poseidon bubble</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">The Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom" title="1970s commodities boom">1970s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom" title="Mexican oil boom">Mexican oil boom</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Thursday" title="Silver Thursday">Silver Thursday</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (c. 1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (1982–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Spanish property bubble</a> (1985–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Baltic states housing bubble</a> (2000–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a> (c. 2000–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_property_bubble_of_2000s" title="Danish property bubble of 2000s">2000s Danish property bubble</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble" title="2000s United States housing bubble">United States housing bubble</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Romanian property bubble</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_property_bubble" title="Polish property bubble">Polish property bubble</a> (2002–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">Chinese property bubble</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2005–2008)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">Chinese stock bubble of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007" title="Uranium bubble of 2007">Uranium bubble of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_debt_bubble" title="Corporate debt bubble">Corporate debt bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Australian property bubble</a> (2010–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a> (2011–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bubble" title="Everything bubble">Everything bubble</a> (2020–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bubble" title="Green bubble">Green bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_stock_bubble" title="Social media stock bubble">Social media stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_bubble" title="Unicorn bubble">Unicorn bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">U.S. higher education bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_frontier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_frontier" title="Template:American frontier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br />and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br />and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br />and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> 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[\"CITEREFFaragher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaither,_ChrisChmielewski,_Dawn_C2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaitherChmielewski,_Dawn_C.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGildensteinO\u0026#039;Donnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHausel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeizer1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelper1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolliday1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollidaySwain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImbler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnorr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeares2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihanArmitageDichamp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarronMorgan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNearyRobbins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwens,_Kenneth_N.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapoulias2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrudhomme1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlsBean2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlsOrsi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrbough1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRolle1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell,_Charles1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolnit,_R.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr,_KevinRichard_J._Orsi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWells1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitschi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZerbeAnderson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"Overview\"] = 1,\n [\"dictionary2024\"] = 1,\n [\"taylor1895\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"American frontier\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"California Gold Rush\"] = 1,\n [\"California history\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Financial bubbles\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Gold rush\"] = 1,\n [\"Image reference needed\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox event\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NHLS url\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordinal\"] = 1,\n [\"Periods in US history\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","24.6"],["?","120","10.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.3"],["list_combine \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Whitelist:613\u003E","40","3.5"],["type","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.5"],["[others]","160","14.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fr84h","timestamp":"20241122140840","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"California gold rush","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_gold_rush","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17550","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17550","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-19T20:47:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T23:44:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg","headline":"gold rush from C.E.1848 until 1855 in California"}</script> </body> </html>