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آمفتامین استخلافی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
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title="مشاهدهٔ صفحهٔ اصلی [z]" accesskey="z"><span>صفحهٔ اصلی</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یافتن اطلاعات پس‌زمینه پیرامون رویدادهای کنونی"><span>رویدادهای کنونی</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%94_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%DB%8C" title="آوردن یک صفحهٔ تصادفی [x]" accesskey="x"><span>مقالهٔ تصادفی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-collaboration" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-collaboration" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> همکاری </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فهرستی از تغییرات اخیر ویکی 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src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fa.svg" style="width: 6em; height: 2em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="دانشنامهٔ آزاد" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fa.svg" width="72" height="18" style="width: 4.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="جستجو در ویکی‌پدیا [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>جستجو</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C&returnto=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="از شما دعوت می‌شود که یک حساب ایجاد کنید و وارد شوید؛ هرچند که این کار اختیاری است." class=""><span>ایجاد حساب</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87&returnto=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="توصیه می‌شود که به سامانه وارد شوید، گرچه اجباری نیست [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ورود</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fa.wikipedia.org&uselang=fa"><span>کمک مالی</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C&returnto=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="از شما دعوت می‌شود که یک حساب ایجاد کنید و وارد شوید؛ هرچند که این کار اختیاری است."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ایجاد حساب</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87&returnto=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="توصیه می‌شود که به سامانه وارد شوید، گرچه اجباری نیست [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ورود</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> صفحه‌هایی برای ویرایشگرانی که از سامانه خارج شدند <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%87" aria-label="دربارهٔ ویرایش‌کردن بیشتر بدانید"><span>بیشتر بدانید</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86" title="فهرست ویرایش‌ها انجام شده از این نشانی آی‌پی [y]" accesskey="y"><span>مشارکت‌ها</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%86" title="بحث پیرامون ویرایش‌های این نشانی آی‌پی [n]" accesskey="n"><span>بحث</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وبگاه"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="فهرست" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">فهرست</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">انتقال به نوار کناری</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">نهفتن</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">بخش آغازین</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-فهرست_برخی_از_آمفتامین‌های_استخلافی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فهرست_برخی_از_آمفتامین‌های_استخلافی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>فهرست برخی از آمفتامین‌های استخلافی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فهرست_برخی_از_آمفتامین‌های_استخلافی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-منابع" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#منابع"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>منابع</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-منابع-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-کتابشناسی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کتابشناسی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>کتابشناسی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کتابشناسی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-پیوند_به_بیرون" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#پیوند_به_بیرون"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>پیوند به بیرون</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-پیوند_به_بیرون-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فهرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="تغییر وضعیت فهرست محتویات" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">تغییر وضعیت فهرست محتویات</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">آمفتامین استخلافی</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="به مقاله‌ای به یک زبان دیگر بروید. به ۱۶ زبان در دسترس است." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۶ زبان</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أمفيتامينات–عربی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمفيتامينات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituerede_amfetaminer" title="Substituerede amfetaminer–دانمارکی" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Substituerede amfetaminer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="دانمارکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine–انگلیسی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Substituted amphetamine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگلیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfetaminoj" title="Amfetaminoj–اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amfetaminoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfetamiinit" title="Amfetamiinit–فنلاندی" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amfetamiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنلاندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amph%C3%A9tamine_(classe)" title="Amphétamine (classe)–فرانسوی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amphétamine (classe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfetamini" title="Amfetamini–کروات" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amfetamini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروات" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಫಿಟಮೀನ್–کانارا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಫಿಟಮೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کانارا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%ED%99%98_%EC%95%94%ED%8E%98%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC" title="치환 암페타민–کره‌ای" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치환 암페타민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کره‌ای" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfetaminai" title="Amfetaminai–لیتوانیایی" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amfetaminai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="لیتوانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfetam%C4%ABni" title="Amfetamīni–لتونیایی" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amfetamīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لتونیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Амфетамини–مقدونی" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амфетамини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدونی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfetamina_substitu%C3%ADda" title="Anfetamina substituída–پرتغالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anfetamina