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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-漢語助詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢語助詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>漢語助詞</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-漢語助詞-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关漢語助詞子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-漢語助詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-結構助詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構助詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>結構助詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構助詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時態助詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時態助詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>時態助詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時態助詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語氣助詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語氣助詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>語氣助詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語氣助詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">漢語助詞</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。5种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_particles" title="Chinese particles – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese particles" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADculas_chinas" title="Partículas chinas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partículas chinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineske_partikule" title="Kineske partikule – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineske partikule" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Кинеске речце – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинеске речце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94%E8%AF%8D" title="语气词 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语气词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3679981#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>汉语助詞</b>（Chinese particles），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="文法">文法</a>術語，指的是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="助词">詞類</a>，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="虛詞">虛詞</a>，附著在其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="詞彙">詞彙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="詞組">詞組</a>，或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>上，作為輔助之用。<sup id="cite_ref-國語辭典_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國語辭典-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通常用於句子前、中、後，表示各種語氣；或是用於語句中間，表示結構上的關係<sup id="cite_ref-book3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="助詞">助詞</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>中，通常分為結構助詞、時態助詞和語氣助詞三種<sup id="cite_ref-國語辭典_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國語辭典-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="白話文">白話文</a>中常見的助詞包括：的、了、着、吧、啊等等；<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>中則有：之、乎、者、也、矣等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢語助詞"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E"></span>漢語助詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：漢語助詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢語中，助詞與<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="連詞">連詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%86%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="嘆詞">嘆詞</a>同屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="虛詞">虛詞</a>，不能表示概念，但是可以表示語法結構或是各種語氣。在句子中沒有實在的意義，也沒有統一的語法功能，不能單獨使用，是獨立性最差的一種詞。在白話文中，大多數的助詞都會讀為<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1#.E8.BD.BB.E5.A3.B0" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">輕聲</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>漢語的助詞分為結構助詞、時態助詞和語氣助詞三種，有些會將語氣助詞獨立成一種詞類，稱為「語氣詞」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構助詞"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E"></span>結構助詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：結構助詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>附著在詞、詞組的前面或後面，用以表示句子的結構關係。白話常見的結構助詞有前附的「所」，以及後附的「的、地、得、似的」等等。<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>文言文中則有「之、者、所、然、夫、所以、乎、焉、等、且」等等。<sup id="cite_ref-郭_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郭-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「的、地、得」在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="五四運動">五四運動</a>之前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a>裡沒有嚴格分別，在宋元明清官話的文學常有混用。五四後被人為分工，「的、地、得」分別作為標示<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="定語">定語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E8%AA%9E" title="狀語">狀語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="補語">補語</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-程俊源2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程俊源2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於「的、地、得」三個助詞在官話均讀/de<sup>0</sup>/，官話母語者在書寫時極易混淆，是教學的經典難題；然則「的、地、得」在其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語族">漢語族</a>語言的讀音不同甚至根本不用「的、地、得」，近來學校已會借助母語來辨別「的、地、得」。<sup id="cite_ref-程俊源2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程俊源2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>五四後「的、地、得」在官話裡標示<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="定語">定語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E8%AA%9E" title="狀語">狀語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="補語">補語</a>的分工如下： </p> <ol><li>「的」字用於標示前面的詞或詞組是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="定語">定語</a>。最常見的用法是接在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容詞</a>後，用來修飾其後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>，如：「美麗的風景」；也可以接在名詞或代名詞後，表示所屬、所有的關係，如：「我的書」；或是接在<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副詞</a>以外的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%8D" title="实词">實詞</a>後，組成帶有有名詞功能的詞組，在句子中當作<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>使用。如：「我們要的是和平與安定。」</li> <li>「得」字通常用於動詞、形容詞後面，標示其後面是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="補語">補語</a>，用來表示可能（如：「她去得，我也去得。」、「我拿得動。」）、結果或程度（如：「你說得很好。」）。有的辭典會將這種用法歸類為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>。</li> <li>「地」字通常用於副詞後，標示前面的詞或詞組是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E8%AA%9E" title="狀語">狀語</a>，現今可通為「的」字。<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>「之」字做結構助詞時，用法有： </p> <ol><li>與白話「的」字相同，如「夫子之文章」。</li> <li>無義，僅表賓語提前，如「蓮之愛，同予者何人」，「蓮之愛」意為「愛蓮」。<sup id="cite_ref-book3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>「是」字做結構助詞時，也是表賓語提前，如「唯你是問」即「唯問你」。<sup id="cite_ref-郭_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郭-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="時態助詞"><span id=".E6.99.82.E6.85.8B.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E"></span>時態助詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：時態助詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>時態助詞也稱動態助詞，接在動詞、形容詞的後面，表示動作或變化的狀態，可以跟時間副詞連用，但必須注意兩者語意間的配合<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。