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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi_dasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi_dasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anatomi dasar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomi_dasar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Anatomi dasar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomi_dasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Struktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Organisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaskularisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaskularisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vaskularisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaskularisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keseimbangan_Asam-Basa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keseimbangan_Asam-Basa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Keseimbangan Asam-Basa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keseimbangan_Asam-Basa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulasi_osmotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulasi_osmotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Regulasi osmotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulasi_osmotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekresi_hormon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekresi_hormon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Sekresi hormon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekresi_hormon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulasi_tekanan_darah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulasi_tekanan_darah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Regulasi tekanan darah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulasi_tekanan_darah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perhitungan_fungsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perhitungan_fungsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Perhitungan fungsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perhitungan_fungsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fraksi_filtrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraksi_filtrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Fraksi filtrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraksi_filtrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klirens_Ginjal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klirens_Ginjal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Klirens Ginjal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klirens_Ginjal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyakit_dan_ketidaknormalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_dan_ketidaknormalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penyakit dan ketidaknormalan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penyakit_dan_ketidaknormalan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penyakit dan ketidaknormalan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_dan_ketidaknormalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bawaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bawaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bawaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bawaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didapat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didapat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Didapat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didapat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialisis_dan_transplantasi_ginjal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialisis_dan_transplantasi_ginjal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialisis_dan_transplantasi_ginjal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialisis_dan_transplantasi_ginjal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistik_transplantasi_ginjal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistik_transplantasi_ginjal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Statistik transplantasi ginjal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistik_transplantasi_ginjal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ginjal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 151 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nier" title="Nier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%8B%E1%88%8A%E1%89%B5" title="ኩላሊት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩላሊት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riny%C3%B3n" title="Rinyón – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rinyón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كلية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܟܘܠܝܬܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܠܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="বৃক্ক – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৃক্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Reñón – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reñón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otetikosiw" title="Otetikosiw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otetikosiw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ургьисала – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ургьисала" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6yr%C9%99k" title="Böyrək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyrək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بؤیرک سیستمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیرک سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(anatomiya)" title="Bato (anatomiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bato (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нырка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нырка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нырка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нырка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjel" title="Ginjel – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ginjel" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бъбрек – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бъбрек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ပွိုင်းဝွို့တောမ်ႏကျောက်ကပ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပွိုင်းဝွို့တောမ်ႏကျောက်ကပ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="বৃক্ক – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃক্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B" title="མཁལ་མ་ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཁལ་མ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounezh" title="Lounezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lounezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bubreg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ginjal" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rony%C3%B3" title="Ronyó – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ronyó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="گورچیلە – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گورچیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledvina" title="Ledvina – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledvina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пӳре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пӳре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aren" title="Aren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niere" title="Niere – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C4%B1k" title="Velık – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Velık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7" title="ގުރުދާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުރުދާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεφρός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεφρός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kidney" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Riñón – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Riñón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerud" title="Neerud – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neerud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giltzurrun" title="Giltzurrun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giltzurrun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="کلیه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munuainen" title="Munuainen – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munuainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauh" title="Rauh – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rauh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C3%A1n" title="Duán – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ril" title="Ril – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ril" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitikiri%27i" title="Pitikiri'i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pitikiri'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ACn" title="Shìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Shìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="כליה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="गुर्दा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुर्दा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bubreg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vese" title="Vese – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vese" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Երիկամ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երիկամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Երիկամ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երիկամ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(organo)" title="Ren (organo) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ren (organo)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno" title="Reno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDra" title="Nýra – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene" title="Rene – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%93" title="腎臓 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腎臓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjel" title="Ginjel – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ginjel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თირკმელი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თირკმელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tig%E1%BA%93elt" title="Tigẓelt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tigẓelt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladibiye" title="Ladibiye – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ladibiye" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бүйрек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бүйрек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಮೂತ್ರಪಿಂಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂತ್ರಪಿಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%ED%8C%A5" title="콩팥 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩팥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%84%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%B9" title="بۄکؤٹ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بۄکؤٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%A7ik" title="Gurçik – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gurçik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Бөйрөк – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бөйрөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nier" title="Nier – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Ччарлу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ччарлу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren" title="Ren – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ren" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neer_(orgaan)" title="Neer (orgaan) – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neer (orgaan)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ໝາກໄຂ່ຫຼັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາກໄຂ່ຫຼັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkstas" title="Inkstas – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inkstas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieres" title="Nieres – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nieres" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voa_(taovam-biby)" title="Voa (taovam-biby) – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voa (taovam-biby)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Бубрег – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бубрег" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="വൃക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൃക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Бөөр – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бөөр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="मूत्रपिंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूत्रपिंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%93%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%B9" title="Вӓргӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӓргӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_pinggang" title="Buah pinggang – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buah pinggang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa" title="Kilwa – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kilwa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်ကပ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ကပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5_(%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Пиче (рунгонь пелькс) – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиче (рунгонь пелькс)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%87" title="وکه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وکه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मृगौला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मृगौला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="जलासें – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जलासें" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bua" title="Bua – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bua" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nier_(biologie)" title="Nier (biologie) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nier (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(anatomia)" title="Ren (anatomia) – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ren (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalee" title="Kalee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kalee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%95" title="ବୃକ୍‌କ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃକ୍‌କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੁਰਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batok" title="Batok – Pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Batok" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerka" title="Nerka – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nerka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%92" title="گردے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گردے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پښتورکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پښتورکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa_ruru" title="Wasa ruru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wasa ruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinichi" title="Rinichi – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rinichi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Почка – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वृक्का – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वृक्का" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene" title="Rene – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rene" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rini" title="Rini – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neer" title="Neer – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="بڪي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bubreg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tig%E1%BA%93%E1%BA%93lt" title="Tigẓẓlt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tigẓẓlt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94" title="වකුගඩු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වකුගඩු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kidney" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obli%C4%8Dka" title="Oblička – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oblička" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledvica" title="Ledvica – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ledvica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsvo" title="Itsvo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Itsvo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veshka" title="Veshka – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veshka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Бубрег – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бубрег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphio" title="Diphio – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Diphio" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabubuahan" title="Kabubuahan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kabubuahan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njure" title="Njure – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Njure" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figo" title="Figo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Figo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுநீரகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுநீரகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూత్రపిండము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మూత్రపిండము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гурда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гурда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="ไต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(anatomiya)" title="Bato (anatomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bato (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6brek" title="Böbrek – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Böbrek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бөер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бүүрек – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бүүрек" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%83" title="بۆرەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۆرەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нирки – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нирки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81" title="گردہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گردہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyrak" title="Buyrak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyrak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene" title="Rene – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rene" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADn" title="Thận – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thận" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roin" title="Roin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Roin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rno" title="Rno – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rno" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinyon" title="Rinyon – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rinyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BE" title="肾 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izintso" title="Izintso – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izintso" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჭაჭა (ბიოლოგია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭაჭა (ბიოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ניר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnd%C3%ACnr%C3%ADn" title="Kíndìnrín – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kíndìnrín" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_(Iucij)" title="Mak (Iucij) – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mak (Iucij)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinso" title="Izinso – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinso" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Ginjal" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ginjal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ginjal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Ginjal" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Ginjal" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&oldid=26753943" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Ginjal&id=26753943&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGinjal"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGinjal"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ginjal"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ginjal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kidney" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9377" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white"><i>Ginjal</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gray1120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/250px-Gray1120.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/375px-Gray1120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/500px-Gray1120.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ginjal dilihat dari belakang (tulang rusuk dihilangkan).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Rincian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">Sistem</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_perkemihan" title="Sistem perkemihan">Sistem perkemihan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_endokrin" title="Sistem endokrin">sistem endokrin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteri">Arteri</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arteri_renalis" title="Arteri renalis">Arteri renalis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vena" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena">Vena</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_renalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena renalis (halaman belum tersedia)">Vena renalis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf">Saraf</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleksus_renalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleksus renalis (halaman belum tersedia)">Pleksus renalis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Pengidentifikasi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Bahasa Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ren</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">Yunani</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Nephros</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007668">D007668</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/08.1.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A08.1.