substituída" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پرتغالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالهٔ خوب"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Амфетамины–روسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амфетамины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supstituisani_amfetamin" title="Supstituisani amfetamin–صربی" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Supstituisani amfetamin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="صربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamin_thay_th%E1%BA%BF" title="Amphetamin thay thế–ویتنامی" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amphetamin thay thế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ویتنامی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2445303#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ویرایش پیوندهای بین‌زبانی" class="wbc-editpage">ویرایش پیوندها</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="فضاهای نام"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="دیدن صفحهٔ محتویات [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مقاله</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB:%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="گفتگو پیرامون محتوای صفحه (صفحه وجود ندارد) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>بحث</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="تغییر گونهٔ زبان" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">فارسی</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="بازدیدها"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C"><span>خواندن</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ابزارهای صفحه"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ظاهر"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ظاهر</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">انتقال به نوار کناری</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">نهفتن</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="fa" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35359648">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">آمفتامین استخلافی</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کلاس دارویی">کلاس دارویی</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Racemic_amphetamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Racemic amphetamine skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Racemic_amphetamine.svg/280px-Racemic_amphetamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Racemic_amphetamine.svg/420px-Racemic_amphetamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Racemic_amphetamine.svg/560px-Racemic_amphetamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="94" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ساختار <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمفتامین">آمفتامین</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">شناسه‌های دسته‌بندی</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="طبقه‌بندی مواد شیمیایی">طبقه‌بندی شیمیایی</a></th><td class="infobox-data">مشتقات استخلافی آمفتامین</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2445303" class="extiw" title="d:Q2445303">در ویکی‌داده</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox"> <caption><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="دست‌سانی (شیمی)">ایزومرهای نوری</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمفتامین">آمفتامین</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:L-amphetamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/L-amphetamine.svg/100px-L-amphetamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/L-amphetamine.svg/150px-L-amphetamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/L-amphetamine.svg/200px-L-amphetamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:D-amphetamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/D-amphetamine.svg/100px-D-amphetamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/D-amphetamine.svg/150px-D-amphetamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/D-amphetamine.svg/200px-D-amphetamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="54" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/100px-L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/150px-L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/200px-L-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/100px-D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/150px-D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png/200px-D-amphetamine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="746" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لووآمفتامین">ال-آمفتامین</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="دگزامفتامین">دی-آمفتامین</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>آمفتامین‌های استخلافی</b> دسته ای از <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="طبقه‌بندی مواد شیمیایی">ترکیبات شیمیایی</a> هستند که ساختار هسته اصلی آن بر اساس ساختار <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمفتامین">آمفتامین</a> بنا شده‌است.<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> این ترکیبات شامل تمام ترکیبات <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="مشتق (شیمی)">مشتق</a> شده از آمفتامین به وسیله جابجایی یا <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="واکنش جانشینی">جانشینی</a> یک یا چند اتم <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="اتم هیدروژن">هیدروژن</a> در ساختار هسته آمفتامین با یک <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81" title="استخلاف">استخلاف</a> است<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81" title="استخلاف">.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_18557202_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_18557202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ترکیبات موجود در این دسته انواع مختلفی از زیردسته‌های دارویی را شامل می‌شوند، از جمله <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="محرک (دارو)">محرک‌ها</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empathogen–entactogen (صفحه وجود ندارد)">empathogenها</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="توهم‌زا">توهم‌زاها</a> و غیره.<sup id="cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> نمونه‌های آمفتامین استخلافی عبارت است از: آمفتامین (ترکیب هسته سازنده)،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مت‌آمفتامین">مت‌آمفتامین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="افدرین">افدرین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاتینون">کاتینون</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فنترمین (صفحه وجود ندارد)">فنترمین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مفنترمین">مفنترمین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوپروپیون">بوپروپیون</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="متوکسی فنامین">متوکسی فنامین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سلژیلین">سلژیلین</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمفپرامون">آمفپرامون</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پیرووالرون (صفحه وجود ندارد)">پیرووالرون</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اکستازی">MDMA</a> (اکستازی) و <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوام (روانگردان)">DOM</a> (STP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فهرست_برخی_از_آمفتامین‌های_استخلافی"><span id=".D9.81.D9.87.D8.B1.D8.B3.D8.AA_.D8.A8.D8.B1.D8.AE.DB.8C_.D8.A7.D8.B2_.D8.A2.D9.85.D9.81.D8.AA.D8.A7.D9.85.DB.8C.D9.86.E2.80.8C.D9.87.D8.A7.DB.8C_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.81.DB.8C"></span>فهرست