白話文中常見的時態助詞有「著（着）、了、過」，文言文中有「矣」。但「矣」字通常兼有語氣助詞的功用。<sup id="cite_ref-郭_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郭-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「著（着）、了、過」三字用法上的分別為： </p> <ol><li>「著（着）」字表示動作為變化進行、持續或存有的狀態中，如「門正開著（着）。」</li> <li>「了」字表示動作或變化已經完成或結束，如「天黑了。」。</li> <li>「過」字表示動作或變化曾經發生，如「我看過這本書。」<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語氣助詞"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.B0.A3.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E"></span>語氣助詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：語氣助詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>語氣助詞用於句中或句末，表示說話時的語氣，有些學者會將之獨立成一種詞性，稱為「語氣詞」。一種語氣可能使用多個連續的語氣助詞表達，一個語氣助詞也可能同時表達一種以上的語氣。因此，語氣助詞本身沒有實質的意義、不能單獨使用，也沒有詞形變化,一個語氣助詞所要表現的語氣為何，必須視前後文而定。有時候，連用的語氣助詞可能會合成一個音節，例如「了」、「啊」合成「啦」；「之」、「於」連成「諸」。 </p><p>語氣助詞依照語氣的不同，可以分為五大類，分述如下： </p> <ol><li>疑問語氣：如白話文的「嗎（麼）、吧、呢」，文言文中的「也、者、乎、哉、與、歟、邪（耶）、為」等等。不同的疑問語氣助詞代表的提問方法也有所差異，如「嗎」有時表疑惑而提問、有時表反問，通常要求對方做肯定或否定的回答。「吧」字則表示大略知道答案，卻又不能確定的問法。</li> <li>祈使語氣：如白話文中的「吧、罷、呀、啊、啦」，文言文中的「矣、焉、哉」，用以表示請求、命令、催促、勸告、禁止等語氣。</li> <li>感嘆語氣：如白話文中的「啊、呀、哇、哪」和文言文中的「也、矣、乎、焉、哉、與、歟、已」，表示感嘆之意。這類助詞的用字常常與<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%86%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="嘆詞">嘆詞</a>混淆，但嘆詞一般用於句首，而且獨立於句子之外；感嘆語氣助詞則置於句尾，不能獨立使用。</li> <li>肯定語氣：白話中常見的有「的、了、嘛、呢、啦、罷了、而已」，文言文中則有「也、矣、乎、然、焉、耳、而已、云、爾」，有的字如「了」是強調事情的肯定度，「呢」有誇張的意味，「罷了、而已」則有沖淡的意味。肯定語氣助詞有時會與結構助詞在用字上混淆，但前者可以去掉，句子基本的語義不變，後者若是去掉則會有語意不明的情況。</li> <li>停頓語氣：如「啊、吧、呢、麼」或「也、矣、乎、焉、兮」。有別於其他四種語氣助詞多用於句末，停頓語氣助詞只用於句中，表示停頓，有強調前面出現的詞語的功能。<sup id="cite_ref-liu_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-郭_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郭-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="助詞">助詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="詞性">詞性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="汉语语法">漢語語法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="日語助詞">日語助詞</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-國語辭典-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-國語辭典_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國語辭典_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">教育部國語推行委員會編，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%A7U%B5%FC&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-920436171&serial=1&recNo=0&op=f&imgFont=1">《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》網路版：詞條「助詞」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009190115/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%A7U%B5%FC&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-920436171&serial=1&recNo=0&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2010年7月17日查閱。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-4"><sup><b>2.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-5"><sup><b>2.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-6"><sup><b>2.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2-7"><sup><b>2.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">劉蘭英、孫全洲編，《語法與修辭》，台北：新學識文教，1998年10月。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book3_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book3_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">宋裕等著，《國中國文》第3冊，台北：翰林出版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-郭-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-郭_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-郭_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-郭_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-郭_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">郭心怡，〈高中教材文言文虛詞教學研究〉，國立中山大學中國文學研究所在職專班碩士論文，2007年1月。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-程俊源2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-程俊源2013_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-程俊源2013_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">程俊源. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617085556/http://ntcuir.ntcu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/5728/2/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%A1%9E-%E7%A8%8B%E4%BF%8A%E6%BA%90.pdf">「謀同」與「求異」——對比語言學在本國語文教學中的應用</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 臺中教育大學學報：人文藝術類 (台中: 國立臺中教育大學). 2013年6月, <b>27</b> (1): 81 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntcuir.ntcu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/5728/2/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%A1%9E-%E7%A8%8B%E4%BF%8A%E6%BA%90.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2022-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E8%AC%80%E5%90%8C%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E6%B1%82%E7%95%B0%E3%80%8D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%B0%8D%E6%AF%94%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E7%A8%8B%E4%BF%8A%E6%BA%90&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%A1%9E&rft.pages=81&rft.volume=27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntcuir.ntcu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F987654321%2F5728%2F2%2F%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2596%2587%25E8%2597%259D%25E8%25A1%2593%25E9%25A1%259E-%25E7%25A8%258B%25E4%25BF%258A%25E6%25BA%2590.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lin_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">林政華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917193408/http://www.mst.org.tw/Live/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%81%E5%BE%97%E3%80%81%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%81%E5%BA%95%E3%80%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%B6%9C%E8%AB%96.htm">北平漢語「的、得、地、底」等字問題綜論</a>. 北師語文教育通訊 (台北: 國立臺北師範學院). 1996年6月, (4): 16-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mst.org.tw/Live/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%81%E5%BE%97%E3%80%81%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%81%E5%BA%95%E3%80%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%B6%9C%E8%AB%96.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%81%E5%BE%97%E3%80%81%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%81%E5%BA%95%E3%80%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%B6%9C%E8%AB%96&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E6%94%BF%E8%8F%AF&rft.date=1996-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A&rft.pages=16-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mst.org.tw%2FLive%2F%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E8%25AA%259E%25E3%2580%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BE%2597%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2580%2581%25E5%25BA%2595%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%25AD%2589%25E5%25AD%2597%25E5%2595%258F%25E9%25A1%258C%25E7%25B6%259C%25E8%25AB%2596.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">彭歌，《現代漢語補語「得」在泰語的表達研究》，銘傳大學應用中國文學系碩士班碩士論文，2009年6月。