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<span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels and syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kharosthi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kharosthi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="खरोष्ठी लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खरोष्ठी लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="খৰোষ্ঠী লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খৰোষ্ঠী লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="খরোষ্ঠী লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খরোষ্ঠী লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kharosthi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khar%C3%B3%C5%A1th%C3%AD" title="Kharóšthí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kharóšthí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoshthi-Schrift" title="Kharoshthi-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kharoshthi-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosti" title="Karosti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karosti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4aro%C5%9Dti" title="Ĥaroŝti – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥaroŝti" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خروشتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خروشتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_kharoshthi" title="Alphabet kharoshthi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet kharoshthi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%88%ED%8B%B0_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="카로슈티 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카로슈티 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="खरोष्ठी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खरोष्ठी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" title="Aksara Kharoṣṭhī – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Kharoṣṭhī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" title="Kharoṣṭhī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kharoṣṭhī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಖರೋಷ್ಠಿ ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖರೋಷ್ಠಿ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharo%C5%A1thi" title="Kharošthi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kharošthi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosti_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Kharosti írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kharosti írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%BF" title="ഖരോഷ്ഠി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖരോഷ്ഠി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="खरोष्ठी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खरोष्ठी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kharosthi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="खरोष्ठी लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खरोष्ठी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="カローシュティー文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カローシュティー文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" title="Kharoṣṭhī – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kharoṣṭhī" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoshthi" title="Kharoshthi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kharoshthi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%80" title="ਖਰੋਸ਼ਠੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਰੋਸ਼ਠੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خروشتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خروشتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="خروشتي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خروشتي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoszthi" title="Kharoszthi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kharoszthi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroste" title="Caroste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caroste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Кхароштхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кхароштхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="खरोष्ठीलिपिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खरोष्ठीलिपिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="خروشتي اسڪرپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خروشتي اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kharosthi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="கரோஷ்டி எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரோஷ்டி எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรขโรษฐี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรขโรษฐี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96" title="Харошті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient script of Central and South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Kharosthi<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:YingpanKharoshthi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/YingpanKharoshthi.jpg/250px-YingpanKharoshthi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/YingpanKharoshthi.jpg/330px-YingpanKharoshthi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/YingpanKharoshthi.jpg/500px-YingpanKharoshthi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4th century BCE – 3rd century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161266?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gandhari Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Kharosthi</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Khar</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">(305)</span>, Kharoshthi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kharoshthi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A00.pdf">U+10A00–U+10A5F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">Place-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi numerals">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script#Numerals" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script#Numerals" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_numerals" title="Balinese numerals">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script#Numerals" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_numerals" title="Sundanese numerals">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East Asian systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_numerals" title="Hokkien numerals">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_numerals" title="Suzhou numerals">Suzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">Counting rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals" title="Babylonian cuneiform numerals">Babylonian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary#Numerals" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik</a> (Iñupiaq)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix/base</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Common radices/bases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senary" title="Senary">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">60</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems" title="Non-standard positional numeral systems">Non-standard radices/bases</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration" title="Bijective numeration">Bijective</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Unary_numeral_system" title="Unary numeral system">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">Signed-digit</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">Mixed</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Factorial_number_system" title="Factorial number system">factorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_base" title="Negative base">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex-base_system" title="Complex-base system">Complex</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base" title="Quater-imaginary base">2<i>i</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration" title="Non-integer base of numeration">Non-integer</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio_base" title="Golden ratio base">φ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">Sign-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Non-alphabetic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script#Numerals" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_numerals" title="Chuvash numerals">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_numerals" title="Egyptian numerals">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi numerals">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">Tally marks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">Alphasyllabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic numerals">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script#Numerals" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_numerals" title="Glagolitic numerals">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numeral_systems" title="Template talk:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kharosthi script</b> (<a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gāndhārī</a>: <span lang="pgd" dir="rtl">𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Gāndhārī-language romanization"><i lang="pgd-Latn">kharoṣṭhī lipi</i></span>), also known as the <b>Gandhari script</b> (<span title="Gāndhārī-language text"><span lang="pgd" dir="rtl">𐨒𐨌𐨣𐨿𐨢𐨌𐨪𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁</span></span>, <span title="Gāndhārī-language romanization"><i lang="pgd-Latn">gāndhārī lipi</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient Indic script originally developed in the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara Region</a> of north-western <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, between the 5th and 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon199811–13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon199811–13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used primarily by the people of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> alongside various parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remained in use until it died out in its homeland around the 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also in use in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, and along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. There is some evidence it may have survived until the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya</a>, both cities in <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png/250px-Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png/330px-Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png/500px-Brahmic_script_travel_from_India.