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Stippling - Wikipedia
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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of creating a pattern</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stipple" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Stipple_(company)" title="Stipple (company)">Stipple (company)</a>. For gingival stippling, see <a href="/wiki/Stippling_(dentistry)" title="Stippling (dentistry)">Stippling (dentistry)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stippling" title="Special:EditPage/Stippling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stippling%22">"Stippling"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stippling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stippling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stippling%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stippling%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stippling%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar_MET_DP168331_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jar_MET_DP168331_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capodimonte_porcelain" title="Capodimonte porcelain">Capodimonte porcelain</a> jar painted in the stipple style of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Caselli" title="Giovanni Caselli">Giovanni Caselli</a> with three figures of <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>, 1745–1750</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="graphics complex of a seashell with stipple shading modeled in Mathematica 13.1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg/220px-Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg/330px-Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg/440px-Stipple_Shading_applied_to_seashell_graphics_complex_in_Mathematica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>graphics complex of a seashell with stipple shading modeled in Mathematica 13.1</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stippling</b> is the creation of a pattern simulating varying <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">degrees of solidity</a> or shading by using small dots. Such a pattern may occur in nature and these effects are frequently emulated by artists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stipple_engraving" title="Stipple engraving">Stipple engraving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg/170px-Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg/255px-Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg/340px-Giulio_Campagnola_shepherd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption><i>The Young Shepherd</i>, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> using stipple technique by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola" title="Giulio Campagnola">Giulio Campagnola</a>, around 1510</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, stipple engraving is a technique using flicks of the burin to build up the image in short lines or dots, often combined with conventional linear <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Engraved_glass" title="Engraved glass">engraved glass</a> a similar stipple technique has often been popular. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, the dots are made of <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> of a single colour, applied with a <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a>; the denser the dots, the darker the apparent shade—or lighter, if the pigment is lighter than the surface. This is similar to—but distinct from—<a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillism</a>, which uses dots of different colours to simulate blended colours.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_MiguelEndara.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Music_MiguelEndara.gif/170px-Music_MiguelEndara.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Music_MiguelEndara.gif/255px-Music_MiguelEndara.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Music_MiguelEndara.gif/340px-Music_MiguelEndara.gif 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Artistic composition of musical elements using stippling technique</figcaption></figure> <p>In description of flora species, a stippling is a kind of pattern, especially in the case of flowering plants, produced in nature that occur on flower petals and sepals. These are similar to the dot patterns in artworks that produce an often intricate pattern. An example can be seen on the base of the petal insides of <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus_luteus" title="Calochortus luteus">Calochortus luteus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a> endemic to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses<span class="anchor" id="Other_uses"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, stippling refers to a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_residue" title="Gunshot residue">gunshot residue</a> burned into the skin that results from close proximity to a discharged firearm.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">gunsmithing</a>, stippling is used to engrave patterns on the firearm's grip to provide a more solid grip by creating more friction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modification is done only on pistols with polymer frames since they have one-piece frames and solid grips, while steel-framed pistols usually have a hollow grip with textured grip scales to provide friction. If the user is willing to take the possibility of failing the procedure and getting permanent, unwanted results they can stipple their own pistols since the procedure only requires either a <a href="/wiki/Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">soldering iron</a> or a small, handheld <a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">rotary tool</a> with <a href="/wiki/Burr_(cutter)" title="Burr (cutter)">burr</a> bits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dither" title="Dither">Dithering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIan_Simpson1987" class="citation book cs1">Ian Simpson (1987). <i>The Encyclopedia of Drawing Techniques</i>. London: Headline. pp. 62–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0051-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0051-2"><bdi>978-0-7472-0051-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Drawing+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-0051-2&rft.au=Ian+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStippling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=97686"><i>Gold Nuggets: Calochortus luteus</i>, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094242/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=97686">Archived</a> 2011-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adfs.alabama.gov/Glossary.aspx">"Glossary of Forensic Terms"</a>. <i>Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences</i>. U.S. state government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Department+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Forensic+Terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadfs.alabama.gov%2FGlossary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStippling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Hung" class="citation web cs1">Eric Hung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-to-stipple-a-glock/">"How to Stipple a Glock (And Not Ruin It)"</a>. <i>Pew Pew Tactical</i>. Pew Pew Tactical<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Pew+Tactical&rft.atitle=How+to+Stipple+a+Glock+%28And+Not+Ruin+It%29&rft.au=Eric+Hung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewpewtactical.com%2Fhow-to-stipple-a-glock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStippling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stippling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stippling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stippling">Stippling</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐w26hz Cached time: 20241122143950 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.305 seconds Real time usage: 0.429 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 561/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16030/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 556/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13856/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.188/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4346713/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 383.871 1 -total 35.74% 137.194 1 Template:Reflist 22.90% 87.898 1 Template:Cite_book 22.40% 85.974 1 Template:Refimprove 21.36% 81.988 1 Template:Short_description 20.48% 78.632 1 Template:Ambox 12.23% 46.940 2 Template:Pagetype 9.35% 35.899 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 8.80% 33.795 1 Template:Sister-inline 8.21% 31.514 1 Template:Redirect --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:431845-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122143950 and revision id 1253865656. 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