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3358">3358</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xiphoid.biostr.washington.edu/fma/fmabrowser-hierarchy.html?fmaid=7203">7203</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b><i><a href="/wiki/Daftar_istilah_anatomi" title="Daftar istilah anatomi">Daftar istilah anatomi</a></i></b><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377" class="extiw" title="d:Q9377">sunting di Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ginjal</b> atau <b>buah pinggang</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekskresi" title="Ekskresi">ekskresi</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> yang berbentuk mirip <a href="/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang">kacang</a>. Dalam manusia dewasa, ukuran ginjal sekitar 11 sentimeter panjangnya. Ginjal menerima darah dari sepasang arteri renalis, dan darah keluar lewat vena renalis. Setiap ginjal berhubungan dengan ureter, tabung yang membawa urin keluar ke kandung kemih. </p><p>Sebagai bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Sistem_urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem urin">sistem urin</a>, ginjal berfungsi menyaring kotoran yang masuk (terutama <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>) dari <a href="/wiki/Darah" title="Darah">darah</a> dan membuangnya bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Cabang dari kedokteran yang mempelajari ginjal dan penyakitnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Nefrologi" title="Nefrologi">nefrologi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi_dasar">Anatomi dasar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Anatomi dasar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anatomi dasar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg/500px-Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg/675px-Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg/900px-Renal_dissection_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Ginjal dan irisan melintangnya</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur">Struktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">Manusia</a> memiliki sepasang ginjal yang terletak di belakang <a href="/wiki/Perut" class="mw-redirect" title="Perut">perut</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. Ginjal ini terletak di kanan dan kiri <a href="/wiki/Tulang_belakang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulang belakang">tulang belakang</a>, di bawah <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Limpa" title="Limpa">limpa</a>. Di bagian atas (<i>superior</i>) ginjal terdapat <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_adrenal" title="Kelenjar adrenal">kelenjar adrenal</a> (juga disebut <i>kelenjar suprarenal</i>). </p><p>Ginjal adalah sepasang organ saluran kemih yang terletak di rongga retroperitoneal bagian atas. Bentuknya menyerupai kacang dengan sisi cekungnya menghadap ke medial. Kedua ginjal terletak di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> <b>T12</b> hingga <b>L3</b>. Ginjal kanan biasanya terletak sedikit di bawah ginjal kiri untuk memberi tempat untuk <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a>. Ginjal kanan juga biasanya lebih kecil daripada ginjal kiri. </p><p>Ginjal kanan terletak langsung di bawah diafragma dan di belakang hati. Ginjal kiri terletak di bawah diafragma dan di belakang limpa. Di sebelah atas ginjal terdapat kelenjar adrenal. </p><p>Sebagian dari bagian atas ginjal terlindungi oleh <a href="/wiki/Iga" class="mw-disambig" title="Iga">iga</a> ke sebelas dan duabelas. Kedua ginjal dibungkus oleh dua lapisan lemak </p> <ul><li>lemak perirenal, terletak di antara fascia renal (jaringan penunjang fibrosa tebal) dan kapsul ginjal</li> <li>lemak pararenal yang berada di atas fascia renal.</li></ul> <p>Bagian atas ginjal kanan berbatasan dengan hati, dan ginjal kiri berbatasan dengan limpa. Karena itu, kedua ginjal bergerak turun ketika bernafas. </p><p> Ginjal memiliki bentuk seperti kacang dengan lekukan yang menghadap ke dalam. Di tiap ginjal terdapat bukaan yang disebut hilus dimana arteri renalis masuk dan vena relias dan ureter keluar.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kidney_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Kidney_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Potongan membujur ginjal</figcaption></figure><p>Berat dan besar ginjal bervariasi; hal ini tergantung jenis kelamin, umur, serta ada tidaknya ginjal pada sisi lain. Pada lelaki dewasa, rata-rata ginjal memiliki ukuran panjang sekitar 11,5 cm, lebar sekitar 6 cm dan ketebalan 3,5 cm dengan berat sekitar 120-170 gram atau kurang lebih 0,4% dari berat badan.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasar-dasar_urologi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasar-dasar_urologi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di wanita dewasa, berat ginjal sekitar 115 - 155 gram. Volume rata-rata ginjal adalah 146 cm<sup>3</sup> di kiri dan 134 cm<sup>3</sup> di kanan. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisasi">Organisasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Organisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Organisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginjal dan kelenjar adrenal dibungkus oleh <a href="/wiki/Fasia_gerota" title="Fasia gerota">fasia gerota</a>. Ginjal dibungkus oleh jaringan ikat tipis dan mengkilap yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kapsula" title="Kapsula">kapsula</a> fibrosa ginjal dan di luar kapsul ini terdapat jaringan lemak perirenal. Lapisan lemak ini berfungsi untuk membantu menempel ginjal di dinding rongga perut supaya benturan bisa diredam. Di depan jaringan-jaringan ini adalah peritoneum, dan di permukaan belakang adalah fasia transversalis. </p><p>Parenkima ginjal dibagi menjadi dua struktur utama: Bagian paling luar atau <a href="/wiki/Korteks" class="mw-disambig" title="Korteks">korteks</a> dan bagian lebih dalam (sumsum ginjal) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medulla (halaman belum tersedia)">medula</a>. </p><p>Ginjal terdiri atas 8-18 struktur berbentuk kerucut. Setiap struktur memiliki kortex yang membungkus bagian medula yang dinamakan piramida ginjal. Di antara piramida-piramida tersebut terdapat kolom Bertin atau kolom ginjal. Bagian korteks berwarna coklat gelap dengan konsistensi lunak sedangkan bagian medula berwarna coklat terang. </p><p>Unit fungsional dasar dari ginjal adalah <a href="/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron">nefron</a> yang dapat berjumlah lebih dari satu juta buah dalam satu ginjal normal manusia dewasa. </p><p>Bagian-bagian nefron adalah: </p> <ul><li>Korpus ginjal — glomerulus dan kapsula Bowman</li> <li>Tubulus konvolusi proksimal</li> <li>Lengkung Henle <ul><li>Cabang desenden lengkung Henle</li> <li>Segmen tipis cabang asenden lengkung Henle</li> <li>Segmen tebal cabang asenden lengkung Henle</li></ul></li> <li>Tubulus konvolusi distal</li> <li>Tubulus kolektivus <ul><li>Tubulus kolektivus kortikal</li> <li>Tubulus kolektivus medularis</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Nefron berfungsi sebagai regulator air dan zat terlarut (terutama <a href="/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit">elektrolit</a>) dalam tubuh dengan cara menyaring darah, kemudian menyerap cairan dan molekul kembali yang masih diperlukan tubuh. Molekul dan sisa cairan lainnya akan dibuang. Penyerapan kembali dan pembuangan dilakukan menggunakan mekanisme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertukaran_lawan_arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertukaran lawan arus (halaman belum tersedia)">pertukaran lawan arus</a> dan kotranspor. Hasil akhir yang kemudian diekskresikan disebut <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urin</a>. </p><p>Sebuah nefron terdiri dari sebuah komponen penyaring yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korpuskula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korpuskula (halaman belum tersedia)">korpuskula</a> (atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_Malphigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan Malphigi (halaman belum tersedia)">badan Malphigi</a>) yang dilanjutkan oleh saluran-saluran (tubulus). Setiap korpuskula mengandung gulungan kapiler darah yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus" title="Glomerulus">glomerulus</a> yang berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Kapsula_Bowman" title="Kapsula Bowman">kapsula Bowman</a>. Setiap glomerulus mendapat aliran darah dari arteri aferen. Dinding kapiler dari glomerulus memiliki pori-pori untuk filtrasi atau penyaringan. Darah dapat disaring melalui dinding epitelium tipis yang berpori dari glomerulus dan kapsula Bowman karena adanya tekanan dari darah yang mendorong plasma darah. Filtrat yang dihasilkan akan masuk ke dalan tubulus ginjal. Darah yang telah tersaring akan meninggalkan ginjal lewat arteri eferen. </p><p>Di antara darah dalam glomerulus dan ruangan berisi cairan dalam kapsula Bowman terdapat tiga lapisan: </p> <ul><li>kapiler selapis sel <a href="/wiki/Endotelium" title="Endotelium">endotelium</a> pada glomerulus.