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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 18 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%C4%81d" title="Isnād – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Isnād" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB)" title="سند (علم الحديث) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سند (علم الحديث)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B4" title="Иснәд – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иснәд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8)" title="সনদ (হাদিস) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সনদ (হাদিস)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%C4%81d" title="Isnād – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isnād" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93" title="אסנאד – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסנאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Иснад – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иснад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%C4%81d" title="Isnād – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isnād" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Иснад – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иснад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isnad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ئىسناد – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسناد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnod" title="Isnod – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isnod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1674390#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Isnad" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isnad"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isnad"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Isnad" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Isnad" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&oldid=223066978" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Isnad&id=223066978&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsnad"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsnad"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Isnad"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Isnad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1674390" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:5px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/61px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/81px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg/38px-Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg/57px-Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg/75px-Signum_manus_of_Charlemagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant l’<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge">Haut Moyen Âge</a>.</strong> </p> <div class="nomobile"> Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>.</div> </div></div> <p>L’<b>isnâd</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a> : <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">إسناد</span>), <i>référence, citation, preuve</i>) désigne, dans un <a href="/wiki/Khabar" title="Khabar">khabar</a> ou un <a href="/wiki/Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, la chaîne des garants (ou <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2w%C3%AE" title="Râwî">transmetteurs</a>) d'une information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forme">Forme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Forme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Forme"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'isnâd se présente généralement sous la forme "Untel me rapporta qu'Untel lui avait rapporté qu'Untel...", et précède le <i>matn</i> (l'information elle-même, qu'il s'agisse d'un fait ou d'une citation). L'isnâd permet ainsi de reconstituer la circulation de l'information, du premier au dernier émetteur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recevabilité"><span id="Recevabilit.C3.A9"></span>Recevabilité</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Recevabilité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Recevabilité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le <a href="/wiki/Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, l'isnâd a valeur de témoignage. Cette chaîne des témoins et la fiabilité que l'on attribue à ceux-ci permettent d'évaluer le degré de recevabilité du hadith. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isnad&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notice dans un dictionnaire ou une encyclopédie généraliste<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1674390?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/isnad"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1674390?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058194">LCCN</a></span></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Historiens_musulmans" title="Modèle:Palette Historiens musulmans"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Historiens_musulmans&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Historiens musulmans</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Historiens</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/VIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aban_ibn_Uthman" title="Aban ibn Uthman">Aban ibn Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urwa_ibn_Al-Zubayr" title="Urwa ibn Al-Zubayr">Urwa ibn Al-Zubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zuhri" title="Al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hicham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hicham ibn al-Kalbi">Hicham ibn al-Kalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abou_Mikhnaf" title="Abou Mikhnaf">Abou Mikhnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mada%27ini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mada'ini (page inexistante)">Al-Mada'ini</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mada%27ini" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Mada'ini"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Mada'ini »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam">Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalifah_ibn_Khayyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalifah ibn Khayyat (page inexistante)">Khalifah ibn Khayyat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifah_ibn_Khayyat" class="extiw" title="en:Khalifah ibn Khayyat"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Khalifah ibn Khayyat »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hich%C3%A2m" title="Ibn Hichâm">Ibn Hichâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaqubi" title="Al-Yaqubi">Al-Yaqubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabari" title="Tabari">Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bal%C3%A2dhur%C3%AE" title="Al-Balâdhurî">Al-Balâdhurî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d_al-Baghdadi" title="Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi">Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar (page inexistante)">Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Azraqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Azraqi (page inexistante)">Al-Azraqi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azraqi" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Azraqi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Azraqi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dinawari" title="Al-Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qoutayba" title="Ibn Qoutayba">Ibn Qoutayba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umara_ibn_Wathima" title="Umara ibn Wathima">Umara ibn Wathima</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Xe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Q%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADiyya" title="Ibn al-Qūṭiyya">Ibn al-Qūṭiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27%C3%BBd%C3%AE" title="Al-Mas'ûdî">Al-Mas'ûdî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suli" title="As-Suli">al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamd%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī">Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Musabbihi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Musabbihi (page inexistante)">Al-Musabbihi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Musabbihi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Musabbihi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%BB_%CA%BBUmar_al-Kind%C3%AE" title="Abû ʻUmar al-Kindî">al-Kindi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Faradi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Faradi (page inexistante)">Ibn Faradi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Faradi" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Faradi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ibn Faradi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_al-Andalus%C3%AE" title="Saïd al-Andalusî">Saïd al-Andalusî</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Udri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Udri (page inexistante)">Al-Udri</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Udri" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Udri"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Udri »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilal_al-Sabi%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilal al-Sabi' (page inexistante)">Hilal al-Sabi'</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal_al-Sabi%27" class="extiw" title="en:Hilal al-Sabi'"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Hilal al-Sabi' »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Quda%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Quda'i (page inexistante)">Al-Quda'i</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Quda%27i" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Quda'i"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Quda'i »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Beyhaghi" title="Abolfazl Beyhaghi">Abolfazl Beyhaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Sa%27id_Gardezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Sa'id Gardezi (page inexistante)">Abu Sa'id Gardezi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Gardezi" class="extiw" title="en:Abu Sa'id Gardezi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Abu Sa'id Gardezi »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_al-Baydhaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed al-Baydhaq (page inexistante)">Mohammed al-Baydhaq</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Baydhaq" class="extiw" title="en:Mohammed al-Baydhaq"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mohammed al-Baydhaq »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAbd_al-Lat%C3%AEf_al-Baghd%C3%A2d%C3%AE" title="ʿAbd al-Latîf al-Baghdâdî">ʿAbd al-Latîf al-Baghdâdî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn ʽAsakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oussama_Ibn_Mounqidh" title="Oussama Ibn Mounqidh">Oussama Ibn Mounqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Din_al-Isfahani" title="Imad al-Din al-Isfahani">Imad al-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohadin" title="Bohadin">Bohadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hammad_al-Sanhadji" title="Ibn Hammad al-Sanhadji">Ibn Hammad</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Ali_Rawandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi (page inexistante)">Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ali_Rawandi" class="extiw" title="en:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaqout_al-Rumi" title="Yaqout al-Rumi">Yaqout al-Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahid_al-Marrakushi" title="Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi">Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" title="Ibn Jubair">Ibn Jubair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Kardab%C5%ABs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Kardabūs (page inexistante)">Ibn al-Kardabūs</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Kardab%C5%ABs" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn al-Kardabūs"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ibn al-Kardabūs »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim" title="Ibn al-Adim">Ibn al-Adim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Ath%C3%AEr" title="Ibn al-Athîr">Ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Sibt ibn al-Jawzi">Sibt ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallik%C3%A2n" title="Ibn Khallikân">Ibn Khallikân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al_Qifti" title="Ibn al Qifti">Ibn al Qifti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bibi" title="Ibn Bibi">Ibn Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Aufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Aufi (page inexistante)">Muhammad Aufi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi" class="extiw" title="en:Muhammad Aufi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Muhammad Aufi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Isfandiyar" title="Ibn Isfandiyar">Ibn Isfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvaini" title="Ata-Malik Juvaini">Ata-Malik Juvaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din" title="Rashid al-Din">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboulf%C3%A9da" title="Aboulféda">Aboul Féda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Idhari" title="Ibn Idhari">Ibn Idhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C3%BBta" title="Ibn Battûta">Ibn Battûta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Omari" title="Al-'Omari">Al-'Omari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%E1%B9%ACiq%E1%B9%ADaq%C4%AB" title="Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī">Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Furat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Furat (page inexistante)">Ibn al-Furat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Furat" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn al-Furat"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ibn al-Furat »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Abi_al-Fada%27il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il (page inexistante)">Al-Mufaddal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Abi_al-Fada%27il" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">al-ʽAsqalani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassaf" title="Wassaf">Wassaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziauddin_Barani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziauddin Barani (page inexistante)">Ziauddin Barani</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" class="extiw" title="en:Ziauddin Barani"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ziauddin Barani »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Maqr%C3%AEz%C3%AE" title="Ahmad al-Maqrîzî">Ahmad al-Maqrîzî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sakhawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sakhawi (page inexistante)">Al-Sakhawi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Sakhawi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Al-Sakhawi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suy%C5%ABt%C4%AB" title="Al-Suyūtī">Al-Suyūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi (page inexistante)">Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_ad-Din_Ali_Yazdi" title="Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi">Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkhond" title="Mirkhond">Mirkhond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Nadiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mullah Nadiri (page inexistante)">Mullah Nadiri</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Nadiri" class="extiw" title="en:Mullah Nadiri"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mullah Nadiri »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahir_al-Din_Mar%27ashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi (page inexistante)">Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_al-Din_Mar%27ashi" class="extiw" title="en:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazlallah_Khunji_Isfahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (page inexistante)">Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlallah_Khunji_Isfahani" class="extiw" title="en:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris-i_Bidlisi" title="Idris-i