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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_in_civil_rights_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_civil_rights_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Participation in civil rights movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_civil_rights_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 The Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 International affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 By state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_Jewish_population_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_Jewish_population_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Significant Jewish population centers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_Jewish_population_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_Jewish_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_Jewish_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Distribution of Jewish Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_Jewish_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_population_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_population_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Assimilation and population changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_population_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews_by_race,_ancestry,_or_national_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_by_race,_ancestry,_or_national_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Jews by race, ancestry, or national origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_by_race,_ancestry,_or_national_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_American_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_American_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.1 Asian American Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_American_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_of_European_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_of_European_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.2 Jews of European descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_of_European_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.3 Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.4 African American Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.5 Hispanic and Latin American Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_divided_by_cultural_or_Jewish_ethnic_division_groupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_divided_by_cultural_or_Jewish_ethnic_division_groupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Jews divided by cultural or Jewish ethnic division groupings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_divided_by_cultural_or_Jewish_ethnic_division_groupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashkenazi_Jews_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazi_Jews_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.1 Ashkenazi Jews in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazi_Jews_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardi_Jews_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardi_Jews_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.2 Sephardi Jews in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardi_Jews_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mizrahi_Jews_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mizrahi_Jews_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.3 Mizrahi Jews in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mizrahi_Jews_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Jews_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Jews_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.4 Ethiopian Jews in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Jews_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Socioeconomics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Jews_at_American_higher_education_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Jews_at_American_higher_education_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 American Jews at American higher education institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Jews_at_American_higher_education_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observances_and_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observances_and_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Observances and engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observances_and_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religious beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contemporary politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Domestic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_American_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_American_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Jewish American culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jewish_American_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Jewish American culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_American_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_American_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_American_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Jewish American literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_American_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Government and military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 American folk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Finance and law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Federal Reserve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science,_business,_and_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science,_business,_and_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Science, business, and academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science,_business,_and_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 General works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Historical topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Other topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">American Jews</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يهود أمريكيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود أمريكيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آمریکا یهودی‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا یهودی‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus_estatunidencs" title="Jueus estatunidencs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus estatunidencs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9_ve_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1tech_americk%C3%BDch" title="Židé ve Spojených státech amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé ve Spojených státech amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanwyr_Iddewig" title="Americanwyr Iddewig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Americanwyr Iddewig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juden_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Juden in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juden in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_estadounidenses" title="Judíos estadounidenses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos estadounidenses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_komunumo_de_Usono" title="Juda komunumo de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juda komunumo de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="یهودیان آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="미국 유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi_Amerika" title="Orang Yahudi Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yahudi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_statunitensi" title="Ebrei statunitensi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei statunitensi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יהדות ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American nationals and citizens who are Jewish</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Jews</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg/220px-Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg/330px-Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg/440px-Percent_of_population_Jewish_by_US_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">7,100,000–7,700,000<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Jews-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">New York metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Philadelphia" title="History of the Jews in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area">Baltimore–Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Boston Area">Greater Boston Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chicago" title="History of the Jews in Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Francisco" title="History of the Jews in San Francisco">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">Atlanta Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_Americans_in_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jewish Americans in St. Louis">Saint Louis Area</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,500,000<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Jews-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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language">Farsi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic language">Judeo-Arabic</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">List of Jewish languages</a></li><li>and various other <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (35% <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, 18% <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, 11% <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, 6% others) <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secular</a> (30% <a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">atheist, agnostic</a>, etc.)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> American Jews or Jewish Americans are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> citizens who are <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>, whether by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">ethnicity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to a 2020 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>, approximately two thirds of American Jews identify as <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>, 3% identify as <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>, and 1% identify as <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a>. An additional 6% identify as some combination of the three categories, and 25% do not identify as any particular category.<a href="#cite_note-pew-2020-5">[5]</a> During the colonial era, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Jews who arrived via <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> represented the bulk of America's then-small Jewish population. While their descendants are a minority nowadays, they represent the remainder of those original American Jews along with an array of other Jewish communities, including more recent <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel-Ethiopian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">various other Jewish ethnic groups</a>, as well as a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converts to Judaism</a>. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish cultural traditions</a>, encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements#Ashkenazic_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">full spectrum of Jewish religious observance</a>. Depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States has the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. As of 2020, the American Jewish population is estimated at 7.5 million people, accounting for 2.4% of the total US population. This includes 4.2 million adults who identify their religion as Jewish, 1.5 million Jewish adults who identify with no religion, and 1.8 million Jewish children.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Jews-1">[1]</a> It is estimated that up to 15 million Americans are part of the "enlarged" American Jewish population, accounting for 4.5% of the total US population, consisting of those who have <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">at least one Jewish grandparent</a> and would be eligible for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli citizenship">Israeli citizenship</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></div> Jews were present in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> since the mid-17th century.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, they were few in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-p305-9">[9]</a> Those early arrivals were mostly <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> immigrants, of Western Sephardic (also known as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jewish</a>) ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but by 1720, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a> communities in Central and Eastern Europe predominated.<a href="#cite_note-Atkin-p305-9">[9]</a> For the first time, the English <a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a> permitted Jews to become British citizens and emigrate to <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">the colonies</a>. The first famous Jew in US history was <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Salomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Salomon">Chaim Salomon</a>, a Polish-born Jew who emigrated to New York and played an important role in the American Revolution. He was a successful financier who supported the patriotic cause and helped raise most of the money needed to finance the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Despite the fact that some of them were denied the right to vote or hold office in local jurisdictions, Sephardi Jews became active in community affairs in the 1790s, after they were granted political equality in the five states where they were most numerous.<a href="#cite_note-DeCondeER&Afp-12">[12]</a> Until about 1830, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America</a>. Large-scale Jewish immigration commenced in the 19th century, when, by mid-century, many <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a> had arrived, migrating to the United States in large numbers due to antisemitic laws and restrictions in their countries of birth.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> They primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Gradually early Jewish arrivals from the east coast would travel westward, and in the fall of 1819 the first Jewish religious services west of the Appalachian Range were conducted during the <a href="/wiki/High_Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="High Holidays">High Holidays</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, the oldest Jewish community in the Midwest. Gradually the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cincinnati" title="History of the Jews in Cincinnati">Cincinnati Jewish community</a> would adopt novel practices under the leadership Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Meyer_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Meyer Wise">Isaac Meyer Wise</a>, the father of Reform Judaism in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-ISJL2006TI-14">[14]</a> such as the inclusion of women in <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-je-15">[15]</a> A large community grew in the region with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a> in the latter half of the 1800s, leading to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a>, one of the largest producers of American kosher products and now based in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the United States, and second-oldest continuous published in the world, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Israelite" title="The American Israelite">The American Israelite</a>, established in 1854 and still extant in Cincinnati.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> By 1880 there were approximately 250,000 Jews in the United States, many of them being the educated, and largely secular, German Jews, although a minority population of the older <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> families remained influential. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png/250px-Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png/375px-Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png/500px-Welcome_to_the_land_of_freedom.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> Jewish immigrants arriving in New York</figcaption></figure> Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution and economic difficulties in parts of Eastern Europe. Most of these new immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, most of whom arrived from poor diaspora communities of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. During the same period, great numbers of Ashkenazic Jews also arrived from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, at that time the most impoverished region of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> with a heavy Jewish urban population, driven out mainly by economic reasons. Many Jews also emigrated from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a>. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924 when the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> restricted immigration. Most settled in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>, establishing the world's major concentrations of the Jewish population. In 1915, the circulation of the daily <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines in Yiddish.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, these newly arrived Jews built support networks consisting of many small <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landsmanshaft" title="Landsmanshaft">Landsmanshaften</a> (German and Yiddish for "Countryman Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. American Jewish writers of the time urged <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a> and integration into the wider <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a>, and Jews quickly became part of American life. Approximately 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50) fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a>. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">intermarriage</a>. The suburbs facilitated the formation of new centers, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in Reform and, especially, Conservative congregations.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> More recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields and aspects over the years.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-the-american-article-20">[20]</a> The Jewish community in America has gone from being part of the <a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">lower class</a> of society, with numerous employments barred to them,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> to being a group with a high concentrations in members of the academia and a per capita income higher than the average in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Household income of American Jews – 2014<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>< $30,000 </th> <th>$30,000–49,999 </th> <th>$50,000–99,999 </th> <th>$100,000+ </th></tr> <tr> <td>16% </td> <td>15% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>44% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-identity">Self-identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Self-identity">edit</a>]</div> Scholars debate whether the historical experience of Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Korelitz (1996) shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a <a href="/wiki/Racial_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial identity">racial definition</a> of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah Journal">Menorah Journal</a> between 1915 and 1925. During this time contributors to the Menorah promoted a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, rather than a racial, religious, or other views of Jewishness as a means to define Jews in a world that threatened to overwhelm and absorb Jewish uniqueness. The journal represented the ideals of the menorah movement established by <a href="/wiki/Horace_M._Kallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace M. Kallen">Horace M. Kallen</a> and others to promote a revival in Jewish cultural identity and combat the idea of race as a means to define or identify peoples.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a> Siporin (1990) uses the family <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Jews">ethnic Jews</a> to their collective history and its transformation into a historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed. Many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the ethnicity more in charge of his life, and perhaps in danger of losing his Jewishness altogether. Some stories show how a family member successfully negotiated the conflict between ethnic and American identities.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After 1960, memories of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967 had major impacts on fashioning Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a>. Some have argued that the Holocaust highlighted for Jews the importance of their ethnic identity at a time when other minorities were asserting their own.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Jews_in_politics" title="American Jews in politics">American Jews in politics</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Jewish vote to the Democratic Party in Presidential elections since 1916<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Candidate of the Democratic Party </th> <th>% of Jewish vote to the Democratic Party </th> <th>Result of the Democratic Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1916 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> </td> <td align="center">55 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1920 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> </td> <td align="center">19 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1924 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> </td> <td align="center">51 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1928 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Al Smith</a> </td> <td align="center">72 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1936 </th> <td align="center">85 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1940 </th> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> </td> <td align="center">75 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td align="center">60 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> </td> <td align="center">81 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> </td> <td align="center">65 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </td> <td align="center">71 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td align="center">45 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> </td> <td align="center">67 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td align="center">78 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> </td> <td align="center">79 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> </td> <td align="center">76 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td> <td align="center">78 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td align="center">69 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> </td> <td align="center">71<a href="#cite_note-jewishvote16-33">[33]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td align="center">69<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Jewish vote to the Republican Party in Presidential elections since 1916<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Candidate of the Republican Party </th> <th>% of Jewish vote to the Republican Party </th> <th>Result of the Republican Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1916 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles E. Hughes</a> </td> <td align="center">45 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1920 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> </td> <td align="center">43 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1924 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> </td> <td align="center">27 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1928 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <td align="center">18 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1936 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> </td> <td align="center">15 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1940 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td align="center">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> </td> <td align="center">36 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td align="center">40 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td align="center">17 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td align="center">35 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> </td> <td align="center">27 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> </td> <td align="center">39 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td align="center">31 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td> <td align="center">35 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td align="center">11 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td> <td align="center">19 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td align="center">24 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> </td> <td align="center">30 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td align="center">24<a href="#cite_note-jewishvote16-33">[33]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td align="center">30<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> In New York City, while the German-Jewish community was well established 'uptown', the more numerous Jews who migrated from Eastern Europe faced tension 'downtown' with Irish and German Catholic neighbors, especially the Irish Catholics who controlled Democratic Party politics<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">at the time</a>. Jews successfully established themselves in the garment trades and in the needle unions in New York. By the 1930s they were a major political factor in New York, with strong support for the most liberal programs of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. They continued as a major element of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a>, giving special support to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. By the mid-1960s, however, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> caused a growing separation between blacks and Jews, though both groups remained solidly in the Democratic camp.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While earlier Jewish immigrants from Germany tended to be politically <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, the wave of Jews from Eastern Europe starting in the early 1880s were generally more liberal or <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> and became the political majority.<a href="#cite_note-Hasia_Diner_2004-37">[37]</a> Many came to America with experience in the socialist, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Anarchism">anarchist</a> and communist movements as well as the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labor_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labor Union">Labor Bund</a>, emanating from Eastern Europe. Many Jews rose to leadership positions in the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/American_labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American labor movement">American labor movement</a> and helped to found unions that played a major role in left-wing politics and, after 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> politics.<a href="#cite_note-Hasia_Diner_2004-37">[37]</a> Although American Jews generally leaned Republican in the second half of the 19th century, the majority has voted Democratic since at least 1916, when they voted 55% for <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> With the election of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, American Jews voted more solidly Democratic. They voted 90% for Roosevelt in the elections of 1940, and 1944, representing the highest of support, equaled only once since. In the election of 1948, Jewish support for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> dropped to 75%, with 15% supporting the new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> As a result of lobbying, and hoping to better compete for the Jewish vote, both major party platforms had included a pro-Zionist plank since 1944,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and supported the creation of a Jewish state; it had little apparent effect however, with 90% still voting other-than-Republican. In every election since, except for 1980, no Democratic presidential candidate has won with less than 67% of the Jewish vote. (In 1980, Carter obtained 45% of the Jewish vote. See below.) During the 1952 and 1956 elections, Jewish voters cast 60% or more of their votes for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">General Eisenhower</a> garnered 40% of the Jewish vote for his reelection, the best showing to date for the Republicans since <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>'s 43% in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> In 1960, 83% voted for Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, and in 1964, 90% of American Jews voted for <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, over his Republican opponent, arch-conservative <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> garnered 81% of the Jewish vote in the 1968 elections in his losing bid for president against <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a> During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, Jewish voters were apprehensive about <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> and only favored the Democrat by 65%, while Nixon more than doubled Republican Jewish support to 35%. In the election of 1976, Jewish voters supported Democrat <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> by 71% over incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s 27%, but during the Carter re-election campaign of 1980, Jewish voters greatly abandoned the Democrat, with only 45% support, while Republican winner <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> garnered 39%, and 14% went to independent (former Republican) <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John Anderson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-voting-40">[40]</a> During the Reagan re-election campaign of 1984, the Republican retained 31% of the Jewish vote, while 67% voted for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>. The 1988 election saw Jewish voters favor Democrat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> by 64%, while <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> polled a respectable 35%, but during Bush's re-election attempt in 1992, his Jewish support dropped to just 11%, with 80% voting for <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and 9% going to independent <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a>. Clinton's re-election campaign in 1996 maintained high Jewish support at 78%, with 16% supporting <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> and 3% for Perot.<a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-voting-40">[40]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> became the first American Jew to run for national office on a major-party ticket when he was chosen as Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>'s vice-presidential nominee. The elections of 2000 and 2004 saw continued Jewish support for Democrats <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, a Catholic, remain in the high- to mid-70% range, while Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s re-election in 2004 saw Jewish support rise from 19% to 24%.<a href="#cite_note-voting-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, 78% of Jews voted for <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who became the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> to be elected president.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Additionally, 83% of white Jews voted for Obama compared to just 34% of white Protestants and 47% of white Catholics, though 67% of those identifying with another religion and 71% identifying with no religion also voted Obama.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the February <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 New Hampshire Democratic Primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> became the first Jewish candidate to win a state's presidential primary election.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> For congressional and senate races, since 1968, American Jews have voted about 70–80% for Democrats;<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> this support increased to 87% for Democratic House candidates during the 2006 elections.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-David_Levy_Yulee_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">David Levy Yulee</a></figcaption></figure> The first American Jew to serve in the Senate was <a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">David Levy Yulee</a>, who was Florida's first Senator, serving 1845–1851 and again 1855–1861. There were 19 Jews among the 435 US Representatives at the start of the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a>;<a href="#cite_note-autogenerate-47">[47]</a> 26 Democrats and 1 (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a>) Republican. While many of these Members represented coastal cities and suburbs with significant Jewish populations, others did not (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Schrier" title="Kim Schrier">Kim Schrier</a> of Seattle, Washington; <a href="/wiki/John_Yarmuth" title="John Yarmuth">John Yarmuth</a> of Louisville, Kentucky; and <a href="/wiki/David_Kustoff" title="David Kustoff">David Kustoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen_(politician)" title="Steve Cohen (politician)">Steve Cohen</a> of Memphis, Tennessee). The total number of Jews serving in the House of Representatives declined from 31 in the <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adler" title="John Adler">John Adler</a> of New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Kagan">Steve Kagan</a> of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson</a> of Florida, and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Klein" title="Ron Klein">Ron Klein</a> of Florida all lost their re-election bids, <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> resigned to become the President's Chief of Staff; and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hodes" title="Paul Hodes">Paul Hodes</a> of New Hampshire did not run for re-election but instead (unsuccessfully) sought his state's open Senate seat. <a href="/wiki/David_Cicilline" title="David Cicilline">David Cicilline</a> of Rhode Island was the only Jewish American who was newly elected to the 112th Congress; he had been the Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>. The number declined when <a href="/wiki/Jane_Harman" title="Jane Harman">Jane Harman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">Anthony Weiner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabby_Giffords" title="Gabby Giffords">Gabby Giffords</a> resigned during the 112th Congress.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of January 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were five openly gay men serving in Congress, and two are Jewish: <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a> of Colorado and <a href="/wiki/David_Cicilline" title="David Cicilline">David Cicilline</a> of Rhode Island.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In November 2008, Cantor was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Party_whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Party whips of the United States House of Representatives">House Minority Whip</a>, the first Jewish Republican to be selected for the position.