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">教育部國語推行委員會編，《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》網路版：詞條<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%AA%BA&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-1709719279&serial=1&recNo=149&op=f&imgFont=1">「的」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009191001/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%AA%BA&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-1709719279&serial=1&recNo=149&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B1o&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-1101495267&serial=1&recNo=258&op=f&imgFont=1">「得」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009190118/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B1o&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-1101495267&serial=1&recNo=258&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）、<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=eDAsOs&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=0-1「地」">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>，2010年7月17日查閱。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">宋裕等著，《國中國文》第2冊，台北：翰林出版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">教育部國語推行委員會編，《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》網路版：詞條<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B5%DB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=1&recNo=227&op=f&imgFont=1">「著（着）」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009230922/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B5%DB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=1&recNo=227&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%A4F&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=2&recNo=121&op=f&imgFont=1">「了」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009165516/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%A4F&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=2&recNo=121&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B9L&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=3&recNo=123&op=f&imgFont=1">「過」</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151009170744/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%B9L&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&ukey=-720288959&serial=3&recNo=123&op=f&imgFont=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2010年7月17日查閱。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Dobson, W. A. C. H. (1974). <i>A Dictionary of the Chinese Particles</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>He Jiuying 何九盈 (1995a). <i>Zhongguo gudai yuyanxue shi</i> (中囯古代语言学史 "A history of ancient Chinese linguistics"). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe.</li> <li>_____ (1995b). <i>Zhongguo xiandai yuyanxue shi</i> (中囯现代语言学史 "A history of modern Chinese linguistics"). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe.</li> <li>Wang Li 王力 (ed.) (2000). <i>Wang Li guhanyu zidian</i> (王力古漢語字典 "A character dictionary of classical Chinese, chiefly edited by Wang Li"). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.</li> <li>Yip Po-Ching & Don Rimmington (2004). <i>Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London; New York: Routledge.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Ueberblick/Flexionslos.html?lang=en&darj=1">canoonet - Inflection: Uninflectable word classes</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100921030923/http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Ueberblick/Flexionslos.html?lang=en&darj=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rusgram.narod.ru/1689-1705.html">http://rusgram.narod.ru/1689-1705.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201205025252/http://rusgram.narod.ru/1689-1705.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span lang="ru">// АН СССР. Институт русского языка</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="俄語">（俄文）</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AC%82%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="主謂短語">主謂短語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%AD%A3%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="偏正短語">偏正短語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B0%E8%B3%93%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="述賓短語">述賓短語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B0%E8%A3%9C%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="述補短語">述補短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合短語（页面不存在）">聯合短語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同位短語（页面不存在）">同位短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E8%AC%82%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連謂短語（页面不存在）">連謂短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%BC%E8%AA%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兼語短語（页面不存在）">兼語短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量詞短語（页面不存在）">量詞短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介詞短語（页面不存在）">介詞短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方位短語（页面不存在）">方位短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="的字短語（页面不存在）">的字短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%80%E5%AD%97%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="所字短語（页面不存在）">所字短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%81%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比況短語（页面不存在）">比況短語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緊縮短語（页面不存在）">緊縮短語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘事句（页面不存在）">敘事句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A4%E6%96%B7%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="判斷句（页面不存在）">判斷句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%84%A1%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有無句（页面不存在）">有無句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E6%85%8B%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表態句（页面不存在）">表態句</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">型式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E5%8F%A5" title="陳述句">陳述句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E5%8F%A5" title="疑問句">疑問句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">祈使句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E5%98%86%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感嘆句（页面不存在）">感嘆句</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單句（页面不存在）">單句</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">一般</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%B0%93%E5%8F%A5" title="主谓句">主谓句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E8%AC%82%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非主謂句（页面不存在）">非主謂句</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="條件複句（页面不存在）">條件複句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%AA%AA%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解說複句（页面不存在）">解說複句</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="目的複句（页面不存在）">目的複句</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="语法关系">语法关系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a></li> <li><a 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