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Routes of ancient scripts of the subcontinent traveling to other parts of Asia (Kharosthi shown in blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>The name Kharosthi may derive from the Hebrew <i>kharosheth</i>, a Semitic word for writing,<sup id="cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahmi_cuneiform-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>*xšaθra-pištra</i>, which means "royal writing".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script was earlier also known as <i>Indo-Bactrian script</i>, <i>Kabul script</i> and <i>Arian-Pali</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharosthi script evolved gradually, or was the deliberate work of a single inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> but with extensive modifications. Kharosthi seems to be derived from a form of Aramaic used in administrative work during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, rather than the monumental <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> used for public inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahmi_cuneiform-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory suggests that the Aramaic script arrived with the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a> in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka. However, no intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coin inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and standard form. An inscription in Aramaic dating back to the 4th century BCE was found in <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>, testifying to the presence of the Aramaic script in present-day Pakistan. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">Sir John Marshall</a>, this seems to confirm that Kharoshthi was later developed from Aramaic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Brahmi script remained in use for centuries, Kharosthi seems to have been abandoned after the 2nd–3rd century AD. Because of the substantial differences between the Semitic-derived Kharosthi script and its successors, knowledge of Kharosthi may have declined rapidly once the script was supplanted by Brahmi-derived scripts, until its re-discovery by Western scholars in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahmi_cuneiform-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kharosthi script was deciphered separately almost concomitantly by <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> (in 1835, published in the <i>Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal</i>, India)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Grotefend" title="Carl Ludwig Grotefend">Carl Ludwig Grotefend</a> (in 1836, published in <i>Blätter für Münzkunde</i>, Germany),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Grotefend "evidently not aware" of Prinsep's article, followed by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Christian Lassen</a> (1838).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998210–212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998210–212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all used the bilingual coins of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> (obverse in Greek, reverse in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, using the Kharosthi script). This in turn led to the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, some of which were written in the Kharosthi script (the <a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts" title="Major Rock Edicts">Major Rock Edicts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahbazgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbazgarhi">Shahbazgarhi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahmi_cuneiform-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of the Kharosthi script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran Buddhist texts</a>, a set of <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">birch bark manuscripts</a> written in Kharosthi, discovered near the Afghan city of <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a> just west of the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The manuscripts were donated to the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in 1994. The entire set of British Library manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE, although other collections from different institutions contain Kharosthi manuscripts from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kharosthi" title="Special:EditPage/Kharosthi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kharosthi%22">"Kharosthi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kharosthi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kharosthi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kharosthi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kharosthi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kharosthi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/250px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/330px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/500px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>The words <i>inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>: <span lang="pra" dir="rtl">𐨢𐨌𐨨𐨡𐨁𐨤𐨁</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">dhrāma dipu</i></span>) in Edict No. 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Rock Edict">Major Rock Edict</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (circa 250 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kharosthi is mostly written right to left. Some variations in both the number and order of syllables occur in extant texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="see highlighted by Professor Richard Salomon of the University of Washington, but need to be more specific than that (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kharosthi alphabet is also known as the arapacana alphabet, and follows the order. </p> <dl><dd><i>a ra pa ca na</i></dd> <dd><i>la da ba ḍa ṣa</i></dd> <dd><i>va ta ya ṣṭa</i></dd> <dd><i>ka sa ma ga stha</i></dd> <dd><i>ja śva dha śa kha</i></dd> <dd><i>kṣa sta jñā rtha (</i>or<i> ha)</i></dd> <dd><i>bha cha sma hva tsa</i></dd> <dd><i>gha ṭha ṇa pha ska</i></dd> <dd><i>ysa śca ṭa ḍha</i></dd></dl> <p>This alphabet was used in <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> as a mnemonic for the <a href="/wiki/Large_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtras#Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā_Prajñāpāramitā_Sūtra" title="Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras">Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</a>, a series of verses on the nature of phenomena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet"> <caption><sup id="cite_ref-WWS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L203314R2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L203314R2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unvoiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvoiced consonant">Unvoiced</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">Voiced</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unaspirated </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <th>Unaspirated </th> <th>Aspirated </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226698311">.mw-parser-output .script-kharosthi{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Kharoshthi"}</style><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨐</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>k</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨑</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>kh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨒</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>g</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨓</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>gh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨱</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>h</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨕</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>c</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨖</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ch</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨗</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>j</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨙</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ñ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨩</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>y</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨭</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ś</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨚</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ṭ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨛</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ṭh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨜</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ḍ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨝</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ḍh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨞</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ṇ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨪</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>r</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨮</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ṣ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨟</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>t</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨠</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>th</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨡</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>d</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨢</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>dh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨣</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>n</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨫</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>l</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨯</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>s</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨰</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>z</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>p</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨥</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ph</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨦</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>b</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨧</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>bh</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>m</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨬</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>v</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨲</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ḱ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨳</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Kharoshthi-script transliteration"><span>ṭ́h</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A bar above a consonant <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨸</span>⟩</span> can be used to indicate various modified pronunciations depending on the consonant, such as nasalization or aspiration. It is used with k, ṣ, g, c, j, n, m, ś, ṣ, s, and h. </p><p>The <i>cauda</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨹</span>⟩</span> changes how consonants are pronounced in various ways, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricativization</a>. It is used with g, j, ḍ, t, d, p, y, v, ś, and s. </p><p>The dot below <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨺</span>⟩</span> is used with m and h, but its precise phonetic function is unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_syllables">Vowels and syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels and syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/250px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/330px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/500px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Kharoshthi on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Artemidoros_Aniketos" title="Artemidoros Aniketos">Artemidoros Aniketos</a>, reading <i><a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a>, King of kings and son of <a href="/wiki/Artemidoros_Aniketos" title="Artemidoros Aniketos">Artemidorus</a></i>, (<a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gāndhārī</a>: <span lang="pgd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨪𐨗𐨟𐨁𐨪𐨗𐨯𐨨𐨆𐨀𐨯𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨯𐨕𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨅𐨨𐨁𐨡𐨆𐨪𐨯</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Gāndhārī-language romanization"><i lang="pgd-Latn">Rajatirajasa Moasa putasa cha Artemidorasa</i></span>). <sup id="cite_ref-OB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kharosthi includes only one standalone vowel character, which is used for initial vowels in words.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other initial vowels use the <i>a</i> character modified by diacritics. Each syllable includes the short /a/ sound by default<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with other vowels being indicated by diacritic marks. </p><p>Long vowels are marked with the diacritic <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨌</span>⟩</span>. An <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨎</span>⟩</span> indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of the vowel or a nasal segment following the vowel. A <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨏</span>⟩</span> indicates the unvoiced syllable-final /h/. It can also be used as a vowel length marker. A further diacritic, the <i>double ring below</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨍</span>⟩</span> appears with vowels -a and -u in some Central Asian documents, but its precise phonetic function is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salomon has established that the vowel order is /a e i o u/, akin to Semitic scripts, rather than the usual vowel order for Indic scripts /a i u e o/. </p> <table class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="6">Vowels </th> <th colspan="3">Other syllable<br />diacritics </th></tr> <tr> <th>diacritics </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌𐨅</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌𐨁</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌𐨆</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌𐨂</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌𐨃</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨎</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨏</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>short vowels </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">a</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨅</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">e<sup id="cite_ref-ei_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨁</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">i<sup id="cite_ref-ei_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨆</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">o</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">u</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨃</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">r̥</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨎</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">aṃ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨏</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">aḥ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>long vowels </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ā</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨅𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐi̯/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ai</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨁𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ī</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨆𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐu̯/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">au</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨂𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ū</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨃𐨌</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩ː/</span></div><div class="template-letter-text">r̥̄</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨌𐨎</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">āṃ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨀𐨌𐨏</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">āḥ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>examples with <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨤</span>⟩</span> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨅</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pe<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨁</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pi<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨆</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">po<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pu</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨃</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pr̥</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨎</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">paṃ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨤𐨏</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">paḥ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>examples