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2011, he became the first Jewish <a href="/wiki/House_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Majority Leader">House Majority Leader</a>. He served as Majority Leader until 2014, when he resigned shortly after his loss in the Republican primary election for his House seat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, Pew found that 70% of American Jews identified with or leaned toward the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, with just 22% identifying with or leaning toward the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th Congress</a> included 10 Jews<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> among 100 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a>: nine Democrats (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cardin">Benjamin Cardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Jon Ossoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Jacky Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Schumer">Charles Schumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, who became a Democrat to <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">run for President</a> but returned to the Senate as an Independent.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th Congress</a>, there are 28 Jewish US Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> 25 are Democrats and the other 3 are Republicans. All 10 Jewish Senators are Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Additionally, 6 members of President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s cabinet are Jewish (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">DNI</a> <a href="/wiki/Avril_Haines" title="Avril Haines">Avril Haines</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Homeland Security Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_civil_rights_movements">Participation in civil rights movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Participation in civil rights movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></div> Members of the American Jewish community have included prominent participants in <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> movements. In the mid-20th century, there were American Jews who were among the most active participants in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> movements. A number of American Jews have also been active figures in the struggle for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Prinz" title="Joachim Prinz">Joachim Prinz</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a>, stated the following when he spoke from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial during the famous <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> on August 28, 1963: "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience—one of the spirit and one of our history. ... From our Jewish historic experience of three and a half thousand years we say: Our ancient history began with <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and the yearning for freedom. During the Middle Ages my people lived for a thousand years in the ghettos of Europe. ... It is for these reasons that it is not merely sympathy and compassion for the black people of America that motivates us. It is, above all and beyond all such sympathies and emotions, a sense of complete identification and solidarity born of our own painful historic experience."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period, the American Jewish community was bitterly and deeply divided and as a result, it was unable to form a united front. Most Jews who had previously emigrated to the United States from Eastern Europe supported <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, because they believed that a return to their ancestral homeland was the only solution to the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">genocide</a> which were then occurring across Europe. One important development was the sudden conversion of many American Jewish leaders to Zionism late in the war.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> was largely ignored by American media as it was happening. Reporters and editors largely did not believe the stories of atrocities which were coming out of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> had a profound impact on the Jewish community in the United States, especially after 1960 as Holocaust education improved, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened during it, and especially as they tried to commemorate it and grapple with it when they looked to the future. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a> summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray [of] God's radiance in the jungles of history."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affairs">International affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home,_14_April_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_and_Bernard_Baruch_talk_in_car_in_front_of_Baruch%27s_home%2C_14_April_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baruch" title="Bernard Baruch">Bernard Baruch</a> converse in the back seat of a car in front of Baruch's home.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> became a well-organized movement in the U.S. with the involvement of leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> and the promise of a reconstituted homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Jewish Americans organized large-scale boycotts of German merchandise during the 1930s to protest <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s leftist domestic policies received strong Jewish support in the 1930s and 1940s, as did his anti-Nazi foreign policy and his promotion of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Support for political Zionism in this period, although growing in influence, remained a distinctly minority opinion among Jews in the United States until about 1944–45, when the early rumors and reports of the systematic mass murder of the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Nazi-occupied_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-occupied countries">Nazi-occupied countries</a> became publicly known with the liberation of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. The founding of the modern State of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948 and recognition thereof by the American government (following objections by American isolationists) was an indication of both its intrinsic support and its response to learning the horrors of the Holocaust. This attention was based on a natural affinity toward and support for Israel in the Jewish community. The attention is also because of the ensuing and unresolved conflicts regarding the founding of Israel and the role for the Zionist movement going forward. A lively internal debate commenced, following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. The American Jewish community was divided over whether or not they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Similar tensions were aroused by the 1977 election of <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a> policies, the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> and the continuing administrative governance of portions of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Disagreement over Israel's 1993 acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> caused a further split among American Jews;<a href="#cite_note-Ben-Moshe2007-64">[64]</a> this mirrored a similar split among Israelis and led to a parallel rift within the <a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">pro-Israel lobby</a>, and even ultimately to the United States for its "blind" support of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-Moshe2007-64">[64]</a> Abandoning any pretense of unity, both segments began to develop separate advocacy and lobbying organizations. The liberal supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Accord">Oslo Accord</a> worked through <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a> (APN), <a href="/wiki/Israel_Policy_Forum" title="Israel Policy Forum">Israel Policy Forum</a> (IPF) and other groups friendly to the Labour government in Israel. They tried to assure Congress that American Jewry was behind the Accord and defended the efforts of the administration to help the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> (PA), including promises of financial aid. In a battle for public opinion, IPF commissioned a number of polls showing widespread support for Oslo among the community. In opposition to Oslo, an alliance of conservative groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a> (ZOA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_For_a_Safe_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americans For a Safe Israel (page does not exist)">Americans For a Safe Israel</a> (AFSI), and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs">Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs</a> (JINSA) tried to counterbalance the power of the liberal Jews. On October 10, 1993, the opponents of the Palestinian-Israeli accord organized at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Leadership_Conference_for_a_Safe_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Leadership Conference for a Safe Israel (page does not exist)">American Leadership Conference for a Safe Israel</a>, where they warned that Israel was prostrating itself before "an armed thug", and predicted and that the "thirteenth of September is a date that will live in infamy". Some Zionists also criticized, often in harsh language, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, his foreign minister and chief architect of the peace accord. With the community so strongly divided, AIPAC and the Presidents Conference, which was tasked with representing the national Jewish consensus, struggled to keep the increasingly antagonistic discourse civil. Reflecting these tensions, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Abraham Foxman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> was asked by the conference to apologize for criticizing ZOA's <a href="/wiki/Morton_Klein" title="Morton Klein">Morton Klein</a>. The conference, which under its organizational guidelines was in charge of moderating communal discourse, reluctantly censured some Orthodox spokespeople for attacking <a href="/wiki/Colette_Avital" title="Colette Avital">Colette Avital</a>, the Labor-appointed Israeli <a href="/wiki/Consul_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul General">Consul General</a> in New York and an ardent supporter of that version of a peace process.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">Jews in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Jews_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/American_Jews_by_state.svg/400px-American_Jews_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/American_Jews_by_state.svg/600px-American_Jews_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/American_Jews_by_state.svg/800px-American_Jews_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Americans by state according to the American Jewish Yearbook, 2020 and the US Census Bureau</figcaption></figure> As of 2020, the American Jewish population is, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">depending on the method of identification</a>, either the largest in the world, or the second-largest in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>). Precise population figures vary depending on whether Jews are accounted for based on <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> considerations, or secular, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F#Other_non-religious_definitions" title="Who is a Jew?">ancestral identification</a> factors. There were about four million adherents of Judaism in the US as of 2001, approximately 1.4% of the US population. According to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, for the year 2023 Israel was home to 7.2 million Jews (46% of the world's Jewish population), while the United States contained 6.3 million (40.1%).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> findings, "at maximum 2.2% of the US adult population has some basis for Jewish self-identification."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 2020, the demographers <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dashefsky" title="Arnold Dashefsky">Arnold Dashefsky</a> and Ira M. Sheskin estimated in the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Yearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jewish Yearbook">American Jewish Yearbook</a> that the American Jewish population totaled 7.15 million, making up 2.17% of the country's 329.5 million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish_American_Population-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-69">[69]</a> In the same year, the American Jewish population was estimated at 7.6 million people, accounting for 2.4% of the total US population, by other organization. This includes 4.9 million adults who identify their religion as Jewish, 1.2 million Jewish adults who identify with no religion, and 1.6 million Jewish children.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The American Jewish Yearbook population survey had placed the number of American Jews at 6.4 million, or approximately 2.1% of the total population. This figure is significantly higher than the previous large scale survey estimate, conducted by the 2000–2001 National Jewish Population estimates, which estimated 5.2 million Jews. A 2007 study released by the <a href="/wiki/Steinhardt_Social_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinhardt Social Research Institute">Steinhardt Social Research Institute</a> (SSRI) at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> presents evidence to suggest that both these figures may be underestimations with a potential 7.0–7.4 million Americans of Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Those higher estimates were however arrived at by including all non-Jewish family members and household members, rather than surveyed individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Sergio_DellaPergola_2012._pp._212–283-72">[72]</a> In a 2019 study by <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Color_Initiative" title="Jews of Color Initiative">Jews of Color Initiative</a> it was found that approximately 12-15% of Jews in the United States, about 1,000,000 of 7,200,000 identify as multiracial and <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_color" title="Jews of color">Jews of color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The overall population of Americans of Jewish descent is demographically characterized by an aging population composition and low fertility rates significantly below generational replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Sergio_DellaPergola_2012._pp._212–283-72">[72]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jewish">Orthodox Jewish</a> population, concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, has fertility rates when taken alone which are significantly higher than both generational replacement and that of the average U.S. population. The <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Population_Survey" title="National Jewish Population Survey">National Jewish Population Survey</a> of 1990 asked 4.5 million adult Jews to identify their denomination. The national total showed 38% were affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform tradition</a>, 35% were <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, 6% were <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, 1% were <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionists</a>, 10% linked themselves to some other tradition, and 10% said they are "just Jewish."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2013, Pew Research's Jewish population survey found that 35% of American Jews identified as Reform, 18% as Conservative, 10% as Orthodox, 6% who identified with other sects, and 30% did not identify with a denomination.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pew's 2020 poll found that 37% affiliated with Reform Judaism, 17% with Conservative Judaism, and 9% with Orthodox Judaism. Young Jews are more likely to identify as Orthodox or as unaffiliated compared to older members of the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-pew-2020-5">[5]</a> Many Jews are concentrated in the Northeastern United States, particularly around <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Menorah" class="mw-disambig" title="Menorah">menorah</a> is lit annually at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Army Plaza, Manhattan">Grand Army Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, while the largest menorah in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> is similarly celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex County</a>. Many Jews also live in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and other large metropolitan areas, like <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. The metropolitan areas of New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami contain nearly one quarter of the world's Jews<a href="#cite_note-metroareas-80">[80]</a> and the New York City metropolitan area itself contains around a quarter of all Jews living in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_state">By state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By state">edit</a>]</div> According to a study published by demographers and sociologists Ira M. Sheskin and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dashefsky" title="Arnold Dashefsky">Arnold Dashefsky</a> in the American Jewish Yearbook, the distribution of the Jewish population in 2020 was as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Jewish_American_Population-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-69">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable 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tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="sortable mw-datatable wikitable static-row-numbers"> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header"> <th>States and territories</th> <th>American Jews (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Jewish_American_Population-68">[68]</a></th> <th>% Jewish<a href="#cite_note-81">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-69">[69]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">10,325</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,750</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">106,300</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,225</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,187,990</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">3.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">103,020</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">118,350</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">3.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,100</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">57,300</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">7.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">657,095</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">3.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)"><img alt="Georgia (U.S. state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">128,720</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">7,100</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /> <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,125</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">297,735</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">2.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">25,145</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,475</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">17,425</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">12,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">14,900</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">13,890</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">238,600</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">3.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">293,080</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">4.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">87,905</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">65,900</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,525</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">64,275</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,495</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,350</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">76,300</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">2.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">10,120</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">546,950</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">5.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">12,625</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,772,470</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">8.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">45,935</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">400</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">151,615</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,425</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">40,650</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">434,165</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">3.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,750</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">13,820</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">250</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">22,800</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">176,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,650</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,985</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">150,955</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">1.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">73,350</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,310</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">33,455</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,150</td> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">0.20% </td></tr> <tr class="static-row-header"> <th style="text-align:left"> Total</th> <th style="text-align:right">7,153,065</th> <th style="text-align:right;font-size:inherit">2.07% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_Jewish_population_centers">Significant Jewish population centers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Significant Jewish population centers">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Metropolitan areas with largest Jewish populations (2015) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Metro area </th> <th colspan="2">Number of Jews </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">WJC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-metroareas-80">[80]</a> </th> <th>(ARDA)<a href="#cite_note-asarb-82">[81]</a> </th> <th>(WJC) </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Statisticians_of_American_Religious_Bodies" title="Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies">ASARB</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City</a> </td> <td align="right">1,750,000 </td> <td align="right">2,028,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida metropolitan area">Miami</a> </td> <td align="right">535,000 </td> <td align="right">337,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Los Angeles</a> </td> <td align="right">490,000 </td> <td align="right">662,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia</a> </td> <td align="right">254,000 </td> <td align="right">285,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> </td> <td align="right">248,000 </td> <td align="right">265,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> </td> <td align="right">210,000 </td> <td align="right">218,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a> </td> <td align="right">208,000 </td> <td align="right">261,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area">Baltimore–Washington</a> </td> <td align="right">165,000 </td> <td align="right">276,445 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/220px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/330px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/440px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> is home to by far the largest Jewish American population.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>States with the highest percentage of Jews (2015)<a href="#cite_note-metroareas-80">[80]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>State </th> <th>Percent Jewish </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td align="right">8.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td align="right">5.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td align="right">4.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td align="right">4.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right">3.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td align="right">3.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td align="right">3.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td align="right">3.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td align="right">2.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td align="right">2.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right">2.29 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> is the second-largest Jewish population center in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv metropolitan area">Tel Aviv metropolitan area</a> in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-metroareas-80">[80]</a> Several other major cities have large Jewish communities, including <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Jews in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In many metropolitan areas, the majority of Jewish families live in suburban areas. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phoenix">Greater Phoenix</a> area was home to about 83,000 Jews in 2002, and has been rapidly growing.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The greatest Jewish population on a per-capita basis for incorporated areas in the US are <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryas Joel">Kiryas Joel</a> Village, New York (greater than 93% based on language spoken in home),<a href="#cite_note-MLA-85">[84]</a> City of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a> (61%),<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood Township</a>, New Jersey (59%),<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> with two of the incorporated areas, Kiryas Joel and Lakewood, having a high concentration of Haredi Jews, and one incorporated area, Beverly Hills, having a high concentration of non-Orthodox Jews. The phenomenon of Israeli migration to the US is often termed <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli American">Israeli immigrant community in America</a> is less widespread. The significant Israeli immigrant communities in the United States are in the New York City metropolitan area, Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175 <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries examined in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></li></ul> According to the 2001 undertaking<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Population_Survey" title="National Jewish Population Survey">National Jewish Population Survey</a>, 4.3 million American Jews have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_of_Jewish_Americans">Distribution of Jewish Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution of Jewish Americans">edit</a>]</div> According to the North American Jewish Data Bank<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> the 104 counties and <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent cities</a> as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit">[update]</a> with the largest Jewish communities, as a percentage of population, were: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1233514072"> <table class="mw-datatable sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header"> <th>Counties</th> <th>State</th> <th>Jews</th> <th>Pct Jewish </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>91,300</td> <td>29.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>561,000</td> <td>22.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>230,000</td> <td>17.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>208,850</td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>240,000</td> <td>15.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>136,000</td> <td>14.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>113,000</td> <td>11.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_County,_New_Jersey" title="Ocean County, New Jersey">Ocean</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>61,500</td> <td>10.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>26,100</td> <td>10.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>92,500</td> <td>10.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monmouth County, New Jersey">Monmouth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>64,000</td> <td>10.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>170,700</td> <td>9.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>7,425</td> <td>9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>63,600</td> <td>9.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>198,000</td> <td>8.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>32,300</td> <td>8.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>101</td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>65,800</td> <td>8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>64,500</td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>113,800</td> <td>7.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>60,000</td> <td>7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Illinois" title="Lake County, Illinois">Lake</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>51,300</td> <td>7.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>34,000</td> <td>7.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>128,000</td> <td>7.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>14,000</td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>47,800</td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>41,400</td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>54,000</td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>52,000</td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey" title="Camden County, New Jersey">Camden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>32,100</td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>48,800</td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>750</td> <td>6.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>17,200</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey" title="Morris County, New Jersey">Morris</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>29,700</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey" title="Somerset County, New Jersey">Somerset</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>19,000</td> <td>5.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>86,000</td> <td>5.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>70,300</td> <td>5.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>50,000</td> <td>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>518,000</td> <td>5.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ozaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Ozaukee County, Wisconsin">Ozaukee</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td>4,500</td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>47,200</td> <td>5.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td>61,200</td> <td>5.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Baltimore County, Maryland">Baltimore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>30,900</td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>49,600</td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nantucket_County,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket County, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>500</td> <td>4.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Denver_County,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver County, Colorado">Denver</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>28,700</td> <td>4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>23,100</td> <td>4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union County, New Jersey">Union</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>25,800</td> <td>4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td>28,000</td> <td>4.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>66,800</td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pitkin_County,_Colorado" title="Pitkin County, Colorado">Pitkin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>750</td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arapahoe_County,_Colorado" title="Arapahoe County, Colorado">Arapahoe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>24,600</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic County, New Jersey">Atlantic</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>11,700</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>4,000</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>106,300</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>20,900</td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>220,200</td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Boulder_County,_Colorado" title="Boulder County, Colorado">Boulder</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>12,000</td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic County, New Jersey">Passaic</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>20,000</td> <td>4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>59,100</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>12,000</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>54,000</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>3,900</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>21,000</td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada">Clark</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td>72,300</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>27,000</td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">DeKalb</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>25,000</td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>38,900</td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>4,900</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>10,000</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>4,600</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>5,200</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>40,500</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>4,300</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>750</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut" title="Hartford County, Connecticut">Hartford</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>29,600</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Georgia" title="Clay County, Georgia">Clay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>101</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>5,900</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>32,100</td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut" title="New Haven County, Connecticut">New Haven</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>27,100</td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>22,300</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington County, New Jersey">Burlington</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>12,900</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>89,000</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Sussex County, New Jersey">Sussex</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>4,300</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>15,000</td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>83,750</td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>21,400</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon" title="Multnomah County, Oregon">Multnomah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>20,000</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>25,000</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>19,000</td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida" title="Sarasota County, Florida">Sarasota</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>9,950</td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Broomfield_County,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomfield County, Colorado">Broomfield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>1,400</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia" title="Cobb County, Georgia">Cobb</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>17,300</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>8,000</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td>29,300</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>9,000</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine" title="Cumberland County, Maine">Cumberland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td>6,775</td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida" title="Seminole County, Florida">Seminole</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>10,000</td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Georgia" title="Cherokee County, Georgia">Cherokee</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>5,000</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Idaho" title="Custer County, Idaho">Custer</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /> <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td>101</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>300</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>10,600</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>6,000</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe County, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>3,300</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_and_population_changes">Assimilation and population changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assimilation and population changes">edit</a>]</div> These parallel themes have facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the American Jewish community, but also have contributed to widespread <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> More recently however, the propriety and degree of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a> has also become a significant and controversial issue within the modern American Jewish community, with both <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">political</a> and religious skeptics.