برخی از آمفتامین‌های استخلافی</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="ویرایش بخش: فهرست برخی از آمفتامین‌های استخلافی"><span>ویرایش</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>نام ژنریک یا غیررسمی </th> <th>نام شیمیایی </th> <th># تعداد استخلاف‌ها </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمفتامین">آمفتامین</a></td> <td>α-Methyl-phenethylamine</td> <td>۰ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مت‌آمفتامین">مت‌آمفتامین</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Methylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etilamfetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etilamfetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Ethylamphetamine</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروپیل آمفتامین">پروپیل آمفتامین</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Propylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isopropylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isopropylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Isopropylamphetamine</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-<i>iso</i>-Propylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phentermine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phentermine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Phentermine</a></td> <td>α-Methylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فنیل پروپانول آمین">فنیل پروپانول آمین</a> (PPA)</td> <td>β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="کاتین (شیمی)">کاتین (شیمی)</a></td> <td>β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاتینون">کاتینون</a></td> <td>β-Ketoamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اورتتامین">اورتتامین</a></td> <td>2-Methylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Fluoroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">2-Fluoroamphetamine</a> (2-FA)</td> <td>2-Fluoroamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">3-Methylamphetamine</a> (3-MA)</td> <td>3-Methylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane (صفحه وجود ندارد)">2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</a></td> <td>2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Fluoroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Fluoroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">3-Fluoroamphetamine</a> (3-FA)</td> <td>3-Fluoroamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نورفن‌فلورآمین">نورفن‌فلورآمین</a></td> <td>3-Trifluoromethylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Methylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Methylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">4-Methylamphetamine</a> (4-MA)</td> <td>4-Methylamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Methoxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Methoxyamphetamine</a> (PMA)</td> <td>4-Methoxyamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Ethoxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Ethoxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Ethoxyamphetamine</a></td> <td>4-Ethoxyamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Methylthioamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">4-Methylthioamphetamine</a> (4-MTA)</td> <td>4-Methylthioamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="نورفولدرین">نورفولدرین</a> (α-Me-TRA)</td> <td>4-Hydroxyamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Bromoamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Bromoamphetamine</a> (PBA, 4-BA)</td> <td>4-Bromoamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Chloroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Chloroamphetamine</a> (PCA, 4-CA)</td> <td>4-Chloroamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Fluoroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Fluoroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Fluoroamphetamine</a> (PFA, 4-FA, 4-FMP)</td> <td>4-Fluoroamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Iodoamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Iodoamphetamine</a> (PIA, 4-IA)</td> <td>4-Iodoamphetamine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clobenzorex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clobenzorex (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Clobenzorex</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine</td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethylamphetamine</a></td> <td><i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Benzphetamine</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Benzyl-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-Deprenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-Deprenyl (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><small>D</small>-Deprenyl</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N</i>-propargylamphetamine, (<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سلژیلین">سلژیلین</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N</i>-propargylamphetamine, (<i>R</i>)-</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مفنترمین">مفنترمین</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-Methyl-α-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenpentermine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenpentermine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Phenpentermine</a></td> <td>α,β-Dimethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="افدرین">افدرین</a></td> <td>β-Hydroxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine, (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سودوافدرین">سودوافدرین</a> (PSE)</td> <td>β-Hydroxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine, (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methcathinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methcathinone (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Methcathinone</a></td> <td>β-Keto-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethcathinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethcathinone (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Ethcathinone</a></td> <td>β-Keto-<i>N</i>-ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلورترمین">کلورترمین</a></td> <td>2-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxymethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxymethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Methoxymethylamphetamine</a> (MMA)</td> <td>3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فنفلورامین">فنفلورامین</a></td> <td>3-Trifluoromethyl-<i>N</i>-ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexfenfluramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexfenfluramine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dexfenfluramine</a></td> <td>3-Trifluoromethyl-<i>N</i>-ethylamphetamine, (<i>S</i>)-</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Methylmethamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">4-Methylmethamphetamine</a> (4-MMA)</td> <td>4-Methyl-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-methoxymethamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-methoxymethamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Methoxymethamphetamine</a> (PMMA)</td> <td>4-Methoxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Methoxyethylamphetamine</a> (PMEA)</td> <td>4-Methoxy-<i>N</i>-ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فولدرین">فولدرین</a></td> <td>4-Hydroxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorphentermine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorphentermine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Chlorphentermine</a></td> <td>4-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Fluoromethamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Fluoromethamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)"><i>para</i>-Fluoromethamphetamine</a> (PFMA, 