with <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨨</span>⟩</span> </th> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">ma</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨅</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">me</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨁</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">mi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨆</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">mo</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">mu<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨃</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">mr̥</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨎</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">maṃ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐨨𐨏</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">maḥ</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no diacritic form of this vowel as consonants include an inherent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ei_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨅</span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨁</span>⟩</span> are written horizontally when combined with <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨀</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨣</span>⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨱</span>⟩</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨅</span>⟩</span> is written vertically when combined with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span class="nowrap">⟨𐨠⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨤⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨥⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨫⟩</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨁</span>⟩</span> is written as a small vertical stroke when combined with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span class="nowrap">⟨𐨠⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨤⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨥⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨨⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨫⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨭⟩</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">◌𐨆</span>⟩</span> is written vertically when combined with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span class="nowrap">⟨𐨤⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨥⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨩⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨𐨭⟩</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Combining <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨨 + ◌𐨂</span>⟩</span> produces this unique ligature, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨡 + ◌𐨂</span>⟩</span> also produces a unique ligature, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐨡𐨂</span>⟩</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nine Kharosthi punctuation marks have been identified:<sup id="cite_ref-L203314R2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L203314R2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet"> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩐</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">dot</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩓</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">crescent bar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩖</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">danda</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩑</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">small circle</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">mangalam</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩗</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">double danda</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩒</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">circle</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩕</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">lotus</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩘</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">lines</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kharosthi included a set of numerals that are reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter Pahlavi</a> Numerals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The system is based on an additive and a multiplicative principle, but does not have the subtractive feature used in the Roman numeral system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable letters-violet"> <caption>Numerals<sup id="cite_ref-L203314R2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L203314R2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩀</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩁</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩃</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩄</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩅</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩆</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi"><span style="font-size:150%;">𐩇</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">1000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708" /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numerals, like the letters, are written from right to left. There is no zero and no separate signs for the digits 5–9. Numbers are written additively, so, for example, the number 1996 would be written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226698311" /><span class="script-kharosthi">𐩇𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁</span>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(2+4+10+20+20+20+20) +</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">100x(1+4+4) +</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">𐩇</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">1000</p></div><p style="display: none;">𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 𐩇</p><p style="display: none;">(2+4+10+20+20+20+20) + 100x(1+4+4) + 1000</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi_(Unicode_block)" title="Kharoshthi (Unicode block)">Kharoshthi (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Kharosthi was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1. </p><p>The Unicode block for Kharosthi is U+10A00–U+10A5F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi_(Unicode_block)" title="Kharoshthi (Unicode block)">Kharoshthi</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10A00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10A00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10A00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10A00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A0x </td> <td title="U+10A00: KHAROSHTHI LETTER A"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨀</span> </td> <td title="U+10A01: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL SIGN I"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨁</span> </td> <td title="U+10A02: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL SIGN U"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨂</span> </td> <td title="U+10A03: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨃</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A05: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL SIGN E"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨅</span> </td> <td title="U+10A06: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL SIGN O"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨆</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A0C: KHAROSHTHI VOWEL LENGTH MARK"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨌</span> </td> <td title="U+10A0D: KHAROSHTHI SIGN DOUBLE RING BELOW"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨍</span> </td> <td title="U+10A0E: KHAROSHTHI SIGN ANUSVARA"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨎</span> </td> <td title="U+10A0F: KHAROSHTHI SIGN VISARGA"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A1x </td> <td title="U+10A10: KHAROSHTHI LETTER KA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨐</span> </td> <td title="U+10A11: KHAROSHTHI LETTER KHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨑</span> </td> <td title="U+10A12: KHAROSHTHI LETTER GA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨒</span> </td> <td title="U+10A13: KHAROSHTHI LETTER GHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨓</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A15: KHAROSHTHI LETTER CA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨕</span> </td> <td title="U+10A16: KHAROSHTHI LETTER CHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨖</span> </td> <td title="U+10A17: KHAROSHTHI LETTER JA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨗</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A19: KHAROSHTHI LETTER NYA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨙</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1A: KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨚</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1B: KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨛</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1C: KHAROSHTHI LETTER