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href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Începuturile_prelucrării_fierului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Începuturile_prelucrării_fierului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Începuturile prelucrării fierului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Începuturile_prelucrării_fierului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>În China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>În India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>În Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbolistică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbolistică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Simbolistică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbolistică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structură_atomică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură_atomică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structură atomică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structură_atomică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietăți</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proprietăți subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proprietăți fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_mecanice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_mecanice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Proprietăți mecanice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_mecanice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Proprietăți chimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compușii_elementului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compușii_elementului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compușii elementului</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compușii_elementului-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compușii elementului subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compușii_elementului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagrama_fazelor_si_alotropia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagrama_fazelor_si_alotropia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diagrama fazelor si alotropia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagrama_fazelor_si_alotropia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forme_alotropice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme_alotropice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Forme alotropice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme_alotropice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Răspândire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Producere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparare_în_laborator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparare_în_laborator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Preparare în laborator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparare_în_laborator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producere_la_scară_industrială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producere_la_scară_industrială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Producere la scară industrială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producere_la_scară_industrială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Utilizare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolul_elementului_în_biologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolul_elementului_în_biologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rolul elementului în biologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolul_elementului_în_biologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Măsuri de protecție chimică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Toxicitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 219 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">219 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yster" title="Yster – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ብረት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marad" title="Marad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Marad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsen" title="Īsen – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%99%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܦܪܙܠܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܙܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="লো – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azil" title="Azil – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azil" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8" title="आइरन – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइरन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir" title="Dəmir – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="دمیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C5%BE%C4%97s" title="Gelžės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gelžės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aien" title="Aien – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aien" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasi" title="Wasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="ပသီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပသီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="লোহা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houarn" title="Houarn – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Түмэр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түмэр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9k" title="Tiék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yero" title="Yero – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ئاسن – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%BE" title="Жєлѣꙁо – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Жєлѣꙁо" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Тимĕр – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haearn" title="Haearn – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haearn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurugu" title="Kurugu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kurugu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABu" title="Wëu – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wëu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1n" title="Asın – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asın" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ދަގަނޑު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދަގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σίδηρος – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίδηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierro" title="Hierro – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierru" title="Hierru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hierru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="آهن – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauta" title="Rauta – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aironi" title="Aironi – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aironi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarn" title="Jarn – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0n" title="Gàn – fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Gàn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4lj" title="Stälj – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stälj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izer" title="Izer – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8" title="Fè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakandua" title="Itakandua – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakandua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3" title="लोखण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लोखण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuwate" title="Wuwate – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wuwate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="લોખંડ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોખંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiarn" title="Yiarn – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yiarn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiet" title="Thiet – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="ברזל – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loha" title="Loha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Loha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8_(non)" title="Fè (non) – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fè (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas" title="Vas – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Երկաթ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferre" title="Ferre – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ferre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Аьшк – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аьшк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rn" title="Járn – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84" title="鉄 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan" title="Ayan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ayan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tirse" title="tirse – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tirse" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzal" title="Uzzal – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uzzal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3t%CA%8A_%C3%B1%C9%A9%C9%A3%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibende" title="Kibende – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibende" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Темір – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%95%D8%B1" title="شؠشتٕر – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شؠشتٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesin" title="Hesin – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hesin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn" title="Horn – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Horn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Темир – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrum" title="Ferrum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Ракь – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ракь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkalwe_(Iron)" title="Kkalwe (Iron) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkalwe (Iron)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ro" title="Færo – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Færo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebend%C3%A9" title="Ebendé – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ebendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ທາດເຫຼັກ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທາດເຫຼັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEis" title="Geležis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs" title="Dzelzs – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy" title="Vy – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino" title="Rino – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rino" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi" title="Basi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇരുമ്പ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരുമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Төмөр (химийн элемент) – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯌꯣꯠ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯣꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="लोखंड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6adid" title="Ħadid – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħadid" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF)" title="သံ (သတ္တု) – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံ (သတ္တု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tliltic_tepoztli" title="Tliltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tliltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesen" title="Iesen – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="फलाम – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फलाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%81" title="नँ – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzer (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9" title="Fé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_(Fe)" title="Béésh (Fe) – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh (Fe)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fèrre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudu" title="Raudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Raudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayinanii" title="Ayinanii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ayinanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲୁହା – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୁହା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%84%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æфсæйнаг – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æфсæйнаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੋਹਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਹਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyen" title="Aiyen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aiyen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazo" title="Żelazo – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87" title="وسپنه – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وسپنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khillay" title="Khillay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khillay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желїзо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Желїзо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="अयः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тимир – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airn" title="Airn – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BE" title="لوھ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9" title="යකඩ – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යකඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryevdi" title="Ryevdi – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ryevdi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utare" title="Utare – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Utare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadiid" title="Xadiid – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xadiid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekuri" title="Hekuri – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekuri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersen" title="Iersen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iersen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beusi" title="Beusi – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இரும்பு – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇనుము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оҳан – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҳан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เหล็ก – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir" title="Demir – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%88%D8%B1" title="تۆمۈر – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۆمۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Залізо – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzer_(element)" title="Yzer (element) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Yzer (element)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferin" title="Ferin – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ferin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthaw" title="Puthaw – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puthaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%80" title="Төмр – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төмр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="אייזן – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet" title="Diet – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Diet" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih" title="Thih – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insimbi" title="Insimbi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Insimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Fier" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fier"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fier"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Fier" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Fier" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&oldid=16649530" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Fier&id=16649530&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFier"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFier"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fier"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fier&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q677" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet stiinteexacte" style="background-color:#ffc0c0">Fier </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/200px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/300px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/400px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iron_Spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Iron_Spectrum.jpg/200px-Iron_Spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Iron_Spectrum.jpg/300px-Iron_Spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Iron_Spectrum.jpg/400px-Iron_Spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Linie_spectral%C4%83" title="Linie spectrală">Liniile spectrale</a> ale fierului </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="background:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> ← <b>Fier</b> → <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;">– </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">  </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"> <br />26</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Fe</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float: left; width: 5px; height: 7px; font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;border:1px solid black"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimoniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimoniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astatiniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Toriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendeleeviu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleeviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawren%C8%9Biu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrențiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununtriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#fcfecc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Fe</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor_(extins)" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor (extins)">Tabelul extins</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații generale </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Nume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr</a> </td> <td width="40%">Fier, Fe, 26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_chimic%C4%83" title="Serie chimică">Serie chimică</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Metal de tranziție">Metal de tranziție</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupele tabelului periodic">Grupă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blocurile_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocurile tabelului periodic">Bloc</a> </td> <td>8, 4, d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> </td> <td>7860 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_pe_metru_cub" title="Kilogram pe metru cub">kg/m³</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> </td> <td>metalic lucios, cu tentă gri </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Număr CAS">Număr CAS</a> </td> <td>7439-89-6 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_EINECS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr EINECS — pagină inexistentă">Număr EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți atomice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">Masă atomică</a> </td> <td>55,845 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Rază atomică</a> </td> <td>140 (156) <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_de_covalen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rază de covalență">Rază de covalență</a> </td> <td>125 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">Rază van der Waals</a> </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>]4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electroni</a> pe <a href="/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie">nivelul de energie</a> </td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">Număr de oxidare</a> </td> <td>2, <b>3</b>, 4, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">Oxid</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfolit — pagină inexistentă">amfolit</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4064648" class="extiw" title="d:Q4064648"><span title="amfolit la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structură cristalină</a> </td> <td>cubică cu volum centrat (a=286.65 pm),<br /> între 1185 - 1667 K, cubică cu fețe centrate </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți fizice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Fază ordinară</a> </td> <td>solid (<a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">feromagnetic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> </td> <td>1538 °C, 1811 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> </td> <td>2861 °C, 3134 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_fuziune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de fuziune — pagină inexistentă">Energie de fuziune</a> </td> <td>13,81 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_evaporare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de evaporare — pagină inexistentă">Energie de evaporare</a> </td> <td>340 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatur%C4%83_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatură critică — pagină inexistentă">Temperatură critică</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiune_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiune critică — pagină inexistentă">Presiune critică</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">Volum molar</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_cub_pe_kmol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru cub pe kmol — pagină inexistentă">m³/kmol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viteza_sunetului" title="Viteza sunetului">Viteza sunetului</a> </td> <td>5120 m/s la 293.15 K (fier electrolitic) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă — pagină inexistentă">m/s</a> la 20 <a href="/wiki/Grad_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>Forță <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetică</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">Electronegativitate</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scara_lui_Pauling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scara lui Pauling — pagină inexistentă">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>1,83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td>25,10 J/(mol·K) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule_pe_kilogram-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule pe kilogram-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Conductivitate electrică">Conductivitate electrică</a> </td> <td>9,6×10<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unitate)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_termic%C4%83" title="Conductivitate termică">Conductivitate termică</a> </td> <td>80,4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt_pe_metru-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt pe metru-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure762,5"> <td>Prima <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>762,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure1561,9"> <td>A 2-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>1561,9 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure2957"> <td>A 3-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>2957 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 4-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_4}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 5-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_5}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 6-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_6}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 7-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_7}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 8-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_8}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 9-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_9}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 10-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_10}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Cei mai stabili izotopi </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Simbol</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">AN</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">T<small>1/2</small></a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mod_de_dezintegrare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod de dezintegrare">MD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Ed</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produsul_dezintegr%C4%83rii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produsul dezintegrării — pagină inexistentă">PD</a></td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></td></tr> <tr><td><sup>54</sup>Fe</td><td>5,8 %</td><td>stabil (> 3,1<sup>.</sup>10<sup>22</sup> <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a>)</td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captur%C4%83_de_electroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captură de electroni — pagină inexistentă">ε</a></td><td></td><td><sup>54></sup>Cr</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>55</sup>Fe</td><td><a href="/wiki/Radioizotop_sintetic" title="Radioizotop sintetic">{sin.}</a></td><td>2,73 ani</td><td>ε</td><td>0,231</td><td><sup>55</sup>Mn</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>56</sup>Fe</td><td>91,72%</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 30 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>57</sup>Fe</td><td>2,2%</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 31 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>58</sup>Fe</td><td>0,28%</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 32 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>59</sup>Fe</td><td>{sin.}</td><td>44,50 <a href="/wiki/Zi" title="Zi">zile</a></td><td>β-</td><td>1,565</td><td><sup>59</sup>Co</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>60</sup>Fe</td><td>{sin.}</td><td>1,5 <sup>.</sup>10<sup>6</sup> ani</td><td>β-</td><td>3,978</td><td><sup>60</sup>Co</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Precauții </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffc0c0 solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unitățile <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">SI</a> și condiții de temperatură și presiune normale dacă nu s-a specificat altfel.