</li> <li>lapisan kaya protein sebagai membran dasar.</li> <li>selapis sel epitel melapisi dinding kapsula Bowman (<i>podosit</i>).</li></ul> <p>Dengan bantuan tekanan, cairan dalan darah didorong keluar dari glomerulus, melewati ketiga lapisan tersebut dan masuk ke dalam ruangan dalam kapsula Bowman dalam bentuk filtrat glomerular. Filtrat plasma darah tidak mengandung sel darah ataupun molekul protein yang besar. Protein dalam bentuk molekul kecil dapat ditemukan dalam filtrat ini. Darah manusia melewati ginjal sebanyak 350 kali setiap hari dengan laju 1,2 liter per menit, menghasilkan 125 cc filtrat glomerular per menitnya. Laju penyaringan glomerular ini digunakan untuk tes diagnosa fungsi ginjal.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kidney_tubules.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kidney_tubules.png/250px-Kidney_tubules.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Kidney_tubules.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Jaringan ginjal. Warna biru menunjukkan satu tubulus</figcaption></figure> <p>Tubulus ginjal merupakan lanjutan dari kapsula Bowman. Dinding tubulus ginjal disusun dari epitel kuboid sederhana. Bagian yang mengalirkan filtrat glomerular dari kapsula Bowman disebut tubulus konvolusi proksimal. Bagian selanjutnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lengkung_Henle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lengkung Henle (halaman belum tersedia)">lengkung Henle</a> yang bermuara pada tubulus konvolusi distal. Lengkung Henle diberi nama berdasar penemunya yaitu <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle</a> pada awal tahun 1860-an. Lengkung Henle menjaga gradien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmotik (halaman belum tersedia)">osmotik</a> dalam pertukaran lawan arus yang digunakan untuk filtrasi. Sel yang melapisi tubulus memiliki banyak <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/ATP" class="mw-disambig" title="ATP">ATP</a> dan memungkinkan terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Transpor_aktif" title="Transpor aktif">transpor aktif</a> untuk menyerap kembali glukosa, asam amino, dan berbagai ion mineral. Sebagian besar air (97.7%) dalam filtrat masuk ke dalam tubulus konvolusi dan tubulus kolektivus melalui osmosis. Cairan mengalir dari tubulus konvolusi distal ke dalam sistem pengumpul yang terdiri dari: </p> <ul><li>Tubulus penghubung</li> <li>Tubulus kolektivus kortikal</li> <li>Tubulus kolektivus medularis</li></ul> <p>Tempat lengkung Henle bersinggungan dengan arteri aferen disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparatus_juxtaglomerular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparatus juxtaglomerular (halaman belum tersedia)">aparatus juxtaglomerular</a>, mengandung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macula_densa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macula densa (halaman belum tersedia)">macula densa</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_juxtaglomerular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel juxtaglomerular (halaman belum tersedia)">sel juxtaglomerular</a>. Sel juxtaglomerular adalah tempat terjadinya sintesis dan sekresi <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>. </p><p>Cairan menjadi makin kental di sepanjang tubulus dan saluran untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urin</a>, yang kemudian dibawa ke <a href="/wiki/Kandung_kemih" title="Kandung kemih">kandung kemih</a> melewati <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaskularisasi">Vaskularisasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Vaskularisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vaskularisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aliran darah ginjal berasal dari arteri renalis yang merupakan cabang langsung dari aorta abdominalis, sedangkan yang mengalirkan darah balik adalah vena renalis yang merupakan cabang vena kava inferior. Sistem arteri ginjal adalah tidak ada anastomosis ke cabang arteri lain. Meskipun ukurannya relatif kecil, ginjal menerima 20% darah dari curah jantung. </p><p>Setiap arteri ginjal masuk hilus melalui cabang anterior dan posterior. Cabang anterior dan posterior kemudian membentuk arteri segmental, dan bercabang lagi membentuk arteri interlobar, yang menembus kapsul ginjal dan mengalir melalui kolom ginjal di antara piramida ginjal. Arteri interlobar menyuplai darah ke arteri arkuata yang mengalir di area pertenuan antara korteks dan medula. Setiap arteri arkuat menyuplai darah kepada arteri interlobular yang kemudian menyuplai darah kepada arteriol aferen dan glomeruli. Satu arteriol aferen membentuk sekitar 50 kapiler yang membentuk glomerulus. </p><p>Arterial eferen kemudian meninggalkan setiap glomerulus dan membentuk jaringan jaringan kapiler, kapiler peritubular yang mengelilingi tubulus kontortus distal dan proksimal, dimana proses pertukaran zat dilakukan. Ada dua macam arteriol eferen berdasarkan lokasi: </p> <ul><li>Arteriol eferen dari glomerulus nefron korteks memasuki jaringan kapiler peritubular yang mengelilingi tubulus kontortus distal dan proksimal di nefron tersebut</li> <li>Arteriol eferen dar glomerulus pada nefron juxta glomerulus membentuk perpanjangan pembuluh kapiler yang lurus disebut vasa rekta yang turun ke dalam piramida medula. Lekukan vasa rekta membentuk lengkunga jepit yang melewati lengkung Henle. Lengkungan ini memungkinkan proses pertukaran zat antara lengkung Henle dan kapiler dan berperan dalam membentuk konsentrasi urin dengan membantu mempertahankan mekanisme pertukaran lawan arus.</li></ul> <p>Darah bergerak melalui jaringan kecil venula yang bergabung membentuk vena interlobular. Seperti dengan distribusi arteriol, vena mengikuti pola yang sama: interlobular menyuplai darah untuk vena arkuata yang menyuplai darah ke bena interlobar. Vena interlobar bergabung membentuk vena renalis yang keluar dari ginjal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Homeostasis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Homeostasis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginjal berpartisipasi dalam homeostasis tubuh dengan mengatur keseimbangan asam-basa (pH), konsentrasi ion mineral, komposisi dan vulme cairan ekstraselular dan tekanan darah. Ginjal mengatur fungsi homeostasis sendiri atau bekerja sama dengan organ lain, terutama sistem endokrin. Beragam macam hormon endokrin mengatur funsi endokrin seperti renin, angiotensin II, aldosteron, hormon antidiuretik (vasopressin) dan atrial natriuretik peptida. </p><p>Ginjal mengeluarkan produk limbah yang diproduksi oleh metabolisme, ke dalam urin. Produk ini termasuk nitrogen limbah urea berasal dari katabolisme protein, asam urat berasal dari metabolisme asam nukleat. Kemampuan mamalia dan beberapa jenis burun untuk mengkonsentrasi limbah dalam urin yang volumenya jauh lebih kecil daripada volume darah dimana limbah tersebut diekstrasi, itu tegrantung dari mekanisme arus balik. </p><p>Mekanisme arus balik membutuhkan beberapa nefron yang mempunyai karakter tersebut — konfigurasi lengkung jepit di tubulus, permeabilitas air dan ion di segmen tipis cabang desenden lengkung Henle, impermeabilitas air di segmen tipis dan tebal cabang asenden lengkung Henle, dan transpor aktif ion-ion keluar dari cabang asenden lengkung Henle. Selain itu, mekanisme arus balik pasif yang dilakukan oleh pembuluh-pembuluh yang menyuplai darah ke nefron itu sangat penting untuk fungsi ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keseimbangan_Asam-Basa">Keseimbangan Asam-Basa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Keseimbangan Asam-Basa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keseimbangan