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> While not all Jews disapprove of <a href="/wiki/Interreligious_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Interreligious marriage">intermarriage</a>, many members of the Jewish community have become concerned that the high rate of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">interfaith marriage</a> will result in the eventual disappearance of the American Jewish community. Intermarriage rates have risen from roughly 6% in 1950 and 25% in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> to approximately 40–50% in the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> By 2013, the intermarriage rate had risen to 71% for non-Orthodox Jews.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> This, in combination with the comparatively low birthrate in the Jewish community, has led to a 5% decline in the Jewish population of the United States in the 1990s. In addition to this, when compared with the general American population, the American Jewish community is slightly older. A third of intermarried couples provide their children with a Jewish upbringing, and doing so is more common among intermarried families raising their children in areas with high Jewish populations.<a href="#cite_note-jewglobe-97">[96]</a> The Boston area, for example, is exceptional in that an estimated 60% of children of intermarriages are being raised Jewish, meaning that intermarriage would actually be contributing to a net increase in the number of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> As well, some children raised through intermarriage <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">rediscover and embrace their Jewish roots</a> when they themselves marry and have children. In contrast to the ongoing trends of assimilation, some communities within American Jewry, such as <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>, have significantly higher birth rates and lower intermarriage rates, and are growing rapidly. The proportion of Jewish synagogue members who were Orthodox rose from 11% in 1971 to 21% in 2000, while the overall Jewish community declined in number. <a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In 2000, there were 360,000 so-called "ultra-orthodox" (<a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a>) Jews in USA (7.2%).<a href="#cite_note-manchester-100">[99]</a> The figure for 2006 is estimated at 468,000 (9.4%).<a href="#cite_note-manchester-100">[99]</a> Data from the Pew Center shows that, as of 2013, 27% of American Jews under the age of 18 live in Orthodox households, a dramatic increase from Jews aged 18 to 29, only 11% of whom are Orthodox. The UJA-Federation of New York reports that 60% of Jewish children in the New York City area live in Orthodox homes. In addition to economizing and sharing, many Haredi communities depend on government aid to support their high birth rate and large families. The Hasidic village of <a href="/wiki/New_Square,_New_York" title="New Square, New York">New Square, New York</a> receives Section 8 housing subsidies at a higher rate than the rest of the region, and half of the population in the Hasidic village of <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel,_New_York" title="Kiryas Joel, New York">Kiryas Joel, New York</a> receive food stamps, while a third receive Medicaid.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> About half of the American Jews are considered to be religious. Out of this 2,831,000 religious Jewish population, 92% are <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic white</a>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> (Most commonly from Argentina, Venezuela, or Cuba), 1% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> and 1% Other (mixed-race etc.). Almost this many non-religious Jews exist in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png/500px-Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png/750px-Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png/1000px-Jewish_Ethnic_Divisions_map.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> classifies most American Jews as <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-103">[102]</a> Jewish people are culturally diverse and may be of any race, ethnicity, or national origin. Many Jews have culturally assimilated into and are phenotypically indistinguishable from the dominant local populations of regions like <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#Europe" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#The_Caucasus_and_the_Crimea" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">the Caucasus and the Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#North_Africa" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#West_Asia" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#South,_East,_and_Central_Asia" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">South, East, and Central Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions#Americas" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Americas</a> where they have lived for many centuries.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-adherents-106">[105]</a> Most American Jews are <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> who descend from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jewish populations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and are considered white unless they are Ashkenazi Jews of color.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many American Jews identify themselves as being both Jewish and <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, while many solely identify as Jewish, resisting this identification.<a href="#cite_note-ChenJeung20122-107">[106]</a> Several commentators have observed that "many American Jews retain a feeling of ambivalence about <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whiteness</a>".<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Karen Brodkin explains this ambivalence as rooted in anxieties about the potential loss of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a>, especially outside of intellectual elites.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Similarly, Kenneth Marcus observes a number of ambivalent cultural phenomena which have also been noted by other scholars, and he concludes that "the veneer of whiteness has not established conclusively the racial construction of American Jews".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The relationship between Jewish identity and white majority identity continues to be described as "complicated" for many American Jews, particularly Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews of European descent. The issue of Jewish whiteness may be different for many Mizrahi, Sephardi, Black, Asian, and Latino Jews, many of whom may never be considered white by society.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Many American <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> view all Jews as non-white, even if they are of European descent.<a href="#cite_note-AndersenCollins20152-112">[111]</a> Some white nationalists believe that Jews can be white and a small number of white nationalists are <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Portrait of Jewish Americans found that more than 90% of Jews who responded to its survey described themselves as being <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a>, 2% described themselves as being <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a>, 3% described themselves as being <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>, and 2% described themselves as having other racial or ethnic backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jews_by_race,_ancestry,_or_national_origin">Jews by race, ancestry, or national origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jews by race, ancestry, or national origin">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Asian_American_Jews">Asian American Jews</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asian American Jews">edit</a>]</div> According to the Pew Research Center, fewer than 1% of American Jews in 2020 identified as <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>. Around 1% of religious Jews identified as Asian American.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-115">[114]</a> A small but growing community of around 350 <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian American</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Jews</a> lives in the New York City metropolitan area, in both New York state and New Jersey. Many are members of India's <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The Indian Jewish Congregation of USA, headquartered in New York City, is the center of the organized community.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jews_of_European_descent">Jews of European descent</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jews of European descent">edit</a>]</div> Jews of European descent, often referred to as white Jews, are classified as white by the US census and have generally been classified as legally white throughout American history.<a href="#cite_note-Becoming_White_Thesis-118">[117]</a> Many American Jews of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European</a> descent identify themselves as being both Jewish and <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, while others solely identify themselves as being <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> or identify as both Jewish and non-white.<a href="#cite_note-ChenJeung2012-119">[118]</a> However, Jews of European descent rarely identify as <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_color" title="Jews of color">Jews of color</a> and are rarely considered people of color in American society. According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of American Jews are non-Hispanic white Ashkenazi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-115">[114]</a> Law professor <a href="/wiki/David_Bernstein_(law_professor)" title="David Bernstein (law professor)">David Bernstein</a> has questioned the idea that American Jews were once considered non-white, writing that American Jews were "indeed considered white by law and by custom" despite the fact that they experienced "discrimination, hostility, assertions of inferiority and occasionally even violence." Bernstein notes that Jews were not targeted by laws against interracial marriage, were allowed to attend whites-only schools, and were classified as white in the Jim Crow South.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The sociologists Philip Q. Yang and Kavitha Koshy have also questioned what they call the "becoming white thesis", noting that most Jews of European descent have been legally classified as white since the first US census in <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a>, were legally white for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> that limited citizenship to "free White person(s)", and that they could find no legislative or judicial evidence that American Jews had ever been considered non-white.<a href="#cite_note-Becoming_White_Thesis-118">[117]</a> Several commentators have observed that "many American Jews retain a feeling of ambivalence about <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whiteness</a>".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Karen Brodkin explains this ambivalence as rooted in anxieties about the potential loss of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a>, especially outside of intellectual elites.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Similarly, Kenneth Marcus observes a number of ambivalent cultural phenomena which have also been noted by other scholars, and he concludes that "the veneer of whiteness has not established conclusively the racial construction of American Jews".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The relationship between American Jews and white majority identity continues to be described as "complicated".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Many American <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalists</a> view Jews as non-white.<a href="#cite_note-AndersenCollins2015-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jews_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_descent">Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent">edit</a>]</div> Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>) are classified as white by the US census. Mizrahi Jews sometimes identify as Jews of color, but often do not, and they may or may not be considered people of color by society. Syrian Jews rarely identify as Jews of color and are generally not considered Jews of color by society. Many Syrian Jews identify as white, Middle Eastern, or otherwise non-white rather than as Jews of color.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="African_American_Jews">African American Jews</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: African American Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></div> The American Jewish community includes African American Jews and other American <a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Jews who are of African descent</a>, a definition which excludes <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">North African Jewish</a> Americans, who are currently classified by the US census as being <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white</a> (although a new category was recommended by the Census Bureau for the 2020 census).<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Estimates of the number of American Jews of African descent in the United States range from 20,000<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Jews of African descent belong to all American <a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Jewish denominations</a>. Like their other Jewish counterparts, some black Jews are <a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish atheist">atheists</a>. Notable African American Jews include <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz" title="Lenny Kravitz">Lenny Kravitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Bonet" title="Lisa Bonet">Lisa Bonet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Jones" title="Rashida Jones">Rashida Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ros_Gold-Onwude" title="Ros Gold-Onwude">Ros Gold-Onwude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaphet_Kotto" title="Yaphet Kotto">Yaphet Kotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Farmar" title="Jordan Farmar">Jordan Farmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Mays" title="Taylor Mays">Taylor Mays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daveed_Diggs" title="Daveed Diggs">Daveed Diggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Garza" title="Alicia Garza">Alicia Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Haddish" title="Tiffany Haddish">Tiffany Haddish</a>, and rabbis <a href="/wiki/Capers_Funnye" title="Capers Funnye">Capers Funnye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alysa_Stanton" title="Alysa Stanton">Alysa Stanton</a>. Relations between American Jews of African descent and other Jewish Americans are generally cordial.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are, however, disagreements with a specific minority of Black Hebrew Israelites community from among African Americans who consider themselves, but not other Jews, to be the true descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. Black Hebrew Israelites are generally not considered members of the mainstream Jewish community, because they have not formally <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a>, and they are not ethnically related to other Jews. One such group, the <a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</a>, emigrated to Israel and was granted <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residency</a> status there.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Jews">Hispanic and Latin American Jews</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hispanic and Latin American Jews">edit</a>]</div> Hispanic Jews have lived in what is now the United States since colonial times. The earliest Hispanic Jewish settlers were Sephardi Jews from Spain and Portugal. Beginning in the 1500s, some of the Spanish settlers in what is now <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> were <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a>, but there was no organized Jewish presence.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Later waves of Sephardi immigration brought <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> speaking Jews from the Ottoman Empire, in what is now Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Libya, and Syria. These Spanish-speaking Sephardi Jews, as well as Sephardi Jews of European descent, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>, are sometimes considered culturally but not ethnically Hispanic. Hispanic and Latin American Jews, particularly Hispanic and Latin American Ashkenazi Jews, often identify as white rather than as Jews of color. Some Jews with roots in Latin America may not identify as "Hispanic" or "Latino" at all, usually due to their recent European immigrant origins.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-115">[114]</a> American Jews of Argentine, Brazilian, and Mexican descent are often Ashkenazi, but some are Sephardi.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jews_divided_by_cultural_or_Jewish_ethnic_division_groupings">Jews divided by cultural or Jewish ethnic division groupings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jews divided by cultural or Jewish ethnic division groupings">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ancestry </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% of US population </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-133">[132]</a> </th> <td>5,000,000–6,000,000 </td> <td>1.8–2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </th> <td>300,000 </td> <td>0.087–0.087% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a> </th> <td>250,000 </td> <td>0.072–0.072% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Italqim">Italkim</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th> <td>200,000 </td> <td>0.058–0.058% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a> </th> <td>50,000–60,000 </td> <td>0.014–0.017% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a> </th> <td>10,000–40,000 </td> <td>0.003–0.012% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Jews">Turkos</a> </th> <td>8,000 </td> <td>0.002–0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a> </th> <td>6,500 </td> <td>0.002–0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </th> <td>1,000 </td> <td>0.0003% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Total<a href="#cite_note-:2-136">[135]</a> </th> <th>5,700,000–8,000,000 </th> <th style="text-align:right">1.6–2.3% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ashkenazi_Jews_in_the_United_States">Ashkenazi Jews in the United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ashkenazi Jews in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-longman-137">[136]</a> also known as Ashkenazic Jews or, by using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> plural suffix -im, Ashkenazim<a href="#cite_note-139">[b]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora population</a> who <a href="/wiki/Coalescent_theory" title="Coalescent theory">coalesced</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> around the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium">first millennium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mosk2-140">[138]</a> The term "Ashkenazi" refers to Jewish settlers who established communities along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river in Western Germany and in Northern France dating to the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The traditional diaspora language of Ashkenazi Jews is <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> with elements of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Mosk2-140">[138]</a> developed after they had moved into northern Europe: beginning with Germany and France in the Middle Ages. For centuries they used <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> only as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">the revival of Hebrew as a common language</a> in 20th century's Israel.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> A majority of the Jewish population in the United States are Ashkenazi Jews who descend from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora Jewish populations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Most American Ashkenazi Jews are non-Hispanic whites, but a minority are Jews of color, Hispanic/Latino, or both. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sephardi_Jews_in_the_United_States">Sephardi Jews in the United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sephardi Jews in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, also known as Sephardic Jews, Sephardim,<a href="#cite_note-146">[c]</a> or Hispanic Jews by modern scholars,<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic division</a> originating from traditionally established communities in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>). The term "Sephardim" also sometimes refers to <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews (Eastern Jewish communities)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. Although most of this latter group do not have ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain#The_Sephardic_diaspora_and_the_Jewish_identity_continuity" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Jewish communities of Iberia</a>, the majority of them were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic style of liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs</a> from the influence of the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries (including from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jews_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of Jews in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a> and the teachings of many Iberian Jewish philosophers). This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition. Largely <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expelled from the Iberian Peninsula</a> in the late 15th century, they carried a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diasporic</a> identity with them to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, including modern day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">South-Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, including <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Rumania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>; as well as the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (although in smaller numbers compared to the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> diaspora); and all other places of their exiled settlement. They sometimes settled near existing Jewish communities, such as the one from former <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, or were the first in new frontiers, with their furthest reach via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> As a result of the more recent <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands">Jewish exodus from Arab lands</a>, many of the Sephardim Tehorim from Western Asia and North Africa relocated to either <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> or France, where they form a significant portion of the Jewish communities today. Other significant communities of Sephardim Tehorim also migrated in more recent times from the Near East to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Costa Rica, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Because of poverty and turmoil in Latin America, another wave of Sephardic Jews joined other Latin Americans who migrated to the United States, Canada, Spain, and other countries of Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mizrahi_Jews_in_the_United_States">Mizrahi Jews in the United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mizrahi Jews in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יהודי המִזְרָח) or Mizrahim (מִזְרָחִים), also sometimes referred to as Mizrachi (מִזְרָחִי), Edot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת-הַמִּזְרָח; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> '[Jewish] Communities of the [Middle] East') or Oriental Jews,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-150">[147]</a> are the descendants of the local Jewish communities that had existed in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Biblical times</a> into the modern era. The term Mizrahim is almost exclusively applied to descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> Jewish communities from Asia and North Africa; in this classification are <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Iranian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a>, as well as the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a> who had lived in North African countries, such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Post-1948, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jewish</a>, mostly thousands from Lebanese, Syrian and Egyptian Jewish descent, as well as some from other <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North African</a> Jewish communities migrated to the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ethiopian_Jews_in_the_United_States">Ethiopian Jews in the United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Jews in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Jews in Israel</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>, also known as Ethiopian Jews, are a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish community</a> that developed and lived for centuries in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. Most of the Beta Israel community emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto12-156">[153]</a> Since the 1990s, around 1000 Hebrew-speaking, Ethiopian Jews that had settled in Israel as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Jews in Israel</a> re-settled in the United States as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a>, with around half of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans#Ethiopian_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Jewish Israeli-American</a> community living in New York.<a href="#cite_note-Mozgovaya-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Socioeconomics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_working_class" title="Jewish-American working class">Jewish-American working class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a> plays a major role as a part of Jewish identity. As Jewish culture puts a special premium on it and stresses the importance of cultivation of intellectual pursuits, scholarship, and learning, American Jews as a group tend to be better educated and earn more than Americans as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Jewish Americans also have an average of 14.7 years of schooling making them the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-163">[160]</a> Forty-four percent (55% of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Jews">Reform Jews</a>) report family incomes of over $100,000 compared to 19% of all Americans, with the next highest group being <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> at 43%.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Centre-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> And while 27% of Americans have a four-year university or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a>, fifty-nine percent (66% of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Jews">Reform Jews</a>) of American Jews have, the second highest of any ethnic groups after <a href="/wiki/Indian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-Americans">Indian-Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Centre-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-compare-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> 75% of American Jews have achieved some form of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary education</a> if two-year vocational and community college diplomas and certificates are also included.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-163">[160]</a> 31% of American Jews hold a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate degree</a>; this figure is compared with the general American population where 11% of Americans hold a graduate degree.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Centre-164">[161]</a> White collar professional jobs have been attractive to Jews and much of the community tend to take up professional white collar careers requiring tertiary education involving formal credentials where the respectability and reputability of professional jobs is highly prized within Jewish culture. While 46% of Americans work in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">professional and managerial</a> jobs, 61% of American Jews work as professionals, many of whom are highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed in <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">management, professional, and related occupations</a> such as engineering, science, medicine, investment banking, finance, law, and academia.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Much of the Jewish American community lead middle class lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-Frum,_David-172">[169]</a> While the median household net worth of the typical American family is $99,500, among American Jews the figure is $443,000.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In addition, the median Jewish American income is estimated to be in the range of $97,000 to $98,000, nearly twice as high the American national median.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Either of these two statistics may be <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">confounded</a> by the fact that the Jewish population is on average older than other religious groups in the country, with 51% of polled adults over the age of 50 compared to 41% nationally.<a href="#cite_note-compare-166">[163]</a> Older people tend to both <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States#Income_distribution" title="Personal income in the United States">have higher income</a> and be more highly educated. By 2016, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox Jews">Modern Orthodox Jews</a> had a median household income of $158,000, while <a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodox</a> Jews had a median household income at $185,000 (compared to the American median household income of $59,000 for 2016).<a href="#cite_note-auto-176">[173]</a> As a whole, American and Canadian Jews donate more than $9 billion a year to <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a>. This reflects Jewish traditions of supporting social services as a way of living out the dictates of Jewish law. Most of the charities that benefit are not specifically Jewish organizations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> While the median income of Jewish Americans is high, some Jewish communities have high levels of poverty. In the New York area, there are approximately 560,000 Jews living in poor or near-poor households, representing about 20% of the New York metropolitan Jewish community. Jewish people affected by poverty are disproportionately likely to be children, young adults, the elderly, people with low educational attainment, part-time workers, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, immigrants without American citizenship, Holocaust survivors, Orthodox families, and single adults including single parents.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a> is a major factor in the socioeconomic status of disabled Jews. Disabled Jews are significantly more likely to be low-income compared to able-bodied Jews, while high-income Jews are significantly less likely to be disabled.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secular Jews</a>, Jews of no denomination, and people who identify as "just Jewish" are also more likely to live in poverty compared to Jews affiliated with a religious denomination.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> According to analysis by <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a>, American Jews have the highest <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">well-being</a> of any ethnic or religious group in America.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> The great majority of school-age Jewish students attend public schools, although Jewish day schools and yeshivas are to be found throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish cultural studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> instruction is also commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools. From the early 1900s until the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">quota systems</a> were imposed at elite colleges and universities particularly in the Northeast, as a response to the growing number of children of recent Jewish immigrants; these limited the number of Jewish students accepted, and greatly reduced their previous attendance. Jewish enrollment at Cornell's School of Medicine fell from 40% to 4% between the world wars, and Harvard's fell from 30% to 4%.