DDA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨜</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1D: KHAROSHTHI LETTER DDHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨝</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1E: KHAROSHTHI LETTER NNA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨞</span> </td> <td title="U+10A1F: KHAROSHTHI LETTER TA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A2x </td> <td title="U+10A20: KHAROSHTHI LETTER THA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨠</span> </td> <td title="U+10A21: KHAROSHTHI LETTER DA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨡</span> </td> <td title="U+10A22: KHAROSHTHI LETTER DHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨢</span> </td> <td title="U+10A23: KHAROSHTHI LETTER NA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨣</span> </td> <td title="U+10A24: KHAROSHTHI LETTER PA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨤</span> </td> <td title="U+10A25: KHAROSHTHI LETTER PHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨥</span> </td> <td title="U+10A26: KHAROSHTHI LETTER BA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨦</span> </td> <td title="U+10A27: KHAROSHTHI LETTER BHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨧</span> </td> <td title="U+10A28: KHAROSHTHI LETTER MA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨨</span> </td> <td title="U+10A29: KHAROSHTHI LETTER YA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨩</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2A: KHAROSHTHI LETTER RA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨪</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2B: KHAROSHTHI LETTER LA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨫</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2C: KHAROSHTHI LETTER VA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨬</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2D: KHAROSHTHI LETTER SHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨭</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2E: KHAROSHTHI LETTER SSA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨮</span> </td> <td title="U+10A2F: KHAROSHTHI LETTER SA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A3x </td> <td title="U+10A30: KHAROSHTHI LETTER ZA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨰</span> </td> <td title="U+10A31: KHAROSHTHI LETTER HA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨱</span> </td> <td title="U+10A32: KHAROSHTHI LETTER KKA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨲</span> </td> <td title="U+10A33: KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTTHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨳</span> </td> <td title="U+10A34: KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTTA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨴</span> </td> <td title="U+10A35: KHAROSHTHI LETTER VHA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐨵</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A38: KHAROSHTHI SIGN BAR ABOVE"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨸</span> </td> <td title="U+10A39: KHAROSHTHI SIGN CAUDA"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨹</span> </td> <td title="U+10A3A: KHAROSHTHI SIGN DOT BELOW"><span lang="xx-Khar"> 𐨺</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10A3F: KHAROSHTHI VIRAMA"><span lang="xx-Khar"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> 𐨿 </span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A4x </td> <td title="U+10A40: KHAROSHTHI DIGIT ONE"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩀</span> </td> <td title="U+10A41: KHAROSHTHI DIGIT TWO"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩁</span> </td> <td title="U+10A42: KHAROSHTHI DIGIT THREE"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩂</span> </td> <td title="U+10A43: KHAROSHTHI DIGIT FOUR"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩃</span> </td> <td title="U+10A44: KHAROSHTHI NUMBER TEN"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩄</span> </td> <td title="U+10A45: KHAROSHTHI NUMBER TWENTY"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩅</span> </td> <td title="U+10A46: KHAROSHTHI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩆</span> </td> <td title="U+10A47: KHAROSHTHI NUMBER ONE THOUSAND"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩇</span> </td> <td title="U+10A48: KHAROSHTHI FRACTION ONE HALF"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩈</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10A5x </td> <td title="U+10A50: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DOT"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩐</span> </td> <td title="U+10A51: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION SMALL CIRCLE"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩑</span> </td> <td title="U+10A52: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION CIRCLE"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩒</span> </td> <td title="U+10A53: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩓</span> </td> <td title="U+10A54: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION MANGALAM"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩔</span> </td> <td title="U+10A55: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION LOTUS"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩕</span> </td> <td title="U+10A56: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DANDA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩖</span> </td> <td title="U+10A57: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩗</span> </td> <td title="U+10A58: KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION LINES"><span lang="xx-Khar">𐩘</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10A00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10A00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10A00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10A00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi"><img alt="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/486px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/729px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/972px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4294" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum of India</a> in New Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 368.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 366.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi"><img alt="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg/550px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="367" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg/824px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg/1099px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4914" data-file-height="1611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi"><img alt="Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_02.jpg/500px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_02.jpg/960px-Kharoshti_script_on_a_wooden_plate%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="2302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharosthi_script_on_wood,_Niya,_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem,_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kharosthi script on wood from Niya, 3rd century CE"><img alt="Kharosthi script on wood from Niya, 3rd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG/250px-Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG/330px-Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG/500px-Kharosthi_script_on_wood%2C_Niya%2C_3rd_century_AD_-_National_Musem%2C_New_Delhi_-_IMG_2216.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="2374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kharosthi script on wood from <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya</a>, 3rd century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 385.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 383.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double-wedged wooden tablet in Gandhari written in Kharosthi script, 2nd to 4th century CE"><img alt="Double-wedged wooden tablet in Gandhari written in Kharosthi script, 2nd to 4th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg/575px-Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="384" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg/862px-Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg/1149px-Niya_BLH170_OR821114231424_W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double-wedged wooden tablet in <a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gandhari</a> written in Kharosthi script, 2nd to 4th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden tablet inscribed with Kharosthi characters (2nd–3rd century CE). Excavated at the Niya ruins in Xinjiang, China. Collection of the Xinjiang Museum."><img alt="Wooden tablet inscribed with Kharosthi characters (2nd–3rd century CE). Excavated at the Niya ruins in Xinjiang, China. Collection of the Xinjiang Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%8D.jpg/500px-%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%8D.jpg/960px-%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%8D.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden tablet inscribed with Kharosthi characters (2nd–3rd century CE). Excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya</a> ruins in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China. Collection of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Region_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Region Museum">Xinjiang Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 352.