Asam-Basa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua sistem organ, ginjal dan paru-paru, mempertahankan keseimbangan asam-basa, yaitu pemeliharaan pH sekitar nilai yang stabil (sekitar 7.4). Kontribusi paru-paru dalam pertahanan keseimbangan asam-basa melalui pengaturan konsentrasi karbon dioksida. </p><p>Ginjal mempunyai dua peran penting dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan asam-basa — reabsorpsi dan regenerasi bikarbonat dari urin, dan ekskresi ion hidrogen dan asam tetap (anion asam) ke dalam urin. </p><p>Ginjal mempertahankan pH plasma darah pada kisaran 7,4 melalui pertukaran ion hidronium dan hidroksil. Akibatnya, urin yang dihasilkan dapat bersifat asam pada pH 5 atau alkalis pada pH 8. </p><p>Kadar ion natrium dikendalikan melalui sebuah proses homeostasis yang melibatkan <a href="/wiki/Aldosteron" title="Aldosteron">aldosteron</a> untuk meningkatkan penyerapan ion natrium pada tubulus konvolusi. </p><p>Kenaikan atau penurunan tekanan osmotik darah karena kelebihan atau kekurangan air akan segera dideteksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">hipotalamus</a> yang akan memberi sinyal pada <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_pituitari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelenjar pituitari">kelenjar pituitari</a> dengan umpan balik negatif. Kelenjar pituitari mensekresi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormon_antidiuretik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormon antidiuretik (halaman belum tersedia)">hormon antidiuretik</a> (<i>vasopresin</i>, untuk menekan sekresi air) sehingga terjadi perubahan tingkat serap air pada tubulus ginjal. Akibatnya konsentrasi cairan jaringan akan kembali menjadi 98%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulasi_osmotik">Regulasi osmotik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Regulasi osmotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Regulasi osmotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginjal membantu mempertahankan kadar air dan garam di dalam tubuh. Peningkatan signifikan kadar osmolalitas plasma akan dideteksi oleh hipotalamus yang langsung mengirim sinyal ke kelenjar hipofisis posterior. Peningkatan osmolalitas merangsang kelenjar untuk sekresi hormon antidiuretik (ADH) yang menyebabkan peningkatan reabsorpsi air di ginjal dan meningkatkan konsentrasi urin. Kedua faktor tersebut bekerja sama untuk mengembalikan osmolalitas ke kadar normal. </p><p>ADH berikat dengan sel-sel di tubulus kolektivus untuk mentranslokasi aquaporin ke sel membran supaya air bisa keluar dari sel membran yang biasanya kedap air. Air yang keluar kemudian diserap kembali ke dalam tubuh melalui vasa rekta, sehingga volume plasma meningkat. </p><p>Ada dua sistem yang membuat dan mepertahankan hiperosmotik medula dan meningkatkan volume plasma tubuh — Daur ulang urea dan 'efek tunggal'. </p><p>Urea biasanya dikeluarkan sebagai produk limbah dari ginjal. Namun, ketika volume plasma darah itu rendah, dan ADH disekresi, aquaporins yang terbuka itu juga memperbolehkan urea untuk melewati. Proses ini memungkinkan urea untuk meninggalkan tubulus kolektivus dan masuk ke medula, membuat solusi hiperosmotik yang "menarik" air. Nanti, urea bisa masuk kembali dalam nefron dan diekskresi atau didaur ulang tergantung pada konsentrasi ADH yang masih ada atau tidak. </p><p>'Efek tunggal' melukiskan fakta bahwa segmen tebal cabang asenden lenkung Henle itu kedap air tapi natrium klorida bisa menyeberang melalui difusi. Proses ini membuat mekanisme arus balik dimana medula menjadi semakin mempunyai konsentrasi yang menaik, tapi dalam saat bersama, membuat gradien osmotik untuk "menarik" air keluar bila aquaporin di tubulus kolektivus dibuka oleh ADH. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sekresi_hormon">Sekresi hormon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Sekresi hormon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sekresi hormon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginjal mengeluarkan hormon bermacam-macam termasuk erithropoietin, calcitriol, dan renin. Erithropoeitin dikeluarkan sebagai respons terhadap hipoksia (kadar oksigen rendah di tingkat jaringan) dalam sirkulasi ginjal. Hormon ini merangsang erithropoiesis (pembuatan sel darah merah) di dalam sumsum tulang. Calcitriol, bentuk aktif vitamin D, meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium dalam usus dan penyerapan fosfat kembali oleh ginjal. Renin adalah enzim yang mengatur kadar angiotensin dan aldosteron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulasi_tekanan_darah">Regulasi tekanan darah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Regulasi tekanan darah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Regulasi tekanan darah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun ginjal tidak bisa langsung mendeteksi darah, regulasi tekanan darah jangka panjang itu sebagian besar tergantung kepada ginjal. Hal ini terutama terjadi melalui pertahanan kompartemen cairan ekstraseluler, yang ukurannya tergantung atas konsentrasi plasma natrium. Renin adalah sinyal pertama di dalam serangkaian sinyal kimia penting yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Sistem_renin-angiotensin" title="Sistem renin-angiotensin">sistem renin-angiotensin</a>. </p><p>Perubahan di kadar renin dalam sirkulasi darah pada akhirnya mengubah hasil sistem ini, terutama dengan hormon angiotensin II dan aldosteron. Setiap hormon bekerja melalui berbagai mekanism, tetapi kedua hormon tersebut meningkatkan penyerapan natrium klorida di ginjal, dan meningkatkan ukuran kompartemen cairan ekstraselular dan tekanan darah. Ketika kadar renin meningkat, konsentrasi angiotensin II dan aldosteron meningkat, menyebabkan peningkatan penyerapan natrium klorida, perluasan kompartemen cairan ekstraseluler dan peningkatan tekanan darah. Sebaliknya, jika kadar renin rendah, kadar angiotensin II dan aldosteron menurun, menyusutkan kompartemen cairan ekstraseluler dan menurunkan tekanan darah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perhitungan_fungsi">Perhitungan fungsi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Perhitungan fungsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perhitungan fungsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhitungan fungsi ginjal merupakan bagian penting dari fisiologi dan dapat diperkirakan melalui rumus-rumus di bawah: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraksi_filtrasi">Fraksi filtrasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Fraksi filtrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fraksi filtrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fraksi filtrasi adalah jumlah aliran plasma yang disaring oleh ginjal. Ini bisa dinilai menggunakan rumus: </p><p><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>FF</i>=<span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">LFG</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">ADG</span></span></span> </p> <ul><li>FF — fraksi filtrasi</li> <li>LFG — laju filtrasi glomerular</li> <li>ADG — aliran darah ginjal</li></ul> <p>Kadar FF normal adalah 20% </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klirens_Ginjal">Klirens Ginjal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Klirens Ginjal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klirens Ginjal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klirens ginjal adalah volume plasma yang dibersihkan dari zat tersebut dalam waktu tertentu. </p><p><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>C</i><sub><i>x</i></sub>=(<i>U</i><sub><i>x</i></sub>)<span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">V</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">P<sub><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>C</i><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> — klirens zat X (biasanya memakai ukuran mL/min).</li> <li><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>U</i><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> — konsentrasi zat X dalam urin.