</i> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFFFFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Element_chimic" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fierul</b> este un <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalic</a>, notat cu <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbolul</a> <b>Fe</b> (din limba latină: <i>ferrum</i>), ce are numărul atomic 26 și masa atomică 56. Este un metal aflat în prima grupă a <a href="/wiki/Metal_tranzi%C8%9Bional" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal tranzițional">metalelor tranziționale</a>. Este elementul chimic cel mai întâlnit pe <a href="/wiki/Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra">Terra</a>, formând cea mai mare parte a nucleului acestei planete și este al patrulea element ca abundență în <a href="/wiki/Scoar%C8%9Ba_terestr%C4%83" title="Scoarța terestră">scoarța terestră</a>. Este produs în cantitate mare ca rezultat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuziune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuziune — pagină inexistentă">fuziune</a> în <a href="/wiki/Stea" title="Stea">stelele</a> cu masă mare, unde producerea de <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">nichel-56</a> (care se dezintegrează în fier) este ultima reacție <a href="/wiki/Fuziune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fuziune nucleară">fuziune nucleară</a> ce este <a href="/wiki/Proces_exoterm" title="Proces exoterm">exotermă</a>, devenind ultimul element care se produce înaintea stingerii unei <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernove</a> ce duce la reacții ce împrăștie precursorii <a href="/wiki/Radionuclid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclid">radionuclizilor</a> fierului în spațiu. </p><p>La fel ca și alte elemente ale grupei 8 (<a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">ruteniu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">osmiu</a>, etc.), fierul prezintă numeroase stări de oxidare, de la -2 la +6, deși cele mai comune sunt +2 și +3. Fierul elementar este întâlnit în <a href="/wiki/Meteori%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoriți">meteoriți</a> și unele medii sărace în <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a>, dar este reactiv cu oxigenul și <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apa</a>. Suprafețele proaspăt tăiate ale fierului au o <a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">culoare</a> <a href="/wiki/Gri" title="Gri">gri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argintie</a>, sunt lucioase, dar se <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidează</a> în <a href="/wiki/Aer" title="Aer">aer</a>, produsul de reacție fiind <a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxizii</a> de fier, cunoscuți de asemenea sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Rugin%C4%83" title="Rugină">rugină</a>. Spre deosebire de alte metale care realizează <a href="/wiki/Pasivare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasivare">pasivarea</a> prin straturi de oxid, oxizii de fier ocupă un volum mai mare ca al volumului de fier, iar astfel oxizii de fier pot fi îndepărtați și să expună suprafețe proaspete pentru <a href="/wiki/Coroziune" title="Coroziune">coroziune</a>. </p><p>Fierul metalic a fost utilizat încă din <a href="/wiki/Antichitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichitate">Antichitate</a>, deși <a href="/wiki/Aliaj" title="Aliaj">aliajele</a> cu punct scăzut de topire al <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">cuprului</a> au fost folosite primele în <a href="/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie">istorie</a>. Fierul pur este moale (mai moale decât <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiul</a>), însă nu se poate obține prin <a href="/wiki/Topire" title="Topire">topire</a>. Materialul este întărit de impurități din procesul de topire, precum <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonul</a>. O anumită proporție de carbon (între 0,2% și 2,1%) produce <a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel">oțelul</a>, care poate fi de 1000 de ori mai rezistent decât fierul pur. Fierul metalic brut este obținut în <a href="/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal">furnale</a>, unde <a href="/wiki/Minereu" title="Minereu">minereul</a> este redus de către <a href="/wiki/Cocs" title="Cocs">cocs</a> la <a href="/wiki/Fonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonta">fonta</a>. O prelucrare ulterioară cu oxigen reduce conținutul de carbon pentru a se obține oțel. Oțelurile și aliajele din fier cu conținut scăzut de carbon, în combinație cu alte metale, sunt de departe cele mai comune metale în <a href="/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie">industrie</a>, datorită numărului mare de proprietăți dezirabile. </p><p>Compușii chimici ai fierului, care includ compuși feroși și ferici, au multe utilizări. Oxidul de fier amestecat cu pudră de aluminiu poate fi aprins pentru a crea <a href="/wiki/Termit" title="Termit">termitul</a>, folosit în prelucrarea minereurilor. Formează compuși binari cu <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogenii</a> și <a href="/wiki/Calcogen" title="Calcogen">calcogenii</a>. Printre compușii organometalici, ferocenul a fost primul compus-sandwich descoperit. </p><p>Fierul joacă un rol important în <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, formând substanțe compuse cu oxigen molecular în <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobina">hemoglobina</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioglobina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mioglobina — pagină inexistentă">mioglobina</a>; acești doi compuși sunt <a href="/wiki/Proteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteine">proteine</a> comune ce au rol în transportul oxigenului la <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>. De asemenea, fierul este metalul cel mai utilizat în enzimele <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">redox</a> cele mai importante, care sunt implicate în <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bia" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirația">respirația</a> celulară, procesele de <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Reducere" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducere">reducere</a> la organismele <a href="/wiki/Plante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plante">vegetale</a> și <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animale</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Începuturile_prelucrării_fierului"><span id=".C3.8Enceputurile_prelucr.C4.83rii_fierului"></span>Începuturile prelucrării fierului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Începuturile prelucrării fierului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Începuturile prelucrării fierului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primul tip de fier cunoscut și utilizat de oameni provenea din meteoriți. În <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> s-au descoperit vărfuri de suliță și obiecte decorative cu această origine, datând din jurul anului 4000 î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000 de ani mai târziu a apărut și fierul prelucrat din minereu (la început cel numit <i>fier de mlaștină</i> - în engleză <i>bog iron</i> sau limonit), folosit însă doar pentru obiecte de cult și considerat mai valoros decât aurul. Între 1600 î.Hr. și 1200 î.Hr. a început obținerea fierului în topitorii primitive, în <a href="/wiki/Hiti%C8%9Bi" title="Hitiți">Imperiul Hitit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Caucaz" title="Caucaz">Caucaz</a>). Dispariția acestui imperiu a permis răspândirea cunoștințelor despre prelucrarea fierului în toată regiunea, facilitând trecerea de la <a href="/wiki/Epoca_Bronzului" title="Epoca Bronzului">Epoca Bronzului</a> la <a href="/wiki/Epoca_Fierului" title="Epoca Fierului">Epoca Fierului</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_China"><span id=".C3.8En_China"></span>În <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: În China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: În China"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/250px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/375px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/500px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Procesul purificării minereului de fier (în stânga) și doi oameni care folosesc un <a href="/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal">furnal</a> (în dreapta)</figcaption></figure> <p>În jurul anului 550 î.Hr., în <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> a fost inventat furnalul și s-a obținut prima <a href="/wiki/Font%C4%83" title="Fontă">fontă</a> turnată. Prima menționare a unui obiect de fier turnat datează din 513 î.Hr., ceea ce implică faptul că în acea epocă tehnica topirii fierului era cunoscută foarte bine. Vestigii de obiecte de fier turnate (topoare, sape, cuțite, săbii, ...), datând din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perioada_Statelor_Combatante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perioada Statelor Combatante — pagină inexistentă">Perioada Statelor Combatante</a>, au fost descoperite într-o cantitate mare în siturile descoperite după <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>. În situl fostei capitale a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_(stat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan (stat) — pagină inexistentă">statului Yan</a>, în apropiere de <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, au fost dezgropate matrițe pentru turnarea unor obiecte de fier. <a href="/wiki/Fonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonta">Fonta</a>, mai <a href="/wiki/Material_casant" title="Material casant">casantă</a> și mai puțin tăioasă ca <a href="/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz">bronzul</a>, avea asupra acestuia un avantaj de a putea fi produsă în cantități mari, mai ales în regiunile bogate în minereuri, ca <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Se pare, de altfel, că, datorită combinării între topire și forjare, armele de fier au început, încă din timpul Perioadei Statelor Combatante, să rivalizeze cu armele de <a href="/wiki/Bronz" title="Bronz">bronz</a>, de uz totuși mai general. </p><p>Acest avans al Chinei în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Siderurgie" title="Siderurgie">siderurgiei</a> a putut să stârnească uimire: chinezii puteau să producă oțel încă din <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_II-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al II-lea î.Hr.">secolul al II-lea î.Hr.</a>, în vreme ce <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, doar la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evului Mediu</a> asistă la primele încercări de turnare a fierului, și după încă ceva timp începe producerea oțelului. Acest decalaj, care mai mult decât un avans sau o rămânere în urmă relevă originalitatea tradițiilor tehnice ale diferitelor civilizații, se explică foarte bine prin experiența acumulată de lumea chineză în turnarea bronzului și prin perfecționarea foalelor, în Perioada Statelor Combatante.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_India"><span id=".C3.8En_India"></span>În <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: În India" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: În India"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:QtubIronPillar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/200px-QtubIronPillar.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/300px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/400px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Coloana de fier din Delhi</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel">Oțelul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliaj" title="Aliaj">aliaj</a> al fierului cu relativ puțin carbon, a fost produs, se pare, pentru prima dată în <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_III-lea" title="Secolul al III-lea">secolul al III-lea</a>. Un exemplu al măiestriei indiene în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie">metalurgiei</a> este și faimoasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloana_de_fier_din_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coloana de fier din Delhi — pagină inexistentă">coloană de fier din Delhi</a>, care este constituită în proporție de 98% din <a href="/wiki/Fier_forjat" title="Fier forjat">fier forjat</a> și a fost ridicată la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-lea" title="Secolul al IV-lea">secolului al IV-lea</a> sau începutul <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_V-lea" title="Secolul al V-lea">secolului al V-lea</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_Europa"><span id=".C3.8En_Europa"></span>În <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: În Europa"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, primele șarje de <a href="/wiki/Font%C4%83" title="Fontă">fontă</a> turnată au fost obținute în <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XV-lea" title="Secolul al XV-lea">secolul al XV-lea</a> (Lapphyttan și Vinarhyttan). Ghiulele de tun din fontă au permis apoi răspândirea acestui material și a metodelor de obținere în toată lumea. Combustibilul de bază pentru aceste procese era <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83rbune_de_lemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cărbune de lemn">cărbunele de lemn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangal" title="Mangal">mangalul</a>). </p><p>Dispariția accentuată a pădurilor din Marea Britanie a dus în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVIII-lea" title="Secolul al XVIII-lea">secolul al XVIII-lea</a> la înlocuirea mangalului cu <a href="/wiki/Cocs" title="Cocs">cocsul</a>, de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Darby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Darby — pagină inexistentă">Abraham Darby</a>. Acest lucru, împreună cu inventarea mașinii cu abur, a dus la <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83" title="Revoluția industrială">Revoluția industrială</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Anii_1850" title="Anii 1850">anilor 1850</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a> a inventat un nou procedeu de fabricare a oțelului cu conținut foarte scăzut de carbon, la care se sufla aer prin fonta brută topită. Acest progres a dus la diminuarea treptată a producției de fier forjat. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg/200px-SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg/300px-SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg/400px-SikhoteAlinMeteorite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Meteoritul feros <i>Sihote Alin</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbolistică"><span id="Simbolistic.C4.83"></span>Simbolistică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Simbolistică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Simbolistică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evul Mediu</a>, fierul era asociat cu <a href="/wiki/Planeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta">planeta</a> <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a>, cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masculin — pagină inexistentă">masculinitatea</a> și cu soliditatea, rezistența. De altfel, în <a href="/wiki/Alchimie" title="Alchimie">alchimie</a>, simbolul fierului era identic cu cel folosit și în prezent pentru a indica genul masculin și cu cel pentru Marte în <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a>: <i>♂</i>.<br /> Termenul "de fier" a ajuns să fie folosit pentru a indica ceva de neclintit, de netrecut (de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Cortina_de_fier" title="Cortina de fier">Cortina de fier</a>), o încercare, provocare deosebită (de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Triatlon" title="Triatlon">triatlonul</a> "<i>Ironman</i>", <i>om de fier</i> desfășurat în <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>) sau, în cazul unor persoane, o voință deosebită (persoane care conduceau "cu o mână de fier", sau "doamna de fier", supranumele fostului prim-ministru al <a href="/wiki/Marea_Britanie" title="Marea Britanie">Marii Britanii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>). "<i>Fier</i>" este și denumirea celei de-a patra povestiri din volumul "<i>Sistemul periodic</i>" publicat în 1975 de <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structură_atomică"><span id="Structur.C4.83_atomic.C4.83"></span>Structură atomică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură atomică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Structură atomică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg/150px-Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg/225px-Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg/300px-Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Structura atomică a fierului</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Izotopi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fierul prezintă patru <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a> naturali. În ordinea abundenței relative, aceștia sunt: <sup>56</sup>Fe (91,7 %), <sup>54</sup>Fe (5,8 %), <sup>57</sup>Fe (2,2 %) și <sup>58</sup>Fe (0,3 %). De asemenea, se cunosc alți 10 izotopi sintetici ai fierului. S-a demonstrat (prin corelația existentă între abundența izotopului <sup>60</sup>Ni, un produs de dezintegrare al <sup>60</sup>Fe, și abundențele izotopilor stabili ai fierului în unii meteoriți) că <sup>60</sup>Fe a existat în stare naturală în perioada de formare a <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">sistemului solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Eisen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Eisen_1.jpg/150px-Eisen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Eisen_1.jpg/225px-Eisen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Eisen_1.jpg/300px-Eisen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Bucată de fier cu puritate 99,7%</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Proprietăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietăți_fizice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_fizice"></span>Proprietăți fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proprietăți_mecanice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_mecanice"></span>Proprietăți mecanice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți mecanice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți mecanice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:leftt; text-size: 80%"> <caption>Valori caracteristici ale tracțiunii și durității Brinell ale diferitelor forme de fier<sup id="cite_ref-pure_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-corr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>T <br />(MPa) </th> <th>BH <br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scala_Brinell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scala Brinell — pagină inexistentă">Brinell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocrystalline_whisker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monocrystalline whisker — pagină inexistentă">Iron whiskers</a> </td> <td>11000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oțel întărit </td> <td>2930 </td> <td>850–1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martensite — pagină inexistentă">Martensitic steel</a> </td> <td>2070 </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bainite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bainite — pagină inexistentă">Bainitic steel</a> </td> <td>1380 </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perlit%C4%83" title="Perlită">Oțel perlitic</a> </td> <td>1200 </td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cold-worked iron </td> <td>690 </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small-grain iron </td> <td>340 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fier ce conține carbon </td> <td>140 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cristal de fier pur </td> <td>10 </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Proprietățile mecanice ale fierului și ale aliajelor sale sunt evaluate prin teste variate, precum scala Brinell, scala Rockwell sau teste de tracțiune, printre altele; rezultatele fierului sunt atât de consistente încât fierul este des folosit pentru calibrarea măsurătorilor sau pentru a compara rezultatele unui test cu ale altuia.<sup id="cite_ref-corr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acele măsurători dezvăluie că aceste proprietăți mecanice ale fierului depind de puritate: cele mai pure cristale de fier sunt mult mai moi decât cele de aluminiu. Adiția a doar 10 părți per milion de carbon le poate dubla duritatea.<sup id="cite_ref-pure_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duritatea crește rapid cu un conținut de carbon de 0,2% și este saturată la ~0.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fierul produs industrial, care este cel mai pur (aproape 99,99% puritate), are o duritate de 20-30 Brinell.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietăți_chimice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_chimice"></span>Proprietăți chimice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți chimice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compușii_elementului"><span id="Compu.C8.99ii_elementului"></span>Compușii elementului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compușii elementului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Compușii elementului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fierul formează cu <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a> combinații divalente și trivalente. Fenomenul de <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidare</a> a fierului se mai numește ruginire. </p><p><i>Oxidul feros</i>, FeO (II), se obține prin arderea directă a fierului. El este stabil doar la temperaturi de peste 833 K (560<sup>o</sup>C) și este de culoare neagră. </p><p><i>Oxidul feric</i>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (III), numit și <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">hematit</a>, este un mineral de culoare maronie, obținut prin oxidarea fierului în condițiile existenței unui surplus de oxigen. El reprezintă principala sursă de obținere a fierului. </p><p><i>Oxidul feric-feros</i>, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (II,III), numit și <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a>, este materialul natural cu cele mai bune proprietăți magnetice. </p><p>Deși acești oxizi formează straturi protectoare la suprafața pieselor, porozitatea acestor straturi este atât de mare încât obiectele din fier expuse efectelor atmosferei ruginesc continuu până la distrugerea lor completă. </p><p>Oxidul feric este opac la <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">radiații ultraviolete</a> și <a href="/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu">infraroșii</a>, proprietate ce își gasește aplicații la fabricarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geam — pagină inexistentă">geamurilor</a> termoabsorbante. </p><p>În combinație cu carbonul, fierul poate forma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solu%C8%9Bie_solid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soluție solidă — pagină inexistentă">soluții solide</a> sau carbura de fier Fe<sub>3</sub> (numită și <a href="/wiki/Cementit%C4%83" title="Cementită">cementită</a>). În funcție de temperatură și de conținutul de carbon, soluțiile solide sunt <a href="/wiki/Ferit%C4%83" title="Ferită">ferita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austenit%C4%83" title="Austenită">austenita</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferit%C4%83_%CE%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferită δ — pagină inexistentă">ferita δ</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentacarbonil_de_fier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentacarbonil de fier — pagină inexistentă">Pentacarbonilul de fier</a></i>, Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub> se obține prin reacția, sub presiune, a fierului cu <a href="/wiki/Monoxid_de_carbon" title="Monoxid de carbon">monoxidul de carbon</a>. Prin descompunerea sa se obține <b>fierul carbonil</b> cu o puritate de 97,5 %. De asemenea, el se folosește pentru obținerea a numeroși compuși ai fierului cu utilizare în <a href="/wiki/Sintez%C4%83_organic%C4%83" title="Sinteză organică">sinteza organică</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiocianat_de_fier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiocianat de fier — pagină inexistentă">Tiocianatul de fier</a></i>, Fe(SCN)<sub>3</sub> are o culoare roșie caracteristică și servește la punerea în evidență a ionilor Fe<sup>3+</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrama_fazelor_si_alotropia">Diagrama fazelor si alotropia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Diagrama fazelor si alotropia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Diagrama fazelor si alotropia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fierul este un exemplu de alotropie la un metal, cunoscându-se cel puțin patru forme alotropice ale acestuia, numite α, γ, δ și ε; la presiuni foarte mari, există unele dovezi experimentale considerate controversale pentru o formă β stabilă la temperaturi și presiuni inalte.<sup id="cite_ref-beta-iron_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beta-iron-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pure_iron_phase_diagram_(EN).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png/220px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png/330px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png/440px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Diagrama fazei pentru fier pur la joasa presiune</figcaption></figure> <p>Pe măsură ce fierul topit se răcește, acesta se cristalizează la 1538°C în forma sa alotropica δ, care are un cristal cu structura centrată cubic. Continuarea răcirii acestei structuri cristaline, se schimbă la 1394°C, când structura este cunoscută drept fier-γ sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austenit — pagină inexistentă">austenit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forme_alotropice">Forme alotropice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Forme alotropice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Forme alotropice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În funcție de domeniile de temperatură la care sunt stabile și de <a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">structura cristalină</a>, este acceptată astăzi existența a 3 stări alotropice ale fierului solid: </p> <ul><li><i>Fierul α</i> are o structură cristalină cubică cu volum centrat și este stabil de la temperatura ambiantă până la temperatura de 1185 K (912<sup>o</sup>C). Între temperatura ambiantă și temperatura de 1043 K (770<sup>o</sup>C) (<a href="/wiki/Punct_Curie" title="Punct Curie">punctul Curie</a>), fierul α este <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetism" title="Feromagnetism">feromagnetic</a>, iar peste 1043 K devine <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a>. Din această cauză, inițial formei structurale de fier existente între 1043 K și 1185 K i s-a dat denumirea de fier β. Ulterior s-a renunțat la această denumire întrucât între fierul α și fierul β nu există alte diferențe.</li> <li><i>Fierul γ</i> are o structură cristalină cubică cu fețe centrate și este stabil între 1185 K (912<sup>o</sup>C) și 1667 K (1394<sup>o</sup>C).</li> <li><i>Fierul δ</i> are o structură cristalină cubică cu volum centrat și este stabil între 1667 K (1394<sup>o</sup>C) și temperatura de topire, 1811 K (1538<sup>o</sup>C).