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden Kharosthi document found at Loulan, China by Aurel Stein"><img alt="Wooden Kharosthi document found at Loulan, China by Aurel Stein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/526px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg" decoding="async" width="351" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/788px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg/1051px-Loulan_kharosthi_document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden Kharosthi document found at <a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan, China</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_(1st_C),_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragmentary Kharosthi Buddhist text on birchbark (Part of a group of early manuscripts from Gandhara), first half of 1st century CE. Collection of the British Library in London"><img alt="Fragmentary Kharosthi Buddhist text on birchbark (Part of a group of early manuscripts from Gandhara), first half of 1st century CE. Collection of the British Library in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/330px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/500px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/960px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragmentary Kharosthi Buddhist text on birchbark (Part of a group of early manuscripts from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>), first half of 1st century CE. Collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver bilingual tetradrachm of Menander I (155-130 BCE). Obverse: Greek legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU), literally, "Of Saviour King Menander". Reverse: Kharosthi legend: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA "Saviour King Menander". Athena advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. Taxila mint mark."><img alt="Silver bilingual tetradrachm of Menander I (155-130 BCE). Obverse: Greek legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU), literally, "Of Saviour King Menander". Reverse: Kharosthi legend: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA "Saviour King Menander". Athena advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. Taxila mint mark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MenanderCoin.jpg/376px-MenanderCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/MenanderCoin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver bilingual <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (155-130 BCE). <i>Obverse:</i> <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU), literally, "Of Saviour King Menander". <i>Reverse:</i> Kharosthi legend: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA "Saviour King Menander". <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> mint mark.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of King Gurgamoya of Khotan (1st century CE). Obverse: Kharoshthi legend "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya. Reverse: Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin"."><img alt="Coin of King Gurgamoya of Khotan (1st century CE). Obverse: Kharoshthi legend "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya. Reverse: Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/337px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/506px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/674px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="1743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of King <a href="/wiki/Gurgamoya" title="Gurgamoya">Gurgamoya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a> (1st century CE). <i>Obverse</i>: Kharoshthi legend "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya. <i>Reverse</i>: Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Menander_Dikaiou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Menander II Dikaiou Obverse: Menander wearing a diadem. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "King Menander the Just". Reverse: Winged figure bearing diadem and palm, with halo, probably Nike. The Kharoshthi legend reads MAHARAJASA DHARMIKASA MENADRASA "Great King, Menander, follower of the Dharma, Menander"."><img alt="Coin of Menander II Dikaiou Obverse: Menander wearing a diadem. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "King Menander the Just". Reverse: Winged figure bearing diadem and palm, with halo, probably Nike. The Kharoshthi legend reads MAHARAJASA DHARMIKASA MENADRASA "Great King, Menander, follower of the Dharma, Menander"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coin_of_Menander_Dikaiou.jpg/400px-Coin_of_Menander_Dikaiou.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Coin_of_Menander_Dikaiou.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II Dikaiou</a> <i>Obverse</i>: Menander wearing a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "King Menander the Just". <i>Reverse</i>: Winged figure bearing diadem and palm, with <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, probably <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>. The Kharoshthi legend reads MAHARAJASA DHARMIKASA MENADRASA "Great King, Menander, follower of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, Menander".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indo-Greek Hashtnagar Pedestal symbolizes bodhisattva and ancient Kharosthi script. Found near Rajar in Gandhara, Pakistan. Exhibited at the British Museum in London."><img alt="The Indo-Greek Hashtnagar Pedestal symbolizes bodhisattva and ancient Kharosthi script. Found near Rajar in Gandhara, Pakistan. Exhibited at the British Museum in London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg/353px-Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg/530px-Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg/706px-Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indo-Greek <a href="/wiki/Hashtnagar" title="Hashtnagar">Hashtnagar</a> Pedestal symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> and ancient Kharosthi script. Found near Rajar in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mathura lion capital with addorsed lions and Prakrit inscriptions in Kharoshthi script"><img alt="Mathura lion capital with addorsed lions and Prakrit inscriptions in Kharoshthi script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg/136px-Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg/204px-Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg/271px-Mathura_Lion_Capital_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a> with <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Addorsed" title="Attitude (heraldry)">addorsed</a> lions and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> inscriptions in Kharoshthi script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments of stone well railings with a Buddhist inscription written in Kharoshthi script (late Han period to the Three Kingdoms era). Discovered at Luoyang, China in 1924."><img alt="Fragments of stone well railings with a Buddhist inscription written in Kharoshthi script (late Han period to the Three Kingdoms era). Discovered at Luoyang, China in 1924." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg/416px-Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg/624px-Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg/832px-Han_dynasty_Kharoshthi_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragments of stone well railings with a Buddhist inscription written in Kharoshthi script (late Han period to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> era). Discovered at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, China in 1924.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi"><img alt="Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi1.png/500px-Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi1.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi1.png/960px-Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portion of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Rock Edicts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Garhi" title="Shahbaz Garhi">Shahbaz Garhi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi"><img alt="Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png/380px-Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png" decoding="async" width="254" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png/570px-Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png/760px-Ashoka_edict_shahbaz-garhi2.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Document on Wooden Stick written in Kharoshthi script, 3rd-4th century CE."><img alt="Document on Wooden Stick written in Kharoshthi script, 3rd-4th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg/273px-Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg/364px-Document_on_Wooden_Tablet_written_in_Kharosthi_Script_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4178" data-file-height="4127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Document on Wooden Stick written in Kharoshthi script, 3rd-4th century CE. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_scripts_in_Afghanistan" title="Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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title="commons:Category:Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_r2ctAAAAYAAJ">Kaschgar und die Kharoṣṭhī (1903)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeitich2017" class="citation book cs1">Leitich, Keith A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_238">"Kharoṣṭhī Script"</a>. <i>Buddhism and Jainism</i>. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer Netherlands. pp. <span class="nowrap">660–</span>662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_238">10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5"><bdi>978-94-024-0851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB+Script&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Jainism&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E660-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_238&rft.isbn=978-94-024-0851-5&rft.aulast=Leitich&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharoshti">"Kharoshti | Indo-Parthian, Brahmi Script, Prakrit | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Kharoshti+%7C+Indo-Parthian%2C+Brahmi+Script%2C+Prakrit+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKharoshti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpāsakaMahāvihāra2002" class="citation book cs1">Upāsaka, Sī Esa; Mahāvihāra, Nava Nālandā (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script</i></a>. Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188242047" title="Special:BookSources/9788188242047"><bdi>9788188242047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+pal%C3%A6ography+of+Mauryan+Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB+script&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nava+N%C4%81landa+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788188242047&rft.aulast=Up%C4%81saka&rft.aufirst=S%C4%AB+Esa&rft.au=Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra%2C+Nava+N%C4%81land%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP19jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon199811–13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon199811–13_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._D._Banerji1920" class="citation journal cs1">R. D. Banerji (April 1920). "The Kharosthi Alphabet". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>52</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0014794X">10.1017/S0035869X0014794X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25209596">25209596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162688271">162688271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Kharosthi+Alphabet&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1920-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162688271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25209596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0014794X&rft.au=R.+D.+Banerji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brahmi_cuneiform-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brahmi_cuneiform_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiasMiriyagalla2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dias, Malini; Miriyagalla, Das (2007). "Brahmi Script in Relation to Mesopotamian Cuneiform". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka</i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">91–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23731201">23731201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.atitle=Brahmi+Script+in+Relation+to+Mesopotamian+Cuneiform&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23731201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft.au=Miriyagalla%2C+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailey1972" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, H. W. (1972). "A Half-Century of Irano-Indian Studies". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>104</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00157466">10.1017/S0035869X00157466</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203366">25203366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163349913">163349913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+Half-Century+of+Irano-Indian+Studies&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163349913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00157466&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpāsakaMahāvihāra2002" class="citation book cs1">Upāsaka, Sī Esa; Mahāvihāra, Nava Nālandā (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script</i></a>. Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188242047" title="Special:BookSources/9788188242047"><bdi>9788188242047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+pal%C3%A6ography+of+Mauryan+Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB+script&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nava+N%C4%81landa+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788188242047&rft.aulast=Up%C4%81saka&rft.aufirst=S%C4%AB+Esa&rft.au=Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra%2C+Nava+N%C4%81land%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP19jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2126248">Kharosthi</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924024121125">A Guide to Taxila, John Marshall, 1918</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835/page/n391/mode/2up"><i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol IV 1835</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal+Vol+IV+1835&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835%2Fpage%2Fn391%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrote1836" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grote, Hermann (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVtfAAAAcAAJ"><i>Blätter für Münzkunde. Hannoversche numismatische Zeitschrift. Hrsg. von H. Grote</i></a> (in German). Hahn. pp. <span class="nowrap">309–</span>314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+M%C3%BCnzkunde.+Hannoversche+numismatische+Zeitschrift.+Hrsg.+von+H.+Grote&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Hahn&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVtfAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1998210–212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1998210–212_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>, pp. 210–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard2018" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Salomon (2018). <i>Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara: An Introduction with Selected Translations</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61429-185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61429-185-5"><bdi>978-1-61429-185-5</bdi></a>. <q>…Subsequent studies have confirmed that these and other similar materials that were discovered in the following years date from between the first century BCE and the third century CE…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Literature+of+Ancient+Gandhara%3A+An+Introduction+with+Selected+Translations&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61429-185-5&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asian.washington.edu/early-buddhist-manuscripts-project">"The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project"</a>: "...These manuscripts date from the first century BCE to the third century CE, and as such are the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts as well as the oldest manuscripts from South Asia..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n197/mode/2up"><i>Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch</i></a>. 1925. pp. <span class="nowrap">56–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Asoka.+New+Edition+by+E.+Hultzsch&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch%2FHultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable%23page%2Fn197%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a>, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">373–</span>383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079937"><bdi>978-0195079937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195079937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937%2Fpage%2F373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L203314R2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L203314R2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L203314R2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L203314R2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassBaumsSalomon2003" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Andrew; Baums, Stefan; Salomon, Richard (2003-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03314-kharoshthi.pdf">"L2/03-314R2: Proposal to Encode Kharoshthi in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F03-314R2%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+Kharoshthi+in+Plane+1+of+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.date=2003-09-18&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Baums%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2003%2F03314-kharoshthi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14260604/Was_Indo-Greek_Artemidoros_the_son_of_Indo-Scythian_Maues">"Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues?"