4-FMA)</td> <td>4-Fluoro-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زیلوپروپامین">زیلوپروپامین</a></td> <td>3,4-Dimethylamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Methyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Methyldopamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">α-Methyldopamine</a> (α-Me-DA)</td> <td>3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine</a> (MDA)</td> <td>3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxyamphetamine</a> (DMA)</td> <td>X,X-Dimethoxyamphetamine</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-APB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-APB (صفحه وجود ندارد)">6-APB</a></td> <td>6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran</td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوربادرین">کوربادرین</a> (α-Me-NE)</td> <td>β,3,4-Trihydroxyamphetamine, (<i>R</i>)-</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxilofrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxilofrine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Oxilofrine</a></td> <td>β,4-Dihydroxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="الف (روانگردان)">Aleph</a></td> <td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylthioamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوبی (روانگردان)">دی‌اوبی (روانگردان)</a> (DOB)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxychloroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxychloroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxychloroamphetamine</a> (DOC)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوئی‌اف (روانگردان)">دی‌اوئی‌اف (روانگردان)</a> (DOEF)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxyethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxyethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxyethylamphetamine</a> (DOET)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxyfluoroamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxyfluoroamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxyfluoroamphetamine</a> (DOF)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A2%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوآی (روانگردان)">دی‌اوآی (روانگردان)</a> (DOI)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوام (روانگردان)">دی‌اوام (روانگردان)</a> (DOM)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="دی‌اوان (روانگردان)">دی‌اوان (روانگردان)</a> (DON)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxypropylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxypropylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxypropylamphetamine</a> (DOPR)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethoxytrifluoromethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethoxytrifluoromethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Dimethoxytrifluoromethylamphetamine</a> (DOTFM)</td> <td>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اکستازی">اکستازی</a>)</td> <td>3,4-Methylenedioxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine</a> (MDEA)</td> <td>3,4-Methylenedioxy-<i>N</i>-ethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine</a> (MDOH)</td> <td>3,4-Methylenedioxy-<i>N</i>-hydroxyamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methyl-MDA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methyl-MDA (صفحه وجود ندارد)">2-Methyl-MDA</a></td> <td>3,4-Methylenedioxy-2-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methyl-MDA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methyl-MDA (صفحه وجود ندارد)">5-Methyl-MDA</a></td> <td>4,5-Methylenedioxy-3-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA)</td> <td>3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimethoxyamphetamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimethoxyamphetamine (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Trimethoxyamphetamine</a> (TMA)</td> <td>X,X,X-Trimethoxyamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dimethylcathinone</td> <td>β-Keto-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diethylcathinone</td> <td>β-Keto-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوپروپیون">بوپروپیون</a></td> <td>β-Keto-3-chloro-<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-butylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="مفدرون">مفدرون</a> (4-MMC)</td> <td>β-Keto-4-methyl-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methedrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methedrone (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Methedrone</a> (PMMC)</td> <td>β-Keto-4-methoxy-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brephedrone (4-BMC)</td> <td>β-Keto-4-bromo-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flephedrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flephedrone (صفحه وجود ندارد)">Flephedrone</a> (4-FMC)</td> <td>β-Keto-4-fluoro-<i>N</i>-methylamphetamine</td> <td>۳ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="منابع"><span id=".D9.85.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.A8.D8.B9"></span>منابع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="ویرایش بخش: منابع"><span>ویرایش</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r37199623">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine2_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r39868036">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine3_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines2_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon_RA2013" class="citation book cs1">Glennon RA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&q=substituted%20derivatives%20substituents%20amphetamine%20substitution&pg=PA646">"Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents"</a>. In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). <i>Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry</i> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/9781609133450" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/9781609133450"><bdi>9781609133450</bdi></a>. <q>The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenylisopropylamine+stimulants%3A+amphetamine-related+agents&rft.btitle=Foye%27s+principles+of+medicinal+chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+USA&rft.pages=646-648&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781609133450&rft.au=Glennon+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSd6ot9ul-bUC%26q%3Dsubstituted%2520derivatives%2520substituents%2520amphetamine%2520substitution%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid_18557202-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid_18557202_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFLillsundeKorte1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_1991-03_49_2/page/205">"Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives"</a>. <i>Forensic Sci. Int</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 205–213. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0379-0738%2891%2990081-s">10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1855720">1855720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Sci.+Int.&rft.atitle=Determination+of+ring-+and+N-substituted+amphetamines+as+heptafluorobutyryl+derivatives&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-213&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0379-0738%2891%2990081-s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1855720&rft.aulast=Lillsunde&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Korte%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_forensic-science-international_1991-03_49_2%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFCustodioBotanasYoonPeña2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Custodio, Raly James Perez; Botanas, Chrislean Jun; Yoon, Seong Shoon; Peña, June Bryan de la; Peña, Irene Joy dela; Kim, Mikyung; Woo, Taeseon; Seo, Joung-Wook; Jang, Choon-Gon; Kwon, Yong Ho; Kim, Nam Yong (2017-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685426">"Evaluation of the Abuse Potential of Novel Amphetamine Derivatives with Modifications on the Amine (NBNA) and Phenyl (EDA, PMEA, 2-APN) Sites"</a>. <i>Biomolecules & Therapeutics</i> (به انگلیسی). <b>25</b> (6): 578–585. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2017.141">10.4062/biomolther.2017.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی پیایند">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2005-4483">2005-4483</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پاب‌مد سنترال">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685426">5685426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29081089">29081089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomolecules+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Abuse+Potential+of+Novel+Amphetamine+Derivatives+with+Modifications+on+the+Amine+%28NBNA%29+and+Phenyl+%28EDA%2C+PMEA%2C+2-APN%29+Sites&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=578-585&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5685426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2005-4483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29081089&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2017.141&rft.aulast=Custodio&rft.aufirst=Raly+James+Perez&rft.au=Botanas%2C+Chrislean+Jun&rft.au=Yoon%2C+Seong+Shoon&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+June+Bryan+de+la&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Irene+Joy+dela&rft.au=Kim%2C+Mikyung&rft.au=Woo%2C+Taeseon&rft.au=Seo%2C+Joung-Wook&rft.au=Jang%2C+Choon-Gon&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Yong+Ho&rft.au=Kim%2C+Nam+Yong&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5685426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines3_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon_RA2013" class="citation book cs1">Glennon RA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&q=substituted%20derivatives%20substituents%20amphetamine%20substitution&pg=PA646">"Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents"</a>. In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). <i>Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry</i> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/9781609133450" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/9781609133450"><bdi>9781609133450</bdi></a>. <q>The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenylisopropylamine+stimulants%3A+amphetamine-related+agents&rft.btitle=Foye%27s+principles+of+medicinal+chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+USA&rft.pages=646-648&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781609133450&rft.au=Glennon+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSd6ot9ul-bUC%26q%3Dsubstituted%2520derivatives%2520substituents%2520amphetamine%2520substitution%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine4_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines4_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon_RA2013" class="citation book cs1">Glennon RA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&q=substituted%20derivatives%20substituents%20amphetamine%20substitution&pg=PA646">"Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents"</a>. In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). <i>Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry</i> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/9781609133450" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/9781609133450"><bdi>9781609133450</bdi></a>. <q>The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenylisopropylamine+stimulants%3A+amphetamine-related+agents&rft.btitle=Foye%27s+principles+of+medicinal+chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+USA&rft.pages=646-648&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781609133450&rft.au=Glennon+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSd6ot9ul-bUC%26q%3Dsubstituted%2520derivatives%2520substituents%2520amphetamine%2520substitution%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine6_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine7_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine8_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine9_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine5_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine10_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine11-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine11_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine12_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine13_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine14-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine14_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFHagelKrizevskiMarsolaisLewinsohn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". <i>Trends Plant Sci</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شناساگر اشیاء دیجیتال">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-ephedrine and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (<i>S</i>)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (<i>R</i>)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (<i>S</i>)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...<br />[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Plant+Sci.&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+amphetamine+analogs+in+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22502775&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Krizevski%2C+R&rft.au=Marsolais%2C+F&rft.au=Lewinsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Facchini%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="کتابشناسی"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.A8.D8.B4.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B3.DB.8C"></span>کتابشناسی</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="ویرایش بخش: کتابشناسی"><span>ویرایش</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32987365">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGhodse,_Hamid2002" class="citation book cs1">Ghodse, Hamid (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WF79shLxB4C&pg=PP1"><i>Drugs and Addictive Behaviour. A Guide to Treatment. 3rd Edition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-511-05844-8" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-0-511-05844-8"><bdi>978-0-511-05844-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Addictive+Behaviour.