Bidlisi">Idris-i Bidlisi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Iyas" title="Ibn Iyas">Ibn Iyas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujir_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujir al-Din (page inexistante)">Mujir al-Din</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" class="extiw" title="en:Mujir al-Din"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mujir al-Din »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_al-Fichtali" title="Abd al-Aziz al-Fichtali">Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_al-Qadi" title="Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi">Ibn al-Qadi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_al-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" title="Abul al-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul al-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khondemir" title="Khondemir">Khondemir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BDAbd_al-Qadir_Badayuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni (page inexistante)">ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BDAbd_al-Qadir_Badayuni" class="extiw" title="en:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizamuddin_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizamuddin Ahmad (page inexistante)">Nizamuddin Ahmad</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmad" class="extiw" title="en:Nizamuddin Ahmad"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Nizamuddin Ahmad »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Qacim_Ferichta" title="Mohammed Qacim Ferichta">Mohammed Qacim Ferichta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Beg_Munshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iskandar Beg Munshi (page inexistante)">Iskandar Beg Munshi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Beg_Munshi" class="extiw" title="en:Iskandar Beg Munshi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Iskandar Beg Munshi »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Maqqari" title="Al Maqqari">Al Maqqari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_%C3%87elebi" title="Katip Çelebi">Katib Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali" title="Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali">Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaikh_Inayat_Allah_Kamboh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh (page inexistante)">Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikh_Inayat_Allah_Kamboh" class="extiw" title="en:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Saleh_Kamboh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Saleh Kamboh (page inexistante)">Muhammad Saleh Kamboh</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Kamboh" class="extiw" title="en:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Muhammad Saleh Kamboh »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Fattah_Fumani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Fattah Fumani (page inexistante)">Abd al-Fattah Fumani</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Fattah_Fumani" class="extiw" title="en:Abd al-Fattah Fumani"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Abd al-Fattah Fumani »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohsin_Fani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohsin Fani (page inexistante)">Mohsin Fani</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin_Fani" class="extiw" title="en:Mohsin Fani"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mohsin Fani »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_el_saghir_el_Ifrini" title="Mohamed el saghir el Ifrini">Mohamed el saghir el Ifrini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_al-Qadiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed al-Qadiri (page inexistante)">Mohammed al-Qadiri</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Qadiri" class="extiw" title="en:Mohammed al-Qadiri"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mohammed al-Qadiri »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_al-Muradi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil al-Muradi (page inexistante)">Khalil al-Muradi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_al-Muradi" class="extiw" title="en:Khalil al-Muradi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Khalil al-Muradi »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abou_El_Kacem_Zayani" title="Abou El Kacem Zayani">Abou El Kacem Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">al-Jabarti</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Adiguezal_bey" title="Mirza Adiguezal bey">Mirza Adiguezal bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Khalid_al-Nasiri" title="Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri">Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman_Ibn_Bishr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uthman Ibn Bishr (page inexistante)">Ibn Bishr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Farid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Farid (page inexistante)">Mohammad Farid</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Farid" class="extiw" title="en:Mohammad Farid"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mohammad Farid »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Dhiaf" title="Ibn Abi Dhiaf">Ibn Abi Dhiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Zaydan" title="Jorge Zaydan">Jorge Zaydan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Perse</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mirza_Qajar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar (page inexistante)">Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mirza_Qajar" class="extiw" title="en:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Travaux notables</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Meadows_of_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Meadows of Gold (page inexistante)">The Meadows of Gold</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" class="extiw" title="en:The Meadows of Gold"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « The Meadows of Gold »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronique_de_Tabari" title="Chronique de Tabari">Chroniques de Tabari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27jam_al-Buldan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'jam al-Buldan (page inexistante)">Mu'jam al-Buldan</a> <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:معجم البلدان"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe : « معجم_البلدان »">(ar)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concise_History_of_Humanity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concise History of Humanity (page inexistante)">Concise History of Humanity</a> <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:المختصر في أخبار البشر"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe : « المختصر في أخبار البشر »">(ar)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete History (page inexistante)">The Complete History</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_History" class="extiw" title="en:The Complete History"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « The Complete History »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa-l-Nihaya" title="Al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya">Al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (page inexistante)">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" class="extiw" title="en:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuh_al-Buldan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Futuh al-Buldan (page inexistante)">Futuh al-Buldan</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" class="extiw" title="en:Futuh al-Buldan"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Futuh al-Buldan »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-I%27tibar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-I'tibar (page inexistante)">Kitab al-I'tibar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-I%27tibar" class="extiw" title="en:Kitab al-I'tibar"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Kitab 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