</a>. <i>Numismatika Kronika</i> (27): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatika+Kronika&rft.atitle=Was+Indo-Greek+Artemidoros+the+son+of+Indo-Sctythian+Maues%3F&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14260604%2FWas_Indo-Greek_Artemidoros_the_son_of_Indo-Scythian_Maues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassBaumsSalomon2003" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Andrew; Baums, Stefan; Salomon, Richard (2003-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02364-doublering.pdf">"L2/02-364: Proposal to add one combining diacritic to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F02-364%3A+Proposal+to+add+one+combining+diacritic+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2003-09-29&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Baums%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2002%2F02364-doublering.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Flegg, <i>Numbers: Their History and Meaning</i>, Courier Dover Publications, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42165-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42165-0">978-0-486-42165-0</a>, p. 67f.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg/250px-ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg/330px-ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg/360px-ISO_639_Icon_pra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Icon for Wikipedia links to pages in the Prakrit Languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDani1979" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hassan (1979). <i>Kharoshthi Primer</i>. Lahore Museum Publication Series. Vol. 16. Lahore Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10695864">10695864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kharoshthi+Primer&rft.place=Lahore+Museum&rft.series=Lahore+Museum+Publication+Series&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10695864&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a>, eds. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373">373–383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079937"><bdi>978-0195079937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=373-383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195079937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937%2Fpage%2F373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalk1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Falk, Harry (1993). <i>Schrift im alten Indien: Ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen</i>. Script Oralia (in German). Vol. 56. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4271-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4271-7"><bdi>978-3-8233-4271-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schrift+im+alten+Indien%3A+Ein+Forschungsbericht+mit+Anmerkungen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Script+Oralia&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-4271-7&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFussman" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fussman, Gérard. "Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde". <i>Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989</i> (in French). pp. <span class="nowrap">507–</span>514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+premiers+syst%C3%A8mes+d%27%C3%A9criture+en+Inde&rft.btitle=Annuaire+du+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France+1988%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.aulast=Fussman&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hinüber1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Hinüber, Oscar (1990). <i>Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien</i> (in German). Franz Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05627-4"><bdi>978-3-515-05627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Beginn+der+Schrift+und+fr%C3%BChe+Schriftlichkeit+in+Indien&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-515-05627-4&rft.aulast=von+Hin%C3%BCber&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan2009" class="citation book cs1">Nasim Khan, M., ed. (2009). <i>Kharoshthi Manuscripts from Gandhara</i> (2nd ed.). Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kharoshthi+Manuscripts+from+Gandhara&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Higher+Education+Commission+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nasim Khan, M. (2004). "Kharoshthi Manuscripts from Gandhara". <i>Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. <b>XII</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kharoshthi+Manuscripts+from+Gandhara&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nasim+Khan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nasim Khan, M. (July 1999). "Two Dated Kharoshthi Inscriptions from Gandhara". <i>Journal of Asian Civilizations</i>. <b>XXII</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Civilizations&rft.atitle=Two+Dated+Kharoshthi+Inscriptions+from+Gandhara&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1999-07&rft.aulast=Nasim+Khan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nasim Khan, M. (September 1997). "Kharoshthi Inscription from Swabi – Gandhara". <i>The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. <b>V</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kharoshthi+Inscription+from+Swabi+%E2%80%93+Gandhara&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Nasim+Khan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nasim Khan, M. (March 1997). "An Inscribed Relic-Casket from Dir". <i>The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. <b>V</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+Inscribed+Relic-Casket+from+Dir&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1997-03&rft.aulast=Nasim+Khan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasim_Khan1997" class="citation book cs1">Nasim Khan, M (1997). "Ashokan Inscriptions: A Palaeographical Study". <i>Atthariyyat</i>. Vol. I. Peshawar. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ashokan+Inscriptions%3A+A+Palaeographical+Study&rft.btitle=Atthariyyat&rft.place=Peshawar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nasim+Khan&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Kenneth R. (1992). "The development of writing in India and its effect upon the Pāli canon". <i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">239–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24010823">24010823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Kunde+S%C3%BCdasiens&rft.atitle=The+development+of+writing+in+India+and+its+effect+upon+the+P%C4%81li+canon&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24010823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1990" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1990). "New Evidence for a Gāndhārī Origin of the Arapacana Syllabary". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>110</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604529">10.2307/604529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604529">604529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+for+a+G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB+Origin+of+the+Arapacana+Syllabary&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1993" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1 April 1993). "An additional note on Aracapana". <i>The Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>113</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603034">10.2307/603034</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603034">603034</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA14474853">A14474853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+additional+note+on+Aracapana&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603034%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2006" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (2006). "Kharoṣṭhī syllables used as location markers in Gāndhāran stūpa architecture". In Faccenna, Domenico (ed.). <i>Architetti, Capomastri, Artigiani: L'organizzazione Dei Cantieri E Della Produzione Artistica Nell'Asia Ellenistica : Studi Offerti a Domenico Faccenna Nel Suo Ottantesimo Compleanno</i>. Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-85320-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-85320-36-9"><bdi>978-88-85320-36-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB+syllables+used+as+location+markers+in+G%C4%81ndh%C4%81ran+st%C5%ABpa+architecture&rft.btitle=Architetti%2C+Capomastri%2C+Artigiani%3A+L%27organizzazione+Dei+Cantieri+E+Della+Produzione+Artistica+Nell%27Asia+Ellenistica+%3A+Studi+Offerti+a+Domenico+Faccenna+Nel+Suo+Ottantesimo+Compleanno&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Istituto+italiano+per+l%27Africa+e+l%27Oriente&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-85320-36-9&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>115</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604670">10.2307/604670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604670">604670</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/217141859">217141859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Early+Indian+Scripts&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKharosthi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharosthi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhari.org">Gandhari.org</a> Catalog and Corpus of all known Kharoṣṭhī (Gāndhārī) texts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoskript.org">Indoskript 2.0</a>, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhari.org/tmp/glass_2000.pdf">A Preliminary Study of Kharoṣṭhī Manuscript Paleography</a> by Andrew Glass, University of Washington (2000)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>38 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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