+A+Guide+to+Treatment.+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-511-05844-8&rft.au=Ghodse%2C+Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WF79shLxB4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon,_Richard_A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Glennon, Richard A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&pg=PA181">"Neurobiology of Hallucinogens"</a>. <i>The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment</i>. American Psychiatric Publishing. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-1-58562-276-4" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-1-58562-276-4"><bdi>978-1-58562-276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurobiology+of+Hallucinogens&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+textbook+of+substance+abuse+treatment&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-276-4&rft.au=Glennon%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wdJgejlQzYC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank,_Lewis_R.Flomenbaum,_Neal2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldfrank, Lewis R. & Flomenbaum, Neal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PP1"><i>Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th Edition</i></a>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-07-147914-1" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-0-07-147914-1"><bdi>978-0-07-147914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goldfrank%27s+Toxicologic+Emergencies%2C+8th+Edition&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147914-1&rft.au=Goldfrank%2C+Lewis+R.&rft.au=Flomenbaum%2C+Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvJuLqBxGUcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFKatzung,_Bertram_G.2009" class="citation book cs1">Katzung, Bertram G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srRLpM5miGYC&pg=PP1"><i>Basic & clinical pharmacology. 11th edition</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-07-160405-5" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-0-07-160405-5"><bdi>978-0-07-160405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+%26+clinical+pharmacology.+11th+edition&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-160405-5&rft.au=Katzung%2C+Bertram+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrRLpM5miGYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="Fix-tag"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ویکی‌پدیا:پیوندهای مرده">پیوند مرده</a></i>]</span></sup></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFLedgard,_Jared2007" class="citation book cs1">Ledgard, Jared (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laboratoryhistor01ledg"><i>A Laboratory History of Narcotics. Volume 1. Amphetamines and Derivatives</i></a>. Jared Ledgard. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laboratoryhistor01ledg/page/n268">268</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-615-15694-1" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-0-615-15694-1"><bdi>978-0-615-15694-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Laboratory+History+of+Narcotics.+Volume+1.+Amphetamines+and+Derivatives&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Jared+Ledgard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-615-15694-1&rft.au=Ledgard%2C+Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaboratoryhistor01ledg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFSchatzberg,_Alan_F.Nemeroff,_Charles_B.2009" class="citation book cs1">Schatzberg, Alan F. & Nemeroff, Charles B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx7iNGdV25IC&pg=PP1"><i>The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology</i></a>. The American Psychiatric Publishing. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-1-58562-309-9" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-1-58562-309-9"><bdi>978-1-58562-309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Psychopharmacology&rft.pub=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-309-9&rft.au=Schatzberg%2C+Alan+F.&rft.au=Nemeroff%2C+Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx7iNGdV25IC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFSnow,_Otto2002" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Otto (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amphetaminesynth0000snow"><i>Amphetamine syntheses</i></a>. Thoth Press. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-9663128-3-6" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-0-9663128-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9663128-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amphetamine+syntheses&rft.pub=Thoth+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9663128-3-6&rft.au=Snow%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famphetaminesynth0000snow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r39868036"><cite id="CITEREFVeselovskayaKovalenko2000" class="citation book cs1">Veselovskaya NV, Kovalenko AE (2000). <i>Drugs. Properties, effects, pharmacokinetics, metabolism</i>. MA: Triada-X. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شماره استاندارد بین‌المللی کتاب">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-5-94497-029-9" title="ویژه:منابع کتاب/978-5-94497-029-9"><bdi>978-5-94497-029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs.+Properties%2C+effects%2C+pharmacokinetics%2C+metabolism&rft.place=MA&rft.pub=Triada-X&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-94497-029-9&rft.aulast=Veselovskaya&rft.aufirst=NV&rft.au=Kovalenko%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffa.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="پیوند_به_بیرون"><span id=".D9.BE.DB.8C.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF_.D8.A8.D9.87_.D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86"></span>پیوند به بیرون</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="ویرایش بخش: پیوند به بیرون"><span>ویرایش</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> پرونده‌های رسانه‌ای مربوط به <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Substituted_amphetamines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Substituted amphetamines">Substituted amphetamines</a> در ویکی‌انبار </li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐745f94f9f8‐xvgwx Cached time: 20241120092356 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.669 seconds Real time usage: 0.853 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2106/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 110424/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2507/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 28/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 100882/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.489/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4968598/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 788.586 1 -total 63.24% 498.700 1 الگو:پانویس 51.41% 405.398 15 الگو:Cite_journal 15.60% 122.994 11 الگو:Cite_book 10.79% 85.089 1 الگو:پیوند_مرده 10.56% 83.242 1 الگو:Fix 10.13% 79.902 2 الگو:گرداننده_رده 8.41% 66.289 1 الگو:Infobox_drug_class 7.52% 59.278 1 الگو:Infobox 7.03% 55.456 1 الگو:Nocat --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key fawiki:pcache:idhash:5554240-0!canonical and timestamp 20241120092356 and revision id 38854744. 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