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i><b>Notă</b></i>: La nivel mondial nu s-a ajuns încă la un acord complet în privința poziției exacte a diferitelor puncte caracteristice ale fierului (și nici a punctelor caracteristice din <a href="/wiki/Diagrama_fier%E2%80%93carbon" title="Diagrama fier–carbon">diagrama de echilibru fier-carbon</a>). Valorile indicate aici pentru temperaturi sunt cele întâlnite în monografiile de specialitate uzuale din <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România">România</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Răspândire"><span id="R.C4.83sp.C3.A2ndire"></span>Răspândire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Răspândire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ca <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9Ba_elementelor_chimice" title="Abundența elementelor chimice">abundență</a>, fierul este al zecelea element în <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">univers</a> și al 4-lea pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> (al doilea metal, după <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiu</a>). Ca <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă">masă</a> însă, fierul ocupă primul loc pe Pământ. În prezent se consideră că 80% din <a href="/wiki/Straturile_p%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" class="mw-redirect" title="Straturile pământului">nucleul interior al Pământului</a> este format din fier. Sub formă de diverse combinații, el formează 5% din <a href="/wiki/Scoar%C8%9Ba_terestr%C4%83" title="Scoarța terestră">scoarța terestră</a>, însă în stare pură se găsește doar accidental (în <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoriți</a>). Se presupune de asemenea că <a href="/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă">planeta</a> <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă)">Marte</a> își datorează culoarea roșiatică unui <a href="/wiki/Sol" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sol">sol</a> bogat în oxid de fier.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producere">Producere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Producere"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparare_în_laborator"><span id="Preparare_.C3.AEn_laborator"></span>Preparare în laborator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Preparare în laborator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Preparare în laborator"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producere_la_scară_industrială"><span id="Producere_la_scar.C4.83_industrial.C4.83"></span>Producere la scară industrială</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producere la scară industrială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Producere la scară industrială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Black-band_ironstone_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg/200px-Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg/300px-Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg/400px-Black-band_ironstone_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Rocă cu formațiuni feroase în benzi, descoperită în America de Nord</figcaption></figure> <p>Datorită <a href="/wiki/Reactivitate_chimic%C4%83" title="Reactivitate chimică">reactivității</a> sale mari, în natură fierul se găsește în stare pură doar în cazuri foarte rare, de obicei în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorit_feros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorit feros — pagină inexistentă">meteoriții feroși</a>. </p><p>Cele mai des utilizate minereuri de fier sunt hematitul, magnetitul, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenit" title="Ilmenit">ilmenitul</a> (FeTiO<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Siderit" title="Siderit">sideritul</a> (FeCO<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Limonit" title="Limonit">limonitul</a> (amestec de <a href="/wiki/Goethit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethit">goethit</a> - α-FeO(OH) - și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidocrocit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidocrocit — pagină inexistentă">lepidocrocit</a> - γ-Fe<sup>3+</sup>O(OH)) și <a href="/wiki/Pirit%C4%83" title="Pirită">pirita</a> (FeS<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>Cele mai mari zăcăminte de minereu de fier sunt asociate cu așa-numitele <i>formațiuni feroase în benzi</i> (în engleză: <i>Banded Iron Formations</i>). </p><p>Minereurile de fier se exploatează atât în exploatări de suprafață, cât și în <a href="/wiki/Min%C4%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mină">mine</a>. Cele mai importante exploatări de suprafață se găsesc în <a href="/wiki/America_de_Sud" title="America de Sud">America de Sud</a> (în special în <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia">Brazilia</a>), în vestul <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australiei</a>, în <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> și <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. În ultimii ani, aceste țări au înlocuit treptat țările cu tradiție în extragerea minereului de fier din mine, cum ar fi Franța, Suedia sau Germania. Cel mai important <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83c%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Zăcământ">zăcământ</a> de fier se află la <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Mut%C3%B9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Mutùn — pagină inexistentă">El Mutùn</a> în Bolivia, unde se estimează că există cca. 40 miliarde tone de minereu cu un conținut de fier de peste 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>După extragere, minereul se mărunțește și se macină, după care granulele de minereu se sortează după mărime și se <a href="/wiki/Sinterizare" title="Sinterizare">sinterizează</a>. Aceasta înseamnă că, sub influența unei călduri foarte mari și cu adaosuri de materiale <a href="/wiki/Calcar" title="Calcar">calcaroase</a>, granulele mici se unesc în bulgări mai mari, poroși. Acest lucru este esențial pentru că, ulterior, granulele fine ar împiedica trecerea normală a curentului de aer prin furnal. </p><p>În anul 2000, la nivel mondial au fost produse aproximativ 1 miliard de tone de minereu de fier, valorând cca. 25 miliarde <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. Din această cantitate de minereu s-au obținut aproximativ 572 milioane tone de fontă brută. </p><p>Minereurile de fier sunt exploatate în prezent în 48 de țări, primii cinci producători: China, Brazilia, Australia, Rusia și India asigurând 70% din producția mondială totală. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Erzberg2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erzberg2.jpg/520px-Erzberg2.jpg" decoding="async" width="520" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erzberg2.jpg/780px-Erzberg2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Erzberg2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Erzberg, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, cel mai mare zăcământ de siderit din lume</figcaption></figure> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Țările cu cea mai mare producție de minereu de fier (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rang </th> <th>Țara </th> <th>Producția<br />(în mil. <a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%83" title="Tonă">t</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 420 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia">Brazilia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 280 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 262 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 140 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 97 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 69 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SUA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">SUA</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 54 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa_de_Sud" title="Africa de Sud">Africa de Sud</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 40 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 30 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 23 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>Total mondial</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 1540 </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg/300px-MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg/450px-MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg/600px-MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Combinat siderurgic <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România">România</a>)</figcaption></figure> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Cei mai mari producători de fontă brută la nivel mondial (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rang </th> <th>Țara </th> <th>Producția<br />(în mil. <a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%83" title="Tonă">t</a>) </th> <th>Rang </th> <th>Țara </th> <th>Producția<br />(în mil. t) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>China</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 202,3</div></td> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 13 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 82,1</div></td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 10,3 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Rusia</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 48,3</div></td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 10,1 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>SUA</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 39,1</div></td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marea_Britanie" title="Marea Britanie">Marea Britanie</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 10,1 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Brazilia</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 32</div></td> <td>14</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 8,5 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Ucraina</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 29,6</div></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 7,8 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 29,5</div></td> <td>16</td> <td>Africa de Sud</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 6,2 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coreea_de_Sud" title="Coreea de Sud">Coreea de Sud</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 27,3</div></td> <td>17</td> <td>Australia</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 6,1 </div></td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>India</td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 26,1</div></td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Olanda">Olanda</a></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> 5,8 </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pentru o listă mai detaliată a țărilor producătoare, vezi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_celor_mai_mari_produc%C4%83tori_de_font%C4%83_brut%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista celor mai mari producători de fontă brută — pagină inexistentă">Lista celor mai mari producători de fontă brută</a>. </p><p>La scară industrială, fierul este produs pornind de la minereu printr-o reacție de reducere directă cu carbon, la temperaturi de cca. 2000°C, în <a href="/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal">furnale</a> (cuptoare înalte). Aceasta permite înlăturarea sub influența temperaturilor înalte a componenților neferoși sau pământoși din minereu. În partea superioară a furnalului se introduce minereu de fier, carbon sub formă de cocs și un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flux_(metalurgie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flux (metalurgie) — pagină inexistentă">flux</a> de genul <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calciu" title="Carbonat de calciu">carbonatului de calciu</a> sau a <a href="/wiki/Dolomit" class="mw-disambig" title="Dolomit">dolomitului</a>, în timp ce prin partea inferioară este însuflat un curent de aer cald. Cocsul reacționează cu oxigenul din curentul de aer, formând monoxid de carbon: </p> <dl><dd>6 C + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 6 CO</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/250px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/375px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg/500px-Alto_horno_antiguo_Sestao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Furnal la Sestao, <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Monoxidul de carbon reduce minereul de fier (în cazul de jos, hematit), transformându-l în fier topit și devenind <a href="/wiki/Bioxid_de_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioxid de carbon">bioxid de carbon</a>: </p> <dl><dd>6 CO + 2 Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> → 4 Fe + 6 CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Fluxul ajută la topirea impurităților din minereu, în special a <a href="/wiki/Bioxid_de_siliciu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioxid de siliciu">bioxidului de siliciu</a> și a <a href="/wiki/Silica%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicați">silicaților</a>. Sub influența căldurii din furnal, carbonatul de calciu se descompune în <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_calciu" title="Oxid de calciu">oxid de calciu</a> și bioxid de carbon: </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub> → CaO + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Oxidul de calciu se combină cu bioxidul de siliciu formând o zgură ce se topește la temperatura din furnal (ceea ce nu s-ar fi întâmplat cu bioxidul de siliciu în stare pură): </p> <dl><dd>CaO + SiO<sub>2</sub> → CaSiO<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <p>Zgura topită plutește deasupra fierului topit, mai dens, și aceste componente pot fi evacuate separat prin deschizături speciale în <a href="/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal">furnal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Materialul util rezultat este de fapt fontă brută, cu un conținut de cca. 4-5% carbon. Aceasta poate fi redusă în continuare pentru obținerea oțelului sau a <a href="/wiki/Fier_tehnic_pur" title="Fier tehnic pur">fierului tehnic pur</a>, în alte cuptoare sau convertizoare. </p><p>Fierul chimic pur se poate prepara prin <a href="/wiki/Calcinare" title="Calcinare">calcinarea</a> precipitatului de hidroxid feric Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> sau a altor săruri de fier iar la scară industrială prin calcinarea sărurilor de fier cu ușoara tendință de descompunere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizare">Utilizare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Utilizare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard,_Paris_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/200px-Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/300px-Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/400px-Le_portail_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Castel_B%C3%A9ranger_par_Hector_Guimard%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Poartă în stilul <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> realizată din fier forjat, ce se află în <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fierul este în prezent cel mai utilizat metal, cuprinzând 95% din producția mondială de metale, ca și masă. Datorită combinării unei rezistențe înalte cu un preț redus, acesta se folosește în prezent mai ales în cadrul aliajelor, pentru realizarea de diverse piese și structuri. </p><p>Alături de <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> și <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">nichel</a>, fierul este unul dintre cele trei materiale feromagnetice care fac posibilă aplicarea practică a <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetismului</a> la <a href="/wiki/Generator_electric" title="Generator electric">generatoare electrice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator">transformatoare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Motor_electric" title="Motor electric">motoare electrice</a>. </p><p>Aliajele fier-carbon sunt materialele cu cea mai largă răspândire în industrie. Ele se împart în oțeluri, cu un conținut de carbon de până la 2,11% și fonte, cu un conținut de carbon mai mare de 2,11%. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fier_forjat" title="Fier forjat">Fierul forjat</a> este un produs maleabil care conține mai puțin de 0,2% carbon. Datorită modului de obținere, piesele din fier forjat conțin mici urme, filamente de <a href="/wiki/Zgur%C4%83" title="Zgură">zgură</a>. Fierul forjat ruginește mai greu, însă a fost înlocuit în prezent în majoritatea aplicațiilor de oțeluri cu conținut scăzut de carbon, care sunt mai ieftine și mai ușor de obținut. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%C8%9Bel_nealiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oțel nealiat — pagină inexistentă">Oțelul nealiat</a> conține între 0,06% și 2,11% carbon, cu mici cantități de mangan, sulf, fosfor și siliciu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%C8%9Bel_aliat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oțel aliat — pagină inexistentă">Oțelurile aliate</a> conțin diferite cantități de carbon, dar și alte metale, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">cromul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">vanadiul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibdenul</a>, nichelul, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolframul</a> etc. Ele au de regulă domenii de utilizare bine precizate, deoarece conținutul de elemente de aliere le crește considerabil prețul. O varietate recentă de oțeluri aliate sunt așa-numitele <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%C8%9Bel_microaliat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oțel microaliat — pagină inexistentă">oțeluri microaliate</a> ce conțin cantități mici de elemente de aliere, însă cu rezistențe și <a href="/wiki/Tenacitate" title="Tenacitate">tenacități</a> ridicate, la costuri minime. <a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bel_inoxidabil" title="Oțel inoxidabil">Oțelurile inoxidabile</a> sunt oțeluri aliate care conțin cel puțin 12% crom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Font%C4%83_brut%C4%83" title="Fontă brută">Fonta brută</a> conține cca. 4-5% carbon și diverse cantități de sulf, siliciu și fosfor. Singura ei importanță tehnică este ca pas intermediar de la minereul de fier la oțel și fonta de turnată. </p><p>Fonta turnată conține 2,11% – 6,67% carbon, 1% – 6% siliciu și mici cantități de mangan. Proprietățile sale mecanice variază considerabil în funcție de forma sub care apare carbonul în aliaj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Font%C4%83_alb%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontă albă — pagină inexistentă">Fontele albe</a> conțin carbonul sub formă de cementită, ceea ce le face dure, dar fragile. Suprafața de rupere a unei fonte albe prezintă numeroase fațete fine de carburi, de culoare foarte deschisă, argintie, care și dau numele materialului. În <a href="/wiki/Font%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Fontă cenușie">fonta cenușie</a>, carbonul se găsește sub formă liberă, de <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, și are de asemenea proprietăți mecanice reduse (deși mai bune decât ale fontelor albe). Variantele mai noi de fontă cenușie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonta_maleabil%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonta maleabilă — pagină inexistentă">fonta maleabilă</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Font%C4%83_modificat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontă modificată — pagină inexistentă">fonta modificată</a> conțin grafitul sub formă de cristale foarte neregulate (grafit în cuiburi), respectiv sub formă sferoidală (grafit nodular), îmbunătățind mult rezistența și tenacitatea materialului. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feroaliaj" title="Feroaliaj">Feroaliajele</a> sunt aliaje ale fierului cu alte elemente chimice, acestea fiind prezente în procentaje ridicate. Exemple sunt <a href="/wiki/Ferosiliciu" title="Ferosiliciu">ferosiliciul</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feromangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feromangan — pagină inexistentă">feromanganul</a>; care se utilizează la elaborarea oțelurilor aliate sau a altor aliaje. </p><p>Alte aliaje importante sunt cele cu nichel, dintre care se remarcă <a href="/wiki/Invar" title="Invar">invarul</a> (36% Ni, rest fier), care caracterizează printr-un coeficient de dilatare termică foarte redus și se utilizează în aplicații unde este nevoie de modificări dimensionale minime în raport cu temperatura. </p><p>Oxizii de fier sunt folosiți la fabricarea de medii magnetice pentru stocarea informațiilor. Deseori ei sunt amestecați cu alți compuși, dar își păstrează proprietățile magnetice în soluție. </p><p>În medicină se folosesc preparate pe bază de fier ca <a href="/wiki/Antianemice" class="mw-redirect" title="Antianemice">antianemice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolul_elementului_în_biologie"><span id="Rolul_elementului_.C3.AEn_biologie"></span>Rolul elementului în biologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rolul elementului în biologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Rolul elementului în biologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Heme_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/200px-Heme_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/300px-Heme_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heme_b.svg/400px-Heme_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Structura hemului b</figcaption></figure> <p>Fierul este un element esențial pentru aproape toate <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismele</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viu — pagină inexistentă">vii</a>. El este inclus, de regulă în formă stabilă, în metaloproteine, deoarece în formă liberă sau expusă duce la producerea de radicali liberi care în general sunt toxici pentru <a href="/wiki/Celul%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Celulă">celule</a>. Fierul se poate combina cu orice tip de biomoleculă și, ca atare, va adera la <a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83" title="Membrană">membrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_nucleic" title="Acid nucleic">acizi nucleici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină">proteine</a> etc. </p><p>Multe animale înglobează fierul în <a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">hemuri</a>, o componentă esențială a citocromilor, proteine implicate în reacții redox (incluzând <a href="/w/index.php?title=Respira%C8%9Bia_celular%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respirația celulară — pagină inexistentă">respirația celulară</a>), și a proteinelor purtătoare de oxigen <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin%C4%83" title="Hemoglobină">hemoglobina</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mioglobin%C4%83" title="Mioglobină">mioglobina</a>. Fierul anorganic implicat în reacții redox se găsește de asemenea în complexele fier-sulf din multe enzime, cum ar fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenaz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogenază — pagină inexistentă">nitrogenaza</a> și <a href="/wiki/Hidrogenaz%C4%83" title="Hidrogenază">hitrogenaza</a>. Atunci când organismul se confruntă cu o <a href="/wiki/Infec%C8%9Bie" title="Infecție">infecție</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacteriană</a>, fierul este "sechestrat" în interiorul celulelor (de obicei în molecula de depozitare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feritin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feritină — pagină inexistentă">feritină</a>) astfel încât să nu poată fi folosit de către bacterii. Fierul absorbit din <a href="/wiki/Duoden" title="Duoden">duoden</a> este legat în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferină — pagină inexistentă">transferină</a> și transportat prin <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sânge</a> către diverse celule, unde este înglobat în proteine prin mecanisme încă neidentificate <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Vezi și <a href="/wiki/Metabolismul_fierului_%C3%AEn_organismul_uman" title="Metabolismul fierului în organismul uman">Metabolismul fierului în organismul uman</a>. </p><p>Cele mai bune surse de fier în alimente sunt <a href="/wiki/Carne" title="Carne">carnea</a> de <a href="/wiki/Porc" class="mw-redirect" title="Porc">porc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99te" title="Pește">peștele</a>, carnea de <a href="/wiki/G%C4%83in%C4%83_(pas%C4%83re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Găină (pasăre)">pui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linte" title="Linte">lintea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasole" title="Fasole">fasolea</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83trunjel" title="Pătrunjel">pătrunjelul</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2ine" title="Pâine">pâinea</a> din <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83in%C4%83" title="Făină">făină</a> integrală etc. Urtica urens (urzica) conține o mare cantitate de fier (100 mg fier la 100 g plantă). În schimb, <a href="/wiki/Spanac" title="Spanac">spanacul</a> ca sursă principală de fier este un <a href="/wiki/Mit" title="Mit">mit</a> datorat unei greșeli de transcriere a cantității de fier <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică"><span id="M.C4.83suri_de_protec.C8.9Bie_chimic.C4.83"></span>Măsuri de protecție chimică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Măsuri de protecție chimică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Măsuri de protecție chimică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicitate">Toxicitate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Toxicitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Toxicitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fierul în cantități excesive este <a href="/wiki/Toxicitate" title="Toxicitate">toxic</a> pentru oameni, deoarece reacționează cu <a href="/wiki/Peroxid" title="Peroxid">peroxizii</a> din corp, producând radicali liberi. Toxicitatea apare atunci când cantitatea de fier o depășește pe cea de transferină necesară pentru legarea fierului liber. O cantitate prea mare de fier ingerată poate leza direct celulele din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tractul_gastro-intestinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tractul gastro-intestinal — pagină inexistentă">tractul gastro-intestinal</a> și poate intra în sânge, distrugând celulele care altfel ar restricționa intrarea sa. Odată ajuns în sânge, fierul în exces poate afecta celulele din <a href="/wiki/Inim%C4%83" title="Inimă">inimă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficat</a> (unde poate duce la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sideroz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sideroză — pagină inexistentă">sideroză</a>) etc., putând duce la deteriorarea <a href="/wiki/Organ" title="Organ">organelor</a> respective pe termen lung sau chiar la <a href="/wiki/Moarte" title="Moarte">moarte</a>. De aceea, preparatele pe bază de fier sunt indicate doar în cazul unei deficiențe de fier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxicitatea fierului se manifestă la valori de peste 20 mg de fier pentru fiecare kilogram de <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă">masă</a> corporală, 60 mg/kg reprezentând o doză letală <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tratarea medicală a problemelor cauzate de toxicitatea fierului este complexă. Un aspect în acest sens este folosirea <a href="/wiki/Deferoxamin%C4%83" title="Deferoxamină">deferoxaminei</a>, care leagă și elimină excesul de fier din organism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_feripriv%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemia feriprivă">Anemia feriprivă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a> Simbolul orașului Bruxelles, realizat ca model al unei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celul%C4%83_elementar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celulă elementară — pagină inexistentă">celule elementare</a> de fier</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloana_de_fier_din_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coloana de fier din Delhi — pagină inexistentă">Coloana de fier din Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagrama_de_echilibru_fier-carbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagrama de echilibru fier-carbon — pagină inexistentă">Diagrama de echilibru fier-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoca_Fierului" title="Epoca Fierului">Epoca Fierului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">Magnetit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolismul_fierului_%C3%AEn_organismul_uman" title="Metabolismul fierului în organismul uman">Metabolismul fierului în organismul uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie">Metalurgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteori">Meteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minereul_de_fier_suedez_%C3%AEn_al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial" class="mw-redirect" title="Minereul de fier suedez în al doilea război mondial">Minereul de fier suedez în al doilea război mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderurgie" title="Siderurgie">Siderurgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul periodic al elementelor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Tylecote, R. F., A History of Metallurgy, 2nd Ed., The Institute of Materials, Brookfield, VT, (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jacques, Gernet (<time datetime="1985">1985</time>). <i>Lumea chineză (primul volum)</i>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-31">31 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Metals&rft.au=Alan+W.