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Before 1945, only a few Jewish professors were permitted as instructors at elite universities. In 1941, for example, antisemitism drove <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> from a non-tenured assistant professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedmans-185">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Levin" title="Harry Levin">Harry Levin</a> became the first Jewish full professor in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> English department in 1943, but the Economics department decided not to hire <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> in 1948. Harvard hired its first Jewish biochemists in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Meyerson" title="Martin Meyerson">Martin Meyerson</a> in 1965 became the first Jew to serve, albeit temporarily, as the leader of a major American <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClarkKerr_Page264-187">[184]</a> That year, Meyerson served as acting chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, but was unable to obtain a permanent appointment as a result of a combination of tactical errors on his part and antisemitism on the <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">UC Board of Regents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClarkKerr_Page264-187">[184]</a> Meyerson served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> from 1970 to 1981. By 1986, a third of the presidents of the elite undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Final_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Final clubs">final clubs</a> at Harvard were Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-Friedmans-185">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Levin" title="Rick Levin">Rick Levin</a> was president of Yale University from 1993 to 2013, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Rodin" title="Judith Rodin">Judith Rodin</a> was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2004 (and is currently president of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>), Paul Samuelson's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, was president of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 2001 until 2006, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Harold Shapiro</a> was president of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> from 1992 until 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Jews_at_American_higher_education_institutions">American Jews at American higher education institutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: American Jews at American higher education institutions">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Public universities<a href="#cite_note-Hillel's_Top_10_Jewish_Schools-188">[185]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Rank</th> <th style="width:210px;">University</th> <th style="width:50px;">Enrollment for Jewish Students (est.)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-189">[186]</a></th> <th style="width:70px;">% of Student body</th> <th style="width:70px;">Undergraduate Enrollment </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></td> <td>6,500</td> <td>19%</td> <td>34,464 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a></td> <td>6,400</td> <td>18%</td> <td>36,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a></td> <td>6,000</td> <td>11%</td> <td>55,776 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a></td> <td>5,800</td> <td>20%</td> <td>28,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>16% </td> <td>28,983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>4,200</td> <td>11% 13% </td> <td>39,184 31,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">CUNY, Brooklyn College</a> <a href="/wiki/Queens_College,_City_University_of_New_York" title="Queens College, City University of New York">Queens College</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University-University_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University-University Park">Pennsylvania State University, University Park</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>28% 25% 10% </td> <td>14,406 16,326 41,827 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a></td> <td>3,700</td> <td>27%<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a></td> <td>13,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_at_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Albany">University at Albany</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Tempe_campus" title="Arizona State University Tempe campus">Arizona State University</a> <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge" title="California State University, Northridge">California State University, Northridge</a> </td> <td>3,500</td> <td>27% 8% 9% 8% 10% </td> <td>13,139 45,813 39,090 42,477 35,552 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>Private universities <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Rank</th> <th style="width:210px;">University</th> <th style="width:55px;">Enrollment of Jewish Student (est.)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-189">[186]</a> </th> <th width="50">% of Student body</th> <th style="width:70px;">Undergraduate Enrollment </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></td> <td>6,500</td> <td>33%</td> <td>19,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a></td> <td>4,000</td> <td>20%</td> <td>15,981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td> <td>3,500</td> <td>25%</td> <td>13,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></td> <td>3,100</td> <td>22%</td> <td>14,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a></td> <td>2,800</td> <td>31% 30% 99%</td> <td>10,394 9,718 2,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></td> <td>2,500</td> <td>20%</td> <td>12,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></td> <td>2,000</td> <td>29% 30% 30% 30%</td> <td>6,819 6,510 6,715 6,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a><a href="#cite_note-hillel.org-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a><a href="#cite_note-hillel.org-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-hillel.org-191">[188]</a></td> <td>1,800</td> <td>56% 23% 29%</td> <td>3,158 7,826 6,097 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touro_Synagogue,_Newport,_RI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/220px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/330px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/440px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a> (built in 1759), in Newport, Rhode Island, has the oldest still existing synagogue building in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observances_and_engagement">Observances and engagement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Observances and engagement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States#Judaism" title="Religion in the United States">Religion in the United States § Judaism</a></div> The American Jews' majority continues to identify themselves with Judaism and its main traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer1991p86–88-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> But, already in the 1980s, 20–30 percent of members of largest Jewish communities, such as of New York City, Chicago, Miami, and others, rejected a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">denominational</a> label.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer1991p86–88-192">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/220px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/330px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/440px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hachama" title="Birkat Hachama">Birkat Hachama</a> of Conservative Jews, Encino, Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> According to the 1990 <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Population_Survey" title="National Jewish Population Survey">National Jewish Population Survey</a>, 38% of Jews were affiliated with the Reform tradition, 35% were Conservative, 6% were Orthodox, 1% were Reconstructionists, 10% linked themselves to some other tradition, and 10% said they are "just Jewish".<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang,_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_(CVN_75).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg/330px-US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg/440px-US_Navy_091211-N-6003P-067_Lt._Zac_Stang%2C_operations_administrator_and_Jewish_lay_leader_of_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>US serviceman lighting a Menorah in observance of the first day of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></figcaption></figure> Jewish religious practice in America is quite varied. Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as "strongly connected" to Judaism, over 80% report some sort of active engagement with Judaism,<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> ranging from attending at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum, to as little as attending only <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seders</a> or lighting <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> candles on the other. A 2003 <a href="/wiki/Harris_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Poll">Harris Poll</a> found that 16% of American Jews go to the synagogue at least once a month, 42% go less frequently but at least once a year, and 42% go less frequently than once a year.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2003-196">[193]</a> The survey found that of the 4.3 million strongly connected Jews, 46% belong to a synagogue. Among those households who belong to a synagogue, 38% are members of Reform synagogues, 33% Conservative, 22% Orthodox, 2% <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a>, and 5% other types. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> do not have different branches (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, etc.) but usually remain observant and religious. However, their synagogues are generally considered Orthodox or <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a> by non-Sephardic Jews. But, not all Sephardim are Orthodox; among the pioneers of Reform Judaism movement in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation <a href="/wiki/Kahal_Kadosh_Beth_Elohim" title="Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim">Beth Elohim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The survey discovered that Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> are generally more observant than Jews in the South or West. Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant. The 2008 <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a> found that around 3.4 million American Jews call themselves <a href="/wiki/Religious_Jews" title="Religious Jews">religious</a>—out of a general Jewish population of about 5.4 million. The number of Jews who identify themselves as only culturally Jewish has risen from 20% in 1990 to 37% in 2008, according to the study. In the same period, the number of all US adults who said they had no religion rose from 8% to 15%. Jews are more likely to be secular than Americans in general, the researchers said. About half of all US Jews—including those who consider themselves religiously observant—claim in the survey that they have a secular worldview and see no contradiction between that outlook and their faith, according to the study's authors. Researchers attribute the trends among American Jews to the high rate of intermarriage and "disaffection from Judaism" in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs">edit</a>]</div> American Jews are more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a> than most Americans, especially when they are compared with American <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>. A 2003 poll found that while 79% of Americans <a href="/wiki/Belief_in_God" title="Belief in God">believe in God</a>, only 48% of American Jews do, compared to 79% and 90% of American Catholics and Protestants respectively. While 66% of Americans said that they were "absolutely certain" of God's existence, 24% of American Jews said the same. And though 9% of Americans believe that there is <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">no God</a> (8% of American <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and 4% of American <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>), 19% of American Jews believe that God does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2003-196">[193]</a> A 2009 Harris Poll showed that American Jews constitute the one religious group which is most accepting of the science of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, with 80% accepting evolution, compared to 51% for Catholics, 32% for Protestants, and 16% of born-again Christians.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> They were also less likely to believe in supernatural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. A 2013 Pew Research Center report found that 1.7 million American Jewish adults, 1.6 million of whom were raised in Jewish homes or had Jewish ancestry, identified as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Jews</a> but also consider themselves ethnically Jewish. Another 700,000 American Christian adults considered themselves "<a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Jews by affinity</a>" or "grafted-in" Jews.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Jewish Buddhist</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Jewish Buddhists</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-Sherbok-202">[199]</a> are overrepresented among <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">American Buddhists</a>; this is specifically the case among those Jews whose parents are not <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, and those Jews who are without a Buddhist heritage, with between one fifth<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> and 30% of all American Buddhists identifying as Jewish<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> though only <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States#Judaism" title="Religion in the United States">2% of Americans are Jewish</a>. Nicknamed Jubus, an increasing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] number of American Jews have started to adopt Buddhist spiritual practices, while at the same time, they are continuing to identify with and practice Judaism. It may be the individual practices both Judaism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn-Sherbok-202">[199]</a> Notable American Jewish Buddhists include: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Pritzker" title="Linda Pritzker">Linda Pritzker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ForbesBillionaires-207">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_F.P._Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan F.P. Rose">Jonathan F.P. Rose</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTEye-208">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goldie_Hawn" title="Goldie Hawn">Goldie Hawn</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Kate_Hudson" title="Kate Hudson">Kate Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Yauch" title="Adam Yauch">Adam Yauch</a> of the rap group <a href="/wiki/The_Beastie_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beastie Boys">The Beastie Boys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garry_Shandling" title="Garry Shandling">Garry Shandling</a>. Film makers the <a href="/wiki/Coen_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Coen Brothers">Coen Brothers</a> have been influenced by Buddhism as well for a time.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_politics">Contemporary politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contemporary politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Jews_in_politics" title="American Jews in politics">American Jews in politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png/220px-Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png/330px-Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png/440px-Map_of_Jewish_US_Senators.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Map of Jewish senators as of 2024. Blue indicates there is currently at least one Jewish senator from that state. Gray indicates no Jewish senators from that state.</figcaption></figure> Today, American Jews are a distinctive and influential group in the nation's politics. Jeffrey S. Helmreich writes that the ability of American Jews to effect this through political or financial clout is overestimated,<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> that the primary influence lies in the group's voting patterns.<a href="#cite_note-voting-40">[40]</a> "Jews have devoted themselves to politics with almost religious fervor," writes <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Bard" title="Mitchell Bard">Mitchell Bard</a>, who adds that Jews have the highest percentage <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> of any ethnic group (84% reported being registered to vote<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a>). Though the majority (60–70%) of the country's Jews identify as Democratic, Jews span the political spectrum, with those at higher levels of observance being far more likely to vote Republican than their less observant and secular counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg/250px-Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg/375px-Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg/500px-Florence_Prag_Kahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florence_Prag_Kahn" title="Florence Prag Kahn">Florence Kahn</a> was the first Jewish woman to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and first woman to be reelected.</figcaption></figure> Owing to high Democratic identification in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 United States Presidential Election">2008 United States Presidential Election</a>, 78% of Jews voted for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> versus 21% for Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, despite Republican attempts to connect Obama to Muslim and pro-Palestinian causes.<a href="#cite_note-78%-214">[211]</a> It has been suggested that running mate <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>'s conservative views on social issues may have nudged Jews away from the McCain–Palin ticket.<a href="#cite_note-voting-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-78%-214">[211]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a>, 69% of Jews voted for the Democratic incumbent President Obama.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> In 2019, after the 2016 election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, poll data from the Jewish Electorate Institute showed that 73% of Jewish voters felt less secure as Jews than before, 71% disapproved of Trump's handling of anti-Semitism (54% strongly disapprove), 59% felt that he bears "at least some responsibility" for the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a>, and 38% were concerned that Trump was encouraging right-wing extremism. Views of the Democratic and Republican parties were milder: 28% were concerned that Republicans were making alliances with white nationalists and tolerating anti-Semitism within their ranks, while 27% were concerned that Democrats were tolerating <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a> within their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. Presidential Election">2020 U.S. Presidential Election</a>, 77% of American Jews voted for Joe Biden, while 22% voted for Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-Ziri-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> American Jews have displayed a very strong interest in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign affairs</a>, especially regarding <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the 1930s, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> Both major parties have made strong commitments in support of Israel. Dr. Eric Uslaner of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> argues, with regard to the 2004 election: "Only 15% of Jews said that Israel was a key voting issue. Among those voters, 55% voted for Kerry (compared to 83% of Jewish voters not concerned with Israel)." Uslander goes on to point out that negative views of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a> had a distinctly negative impact for Republicans among Jewish voters, while <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>, traditionally more conservative in outlook as to social issues, favored the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> A New York Times article suggests that the Jewish movement to the Republican party is focused heavily on faith-based issues, similar to the Catholic vote, which is credited for helping <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> taking Florida in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> However, Natan Guttman, <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>'s Washington bureau chief, dismisses this notion, writing in <a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a> that while "[i]t is true that Republicans are making small and steady strides into the Jewish community ... a look at the past three decades of <a href="/wiki/Exit_polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit polls">exit polls</a>, which are more reliable than pre-election polls, and the numbers are clear: Jews vote overwhelmingly Democratic,"<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> an assertion confirmed by the most recent presidential election results. Jewish Americans were more strongly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> from its onset than any other ethnic group, or even most Americans. The greater opposition to the war was not simply a result of high Democratic identification among Jewish Americans, as Jewish Americans of all political persuasions were more likely to oppose the war than non-Jews who shared the same political leanings.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_issues">Domestic issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Domestic issues">edit</a>]</div> A 2013 Pew Research Center survey suggests that American Jews' views on domestic politics are intertwined with the community's self-definition as a persecuted minority who benefited from the liberties and societal shifts in the United States and feel obligated to help other minorities enjoy the same benefits. American Jews across age and gender lines tend to vote for and support politicians and policies which are supported by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. On the other hand, Orthodox American Jews have domestic political views which are more similar to those of their religious Christian neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> American Jews are largely supportive of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> with 79% responding in a 2011 Pew poll that homosexuality should be "accepted by society", while the overall average in the same 2011 poll among Americans of all demographic groups was that 50%.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> A split on homosexuality exists by level of observance. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> rabbis in America perform same-sex marriages as a matter of routine, and there are fifteen LGBT Jewish congregations in North America.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Reform, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> and, increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, Jews are far more supportive on issues like gay marriage than <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> are.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> A 2007 survey of Conservative Jewish leaders and activists showed that an overwhelming majority supported gay rabbinical ordination and same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Accordingly, 78% of Jewish voters rejected <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">Prop 8</a>, the bill that banned gay marriage in California. No other ethnic or religious group voted as strongly against it.<a href="#cite_note-gaymarriage-229">[226]</a> A 2014 Pew poll found that American Jews mostly support abortion rights, with 83% answering that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> In considering the trade-off between the economy and environmental protection, American Jews were significantly more likely than other religious groups (excepting Buddhism) to favor stronger environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Jews in America also overwhelmingly oppose current United States marijuana policy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2009, eighty-six percent of Jewish Americans opposed arresting nonviolent marijuana smokers, compared to 61% for the population at large and 68% of all Democrats. Additionally, 85% of Jews in the United States opposed using federal law enforcement to close patient cooperatives for medical marijuana in states where medical marijuana is legal, compared to 67% of the population at large and 73% of Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> A 2014 Pew Research survey titled "How Americans Feel About Religious Groups", found that Jews were viewed the most favorably of all other groups, with a rating of 63 out of 100.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Jews were viewed most positively by fellow Jews, followed by white Evangelicals. Sixty percent of the 3,200 persons surveyed said they had ever met a Jew.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_American_culture">Jewish American culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jewish American culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></div> Since the time of the last major wave of Jewish immigration to America (over 2,000,000 Jews from Eastern Europe who arrived between 1890 and 1924), Jewish secular culture in the United States has become integrated in almost every important way with the broader American culture. Many aspects of Jewish American culture have, in turn, become part of the wider culture of the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Jewish languages in the US </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Hebrew </th> <th>Yiddish </th></tr> <tr> <td>1910<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1,051,767</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1,091,820</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1,222,658</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">924,440</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">38,346</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">503,605</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36,112</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">438,116</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a></td> <td></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">315,953</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">144,292</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">213,064</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">195,374</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">178,945</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_foreignborn">^a</a> Foreign-born population only<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Most American Jews today are native <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English speakers</a>. A variety of other languages are still spoken within some American Jewish communities that are representative of the various <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a> from around the world that have come together to make up all of America's Jewish population. Many of America's <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a>, being exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> descent, are raised speaking <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>. Yiddish was once spoken as the primary language by most of the several million Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to the United States. It was, in fact, the original language in which <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a> was published. Yiddish has had an influence on <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, and words borrowed from it include <a href="/wiki/Chutzpah" title="Chutzpah">chutzpah</a> ("effrontery", "gall"), nosh ("snack"), schlep ("drag"), schmuck ("an obnoxious, contemptible person", euphemism for "penis"), and, depending on <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a>, hundreds of other terms. (See also <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>.) Many <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, including those from Arab countries such as Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Morocco, Libya, etc. speak <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. There are communities of Mizrahim in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Deal,_New_Jersey" title="Deal, New Jersey">Deal, New Jersey</a>, is notably mostly Syrian-Jewish, with many of them Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jewish</a> community in the United States, notably the large community in and around Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, primarily speak <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Dzhidi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi language">Judeo-Persian</a>) in the home and synagogue. They also support their own Persian language newspapers. Persian Jews also reside in eastern parts of New York such as <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York" title="Great Neck, New York">Great Neck, Long Island</a>. Many recent Jewish immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> speak primarily Russian at home, and there are several notable communities where public life and business are carried out mainly in Russian, such as in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a> in New York City and <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Isles_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunny Isles Beach">Sunny Isles Beach</a> in Florida. 2010 estimates of the number of Jewish Russian-speaking households in the New York city area are around 92,000, and the number of individuals are somewhere between 223,000 and 350,000.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Another high population of Russian Jews can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond District, San Francisco, California">Richmond District</a> of San Francisco where Russian markets stand alongside the numerous Asian businesses. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Posters_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A typical poster-hung wall in Jewish Brooklyn, New York</figcaption></figure> American <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a>, a dialect of Tajik Persian. They publish their own newspapers such as the Bukharian Times and a large portion live in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York. <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills, Queens, New York">Forest Hills</a> in the New York City borough of Queens is home to 108th Street, which is called by some "Bukharian Broadway",<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> a reference to the many stores and restaurants found on and around the street that have Bukharian influences. Many Bukharians are also represented in parts of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, Miami, Florida, and areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> such as San Diego. There is a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Jewish">Mountain Jewish</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York that speaks <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a> (Juhuri), a dialect of Persian.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hebrew">Classical Hebrew</a> is the language of most Jewish religious literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Bible) and <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> (prayerbook). <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> is also the primary official language of the modern State of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which further encourages many to learn it as a second language. Some recent Israeli immigrants to America speak Hebrew as their primary language. There are a diversity of Hispanic Jews living in America. The oldest community is that of the Sephardi Jews of New Netherland. Their ancestors had fled Spain or Portugal during the Inquisition for the Netherlands, and then came to New Netherland. Though there is dispute over whether they should be considered Hispanic. Some Hispanic Jews, particularly in Miami and Los Angeles, immigrated from Latin America. The largest groups are those that fled Cuba after the communist revolution (known as Jewbans), Argentine Jews, and more recently, Venezuelan Jews. Argentina is the Latin American country with the largest Jewish population. There are a large number of synagogues in the Miami area that give services in Spanish. The last Hispanic Jewish community would be those that recently came from Portugal or Spain, after Spain and Portugal granted citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled during the Inquisition. All the above listed Hispanic Jewish groups speak either Spanish or Ladino. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_American_literature">Jewish American literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Jewish American literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American literature</a></div> Although American Jews have contributed greatly to American arts in general, there still remains a distinctly Jewish American literature. Jewish American literature often explores the experience of being a Jew in America, and the conflicting pulls of secular society and history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Jews in baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_authors" title="List of Jewish American authors">List of Jewish American authors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_entertainers" title="List of Jewish American entertainers">List of Jewish American entertainers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_musicians" title="List of Jewish musicians">List of Jewish musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_sportspeople" title="List of Jewish American sportspeople">List of Jewish American sportspeople</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_visual_artists" title="List of Jewish American visual artists">List of Jewish American visual artists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_photographers" title="List of Jewish American photographers">List of Jewish American photographers</a></div> Yiddish theater was very well attended, and provided a training ground for performers and producers who moved to Hollywood in the 1920s. Many of the early Hollywood moguls and pioneers were Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> They played roles in the development of radio and television networks, typified by <a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a> who ran <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Stephen J. Whitfield states that "The Sarnoff family was long dominant at NBC."<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Many individual Jews have made significant contributions to American popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> There have been many Jewish American actors and performers, ranging from early 1900s actors, to classic Hollywood film stars, and culminating in many currently known actors. The field of American comedy includes many Jews. The legacy also includes songwriters and authors, for example the author of the song "Viva Las Vegas" <a href="/wiki/Doc_Pomus" title="Doc Pomus">Doc Pomus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(ballet)" title="Billy the Kid (ballet)">Billy the Kid</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>. Many Jews have been at the forefront of women's issues. The first generation of Jewish Americans who immigrated during the 1880–1924 peak period were not interested in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, the country's national pastime, and in some cases tried to prevent their children from watching or participating in baseball-related activities. Most were focused on making sure they and their children took advantage of education and employment opportunities. Despite the efforts of parents, Jewish children became interested in baseball quickly since it was already embedded in the broader American culture. The second generation of immigrants saw baseball as a means to celebrate American culture without abandoning their broader religious community. After 1924, many Yiddish newspapers began covering baseball, which they had not done previously.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_military">Government and military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Government and military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_politicians" title="List of Jewish American politicians">List of Jewish American politicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Americans_in_the_military" title="List of Jewish Americans in the military">List of Jewish Americans in the military</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Military history of Jewish Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewishConfederate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JewishConfederate.JPG/220px-JewishConfederate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JewishConfederate.JPG/330px-JewishConfederate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JewishConfederate.JPG/440px-JewishConfederate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Grave of a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> Jewish soldier near Clinton, Louisiana</figcaption></figure> Since 1845, a total of 34 Jews have served in the Senate, including the 14 present-day senators noted <a href="#Politics">above</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> was the first practicing Jewish Senator, and would later serve as <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> and Secretary of State during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> served as Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama. The number of Jews elected to the House rose to an all-time high of 30. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish United States Supreme Court justices">Eight</a> Jews have been appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, of which one (<a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>) is currently serving. Had <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>'s 2016 nomination been accepted, that number would have risen to four out of nine since <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> were also serving at that time. The Civil War marked a transition for American Jews. It killed off the antisemitic canard, widespread in Europe, to the effect that Jews are cowardly, preferring to run from war rather than serve alongside their fellow citizens in battle.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> At least twenty eight American Jews have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> More than 550,000 Jews served in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">U.S. military</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; about 11,000 of them were killed and more than 40,000 of them were wounded. There were three recipients of the Medal of Honor; 157 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Cross (United States)">Navy Cross</a>; and about 1600 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a>. About 50,000 other decorations and awards were given to Jewish military personnel, making a total of 52,000 decorations. During this period, Jews were approximately 3.3 percent of the total U.S. population but they constituted about 4.23 percent of the U.S. armed forces. About 60 percent of all Jewish physicians in the United States who were under 45 years of age were in service as military physicians and <a href="/wiki/Medic" title="Medic">medics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Jewish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, the secret World War II effort to develop the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a>. Many of these physicists were refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or they were refugees from <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> persecution which was also occurring elsewhere in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_folk_music">American folk music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: American folk music">edit</a>]</div> Jews have been involved in the American folk music scene since the late 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> these tended to be refugees from Central and Eastern Europe, and significantly more economically disadvantaged than their established Western European Sephardic coreligionists.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Historians see it as a legacy of the secular Yiddish theater, cantorial traditions and a desire to assimilate. By the 1940s Jews had become established in the American folk music scene. Examples of the major impact Jews have had in the American folk music arena include, but are not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Moe_Asch" class="mw-redirect" title="Moe Asch">Moe Asch</a> the first to record and release much of the music of <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/This_Land_is_Your_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="This Land is Your Land">This Land is Your Land</a>" (see <a href="/wiki/The_Asch_Recordings" title="The Asch Recordings">The Asch Recordings</a>) in response to <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>'s "God Bless America", and Guthrie wrote <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie#Jewish_songs" title="Woody Guthrie">Jewish songs</a>. Guthrie married a <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Guthrie" title="Marjorie Guthrie">Jew</a> and their son <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo</a> became influential in his own right. Asch's one-man corporation Folkways Records also released much of the music of Leadbelly and Pete Seeger from the '40s and '50s. Asch's large music catalog was voluntarily donated to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>. Jews have also <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans_in_Jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans in Jazz">thrived in Jazz music</a> and contributed to its popularization. Three of the four creators of the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival" title="Newport Folk Festival">Newport Folk Festival</a>, Wein, Bikel and Grossman (Seeger is not) were Jewish. Albert Grossman put together <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Paul_and_Mary" title="Peter, Paul and Mary">Peter, Paul and Mary</a>, of which Yarrow is Jewish. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Brand" title="Oscar Brand">Oscar Brand</a>, from a Canadian Jewish family, has the longest running radio program "Oscar Brand's Folksong Festival" which has been on air consecutively since 1945 from New York City.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> And is the first American broadcast where the host himself will answer any personal correspondence. The influential group <a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a>, successor to the Almanac Singers, led by Pete Seeger, had a Jewish manager, and two of the four members of the group were Jewish (Gilbert and Hellerman). The B-side of "Good Night Irene" had the Hebrew folk song personally chosen for the record by Pete Seeger "<a href="/wiki/Tzena,_Tzena,_Tzena" title="Tzena, Tzena, Tzena">Tzena, Tzena, Tzena</a>". The influential folk music magazine Sing Out! was co-founded and edited by <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silber" title="Irwin Silber">Irwin Silber</a> in 1951, and edited by him until 1967, when the magazine stopped publication for decades. Rolling Stone magazine's first music critic <a href="/wiki/Jon_Landau" title="Jon Landau">Jon Landau</a> is of German Jewish descent. Izzy Young who created the legendary<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Folklore Center in New York, and currently the Folklore Centrum near Mariatorget in Södermalm, Sweden, which relates to American and Swedish folk music.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Dave Van Ronk observed that the behind the scenes 1950s folk scene "was at the very least 50 percent Jewish, and they adopted the music as part of their assimilation into the Anglo-American tradition which itself was largely an artificial construct but none the less provided us with some common ground".<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> is also Jewish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_and_law">Finance and law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Finance and law">edit</a>]</div> Jews have been involved in financial services since the colonial era. They received rights to trade fur, from the Dutch and Swedish colonies. British governors honored these rights after taking over. During the Revolutionary War, Haym Solomon helped create America's first semi-central bank, and advised Alexander Hamilton on the building of America's financial system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] American Jews in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries played a major role in developing America's financial services industry, both at investment banks and with investment funds.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> German Jewish bankers began to assume a major role in American finance in the 1830s when government and private borrowing to pay for canals, railroads and other <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> increased rapidly and significantly. Men such as <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a> (Rothschild's agent in New York and a leading Democrat), Philip Speyer, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a> (at Kuhn, Loeb & Company), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Seligman" title="Joseph Seligman">Joseph Seligman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lehman" title="Philip Lehman">Philip Lehman</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bache" title="Jules Bache">Jules Bache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Goldman" title="Marcus Goldman">Marcus Goldman</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>) illustrate this financial elite.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> As was true of their non-Jewish counterparts, family, personal, and business connections, a reputation for honesty and integrity, ability, and a willingness to take calculated risks were essential to recruit capital from widely scattered sources. The families and the firms which they controlled were bound together by religious and social factors, and by the prevalence of intermarriage. These personal ties fulfilled real business functions before the advent of institutional organization in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Antisemitic elements often falsely targeted them as key players in a supposed Jewish cabal conspiring to dominate the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Since the late 20th century, Jews have played a major role in the hedge fund industry, according to Zuckerman (2009).<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Thus <a href="/wiki/SAC_Capital_Advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="SAC Capital Advisors">SAC Capital Advisors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Och-Ziff_Capital_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Och-Ziff Capital Management">Och-Ziff Capital Management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/GLG_Partners" title="GLG Partners">GLG Partners</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Technologies" title="Renaissance Technologies">Renaissance Technologies</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Management Corporation</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> are large hedge funds cofounded by Jews. They have also played a pivotal role in the private equity industry, co-founding some of the largest firms in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/TPG_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="TPG Capital">TPG Capital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JewishBusinessTimes-273">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Pincus" title="Warburg Pincus">Warburg Pincus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts" title="Kohlberg Kravis Roberts">KKR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Very few Jewish lawyers were hired by <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> ("WASP") upscale <a href="/wiki/White-shoe_firm" title="White-shoe firm">white-shoe law firms</a>, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Reserve">Federal Reserve</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Federal Reserve">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Warburg" title="Paul Warburg">Paul Warburg</a>, one of the leading advocates of the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> in the United States and one of the first governors of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, came from a prominent Jewish family in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> Since then, several Jews have served as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">chairmen</a> of the Fed, including <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science,_business,_and_academia">Science, business, and academia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Science, business, and academia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish American scientists">List of Jewish American scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_businesspeople" title="List of Jewish American businesspeople">List of Jewish American businesspeople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_academics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish American academics">List of Jewish American academics</a></div> Many Jews have become remarkably successful as an entrepreneurial and professional minority in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Frum,_David-172">[169]</a> Many Jewish <a href="/wiki/Family_business" title="Family business">family businesses</a> that are passed down from one generation to the next serve as an <a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a>, source of income and layer a strong financial groundwork for the family's overall socioeconomic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Within the Jewish American cultural sphere, Jewish Americans have also developed a strong culture of entrepreneurship, for excellence in entrepreneurship and engagement in business and commerce is highly prized in Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-286">[283]</a> American Jews have also been drawn to various disciplines within academia such as physics, sociology, economics, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and linguistics (see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a> for some of the causes), and have played a disproportionate role in numerous academic domains. Jewish American intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> have made a major impact within mainstream American public life. Of American Nobel Prize winners, 37 percent have been Jewish Americans (18 times the percentage of Jews in the population), as have been 61 percent of the <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> in economics recipients (thirty-five times the Jewish percentage).<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> In the business world, it was found in 1995 that while Jewish Americans constituted less than 2.5 percent of the U.S. population, they occupied 7.7 percent of board seats at various U.S. <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones,_the_Changing_Power_Elite,_1998-288">[285]</a> American Jews also have a strong presence in <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> ownership. Of the 30 teams in the NBA, there are 14 Jewish principal owners. Several Jews have served as NBA commissioners including prior NBA commissioner <a href="/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a> and current commissioner <a href="/wiki/Adam_Silver" title="Adam Silver">Adam Silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-286">[283]</a> Since many careers in science, business, and academia generally pay well, Jewish Americans also tend to have a somewhat higher average income than most Americans. The 2000–2001 National Jewish Population Survey shows that the median income of a Jewish family is $54,000 a year ($5,000 more than the average family) and 34% of Jewish households report income over $75,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American Jewish cuisine</a></div> Jewish American people have had a large effect on the cuisine of the United States, with several <a href="/wiki/Kosher-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher-style">kosher-style</a> delicatessens achieving mainstream popularity and defining American Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-Savoring-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magarik-291">[288]</a> For that reason, American Jewish food is typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi cuisine</a>, including foods such as <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">bagels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Knishes">knish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">gefilte fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">kreplach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">matzoh ball soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">hamantash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">lox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">kugel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">pastrami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">brisket</a>. Other Jewish communities, such as the Sephardic community, have influenced the dishes served at American restaurants, particularly in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_American_Jews" title="Lists of American Jews">Lists of American Jews</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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stereotype in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Jewish. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæʃ-, ɑːʃkəˈnɑːzɪm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ASH-, AHSH-kə-NAH-zim</a>;<a href="#cite_note-longman-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˌaʃkəˈnazim]</a>, singular: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˌaʃkəˈnazi]</a>, Modern Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[(ʔ)aʃkenaˈzim, (ʔ)aʃkenaˈzi]</a>; also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז‎, Y'hudey Ashkenaz,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a>: Səp̄āraddîm, also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד‎, Ye'hude Sepharad, lit. "The Jews of Spain", <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Judíos sefardíes (or sefarditas), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Judeus sefarditas </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Jews-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Jews_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Jews_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Jews_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2021" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (May 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/the-size-of-the-u-s-jewish-population/">"1. The size of the U.S. Jewish population"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=1.+The+size+of+the+U.S.+Jewish+population&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Fthe-size-of-the-u-s-jewish-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpazHerzog2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harpaz, Yossi; Herzog, Ben (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/56024/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2018_02.pdf">"REPORT ON CITIZENSHIP LAW: ISRAEL"</a> (PDF). Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies: 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022624/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/56024/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2018_02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020. <q>The number of U.S. dual citizens in Israel has been estimated at close to 300,000, while the number of French dual citizens is about 100,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Robert+Schuman+Centre+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.atitle=REPORT+ON+CITIZENSHIP+LAW%3A+ISRAEL&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2018-06&rft.aulast=Harpaz&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F56024%2FRSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2018_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724880-israeli-government-opens-rift-american-jews-over-prayer-rights-israel">"Israel versus the Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. July 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709030847/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724880-israeli-government-opens-rift-american-jews-over-prayer-rights-israel">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Israel+versus+the+Jews&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21724880-israeli-government-opens-rift-american-jews-over-prayer-rights-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheskin2000" class="citation book cs1">Sheskin, Ira M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrf_HrCTXdgC&pg=PA227">"American Jews"</a>. In McKee, Jesse O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicityinconte00jess/page/227">Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal</a>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicityinconte00jess/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0034-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-0034-1</bdi></a>. <q>[The 1990 National Jewish Population Survey] showed that only five percent of American Jews consider being Jewish solely in terms of being a member of a religious group. Thus, the vast majority of American Jews view themselves as members of an ethnic group and/or a cultural group, and/or a nationality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Jews&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+Contemporary+America%3A+A+Geographical+Appraisal&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0034-1&rft.aulast=Sheskin&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drrf_HrCTXdgC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-2020-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew-2020_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew-2020_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Research_Center2021" class="citation cs2">Pew Research Center (May 11, 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/#:~:text=Pew%20Research%20Center%20estimates%20that,were%20Jews%20of%20no%20religion.">Jewish Americans in 2020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126153746/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/#:~:text=Pew%20Research%20Center%20estimates%20that,were%20Jews%20of%20no%20religion.">archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2022, retrieved November 13, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Americans+in+2020&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.au=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Fjewish-americans-in-2020%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPew%2520Research%2520Center%2520estimates%2520that%2Cwere%2520Jews%2520of%2520no%2520religion.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheskin,_Dashefsky2021" class="citation book cs1">Sheskin, Dashefsky, Ira, Arnold (December 22, 2021). American Jewish Year Book 2020 The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities Since 1899. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030787059" title="Special:BookSources/9783030787059"><bdi>9783030787059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Year+Book+2020+The+Annual+Record+of+the+North+American+Jewish+Communities+Since+1899&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.isbn=9783030787059&rft.aulast=Sheskin%2C+Dashefsky&rft.aufirst=Ira%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewsinamerica.org/">"Jews in America: Portal to American Jewish History"</a>. www.jewsinamerica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505164009/http://www.jewsinamerica.org/">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewsinamerica.org&rft.atitle=Jews+in+America%3A+Portal+to+American+Jewish+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewsinamerica.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Kahalsyn.html">"Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203093109/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Kahalsyn.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Kahal+Kadosh+Beth+Elohim+Synagogue&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FKahalsyn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkin-p305-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkin-p305_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkin-p305_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Atkin, Maurice; et al. (2007). "United States of America". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=305&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/kah.htm">"Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue"</a>. nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315222519/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/kah.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Kahal+Kadosh+Beth+Elohim+Synagogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fcharleston%2Fkah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzvi2017" class="citation web cs1">Tzvi (April 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/the-jew-who-financed-the-american-revolution/">"The Jew who Financed the American Revolution"</a>. Aish.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127054734/https://aish.com/the-jew-who-financed-the-american-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=The+Jew+who+Financed+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.au=Tzvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fthe-jew-who-financed-the-american-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeCondeER&Afp-12"><a href="#cite_ref-DeCondeER&Afp_12-0">^</a> Alexander DeConde, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOlcL8kgrZgC">Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121045340/https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=XOlcL8kgrZgC&q=">Archived</a> November 21, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnaGolden" class="citation web cs1">Sarna, Jonathan; Golden, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/judaism.htm">"The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation"</a>. The National Humanities Center. TeacherServe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501030159/http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/judaism.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Humanities+Center&rft.atitle=The+American+Jewish+Experience+through+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Immigration+and+Acculturation&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Golden%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalhumanitiescenter.org%2Ftserve%2Fnineteen%2Fnkeyinfo%2Fjudaism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISJL2006TI-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ISJL2006TI_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064203/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tn/HistoryofTempleIsrael.htm">"History of Temple Israel"</a>. Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities. Jackson, Mississippi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldring_/_Woldenberg_Institute_of_Southern_Jewish_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life (page does not exist)">Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tn/HistoryofTempleIsrael.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Temple+Israel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Jewish+Communities&rft.place=Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=Goldring+%2F+Woldenberg+Institute+of+Southern+Jewish+Life&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isjl.org%2Fhistory%2Farchive%2Ftn%2FHistoryofTempleIsrael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-15"><a href="#cite_ref-je_15-0">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerPhilipson1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Adler, Cyrus</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Philipson" title="David Philipson">Philipson, David</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14954-wise-isaac-mayer">"WISE, ISAAC MAYER"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved December 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WISE%2C+ISAAC+MAYER&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft.au=Philipson%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14954-wise-isaac-mayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography: <ul><li>I. M. Wise, Reminiscences, transl. from the German and ed. by David Philipson, Cincinnati, 1901;</li> <li>Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise, with a biography by David Philipson and Louis Grossmann, ib. 1900;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Israelite" title="The American Israelite">The American Israelite</a>, 1854–1900, <a href="/wiki/Passim" class="mw-redirect" title="Passim">passim</a>, and the Jubilee number, 30 June 1904.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/73-years-of-the-jewish-post/">"73 Years of The Jewish Post"</a>. Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program. November 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021937/https://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/73-years-of-the-jewish-post/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoosier+State+Chronicles%3A+Indiana%27s+Digital+Newspaper+Program&rft.atitle=73+Years+of+The+Jewish+Post&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.newspapers.library.in.gov%2F73-years-of-the-jewish-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Yiddish is a dialect of German written in the Hebrew alphabet and based entirely on the East European Jewish population. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Moses_Shapiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Moses Shapiro (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3lItIwOzCkC&pg=PA18">Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust</a>. KTAV. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881257755" title="Special:BookSources/9780881257755"><bdi>9780881257755</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111213/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3lItIwOzCkC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Didn%27t+the+Press+Shout%3F%3A+American+%26+International+Journalism+During+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=KTAV&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780881257755&rft.au=Robert+Moses+Shapiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3lItIwOzCkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Sarna, American Judaism (2004) pp. 284–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalany2011" class="citation news cs1">Lalany, Nelly (July 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4098351,00.html">"Ashkenazi Jews rank smartest in world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214142839/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4098351,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2013. <q>Jews comprise 2.2% of the USA population, but they represent 30% of faculty at elite colleges, 21% of Ivy League students, 25% of the Turing Award winners, 23% of the wealthiest Americans, and 38% of the Oscar-winning film directors</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=Ashkenazi+Jews+rank+smartest+in+world&rft.date=2011-07-23&rft.aulast=Lalany&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4098351%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the-american-article-20"><a href="#cite_ref-the-american-article_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2011" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Lazar (October 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/publication/the-2011-nobel-prize-and-the-debate-over-jewish-iq/">"The 2011 Nobel Prize and the Debate over Jewish IQ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109094439/http://www.aei.org/publication/the-2011-nobel-prize-and-the-debate-over-jewish-iq/">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2016. 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Ynet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101054101/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4099803,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=How+did+American+Jews+get+so+rich%3F&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Tani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4099803%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Poll-Jews-highest-earning-religious-group-in-US">Poll: Jews highest-earning group in US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327022117/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Poll-Jews-highest-earning-religious-group-in-US">Archived</a> March 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, February 26, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Why is America Different?: American Jewry on Its 350th Anniversary edited by Steven T. Katz, (University of America Press 2010), page 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> American Pluralism and the Jewish Community, edited by Seymour Martin Lipset, (Transaction Publishers 1990), page 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/">"How income varies among U.S. religious groups"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511105021/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+income+varies+among+U.S.+religious+groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F10%2F11%2Fhow-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Tony Michels, "Is America 'Different'? A Critique of American Jewish Exceptionalism," American Jewish History, 96 (Sept. 2010), 201–24; David Sorkin, "Is American Jewry Exceptional? Comparing Jewish Emancipation in Europe and America," American Jewish History, 96 (Sept. 2010), 175–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorelitz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Korelitz, Seth (1997). "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity". 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Western States Jewish History. 22 (3): 230–242. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-5471">0749-5471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+States+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Immigrant+and+Ethnic+Family+Folklore&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=230-242&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0749-5471&rft.aulast=Siporin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovick1999" class="citation book cs1">Novick, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustinameri00novi">The Holocaust in American Life</a>. 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Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111175437/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/how-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+the+faithful+voted%3A+A+preliminary+2016+analysis&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F11%2F09%2Fhow-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2021" class="citation news cs1">Staff, N. P. R. (May 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey">"Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219064318/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Understanding+The+2020+Electorate%3A+AP+VoteCast+Survey&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=N.+P.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F11%2F03%2F929478378%2Funderstanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Ronald H. Bayor, Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941 (1978) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> See Murray Friedman, What Went Wrong? 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Retrieved May 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Party+Platform+of+1944&rft.pub=American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D29598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624233257/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835">"Republican Party Platform of 1944"</a>. American Presidency Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835">the original</a> on June 24, 2016. 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Retrieved January 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=The+Chosen%3A+Jewish+members+in+the+112th+U.S.+Congress&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Kampeas&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2010%2F11%2F03%2Fnews-opinion%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-chosen-jewish-members-in-the-112th-u-s-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812053407/http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/17558/Jews_in_the_111th_Congress/">"Jews in the 111th Congress - The Jewish Exponent"</a>. August 12, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/17558/Jews_in_the_111th_Congress/">the original</a> on August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+111th+Congress+-+The+Jewish+Exponent&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishexponent.com%2Farticle%2F17558%2FJews_in_the_111th_Congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2008/11/25/news-opinion/politics/what-is-the-future-for-republican-jews">What is the future for Republican Jews?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109094437/http://www.jta.org/2008/11/25/news-opinion/politics/what-is-the-future-for-republican-jews">Archived</a> January 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Eric Fingerhut, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), November 25, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/jewish/">"Jews - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408175102/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/jewish/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Jews+-+Religion+in+America%3A+U.S.