</li> <li><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>P</i><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> — konsentrasi zat X dalam plasma.</li> <li><span class="texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>V</i></span> — laju aliran urin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyakit_dan_ketidaknormalan">Penyakit dan ketidaknormalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit dan ketidaknormalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit dan ketidaknormalan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Diagnosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diagnosis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnosis dapat dilakukan melalui test biokimia di laboratorium klinik, tetapi kadang-kadang diperlukan pemeriksaan dengan pencitraan. Pencitraan yang paling sederhana dan aman adalah dengan melakukan USG, dimana dapat diketahui adanya batu ataupun dinding ginjal atau kandung kemih yang tidak licin dan berarti terkena infeksi. Penggunaan Radioaktif harus dibedakan 2 jenis, yang lebih aman justru dengan suntikan radioaktif dengan dosis rendah dan waktu paruh yang pendek, semakin singkat waktu paruh berarti semakin singkat radiasi berada dalam tubuh kita. Yang paling aman adalah renografi dengan 2 probes, karena hanya menggunakan isotop radiasi dengan tingkat 1/4 dari jika menggunakan Kamera Gamma, sedangkan harga investasinya kurang dari 1/10 Kamera Gamma. Oleh karena itu jika menggunakan Renografi dengan 2 probes telah memadai, maka tidak diperlukan penggunaan peralatan lain yang lebih mahal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keuntungan penggunaan Gamma Dual Camera adalah pencitraan 3D-nya yang baik. Yang terpapar dengan radioaktif dengan tingkat radiasi yang lebih tinggi, justru tidak memerlukan suntikan radioaktif, kecuali zat kontras untuk menambah pencitraan, karena zat radioaktifnya berada dalam alat tersebut, berturut-turut adalah CT-Scan dan MRI dimana MRI bagus untuk pencitraan jaringan lunak, tetapi paling mahal. MSCT 128 Slices Dual Sources adalah CT Scan juga, tetapi lebih mutakhir dengan menggunakan 2 sumber radiasi, sehingga dapat memindai lebih cepat dan tingkat radiasi yang digunakan juga lebih sedikit. Yang termutakhir adalah PET CT dimana dapat memeriksa fungsi, metabolisme dan reseptor tubuh sekaligus, dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi mencapai 90 persen untuk deteksi dini kanker stadium awal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bawaan">Bawaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Bawaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bawaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asidosis_tubulus_renalis" title="Asidosis tubulus renalis">Asidosis tubulus renalis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidronefrosis_kongenital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidronefrosis kongenital (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidronefrosis kongenital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyumbatan_kongenital_pada_saluran_kemih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyumbatan kongenital pada saluran kemih (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyumbatan kongenital pada saluran kemih</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duplikasi_ureter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duplikasi ureter (halaman belum tersedia)">Duplikasi ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal_sepatu_kuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginjal sepatu kuda (halaman belum tersedia)">Ginjal sepatu kuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_ginjal_polikistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit ginjal polikistik (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyakit ginjal polikistik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Displasia_ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Displasia ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">Displasia ginjal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal_kecil_unilateral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginjal kecil unilateral (halaman belum tersedia)">Ginjal kecil unilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenesis_ginjal" title="Agenesis ginjal">Agenesis ginjal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Didapat">Didapat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Didapat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Didapat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefropati_diabetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nefropati diabetik (halaman belum tersedia)">Nefropati diabetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonefritis" title="Glomerulonefritis">Glomerulonefritis</a></li> <li>Hidrohefrosis — pembesaran satu atau kedua ginjal yang disebabkan oleh terhalangnya aliran urin.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefritis_interstisial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nefritis interstisial (halaman belum tersedia)">Nefritis interstisial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_ginjal" title="Batu ginjal">Batu ginjal</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Batu_ginjal" title="Batu ginjal">nefrolitiasis</a> — ketidaknormalan yang umum dan biasanya menyakitkan.</li> <li>Tumor ginjal <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumor_Wilms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumor Wilms (halaman belum tersedia)">Tumor Wilms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipernefroma" title="Hipernefroma">Hipernefroma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefritis_lupus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nefritis lupus (halaman belum tersedia)">Nefritis lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_perubahan_minimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit perubahan minimal (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyakit perubahan minimal</a></li> <li>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Sindrom_nefrotik" title="Sindrom nefrotik">sindrom nefrotik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomerulus_(ginjal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomerulus (ginjal) (halaman belum tersedia)">glomerulus</a> telah rusak sehingga banyak <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> dalam darah masuk ke <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urin</a>. Ciri-ciri lain yang sering terjadi pada sindrom nefrotik meliputi pembengkakan, albumin serum rendah, dan kolesterol tinggi..</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pielonefritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pielonefritis (halaman belum tersedia)">Pielonefritis</a> adalah infeksi ginjal dan sering kali disebabkan oleh komplikasi <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_saluran_kemih" title="Infeksi saluran kemih">infeksi saluran kemih</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagal_ginjal" title="Gagal ginjal">Gagal ginjal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagal_ginjal_akut" title="Gagal ginjal akut">Gagal ginjal akut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagal_ginjal_kronis" title="Gagal ginjal kronis">Gagal ginjal kronis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialisis_dan_transplantasi_ginjal">Dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umumnya, seseorang dapat hidup normal dengan hanya satu ginjal. Bila kedua ginjal tidak berfungsi normal, maka orang itu perlu diberi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_Pengganti_Ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi Pengganti Ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">Terapi Pengganti Ginjal</a> (TPG). TPG ini dapat dilakukan baik untuk sementara waktu maupun terus-menerus. TPG terdiri atas tiga, yaitu: <a href="/wiki/Hemodialisis" title="Hemodialisis">Hemodialisis</a> (Cuci Darah), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peritoneal_Dialisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peritoneal Dialisis (halaman belum tersedia)">Peritoneal Dialisis</a> (Cuci Rongga Perut) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangkok_Ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangkok Ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">Cangkok Ginjal</a> (transplantasi). Prinsip dasar dari Hemodialisis adalah dengan membersihkan darah dengan menggunakan Ginjal Buatan. Sedangkan Peritoneal dialisis menggunakan Selaput rongga perut (peritoneum) sebagai saringan antara darah dan cairan Dianial. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transplantasi_organ" title="Transplantasi organ">Transplantasi</a> ginjal sekarang ini lumayan umum. Transplantasi yang berhasil pertama kali diumumkan pada <a href="/wiki/4_Maret" title="4 Maret">4 Maret</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Sakit_Peter_Bent_Brigham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Sakit Peter Bent Brigham (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Sakit Peter Bent Brigham</a> di <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>. Operasi ini dilakukan oleh Dr. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Murray">Joseph E. Murray</a>, yang pada <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> menerima <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_dalam_fisiologi_atau_kedokteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghargaan Nobel dalam fisiologi atau kedokteran">Penghargaan Nobel dalam fisiologi atau kedokteran</a>. </p><p>Transplantasi ginjal dapat dilakukan secara "cadaveric" (dari seseorang yang telah meninggal) atau dari donor yang masih hidup (biasanya anggota keluarga). Ada beberapa keuntungan untuk transplantasi dari donor yang masih hidup, termasuk kecocokan lebih bagus, donor dapat dites secara menyeluruh sebelum transplantasi dan ginjal tersebut cenderung memiliki jangka hidup yang lebih panjang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistik_transplantasi_ginjal">Statistik transplantasi ginjal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Statistik transplantasi ginjal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Statistik transplantasi ginjal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr><td><b>Negara</b></td><td><b>Transplantasi kadaverik</b></td><td><b>Transplantasi donor hidup</b></td><td><b>Transplantasi total</b></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></td><td>724</td><td>388</td><td>1,112 (tahun 2000)</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/organandtissue/facts_faqs/index.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404205622/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/organandtissue/facts_faqs/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-04-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></td><td>1,991</td><td>136</td><td>2,127 (tahun 2003)</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/images/gifs/stats/european_activity_comparison_2003.gif">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044129/http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/images/gifs/stats/european_activity_comparison_2003.gif">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-03-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></td><td>1,489</td><td>135</td><td>1,624 (tahun 2003)</td><td></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></td><td>1,991</td><td>60</td><td>2,051 (tahun 2003)</td><td></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> </td><td>1,297</td><td>439</td><td>1,736 (tahun 2003)</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/statistics/general_statistics/transplants_performed_2002_2003.jsp">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408092208/http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/statistics/general_statistics/transplants_performed_2002_2003.jsp">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-04-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></td><td>8,670</td><td>6,468</td><td>15,138 (tahun 2003)</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.optn.org/latestData/step2.asp">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204185004/http://optn.org/latestData/step2.asp">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-02-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batu_ginjal" title="Batu ginjal">Batu ginjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyakit_ATR/RTA" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyakit ATR/RTA">Penyakit ATR/RTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urologi" title="Urologi">Urologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefrologi" title="Nefrologi">Nefrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefropati" title="Nefropati">Nefropati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialisis" title="Hemodialisis">Hemodialisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dasar-dasar_urologi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dasar-dasar_urologi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">∈ <cite class="citation book">Purnomo,Basuki (2007). <i>Dasar-dasar urologi</i>. Sagung seto. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9799472008" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 979-9472-00-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dasar-dasar+urologi&rft.pub=Sagung+seto&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Purnomo%2CBasuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGinjal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121093420/http://www.dokterkamu.com/penyakit/ginjal/tanda-dan-gejala-sakit-ginjal">"Tanda-tanda Sakit Ginjal"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dokterkamu.com/penyakit/ginjal/tanda-dan-gejala-sakit-ginjal">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">Desember 03,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanda-tanda+Sakit+Ginjal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dokterkamu.com%2Fpenyakit%2Fginjal%2Ftanda-dan-gejala-sakit-ginjal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGinjal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315213850/http://nhc.batan.go.id/faq_k.php">"Kamera Gamma atau Gamma Camera"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhc.batan.go.id/faq_k.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamera+Gamma+atau+Gamma+Camera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhc.batan.go.id%2Ffaq_k.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGinjal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201908/http://www.rshs.or.id/fasilitas/alat-alat-canggih/">"Alat-alat Canggih"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rshs.or.id/fasilitas/alat-alat-canggih/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alat-alat+Canggih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rshs.or.id%2Ffasilitas%2Falat-alat-canggih%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AGinjal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Media tentang <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidneys" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kidneys">Kidneys</a> di Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/276/1/C102">Thyroid hormone stimulates the renal Na/H exchanger NHE3 by transcriptional activation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220183546/http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/276/1/C102">Diarsipkan</a> 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>151 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Bagian baru</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5765f479f9-dsszm","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.263","walltime":"0.368","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1452,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32062,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1411,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":16645,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 300.246 1 -total"," 36.65% 110.049 1 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