+Cramb+-+Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneon.mems.cmu.edu%2Fcramb%2FProcessing%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> A. Raistrick, A dynasty of Ironfounders (1953; 1989); N. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-15">15 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short-lived+species+in+planetary+differentiation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onafarawayday.com%2FRadiogenic%2FCh15%2FCh15-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pure-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pure_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pure_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kohl, Walter H. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=-Ll6qjWB-RUC&pg=PA164"><i>Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices</i></a>. Springer. pp. 164–167. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1563963876" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1563963876">1563963876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+materials+and+techniques+for+vacuum+devices&rft.pages=164-167&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1563963876&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D-Ll6qjWB-RUC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corr-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corr_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corr_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kuhn, Howard and Medlin, Dana (prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee), ed. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/industrial/blastfurnace.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-12-17">17 decembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-15">15 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Aid%3A+Blast+Furnace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceaid.co.uk%2Fchemistry%2Findustrial%2Fblastfurnace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tracey A. Rouault. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000079">„How Mammals Acquire and Distribute Iron Needed for Oxygen-Based Metabolism”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-14">14 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Mammals+Acquire+and+Distribute+Iron+Needed+for+Oxygen-Based+Metabolism&rft.au=Tracey+A.+Rouault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Indiana University School of Medicine,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901143723/http://soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment.php4?seg=238">„Medical Myth: Iron in Spinach”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment.php4?seg=238">original</a> la <time datetime="2006-09-01">1 septembrie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-14">14 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Myth%3A+Iron+in+Spinach&rft.au=Indiana+University+School+of+Medicine%2C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundmedicine.iu.edu%2Fsegment.php4%3Fseg%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Peter Nielsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070412202241/http://www.eiseninfo.de/feueb2.htm">„Einteilung der Eisenüberladung”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiseninfo.de/feueb2.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-04-12">12 aprilie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-14">14 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einteilung+der+Eisen%C3%BCberladung&rft.au=Peter+Nielsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiseninfo.de%2Ffeueb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic285.htm">„Toxicity, Iron”</a>. Emedicine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-03-14">14 martie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxicity%2C+Iron&rft.pub=Emedicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Femerg%2Ftopic285.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AFier" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>S. Gâdea, M. Petrescu Metalurgie fizică și studiul metalelor EDP, 1981</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9); color:var(--color-base, #000); width: 230px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iron" class="extiw" title="commons:Iron">Fier</a></b></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistemul-periodic.go.ro/elemente/fe.htm">Fierul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915215935/http://www.sistemul-periodic.go.ro/elemente/fe.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-09-15">15 septembrie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chimie.evolink.ro/rezultat.php?nratomic=26">Fier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309084017/http://www.chimie.evolink.ro/rezultat.php?nratomic=26">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-03-09">9 martie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copilul.ro/a_103_351_Anemia_prin_lipsa_de_fier.html">Anemia_prin_lipsa_de_fier</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/index.html">Webelements.com - Fierul</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Iron.shtml">Webminerals</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/iron_and_steel/iron_and_steel_t10.html">Producția mondială de fier, pe state</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landschaftsmuseum.de/Seiten/Lexikon/Eisengewinnung.htm">Landschaftsmuseum Obermain - Extragerea fierului</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Discuție Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_chimice&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">Elemente chimice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcaline </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a> (3) • <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Sodiu</a> (11) • <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">Potasiu</a> (19) • <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rubidiu</a> (37) • <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cesiu</a> (55) • <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Franciu</a> (87) • <a href="/wiki/Ununenniu" title="Ununenniu">Ununenniu</a> (119)</div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="21"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:TableImage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/80px-TableImage.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/120px-TableImage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/160px-TableImage.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcalino-pământoase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">Beriliu</a> (4) • <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Magneziu</a> (12) • <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Calciu</a> (20) • <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">Stronțiu</a> (38) • <a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">Bariu</a> (56) • <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">Radiu</a> (88) • <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Unbinilium</a> (120)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Scandiu</a> (21) • <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> (22) • <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">Vanadiu</a> (23) • <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> (24) • <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> (25) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fier</a> (26) • <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (27) • <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> (28) • <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a> (29) • <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (30) • <a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu">Ytriu</a> (39) • <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">Zirconiu</a> (40) • <a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">Niobiu</a> (41) • <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Molibden</a> (42) • <a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu">Technețiu</a> (43) • <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> (44) • <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> (45) • <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> (46) • <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> (47) • <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> (48) • <a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu">Hafniu</a> (72) • <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a> (73) • <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> (74) • <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> (75) • <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> (76) • <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> (77) • <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> (78) • <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> (79) • <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> (80) • <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu">Rutherfordiu</a> (104) • <a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu">Dubniu</a> (105) • <a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu">Seaborgiu</a> (106) • <a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu">Bohriu</a> (107) • <a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu">Hassiu</a> (108) • <a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu">Meitneriu</a> (109) • <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu">Darmstadtiu</a> (110) • <a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu">Roentgeniu</a> (111) • <a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu">Coperniciu</a> (112) • <a href="/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu">Nihoniu</a> (113) • <a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu">Fleroviu</a> (114) • <a href="/wiki/Moscoviu" title="Moscoviu">Moscoviu</a> (115) • <a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu">Livermoriu</a> (116)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale post-tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> (13) • <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">Galiu</a> (31) • <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> (49) • <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> (50) • <a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu">Taliu</a> (81) • <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> (82) • <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> (83) • <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">Poloniu</a> (84)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metaloizi </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">Bor</a> (5) • <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> (14) • <a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu">Germaniu</a> (32) • <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> (33) • <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> (51) • <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> (52)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> (1) • <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (6) • <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">Azot</a> (7) • <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">Oxigen</a> (8) • <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> (15) • <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> (16) • <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> (34)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Halogeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> (9) • <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">Clor</a> (17) • <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> (35) • <a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> (53) • <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a> (85) • <a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin">Tennessin</a> (117)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Gaze nobile </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">Heliu</a> (2) • <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (10) • <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (18) • <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> (36) • <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (54) • <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (86) • <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (118)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Lantanide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">Lantan</a> (57) • <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ceriu</a> (58) • <a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">Praseodim</a> (59) • <a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim">Neodim</a> (60) • <a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu">Promețiu</a> (61) • <a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Samariu</a> (62) • <a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Europiu</a> (63) • <a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">Gadoliniu</a> (64) <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">Terbiu</a> (65) • <a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">Disprosiu</a> (66) • <a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu">Holmiu</a> (67) • <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">Erbiu</a> (68) • <a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu">Tuliu</a> (69) • <a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">Yterbiu</a> (70) • <a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lutețiu</a> (71)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Actinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu">Actiniu</a> (89) • <a