+Religious+Data%2C+Demographics+and+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Freligious-landscape-study%2Freligious-tradition%2Fjewish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-senators-in-the-united-states">"Jewish Senators in the United States"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232353/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-senators-in-the-united-states">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Senators+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjewish-senators-in-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2016" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas, Peter (July 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/07/26/bernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent/">"Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918081045/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/07/26/bernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+to+Return+to+Senate+as+an+Independent&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fwashwire%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fbernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-representatives-in-the-united-states">"Jewish Members of U.S. Congress: House of Representatives (1845-Present)"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232341/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-representatives-in-the-united-states">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Members+of+U.S.+Congress%3A+House+of+Representatives+%281845-Present%29&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjewish-representatives-in-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandstrom2019" class="citation news cs1">Sandstrom, Aleksandra (January 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/03/5-facts-about-the-religious-makeup-of-the-116th-congress/">"5 facts about the religious makeup of the 116th Congress"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103174231/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/03/5-facts-about-the-religious-makeup-of-the-116th-congress/">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+the+religious+makeup+of+the+116th+Congress&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Sandstrom&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F01%2F03%2F5-facts-about-the-religious-makeup-of-the-116th-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbluh2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kornbluh" title="Jacob Kornbluh">Kornbluh, Jacob</a> (January 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/462330/enough-for-a-minyan-a-jewish-whos-who-of-bidens-cabinet-to-be/">"Enough for a minyan: A Jewish Who's Who of Biden's Cabinet-to-Be"</a>. The Forward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415085550/https://forward.com/news/462330/enough-for-a-minyan-a-jewish-whos-who-of-bidens-cabinet-to-be/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Enough+for+a+minyan%3A+A+Jewish+Who%27s+Who+of+Biden%27s+Cabinet-to-Be&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.aulast=Kornbluh&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F462330%2Fenough-for-a-minyan-a-jewish-whos-who-of-bidens-cabinet-to-be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joachimprinz.com/civilrights.htm">"Joachim Prinz March on Washington Speech"</a>. joachimprinz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311082528/http://www.joachimprinz.com/civilrights.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joachim+Prinz+March+on+Washington+Speech&rft.pub=joachimprinz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joachimprinz.com%2Fcivilrights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/info/mowprog.htm">"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – March on Washington"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723183053/http://www.crmvet.org/info/mowprog.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veterans+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement+%E2%80%93+March+on+Washington&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Finfo%2Fmowprog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Henry L. Feingold, A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920–1945 (1992), pp. 225–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorman1987" class="citation journal cs1">Korman, Gerd (1987). "Mass Murder Hides Holocaust: Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 by Deborah E. Lipstadt". Reviews in American History. 15 (3): 474–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2702047">10.2307/2702047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2702047">2702047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Mass+Murder+Hides+Holocaust%3A+Beyond+Belief%3A+The+American+Press+and+the+Coming+of+the+Holocaust%2C+1933%E2%80%931945+by+Deborah+E.+Lipstadt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-479&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2702047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2702047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Korman&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Staub (2004) p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Melvin I. Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis: A Life (2009) p. 515 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Staub (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht. "The Fate of the Jews, A people torn between Israeli Power and Jewish Ethics". Times Books, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-1060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-1060-5">0-8129-1060-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Moshe2007-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Moshe2007_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Moshe2007_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeliktar2007" class="citation book cs1">Seliktar, Ofira (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bXETKMOI1cC&pg=PA126">"The Changing Identity of American Jews, Israel and the Peace Process"</a>. In Ben-Moshe, Danny; Segev, Zohar (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israeldiasporaje0000unse/page/126">Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish Identity</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israeldiasporaje0000unse/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-189-4"><bdi>978-1-84519-189-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 20, 2016. <q>The 1993 Oslo Agreement made this split in the Jewish community official. Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin's handshake with Yasir Arafat during the September 13 White House ceremony elicited dramatically opposed reactions among American Jews. To the liberal universalists the accord was highly welcome news. As one commentator put it, after a year of tension between Israel and the United States, "there was an audible sigh of relief from American and Jewish liberals. Once again, they could support Israel as good Jews, committed liberals, and loyal Americans." The community "could embrace the Jewish state, without compromising either its liberalism or its patriotism". However, to some right wing Jews, the peace treaty was worrisome. From their perspective, Oslo was not just an affront to the sanctity of how they interpreted their culture, but also a personal threat to the lives and livelihood in the West Bank and Gaza, territory which was historically known as "Judea and Samaria". For these Jews, such as Morton Klein, the president of the Zionist organization of America, and Norman Podhoretz, the editor of Commentary, the peace treaty amounted to an appeasement of Palestinian terrorism. They and others repeatedly warned that the newly established Palestinian Authority (PA) would pose a serious security threat to Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Identity+of+American+Jews%2C+Israel+and+the+Peace+Process&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+the+Diaspora%2C+and+Jewish+Identity&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-189-4&rft.aulast=Seliktar&rft.aufirst=Ofira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bXETKMOI1cC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasensky2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lasensky, Scott (March 2002). Rubin, Barry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510071636/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/jv6n1a7.html">"Underwriting Peace in the Middle East: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Limits of Economic Inducements"</a>. Middle East Review of International Affairs. 6 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/jv6n1a7.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2009. <q>The Palestinian aid effort was certainly not helped by the heated debate that quickly developed inside the Beltway. Not only was the Israeli electorate divided on the Oslo accords, but so, too, was the American Jewish community, particularly at the leadership level and among the major New York and Washington-based public interest groups. American Jews opposed to Oslo joined Israelis "who brought their domestic issues to Washington" and together they pursued a campaign that focused most of its attention on Congress and the aid program. The dynamic was new to Washington. The Administration, the Rabin-Peres government, and some American Jewish groups teamed on one side while Israeli opposition groups and anti-Oslo American Jewish organizations pulled Congress in the other direction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Underwriting+Peace+in+the+Middle+East%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Limits+of+Economic+Inducements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Lasensky&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeria.idc.ac.il%2Fjournal%2F2002%2Fissue1%2Fjv6n1a7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishagency.org/jewish-population-rises-to-15-7-million-worldwide-in-2023/">"Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide | The Jewish Agency"</a>. www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved June 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishagency.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Population+Rises+to+15.7+Million+Worldwide+%7C+The+Jewish+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishagency.org%2Fjewish-population-rises-to-15-7-million-worldwide-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2019" class="citation news cs1">Newport, Frank (August 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/265898/american-jews-politics-israel.aspx">"American Jews, Politics and Israel"</a>. gallup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905175756/https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/265898/american-jews-politics-israel.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. <q>A 2013 Pew Research Center analysis of Jewish identification showed that in addition to the 1.8% of U.S. adults who identified their religion as Jewish (very similar to Gallup's estimate), another small percentage of Americans who did not initially say their religion was Jewish identified their secular heritage as Jewish. According to this research, at maximum 2.2% of the U.S. adult population has some basis for Jewish self-identification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=gallup.com&rft.atitle=American+Jews%2C+Politics+and+Israel&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fopinion%2Fpolling-matters%2F265898%2Famerican-jews-politics-israel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_American_Population-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_American_Population_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_American_Population_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_American_Population_68-2">c</a> 7,153,065 as of 2020 according to: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state">"Jewish Population in the United States by State"</a>. Jewish Population in the United States by State. Jewish Virtual Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018050539/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Population+in+the+United+States+by+State&rft.atitle=Jewish+Population+in+the+United+States+by+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjewish-population-in-the-united-states-by-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Enlarged population of 8,000,000–10,000,000 (in 2015) according to: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellaPergola,_Sergio2015" class="citation report cs1">DellaPergola, Sergio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/803/World%20Jewish%20Population,%202015%20(DellaPergola)%20from%20The%20American%20Year%20Book1.pdf">World Jewish Population, 2015</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=manchester.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Majority+of+Jews+will+be+Ultra-Orthodox+by+2050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F%3Fid%3D2932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/articles/187429/orthodox-population-grows-faster-than-first-figure/?p=all">Orthodox Population Grows Faster Than First Figures in Pew #JewishAmerica Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121140033/http://forward.com/articles/187429/orthodox-population-grows-faster-than-first-figure/?p=all">Archived</a> November 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Jewish Daily Forward, 15 November 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127094118/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris.pdf">"ARIS 2001"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARIS+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.cuny.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fresearch_briefs%2Faris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988">(449 KB) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-103"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_103-0">^</a> U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011103175823/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm">Race</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived November 3, 2001). (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm">the original</a> on November 3, 2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.237 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyal2006" class="citation cs2">Eyal, Gil (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5d3iEECpQSoC&pg=PA86">"The "One Million Plan" and the Development of a Discourse about the Absorption of the Jews from Arab Countries"</a>, The Disenchantment of the Orient: Expertise in Arab Affairs and the Israeli State, Stanford University Press, pp. 86–90, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804754033" title="Special:BookSources/9780804754033"><bdi>9780804754033</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%E2%80%9COne+Million+Plan%E2%80%9D+and+the+Development+of+a+Discourse+about+the+Absorption+of+the+Jews+from+Arab+Countries&rft.btitle=The+Disenchantment+of+the+Orient%3A+Expertise+in+Arab+Affairs+and+the+Israeli+State&rft.pages=86-90&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780804754033&rft.aulast=Eyal&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5d3iEECpQSoC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> p. 86: "The principal significance of this plan lies in the fact, noted by <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Shenhav" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Shenhav">Yehuda Shenhav</a>, that this was the first time in Zionist history that Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries were all packaged together in one category as the target of an immigration plan. There were earlier plans to bring specific groups, such as the Yemenites, but the "one million plan" was, as Shenhav says, "the zero point," the moment when the category of Mizrahi Jews in the current sense of this term, as an ethnic group distinct from European-born Jews, was invented." p.89—90 ..."Shehav's argument that the one million plan led to the invention of the category of Mizrahi Jews and gave the term the meaning it has today, because the plan treated all Jews who originated in these countries as belonging to a single category of candidates for immigration. ... it added another layer of meaning to the newly minted and still crystallizing Mizrahi category, that is, as implying a quasi-racial division between those who had an "oriental appearance" and those who did not." </li> <li id="cite_note-adherents-106"><a href="#cite_ref-adherents_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030923000736/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_588.html">"Separatists, continued..."</a> Adherents.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_588.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2003. Retrieved November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separatists%2C+continued...&rft.pub=Adherents.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FNa%2FNa_588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenJeung20122-107"><a href="#cite_ref-ChenJeung20122_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenJeung2012" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Carolyn; Jeung, Russell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoUUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation</a>. NYU Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1735-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-1735-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111216/https://books.google.com/books?id=LoUUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustaining+Faith+Traditions%3A+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Religion+Among+the+Latino+and+Asian+American+Second+Generation&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1735-6&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Jeung%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoUUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/american-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement">"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714211748/https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/american-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement">Archived</a> July 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rosenbaum, Judith. Jewish Women's Archive. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Today, many American Jews retain an ambivalence about whiteness, despite the fact that the vast majority have benefited and continue to benefit from white privilege. This ambivalence stems from many different places: a deep connection to a Jewish history of discrimination and otherness; a moral imperative to identify with the stranger; an anti-universalist impulse that does not want Jews to be among the "melted" in the proverbial melting pot; an experience of prejudice and awareness of the contingency of whiteness; a feeling that Jewish identity is not fully described by religion but has some ethnic/tribal component that feels more accurately described by race; and a discomfort with contemporary Jewish power and privilege." </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Brodkin, Karen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howjewsbecamewhi00brod">How Jews Became White Folks and what that Says about Race in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jews+Became+White+Folks+and+what+that+Says+about+Race+in+America&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowjewsbecamewhi00brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> : "Ambivalence was expressed in the counterpoint between Jewish intellectuals' embrace of whiteness and the more ambivalent responses to whiteness in Jewish popular culture" (p. 182). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Kenneth L. (2010). Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Identity+and+Civil+Rights+in+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter2016" class="citation news cs1">Schechter, Dave (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/jews-white-complicated/">"Are Jews White? It's Complicated"</a>. Atlanta Jewish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831181801/http://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/jews-white-complicated/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Jewish+Times&rft.atitle=Are+Jews+White%3F+It%27s+Complicated&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com%2Fjews-white-complicated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersenCollins20152-112"><a href="#cite_ref-AndersenCollins20152_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenPatricia_Hill_Collins2015" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Margaret; Patricia Hill Collins (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJBvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Race, Class, & Gender: An Anthology</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53727-9"><bdi>978-1-305-53727-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111720/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJBvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Class%2C+%26+Gender%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-53727-9&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Patricia+Hill+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJBvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jared-taylor">"Jared Taylor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121162838/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jared-taylor">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jared+Taylor&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Findividual%2Fjared-taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2013/10/jewish-american-full-report-for-web.pdf">"A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Findings from a Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. October 1, 2013. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819102800/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2013/10/jewish-american-full-report-for-web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Jewish+Americans%3A+Findings+from+a+Pew+Research+Center+Survey+of+U.S.+Jews&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2013%2F10%2Fjewish-american-full-report-for-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0a-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_115-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/race-ethnicity-heritage-and-immigration-among-u-s-jews/">"JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020: 9. Race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews"</a>. Pew Research Center. May 11, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816120928/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/race-ethnicity-heritage-and-immigration-among-u-s-jews/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=JEWISH+AMERICANS+IN+2020%3A+9.+Race%2C+ethnicity%2C+heritage+and+immigration+among+U.S.+Jews&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Frace-ethnicity-heritage-and-immigration-among-u-s-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-indian-jewish-community-preserving-traditions-next-generation-n827226">"How the Indian Jewish community is preserving traditions for the next generation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. December 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131070800/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-indian-jewish-community-preserving-traditions-next-generation-n827226">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Indian+Jewish+community+is+preserving+traditions+for+the+next+generation&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fhow-indian-jewish-community-preserving-traditions-next-generation-n827226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewsofindia.org/PDFs/Indian%20Jewish%20Congregation%20Newsletter%20Feb-2007.pdf">"Indian Jewish Congregation of USA Newsletter"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228210318/http://www.jewsofindia.org/PDFs/Indian%20Jewish%20Congregation%20Newsletter%20Feb-2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Jewish+Congregation+of+USA+Newsletter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewsofindia.org%2FPDFs%2FIndian%2520Jewish%2520Congregation%2520Newsletter%2520Feb-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becoming_White_Thesis-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becoming_White_Thesis_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becoming_White_Thesis_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQ._YangKoshy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Q. Yang, Philip; Koshy, Kavitha (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=jpps">"The "Becoming White Thesis" Revisited"</a>. The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.62915%2F2154-8935.1096">10.62915/2154-8935.1096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104950/https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=jpps">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Public+and+Professional+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+%22Becoming+White+Thesis%22+Revisited&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.62915%2F2154-8935.1096&rft.aulast=Q.+Yang&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Koshy%2C+Kavitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.kennesaw.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1096%26context%3Djpps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenJeung2012-119"><a href="#cite_ref-ChenJeung2012_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenJeung2012" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Carolyn; Jeung, Russell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoUUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation</a>. NYU Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1735-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-1735-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111216/https://books.google.com/books?id=LoUUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustaining+Faith+Traditions%3A+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Religion+Among+the+Latino+and+Asian+American+Second+Generation&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1735-6&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Jeung%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoUUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2017" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, David (March 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/03/22/sorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on/">"Sorry, but the Irish were always 'white' (and so were Italians, Jews and so on)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922044422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/03/22/sorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+but+the+Irish+were+always+%27white%27+%28and+so+were+Italians%2C+Jews+and+so+on%29&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2017%2F03%2F22%2Fsorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith" class="citation web cs1">Judith, Rosenbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714211748/https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/american-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement">"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/american-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement">the original</a> on July 14, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2015. <q>Today, many American Jews retain an ambivalence about whiteness, despite the fact that the vast majority have benefited and continue to benefit from white privilege. This ambivalence stems from many different places: a deep connection to a Jewish history of discrimination and otherness; a moral imperative to identify with the stranger; an anti-universalist impulse that does not want Jews to be among the "melted" in the proverbial melting pot; an experience of prejudice and awareness of the contingency of whiteness; a feeling that Jewish identity is not fully described by religion but has some ethnic/tribal component that feels more accurately described by race; and a discomfort with contemporary Jewish power and privilege.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=American+Jews%2C+Race%2C+Identity%2C+and+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.aulast=Judith&rft.aufirst=Rosenbaum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fteach%2Flivingthelegacy%2Famerican-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Brodkin, Karen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howjewsbecamewhi00brod">How Jews Became White Folks and what that Says about Race in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jews+Became+White+Folks+and+what+that+Says+about+Race+in+America&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowjewsbecamewhi00brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> : "Ambivalence was expressed in the counterpoint between Jewish intellectuals' embrace of whiteness and the more ambivalent responses to whiteness in Jewish popular culture" (p. 182). </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Kenneth L. (2010). Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Identity+and+Civil+Rights+in+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter2016" class="citation news cs1">Schechter, Dave (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/jews-white-complicated/">"Are Jews White? It's Complicated"</a>. Atlanta Jewish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831181801/http://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/jews-white-complicated/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2017. 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Cengage Learning. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53727-9"><bdi>978-1-305-53727-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111720/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJBvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. 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Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415233849/https://qz.com/427032/mapped-where-sephardic-jews-live-after-they-were-kicked-out-of-spain-500-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Mapped%3A+Where+Sephardic+Jews+live+after+they+were+kicked+out+of+Spain+500+years+ago&rft.aulast=Diez&rft.aufirst=Maria+Sanchez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F427032%2Fmapped-where-sephardic-jews-live-after-they-were-kicked-out-of-spain-500-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozgovaya2008" class="citation web cs1">Mozgovaya, Natasha (April 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/focus-u-s-a/it-s-not-easy-being-an-ethiopian-jew-in-america-1.273719">"'It's not easy being an Ethiopian Jew in America'"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109094437/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/focus-u-s-a/it-s-not-easy-being-an-ethiopian-jew-in-america-1.273719">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+not+easy+being+an+Ethiopian+Jew+in+America%27&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Mozgovaya&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fblogs%2Ffocus-u-s-a%2Fit-s-not-easy-being-an-ethiopian-jew-in-america-1.273719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellaPergola2019" class="citation cs2">DellaPergola, Sergio (2019), "World Jewish Population, 2018", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.), American Jewish Year Book 2018, vol. 118, Springer International Publishing, pp. 361–449, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-03907-3_8">10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030039066" title="Special:BookSources/9783030039066"><bdi>9783030039066</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146549764">146549764</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Jewish+Population%2C+2018&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Year+Book+2018&rft.pages=361-449&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146549764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-03907-3_8&rft.isbn=9783030039066&rft.aulast=DellaPergola&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-longman-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longman_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-longman_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (April 3, 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Ashkenaz, based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=1&chapter=6&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=1&up.x=&up.y=&text=anti&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english">AJ</a>. 1.6.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AJ&rft.pages=1.6.1&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D1%26chapter%3D6%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D1%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Danti%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+1.6.1">AJ1.6.1</a>, . and his explanation of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:3&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:3</a>, is considered to be the progenitor of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gauls</a> (the people of Gallia, meaning, mainly the people from modern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> region) and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (of, both, France, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, in the name of Sefer Yuchasin (see: Gedaliah ibn Jechia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/6618">Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513031902/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/6618">Archived</a> May 13, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jerusalem 1962, p. 219; p. 228 in PDF), the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, which today is the present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. These places, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (Megillah 1:9 [10a], were also called simply by the diocese "Germamia". Germania, Germani, Germanica have all been used to refer to the group of peoples comprising the Germanic tribes, which include such peoples as Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, Vandals and Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni. The entire region east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river was known by the Romans as "Germania" (Germany). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosk2-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mosk2_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosk2_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosk2013" class="citation book cs1">Mosk, Carl (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rH9c5JSo1Y4C&pg=PA143">Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415605182" title="Special:BookSources/9780415605182"><bdi>9780415605182</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111725/https://books.google.com/books?id=rH9c5JSo1Y4C&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023. <q>In general the Ashkenazi originally came out of the Holy Roman Empire, speaking a version of German that incorporates Hebrew and Slavic words, Yiddish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+economic+development+in+modern+Eurasia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415605182&rft.aulast=Mosk&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrH9c5JSo1Y4C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashkenazi">"Ashkenazi - people"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. July 4, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713203430/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashkenazi">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ashkenazi+-+people&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAshkenazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_L._Feingold1995" class="citation book cs1">Henry L. Feingold (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ts5lKWho2YwC&pg=PA36">Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815626701" title="Special:BookSources/9780815626701"><bdi>9780815626701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111726/https://books.google.com/books?id=ts5lKWho2YwC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bearing+Witness%3A+How+America+and+Its+Jews+Responded+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780815626701&rft.au=Henry+L.+Feingold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dts5lKWho2YwC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Hobsbawm2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life. Abacus Books. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interesting+Times%3A+A+Twentieth+Century+Life&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Abacus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Eric+Hobsbawm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Glenda Abramson (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rr_qaE0a8rsC&pg=PT20">Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111734/https://books.google.com/books?id=rr_qaE0a8rsC&pg=PT20">Archived</a> September 15, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Routledge 2004 p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhrXAJye1cEC&pg=PA146">The Oxford History of Modern Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915111727/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhrXAJye1cEC&pg=PA146">Archived</a> September 15, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 147–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroeste2018" class="citation web cs1">Aroeste, Sarah (December 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/jewish-and/latino-hispanic-or-sephardic/">"Latino, Hispanic or Sephardic? A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms"</a>. My Jewish Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807030107/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/jewish-and/latino-hispanic-or-sephardic/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Latino%2C+Hispanic+or+Sephardic%3F+A+Sephardi+Jew+explains+some+commonly+confused+terms&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft.aulast=Aroeste&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fjewish-and%2Flatino-hispanic-or-sephardic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sephardi">"Sephardi People"</a>. Britannica.com. Britannica. May 11, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029205859/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sephardi">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sephardi+People&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSephardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html">"Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906010532/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+migration+to+the+Dominican+Republic+to+seek+refuge+from+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fsosua.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/432355/Oriental-Jews">"Mizrahi Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001142729/https://www.gstatic.com/readaloud/player/web/api/analytics/analytics.html?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMitnagged%2FIntroduction&trackingIds=G-0B6QQVKFV8&tracking=false&sourceUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FReform-Judaism&sourceReferrerUrl=&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mizrahi+Jews&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F432355%2FOriental-Jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ-151"><a href="#cite_ref-MJ_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-the-middle-east">"Ancient Jewish History: Jews of the Middle East"</a>. JVL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407072301/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-the-middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JVL&rft.atitle=Ancient+Jewish+History%3A+Jews+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjews-of-the-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-152"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/mizrahim-in-israel/">"Mizrahi Jews in Israel"</a>. My Jewish Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526111733/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/mizrahim-in-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022. 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Retrieved July 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindus+are+the+most+educated+group+in+the+US%2C+least+educated+worldwide&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fhindus-are-the-most-educated-group-in-the-us-least-educated-worldwide%2Fstory-I0Y2xVjO05CJNMXl3g01iM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro" class="citation web cs1">Shapiro, Bernard J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214132705/http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/3905.pdf">"NATIONAL JEWISH POPULATION SURVEY 2000–01"</a> (PDF). The Jewish Federations. 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Retrieved September 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hillel.org&rft.atitle=News+%E2%80%93+Views&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillel.org%2Fcollege-guide%2Fsearch%23radius%3D10%26select%3Dtop60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804151411/http://www.hillelatbinghamton.org/index.php?submenu=FAQs&src=faq#faq1">"FAQ"</a>. Hillel at Binghamton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hillelatbinghamton.org/index.php?submenu=FAQs&src=faq#faq1">the original</a> on August 4, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ&rft.pub=Hillel+at+Binghamton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillelatbinghamton.org%2Findex.php%3Fsubmenu%3DFAQs%26src%3Dfaq%23faq1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillel.org-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hillel.org_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hillel.org_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hillel.org_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hillel.org/college-guide">"College Guide – Hillels Guide to Jewish Life at Colleges and Universities"</a>. hillel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127025314/http://www.hillel.org/college-guide">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hillel.org&rft.atitle=College+Guide+%E2%80%93+Hillels+Guide+to+Jewish+Life+at+Colleges+and+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillel.org%2Fcollege-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer1991p86–88-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer1991p86–88_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer1991p86–88_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC&pg=PA85">"Recent Trends in American Judaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC">An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2"><bdi>0-664-25348-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624043151/https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Trends+in+American+Judaism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism%3A+A+Textbook+and+Reader&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=85-116&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-664-25348-2&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M8oxDql1KIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> pp. 86–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DthDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today</a>. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18129-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055818/https://books.google.com/books?id=1DthDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2023. 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Rutgers University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2821-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2821-6"><bdi>0-8135-2821-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109094436/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_nEoAZ6ffgC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Center%3A+Conservative+Synagogues+and+Their+Members&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8135-2821-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_nEoAZ6ffgC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/chapter-3-jewish-identity/">"A Portrait of Jewish Americans – Chapter 3: Jewish Identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>. 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A Journey through NYC religions. October 1, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034549/https://www.nycreligion.info/national-survey-shows-jews-leaving-judaism-assimilating-christians-nones/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Journey+through+NYC+religions&rft.atitle=National+survey+shows+Jews+leaving+Judaism%2C+assimilating%2C+becoming+Christians+or+%22Nones%22&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycreligion.info%2Fnational-survey-shows-jews-leaving-judaism-assimilating-christians-nones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/">How many Jews are there in the United States?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529104046/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/">Archived</a> May 29, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research Center </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-Sherbok-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn-Sherbok_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn-Sherbok_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cohn-Sherbok" title="Dan Cohn-Sherbok">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">"Jewish Buddhists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ">Judaism Today</a>. London; New York: Continuum. pp. 98–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3829-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-3829-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053238/https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023. 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(1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhesterstreet00cohe">From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253325006" title="Special:BookSources/9780253325006"><bdi>9780253325006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hester+Street+to+Hollywood%3A+The+Jewish-American+Stage+and+Screen&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780253325006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromhesterstreet00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabler1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Gabler" title="Neal Gabler">Gabler, Neal</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/An_Empire_of_Their_Own" title="An Empire of Their Own">An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empire+of+Their+Own%3A+How+the+Jews+Invented+Hollywood&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Gabler&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: the Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting (1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Stephen J. Whitfield, "The Jewish contribution to American journalism." American Journalism 3.2 (1986): 99–112, quote p 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Paul Buhle, From the Lower East Side to Hollywood: Jews in American Popular Culture (Verso, 2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-248"><a href="#cite_ref-:0b_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Alan Owen (February 2008). "The Eastern European Jewish Immigrant Experience with Baseball in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century". Modern Judaism. 28 (1): 79–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjm019">10.1093/mj/kjm019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30130936">30130936</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161807444">161807444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+European+Jewish+Immigrant+Experience+with+Baseball+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+and+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-104&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161807444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30130936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjm019&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Adam Mendelsohn, "Beyond the Battlefield: Reevaluating the Legacy of the Civil War for American Jews," American Jewish Archives Journal 64 (nos. 1–2, 2012), 82–111 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2012_64_01_00_mendelsohn.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708104454/http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2012_64_01_00_mendelsohn.pdf">Archived</a> July 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Howard B. Rock, "Upheaval, Innovation, and Transformation: New York City Jews and the Civil War," American Jewish Archives Journal 64 (nos. 1–2, 2012), 1–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Brody, Seymour. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seymourbrody.com/index.htm">Jewish Heroes and Heroines in America: World War II to the Present, A Judaica Collection Exhibit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302191841/http://seymourbrody.com/index.htm">Archived</a> March 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Union-Hymnal-Prayers-Jewish-Worship/dp/B00157OXGY">Union Hymnal: Songs and Prayers for Jewish Worship: Central Conference of American Rabbis, Committee on Synagogue Music</a>. The Central Conference of American Rabbis. January 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918051622/https://www.amazon.com/Union-Hymnal-Prayers-Jewish-Worship/dp/B00157OXGY">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017 – via Amazon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+Hymnal%3A+Songs+and+Prayers+for+Jewish+Worship%3A+Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis%2C+Committee+on+Synagogue+Music&rft.pub=The+Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FUnion-Hymnal-Prayers-Jewish-Worship%2Fdp%2FB00157OXGY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurri2007" class="citation web cs1">Burri, Margaret (July 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116072128/http://old.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/sheetmusic/musictours/text/jewishmusic.html">"The Jew and American Popular Music"</a>. jhu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/sheetmusic/musictours/text/jewishmusic.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jew+and+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=jhu.edu&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.aulast=Burri&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.library.jhu.edu%2Fcollections%2Fspecialcollections%2Fsheetmusic%2Fmusictours%2Ftext%2Fjewishmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/shows/folksong-festival/">"Folksong Festival"</a>. WNYC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804171950/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/folksong-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folksong+Festival&rft.pub=WNYC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fshows%2Ffolksong-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Dylan, Seeger, Lomax, Cohen all either write whole songs about it, or spend considerable time praising it </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/20100215/24996">"Izzy Young: A folk man in Sweden defined by Dylan"</a>. The Local. February 15, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212540/http://www.thelocal.se/20100215/24996">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Izzy+Young%3A+A+folk+man+in+Sweden+defined+by+Dylan&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20100215%2F24996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Dave von Ronk, The Mayor of Macdougal Street, A Folk Memoir p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/banking-and-bankers">"Banking and Bankers"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828074945/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/banking-and-bankers">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Banking+and+Bankers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbanking-and-bankers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Birmingham" title="Stephen Birmingham">Stephen Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Crowd" title="Our Crowd">Our Crowd</a>: The Great Jewish Families of New York (1967) pp. 8–9, 96–108, 128–42, 233–36, 331–37, 343, </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Vincent P. Carosso, "A Financial Elite: New York's German-Jewish Investment Bankers," American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 1976, Vol. 66 Issue 1, pp. 67–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Barry E. Supple, "A Business Elite: German-Jewish Financiers in Nineteenth-Century New York," Business History Review, Summer 1957, Vol. 31 Issue 2, pp. 143–177 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Richard Levy, ed. "Bankers, Jewish" in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (2005) pp. 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Bruce Zuckerman, The Jewish Role In American Life (2009) pp. 64, 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Led by Steven Cohen; Bruce Zuckerman, The Jewish Role In American Life (2009) p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Bruce Zuckerman, The Jewish Role In American Life (2009) p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> "Schechter school mourns founder Golda Och, 74" New Jersey Jewish News January 13, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> "The 400 Richest Americans: No. 355 Noam Gottesman" Forbes Sept 17. 1008 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Steven L. Pease. The Golden Age of Jewish Achievement (2009) p. 510 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213231257/http://blogs.jta.org/politics/article/2011/05/14/3087695/jewish-republican-pro-gay-rights">JTA: "Jewish, Republican, pro-gay rights" By Ron Kampeas</a> May 14, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2012/03/26/mitt-romneys-hedge-fund-kingmaker/">"Mitt Romney's hedge fund kingmaker"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120153302/https://fortune.com/2012/03/26/mitt-romneys-hedge-fund-kingmaker/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Mitt+Romney%27s+hedge+fund+kingmaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2012%2F03%2F26%2Fmitt-romneys-hedge-fund-kingmaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> See Jamie Johnson, "Wasps Stung over Renaming of the N.Y.P.L." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809075734/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/05/it-is-an-act-of.html">Vanity Fair Daily May 19, 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/a-shy-wunderkind-stephen-feinberg-1.174285">Hareetz: "A shy wunderkind, Stephen Feinberg" By Eytan Avriel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505111845/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/a-shy-wunderkind-stephen-feinberg-1.174285">Archived</a> May 5, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> November 16, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBusinessTimes-273"><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBusinessTimes_273-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/03/26/tpg-sells-shares-of-indian-company-win-win-for-everybody-2/">"TPG Sells Shares of Indian Company – Win-win for Everybody!" By Orna Taub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111053821/http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/03/26/tpg-sells-shares-of-indian-company-win-win-for-everybody-2/">Archived</a> January 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Business_News" title="Jewish Business News">Jewish Business News</a>, March 26, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminer2010" class="citation news cs1">Kaminer, Michael (September 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/the-assimilator/131013/jews-dominate-vanity-fair-100-most-influential-mog/">"Jews Dominate Vanity Fair 100 Most Influential Moguls List"</a>. The Jewish Daily Forward. Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212120223/http://forward.com/the-assimilator/131013/jews-dominate-vanity-fair-100-most-influential-mog/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward&rft.atitle=Jews+Dominate+Vanity+Fair+100+Most+Influential+Moguls+List&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft.aulast=Kaminer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fthe-assimilator%2F131013%2Fjews-dominate-vanity-fair-100-most-influential-mog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Robin Pogrebin, "Donor Gives Lincoln Center $10 Million", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/01donor.html">New York Times Sept. 30, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116110128/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/01donor.html">Archived</a> November 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Ron Chernow, The Warburgs (1994) p. 661 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> R. William Weisberger, "Jews and American Investment Banking," American Jewish Archives, June 1991, Vol. 43 Issue 1, pp. 71–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> On the careers of <a href="/wiki/John_Gutfreund" title="John Gutfreund">John Gutfreund</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Brothers" title="Salomon Brothers">Salomon Brothers</a>); <a href="/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn" title="Felix Rohatyn">Felix Rohatyn</a> (based at <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard</a>); <a href="/wiki/Sanford_I._Weill" title="Sanford I. Weill">Sanford I. Weill</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>) and numerous others see Judith Ramsey Ehrlich, The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street (1990), pp. 4, 72, 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs (2nd ed. 2009) pp. 29, 45, 52, 91, 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Eli Wald, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms." Stanford Law Review 60 (2007): 1803-1866; discrimination p. 1838 and statistics p. 1805. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Ron Chernow, The Warburgs (1994) p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110131435/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-01-100114.html">"Common traits bind Jews and Chinese"</a>. Asia Times Online. January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+traits+bind+Jews+and+Chinese&rft.pub=Asia+Times+Online&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina%2FCHIN-01-100114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/business-life/2015/08/03/1483091/misconceptions-and-lessons-about-chinese-and-jewish-entrepreneurs">"Misconceptions and lessons about Chinese and Jewish entrepreneurs"</a>. Lifestyle. August 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728171231/http://www.philstar.com/business-life/2015/08/03/1483091/misconceptions-and-lessons-about-chinese-and-jewish-entrepreneurs">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misconceptions+and+lessons+about+Chinese+and+Jewish+entrepreneurs&rft.pub=Lifestyle&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness-life%2F2015%2F08%2F03%2F1483091%2Fmisconceptions-and-lessons-about-chinese-and-jewish-entrepreneurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaristella_Botticini_and_Zvi_Eckstein2013" class="citation web cs1">Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein (April 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/the-chosen-few-a-new-explanati/">"The Chosen Few: A New Explanation of Jewish Success"</a>. PBS Newshour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906223448/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/the-chosen-few-a-new-explanati/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2017. 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YNetNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101054101/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4099803,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2013. 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Forward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412134117/http://forward.com/articles/197643/why-are-so-many-pro-basketball-owners-jewish-like/?p=all">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=Why+Are+So+Many+Pro+Basketball+Owners+Jewish+%28Like+Donald+Sterling%29%3F&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft.aulast=Nathan-Kazis&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F197643%2Fwhy-are-so-many-pro-basketball-owners-jewish-like%2F%3Fp%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinfo.org/Clark_Economics.html">"JEWISH RECIPIENTS OF THE JOHN BATES CLARK MEDAL IN ECONOMICS"</a>. Jinfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160929/http://www.jinfo.org/Clark_Economics.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JEWISH+RECIPIENTS+OF+THE+JOHN+BATES+CLARK+MEDAL+IN+ECONOMICS&rft.pub=Jinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinfo.org%2FClark_Economics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mother_Jones,_the_Changing_Power_Elite,_1998-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Jones,_the_Changing_Power_Elite,_1998_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1998/03/new-power-elite">"Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998"</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508052706/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1998/03/new-power-elite">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Mother+Jones%2C+the+Changing+Power+Elite%2C+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F1998%2F03%2Fnew-power-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720145138/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=46193">"NJPS: Demography: Education, Employment and Income"</a>. jewishfederations.org. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=46193">the original</a> on July 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishfederations.org&rft.atitle=NJPS%3A+Demography%3A+Education%2C+Employment+and+Income&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishfederations.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fid%3D46193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savoring-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Savoring_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_F._Smith,_Garrett_Oliver2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrew F. Smith, Garrett Oliver (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBGnCgAAQBAJ">Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190263645" title="Special:BookSources/9780190263645"><bdi>9780190263645</bdi></a>. <q>Some Jewish delicatessen served only kosher meat, but many were kosher style, meaning that they served meat not certified as kosher but did not serve dairy (to avoid mixing with meat) or any pork and shellfish products. With Jewish acculturation to the mainstream, however, the concept of kosher-style delicatessens broadened to include smoked meat sandwiches with slices of cheese or luscious New York-style cheesecakes for dessert - if not the occasional ham sandwich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savoring+Gotham%3A+A+Food+Lover%27s+Companion+to+New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190263645&rft.au=Andrew+F.+Smith%2C+Garrett+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBGnCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magarik-291"><a href="#cite_ref-Magarik_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagarik2016" class="citation web cs1">Magarik, Raphael (January 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/culture/books/329884/how-pastrami-helped-to-create-american-jewish-culture/">"How Pastrami Helped to Create American Jewish Culture"</a>. Forward. Retrieved August 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=How+Pastrami+Helped+to+Create+American+Jewish+Culture&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.aulast=Magarik&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F329884%2Fhow-pastrami-helped-to-create-american-jewish-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSietsema2016" class="citation web cs1">Sietsema, Robert (October 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.eater.com/2016/10/25/13403926/nyc-sephardic-jewish-food-sietsema">"Where to Find Sephardic Jewish Food in NYC and Its Suburbs"</a>. Eater NY. Retrieved October 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eater+NY&rft.atitle=Where+to+Find+Sephardic+Jewish+Food+in+NYC+and+Its+Suburbs&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=Sietsema&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.eater.com%2F2016%2F10%2F25%2F13403926%2Fnyc-sephardic-jewish-food-sietsema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_works">General works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: General works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasia_Diner" title="Hasia Diner">Diner, Hasia</a> et al. Her works praise her: a history of Jewish women in America from colonial times to the present (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasia_Diner" title="Hasia Diner">Diner, Hasia</a>. The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diner-hasia-j-auth-the-jews-of-the-united-states-1654-to-2000">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarberWaxman1999" class="citation book cs1">Farber, Roberta Rosenberg; <a href="/wiki/Chaim_I._Waxman" title="Chaim I. Waxman">Waxman, Chaim I.</a>, eds. (1999). Jews in America: A Contemporary Reader. Waltham, Ma: Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874518993" title="Special:BookSources/9780874518993"><bdi>9780874518993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+America%3A+A+Contemporary+Reader&rft.place=Waltham%2C+Ma&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780874518993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeingold1992–1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Feingold, Henry L., ed. (1992–1995). The Jewish People in America: 5-volume Set. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+People+in+America%3A+5-volume+Set&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1992%2F1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Faber, Eli. A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654–1820 (Vol. 1, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801843433">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasia_Diner" title="Hasia Diner">Diner, Hasia R.</a> A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820–1880 (Vol. 2, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeforgathering0000dine">online</a></li> <li>Sorin, Gerald. A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880–1920 (Vol. 3, 1992 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeforbuildingt0000sori_t9w1">online</a></li> <li>Feingold, Henry L. A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920–1945 (Vol. 4, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801843464">online</a></li> <li>Shapiro, Edward S. A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II, (Vol. 5, 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeforhealingam0000edwa_p2v5">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheskin2000" class="citation book cs1">Sheskin, Ira M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrf_HrCTXdgC&pg=PA227">"American Jews"</a>. In McKee, Jesse O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrf_HrCTXdgC">Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal</a>. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0034-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-0034-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Jews&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+Contemporary+America%3A+A+Geographical+Appraisal&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0034-1&rft.aulast=Sheskin&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drrf_HrCTXdgC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklare1982" class="citation book cs1">Sklare, Marshal, ed. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAfOeWFcfqwC">Understanding American Jewry</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Brandeis University Center for Modern Jewish Studies; Transaction Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87855-454-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87855-454-8"><bdi>0-87855-454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+American+Jewry&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Center+for+Modern+Jewish+Studies%3B+Transaction+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-87855-454-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAfOeWFcfqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklare1983" class="citation book cs1">Sklare, Marshal, ed. (1983). American Jews, a Reader. New Brunswick, NJ; New York: Brandeis University Center for Modern Jewish Studies; Behrman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874413486" title="Special:BookSources/0874413486"><bdi>0874413486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jews%2C+a+Reader&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Center+for+Modern+Jewish+Studies%3B+Behrman+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0874413486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sorin, Gerald (1997). Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a>, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2re18pHhiUC">Imagining American Jewish Community</a>. Waltham, Ma: Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-669-2"><bdi>978-1-58465-669-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+American+Jewish+Community&rft.place=Waltham%2C+Ma&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-669-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2re18pHhiUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_topics">Historical topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Historical topics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States#Historiography_and_memory" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States § Historiography and memory</a></div> <ul><li>Barnett, Michael N. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691165974/the-star-and-the-stripes">The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews</a>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Fried, Lewis, et al., eds. Handbook of American-Jewish literature: an analytical guide to topics, themes, and sources (Greenwood Press, 1988)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gurock, Jeffrey S (2013). "Writing New York's Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey". History Compass. 11 (3): 215–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12033">10.1111/hic3.12033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Writing+New+York%27s+Twentieth+Century+Jewish+History%3A+A+Five+Borough+Journey&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-226&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12033&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Howe, Irving. World of our Fathers: The journey of the East European Jews to America and the life they found and made (1976)</li> <li>Hyman, Paula, and <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dash_Moore" title="Deborah Dash Moore">Deborah Dash Moore</a>, eds. Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 1997</li> <li>Lederhendler, Eli. American Jewry: A New History (Cambridge UP, 2017). 331 pp.</li> <li>Marcus, Jacob Rader. The American Jew, 1585–1990: a history (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanjew158510000marc">online</a>.</li> <li>Marcus, Jacob Rader. The American Jewish woman, 1654–1980 (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanjewishwo0000marc">online</a></li> <li>Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history (2 vol 2007), 775pp; comprehenisive coverage by experts; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUDbttcSl08C">excerpt and text search vol 1</a></li> <li>Robinson, Ira. "The Invention of American Jewish History." American Jewish History (1994): 309–320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884550">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Wenger, Beth S. History Lessons: The Creation of American Jewish Heritage (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Lessons-Creation-American-Heritage/dp/069115614X/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">"American Jewish History"</a>. In Jack Wertheimer (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ">The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide</a>. New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 52–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8"><bdi>0-8147-9261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Jewish+Experience%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=52-61&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8147-9261-8&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G8TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Whitfield, Stephen J. In Search of American Jewish Culture. 1999</li> <li>Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. <a href="/wiki/Zakhor:_Jewish_History_and_Jewish_Memory" title="Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory">Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory</a> (University of Washington Press, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_2">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Jews_in_politics#Further_reading" title="American Jews in politics">American Jews in politics § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. 