href="/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu">Thoriu</a> (90) • <a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">Protactiniu</a> (91) • <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a> (92) • <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">Neptuniu</a> (93) • <a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu">Plutoniu</a> (94) • <a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Americiu</a> (95) • <a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">Curiu</a> (96) • <a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu">Berkeliu</a> (97) • <a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu">Californiu</a> (98) • <a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu">Einsteiniu</a> (99) • <a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu">Fermiu</a> (100) • <a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu">Mendeleviu</a> (101) • <a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu">Nobeliu</a> (102) • <a href="/wiki/Lawrenciu" title="Lawrenciu">Lawrenciu</a> (103)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Superactinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiunium">Unbiunium</a> (121) • <a href="/wiki/Unbibium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbibium">Unbibium</a> (122) • <a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbitrium">Unbitrium</a> (123) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiquadium">Unbiquadium</a> (124) • <a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbipentium">Unbipentium</a> (125) • <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">Unbihexium</a> (126) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiseptium">Unbiseptium</a> (127) • <a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbioctium">Unbioctium</a> (128) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiennium">Unbiennium</a> (129) • <a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrinilium">Untrinilium</a> (130) • <a href="/wiki/Untriunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriunium">Untriunium</a> (131) • <a href="/wiki/Untribium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untribium">Untribium</a> (132) • <a href="/wiki/Untritrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untritrium">Untritrium</a> (133) • <a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriquadium">Untriquadium</a> (134) • <a href="/wiki/Untripentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untripentium">Untripentium</a> (135) • <a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrihexium">Untrihexium</a> (136) • <a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriseptium">Untriseptium</a> (137) • <a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrioctium">Untrioctium</a> (138) • <a href="/wiki/Untriennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriennium">Untriennium</a> (139) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadnilium">Unquadnilium</a> (140) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadunium">Unquadunium</a> (141) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadbium">Unquadbium</a> (142) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadtrium">Unquadtrium</a> (143) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadquadium">Unquadquadium</a> (144) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadpentium">Unquadpentium</a> (145) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadhexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadhexium">Unquadhexium</a> (146) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadseptium">Unquadseptium</a> (147) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadoctium">Unquadoctium</a> (148) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadennium">Unquadennium</a> (149) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentnilium">Unpentnilium</a> (150) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentunium">Unpentunium</a> (151) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentbium">Unpentbium</a> (152) • <a href="/wiki/Unpenttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpenttrium">Unpenttrium</a> (153) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentquadium">Unpentquadium</a> (154) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentpentium">Unpentpentium</a> (155)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_native" title="Format:Elemente native"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_native&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Elemente native — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_native&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemente_native&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemente native — pagină inexistentă">Elemente native</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.A Metale și aliaje intermetalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alam%C4%83" title="Alamă">Alamă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam">Amalgam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antitaenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antitaenit — pagină inexistentă">Antitaenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auricuprid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auricuprid — pagină inexistentă">Auricuprid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaruit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avaruit — pagină inexistentă">Avaruit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabriit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabriit — pagină inexistentă">Cabriit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cupalit — pagină inexistentă">Cupalit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fier</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaferrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaferrum — pagină inexistentă">Hexaferrum</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamacit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamacit — pagină inexistentă">Kamacit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatyrkit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatyrkit — pagină inexistentă">Khatyrkit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moschellandsbergit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moschellandsbergit — pagină inexistentă">Moschellandsbergit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaergaardit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaergaardit — pagină inexistentă">Skaergaardit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taenit — pagină inexistentă">Taenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhanghengit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhanghengit — pagină inexistentă">Zhanghengit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gold-crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/75px-Gold-crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/113px-Gold-crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/150px-Gold-crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3102" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.B Carbide, silicide, nitride și fosfide metalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allabogdanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allabogdanit — pagină inexistentă">Allabogdanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohenit — pagină inexistentă">Cohenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hapkeit" title="Hapkeit">Hapkeit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haxonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haxonit — pagină inexistentă">Haxonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaldit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaldit — pagină inexistentă">Roaldit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schreibersit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schreibersit — pagină inexistentă">Schreibersit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suessit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suessit — pagină inexistentă">Suessit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongbait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongbait — pagină inexistentă">Tongbait</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifengit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xifengit — pagină inexistentă">Xifengit</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.C Metaloide și nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaoit — pagină inexistentă">Chaoit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullerit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerit — pagină inexistentă">Fullerit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Grafit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lonsdaleit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lonsdaleit — pagină inexistentă">Lonsdaleit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.D Carbide și nitride nemetalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moissanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moissanit — pagină inexistentă">Moissanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nierit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nierit — pagină inexistentă">Nierit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinoit — pagină inexistentă">Sinoit</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.X Neclasificate </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownleeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownleeit — pagină inexistentă">Brownleeit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tantal_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantal (chimie)">Tantal</a> </p> </div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_mineralelor" title="Clasificarea mineralelor">Clasificarea mineralelor</a> <small>(după Nickel-Strunz)</small>: <a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_native" title="Format:Elemente native">01 Elemente native</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Sulfuri" title="Format:Sulfuri">02 Sulfuri</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:S%C4%83ruri_de_sulf" title="Format:Săruri de sulf">02 Săruri de sulf</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Halogenuri" title="Format:Halogenuri">03 Halogenuri</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Oxizi" title="Format:Oxizi">04 Oxizi</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Hidroxizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Hidroxizi — pagină inexistentă">04 Hidroxizi</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Arseni%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Arseniți — pagină inexistentă">04 Arseniți</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Carbona%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Carbonați — pagină inexistentă">05 Carbonați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Nitra%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Nitrați — pagină inexistentă">05 Nitrați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Bora%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Borați">06 Borați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Sulfa%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Sulfați">07 Sulfați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Croma%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Cromați — pagină inexistentă">07 Cromați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Molibdena%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Molibdenați — pagină inexistentă">07 Molibdenați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Wolframa%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Wolframați">07 Wolframați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Fosfa%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Fosfați — pagină inexistentă">08 Fosfați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Arsena%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Arsenați">08 Arsenați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Vanada%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Vanadați">08 Vanadați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Neosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Neosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Neosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Sorosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Sorosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Sorosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Ciclosilica%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Ciclosilicați">09 Ciclosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Inosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Inosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Inosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Filosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Filosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Filosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Tectosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Tectosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Tectosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Germana%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Germanați — pagină inexistentă">09 Germanați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Minerale_organice" title="Format:Minerale organice">10 Minerale organice</a></span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a 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