2000.</li> <li>Feingold, Henry L. American Jewish Political Culture and the Liberal Persuasion (Syracuse University Press; 2014) 384 pages; traces the history, dominance, and motivations of liberalism in the American Jewish political culture, and look at concerns about Israel and memories of the Holocaust.</li> <li>Goren, Arthur. The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews. 1999.</li> <li>Maisel, Louis Sandy; Forman, Ira N.; Altschiller, Donald; Bassett, Charles Walker (2004). Jews in American politics: essays. Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dash_Moore" title="Deborah Dash Moore">Moore, Deborah Dash</a> (2008). American Jewish Identity Politics. University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Svonkin, Stuart (1997). Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel2000" class="citation book cs1">Ariel, Yaakov (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C">Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000</a>. Chapel Hill, NC; London: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2566-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2566-2"><bdi>0-8078-2566-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43708450">43708450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelizing+the+Chosen+People%3A+Missions+to+the+Jews+in+America%2C+1880%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43708450&rft.isbn=0-8078-2566-2&rft.aulast=Ariel&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3hCgIZB790C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel2010" class="citation book cs1">Ariel, Yaakov (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZohdcPSo3LsC&pg=PA599">"Judaism"</a>. In Goff, Philip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZohdcPSo3LsC">The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America</a>. Malden, Ma; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 599–613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6936-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-6936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+in+America&rft.place=Malden%2C+Ma%3B+Oxford&rft.pages=599-613&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6936-3&rft.aulast=Ariel&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZohdcPSo3LsC%26pg%3DPA599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leon_Blau" title="Joseph Leon Blau">Blau, Joseph Leon</a> (1976). Judaism in America. From Curiosity to Third Faith. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-22605-727-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-22605-727-5"><bdi>0-22605-727-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+America.+From+Curiosity+to+Third+Faith&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-22605-727-5&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxbaumKaresh2003" class="citation book cs1">Buxbaum, Shelley M.; Karesh, Sara E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYN3DlUtoI4C">Jewish Faith in America</a>. Faith in America. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4986-6"><bdi>0-8160-4986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Faith+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Faith+in+America.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8160-4986-6&rft.aulast=Buxbaum&rft.aufirst=Shelley+M.&rft.au=Karesh%2C+Sara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYN3DlUtoI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cohen, Naomi (1992). Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenBubis1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven M.</a>; Bubis, Gerald B. (1990). "The Impact of Denomination: Differences in the Israel-Related Opinions of American Rabbis and Jewish Communal Workers". Jewish Political Studies Review. 2 (1/2): 137–163. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834177">25834177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Denomination%3A+Differences+in+the+Israel-Related+Opinions+of+American+Rabbis+and+Jewish+Communal+Workers&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=137-163&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25834177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Bubis%2C+Gerald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Eisen" title="Arnold Eisen">Eisen, Arnold M.</a> (1983). The Chosen People in America: A Study in Jewish Religious Ideology.</li> <li>Etengoff, C. (2011). An Exploration of religious gender differences amongst Jewish-American emerging adults of different socio-religious subgroups. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33. pp. 371–391.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerziger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferziger" title="Adam Ferziger">Ferziger, Adam S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1RQCgAAQBAJ">Beyond Sectarianism: The Realignment of American Orthodox Judaism</a>. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3953-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-3953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Sectarianism%3A+The+Realignment+of+American+Orthodox+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3953-4&rft.aulast=Ferziger&rft.aufirst=Adam+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1RQCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Gallagher" title="Eugene V. Gallagher">Gallagher, Eugene V.</a>; Ashcraft, W. Michael, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC">Jewish and Christian Traditions</a>. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 1–2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98714-5"><bdi>978-0-275-98714-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006022954">2006022954</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315689134">315689134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.series=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America&rft.pub=Greenwood+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F315689134&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006022954&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98714-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClaySHbUEogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Glazer" title="Nathan Glazer">Glazer, Nathan</a> (1989). American Judaism. (2nd ed.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_S._Gurock" title="Jeffrey S. Gurock">Gurock, Jeffrey S.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWyxwAdgHWMC">American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective</a>. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-567-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-567-X"><bdi>0-88125-567-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Orthodoxy+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88125-567-X&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWyxwAdgHWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_S._Gurock" title="Jeffrey S. Gurock">Gurock, Jeffrey S.</a> (1998). From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America. Ann Arbor, Mi: Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781881759065" title="Special:BookSources/9781881759065"><bdi>9781881759065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fluidity+to+Rigidity%3A+The+Religious+Worlds+of+Conservative+and+Orthodox+Jews+in+Twentieth+Century+America&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Jean+and+Samuel+Frankel+Center+for+Judaic+Studies%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781881759065&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_S._Gurock" title="Jeffrey S. Gurock">Gurock, Jeffrey S.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKyLmWOSCPoC">Orthodox Jews in America</a>. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35291-0"><bdi>978-0-253-35291-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Jews+in+America&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+In&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35291-0&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKyLmWOSCPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven M.</a> (1989). Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226324966" title="Special:BookSources/0226324966">0226324966</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Evan_Kaplan" title="Dana Evan Kaplan">Kaplan, Dana Evan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSOG9e1QqzsC">Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation and Renewal</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13728-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+American+Judaism%3A+Transformation+and+Renewal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13728-7&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Dana+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSOG9e1QqzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kaufman, David (1999). Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History. Brandeis University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraut1998" class="citation book cs1">Kraut, Benny (1998). "Jewish Survival in Protestant America". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarna" title="Jonathan Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minorityfaithsam0000sarn/page/n10/mode/1up">Minority Faiths and the American Protestant Mainstream</a>. Urbana; Chicago, Il: University of Illinois Press. pp. 15–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02293-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02293-9"><bdi>0-252-02293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Survival+in+Protestant+America&rft.btitle=Minority+Faiths+and+the+American+Protestant+Mainstream&rft.place=Urbana%3B+Chicago%2C+Il&rft.pages=15-60&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-252-02293-9&rft.aulast=Kraut&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminorityfaithsam0000sarn%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachoff2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lachoff, Irwin (2019). "Reform in Mid Nineteenth-Century Jewish New Orleans: Achieving "the Spirit of Progress and Enlightenment" Through Acculturation, Residential Patterns, and Personality". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 60 (2): 171–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6816">0024-6816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2686469">2686469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+History%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Louisiana+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Reform+in+Mid+Nineteenth-Century+Jewish+New+Orleans%3A+Achieving+%22the+Spirit+of+Progress+and+Enlightenment%22+Through+Acculturation%2C+Residential+Patterns%2C+and+Personality&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-198&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2686469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0024-6816&rft.aulast=Lachoff&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazerwitzWinterDashefskyTabory1998" class="citation book cs1">Lazerwitz, Bernard Melvin; Winter, J. Alan; Dashefsky, Arnold; Tabory, Ephram (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7I9yXxirckIC">Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism</a>. SUNY series in American Jewish Society in the 1990s. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_66__1965.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 20, 2011. 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Aspects of the Religious Behavior of American Jews. New York: KTAV Publ. House.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a> (1988). Deceptive Images: Toward a Redefinition of American Judaism. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-218-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-218-5">0-88738-218-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebmanCohen1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven Martin</a> (1990). Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300047264" title="Special:BookSources/9780300047264"><bdi>9780300047264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Worlds+of+Judaism%3A+The+Israeli+and+American+Experiences&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780300047264&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Steven+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Magid" title="Shaul Magid">Magid, Shaul</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5A8CLx_UqvsC">American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Postethnic Society</a>. Religion in North America. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253008022" title="Special:BookSources/9780253008022"><bdi>9780253008022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Post-Judaism%3A+Identity+and+Renewal+in+a+Postethnic+Society&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+In&rft.series=Religion+in+North+America&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780253008022&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5A8CLx_UqvsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Mayer" title="Egon Mayer">Mayer, Egon</a>; Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela. "The American Jewish Identity Survey", a subset of The American Religious Identity Survey, City University of New York Graduate Center. An article on this survey is printed in The New York Jewish Week, 2 November 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>; et al., eds. (2009) [1978]. "Abrahamic Religions". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Religions" title="Encyclopedia of American Religions">Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions</a> (8th ed.). Detroit, Mi: Gale Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-787-69696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-787-69696-2"><bdi>978-0-787-69696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abrahamic+Religions&rft.btitle=Melton%27s+Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Gale+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-787-69696-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meltonsencyclope0008melt">archived</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Meyer, Michael A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M12toEjI5PEC">Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195051674" title="Special:BookSources/9780195051674"><bdi>9780195051674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Response+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780195051674&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM12toEjI5PEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerPlaut2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Meyer, Michael A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Plaut" title="Gunther Plaut">Plaut, W. Gunther</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38374667">The Reform Judaism Reader: North American Documents</a> (PDF). New York: UAHC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8074-0732-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8074-0732-1"><bdi>0-8074-0732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reform+Judaism+Reader%3A+North+American+Documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=UAHC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8074-0732-1&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Plaut%2C+W.+Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38374667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittlemanLichtSarna2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mittleman" title="Alan Mittleman">Mittleman, Alan L.</a>; Licht, Robert A.; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarna" title="Jonathan Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a>, eds. (2002). Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742521223" title="Special:BookSources/9780742521223"><bdi>9780742521223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Polity+and+American+Civil+Society%3A+Communal+Agencies+and+Religious+Movements+in+the+American+Public+Sphere&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780742521223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1972). American Judaism, Adventure in Modernity: An Anthological Essay. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Judaism%2C+Adventure+in+Modernity%3A+An+Anthological+Essay&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxhsbXuoWeYC">Reprint</a>: New York: KTAV Publ. House, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87068-681-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87068-681-X">0-87068-681-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1975). The Synagogue and the Rabbi. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 1. New York: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870682806" title="Special:BookSources/0870682806"><bdi>0870682806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synagogue+and+the+Rabbi&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Understanding+American+Judaism%3A+Toward+the+Description+of+a+Modern+Religion%2C+vol.+1&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0870682806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1975). The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870682792" title="Special:BookSources/0870682792"><bdi>0870682792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sectors+of+American+Judaism%3A+Reform%2C+Orthodoxy%2C+Conservatism%2C+and+Reconstructionism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Understanding+American+Judaism%3A+Toward+the+Description+of+a+Modern+Religion%2C+vol.+2&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0870682792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1981). Judaism in the American Humanities. Brown Judaic Studies. Chico: Scholars Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1983). Judaism in the American Humanities. Second Series. Jewish Learning and the New Humanities. Brown Judaic Studies. Chico: Scholars Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1993). The Reformation of Reform Judaism. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 6. New York; London: Garland Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815300762" title="Special:BookSources/9780815300762"><bdi>9780815300762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+of+Reform+Judaism&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Judaism+in+Cold+War+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%2C+vol.+6&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780815300762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1993). Conserving Conservative Judaism: Reconstructionist Judaism. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 7. New York; London: Garland Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815300786" title="Special:BookSources/9780815300786"><bdi>9780815300786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conserving+Conservative+Judaism%3A+Reconstructionist+Judaism&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Judaism+in+Cold+War+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%2C+vol.+7&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780815300786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1993). The Rabbinate in America: Reshaping an Ancient Calling. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 10. New York; London: Garland Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815300823" title="Special:BookSources/9780815300823"><bdi>9780815300823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rabbinate+in+America%3A+Reshaping+an+Ancient+Calling&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Judaism+in+Cold+War+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%2C+vol.+10&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780815300823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudavsky1979" class="citation book cs1">Rudavsky, David (1979) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjewishreli0000ruda/page/n8/mode/1up">Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment</a> (3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 271–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87441-286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87441-286-2"><bdi>0-87441-286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Jewish+Religious+Movements%3A+A+History+of+Emancipation+and+Abjustment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=271-402&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87441-286-2&rft.aulast=Rudavsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernjewishreli0000ruda%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1984" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Marc Lee (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesinameric00raph">Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective</a>. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06066801-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06066801-6"><bdi>0-06066801-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+American+Judaism%3A+the+Reform%2C+Conservative%2C+Orthodox%2C+and+Reconstructionist+traditions+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Ca&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06066801-6&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Marc+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofilesinameric00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2003" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Marc Lee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaisminamerica00raph">Judaism in America</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12060-5"><bdi>0-231-12060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-231-12060-5&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Marc+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudaisminamerica00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1998" class="citation journal cs1">Raphael, Melissa (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF">"Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a>. 1 (2): 198–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.198">10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Goddess+Religion%2C+Postmodern+Jewish+Feminism%2C+and+the+Complexity+of+Alternative+Religious+Identities&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-215&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.1998.1.2.198&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fnr%2Farticle-abstract%2F1%2F2%2F198%2F70030%2FGoddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and%3FredirectedFrom%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebhum2016" class="citation book cs1">Rebhum, Uzi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cb6lDAAAQBAJC">Jews and the American Religious Landscape</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231178266" title="Special:BookSources/9780231178266"><bdi>9780231178266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+American+Religious+Landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780231178266&rft.aulast=Rebhum&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcb6lDAAAQBAJC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarna" title="Jonathan Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4-EmcMrAy4C">American Judaism: A History</a>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10197-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Judaism%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10197-3&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4-EmcMrAy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shokeid" title="Moshe Shokeid">Shokeid, Moshe</a> (1995). A Gay Synagogue in New York. New York: Columbia University Press. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hazES1iT8AUC">Reprint</a>: Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklare1955" class="citation book cs1">Sklare, Marshall (1955). Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819144800" title="Special:BookSources/0819144800"><bdi>0819144800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Judaism%3A+An+American+Religious+Movement&rft.place=Glencoe%2C+Il&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0819144800&rft.aulast=Sklare&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_I._Waxman" title="Chaim I. Waxman">Waxman, Chaim I</a>. (2002). "What We Don't Know about the Judaism of America's Jews." Contemporary Jewry, 23. pp. 72–95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0147-1694">0147-1694</a> Uses survey data to map the religious beliefs of American Jews, 1973–2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a>, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5dZQhCII6UC">The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33290-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33290-7"><bdi>0-521-33290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Synagogue%3A+A+Sanctuary+Transformed&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33290-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5dZQhCII6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC&pg=PA85">"Recent Trends in American Judaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC">An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2"><bdi>0-664-25348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Trends+in+American+Judaism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism%3A+A+Textbook+and+Reader&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=85-116&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-664-25348-2&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M8oxDql1KIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (1997). A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America Religion Today. Waltham, Ma: Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874518481" title="Special:BookSources/9780874518481"><bdi>9780874518481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Divided%3A+Judaism+in+Contemporary+America+Religion+Today&rft.place=Waltham%2C+Ma&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780874518481&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_nEoAZ6ffgC">Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2821-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2821-6"><bdi>0-8135-2821-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Center%3A+Conservative+Synagogues+and+Their+Members&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8135-2821-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_nEoAZ6ffgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DthDwAAQBAJ">The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today</a>. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Judaism%3A+How+Jews+Practice+Their+Religion+Today&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18129-5&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DthDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_topics">Other topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Other topics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Antler, Joyce, ed. (1998). Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven Martin</a> (1983). American Modernity and Jewish Identity. London: Tavistock Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0422777501" title="Special:BookSources/0422777501"><bdi>0422777501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Modernity+and+Jewish+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publ.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0422777501&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Steven+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cutler, Irving. (1995). The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Dinnerstein, Leonard</a> (1994). Antisemitism in America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a> Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century.</li> <li>Kobrin, Rebecca, ed. Chosen Capital: The Jewish Encounter With American Capitalism (Rutgers University Press; 2012) 311 pages; scholarly essays on the liquor, real-estate, and scrap-metal industries, and Jews as union organizers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a> (2001). Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, Religion, and Family in American Jewish Life, Varda Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59045-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59045-039-6">1-59045-039-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a>; Argov, Merkaz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=8568">A Research Agenda for American Jews</a>. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University, Dept. of Political Studies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dash_Moore" title="Deborah Dash Moore">Moore, Deborah Dash.</a> <a href="/wiki/To_the_Golden_Cities:_Pursuing_the_American_Jewish_Dream_in_Miami_and_L._A." class="mw-redirect" title="To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A.">To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A.</a> 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dash_Moore" title="Deborah Dash Moore">Moore, Deborah Dash.</a> GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (2006).</li> <li>Morawska, Ewa (1999). Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Novick" title="Peter Novick">Novick, Peter</a>. The Holocaust in American Life. 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebhumAri2010" class="citation book cs1">Rebhum, Uzi; Ari, Lilakh Lev (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-WQZDJdo8C">American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18388-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Israelis%3A+Migration%2C+Transnationalism%2C+and+Diasporic+Identity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18388-9&rft.aulast=Rebhum&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft.au=Ari%2C+Lilakh+Lev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCG-WQZDJdo8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_I._Waxman" title="Chaim I. Waxman">Waxman, Chaim I.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWmoHFPZa_UC">American Aliya: Portrait of an Innovative Migration Movement</a>. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1936-X"><bdi>0-8143-1936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Aliya%3A+Portrait+of+an+Innovative+Migration+Movement&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8143-1936-X&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Chaim+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWmoHFPZa_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>American Jewish Committee. American Jewish Yearbook: The Annual Record of Jewish Civilization (annual, 1899–2012+),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=40">complete text online 1899–2007</a>; long sophisticated essays on status of Jews in U.S. and worldwide; the standard primary source used by historians.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauBaron1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leon_Blau" title="Joseph Leon Blau">Blau, Joseph Leon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Baron, Salo Wittmayer</a>, eds. (1963). The Jews of the United States, 1790–1840: A Documentary History. Vol. 1. New York; Philadelphia, Pa: Columbia University Press; The Jewish Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+United+States%2C+1790%E2%80%931840%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=New+York%3B+Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%3B+The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marcus, Jacob Rader, ed. The American Jewish Woman, A Documentary History (Ktav 1981).</li> <li>Schappes, Morris Urman, ed. A documentary history of the Jews in the United States, 1654–1875 (Citadel Press, 1952).</li> <li>Staub, Michael E. ed. The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-417-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-417-1">1-58465-417-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12276">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenger2007" class="citation book cs1">Wenger, Beth S. (2007). The Jewish Americans: Three Centuries of Jewish Voices in America. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52139-0"><bdi>978-0-385-52139-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144774311">144774311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Americans%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Jewish+Voices+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144774311&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52139-0&rft.aulast=Wenger&rft.aufirst=Beth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Jews&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishfederations.org">Jewish Federations of North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/american-jewish-life/">My Jewish Learning: American Jewish Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/jewish_population_growth_in_usa#.Xs1a0GhKizk">Jewish population growth in the United States – The Literary Digest (1922)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank">The Berman Jewish Databank @ The Jewish Federations of North America</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews and Judaism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center" title="Jewish Community Center">Jewish Community Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federations_of_North_America" title="Jewish Federations of North America">Jewish Federations of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">Local Jewish Federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major advocacy organizations (not exclusively Israel-focused)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_Major_American_Jewish_Organizations" title="Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Action_Center_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism">Religious Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council" title="Jewish Community Relations Council">Jewish Community Relations Councils (JCRCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Council_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jewish Council for Public Affairs">Jewish Council for Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Jewish_environmental_organizations" title="Template:American Jewish environmental organizations">Jewish environmental groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Future_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Future Pledge">Jewish Future Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">Jewish Women's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Democratic_Council" title="National Jewish Democratic Council">National Jewish Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Antisemitism" title="Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Jewish_Liaison" title="White House Jewish Liaison">White House Jewish Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Democratic_Council_of_America" title="Jewish Democratic Council of America">Jewish Democratic Council of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major humanitarian organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_World_Service" title="American Jewish World Service">American Jewish World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS"> Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Israel_Appeal" title="United Israel Appeal">United Israel Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Israel-focused organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameinu" title="Ameinu">Ameinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli-American_Council" title="Israeli-American Council">Israeli-American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace" title="Jewish Voice for Peace">Jewish Voice for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_Israel_Journey" title="Masa Israel Journey">Masa Israel Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzofim_Friendship_Caravan" title="Tzofim Friendship Caravan">Tzofim Friendship Caravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major domestic and neighborhood assistance organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaverim" title="Chaverim">Chaverim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzalah" title="Hatzalah">Hatzalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Community_Network" title="Secure Community Network">Secure Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomrim_(neighborhood_watch_group)" title="Shomrim (neighborhood watch group)">Shomrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Shabbos" title="Tomchei Shabbos">Tomchei Shabbos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 1.0em;">Major religious movement organizations (and associated rabbinical membership and policy body; seminary)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah#United_States" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a>; etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim#In_North_America" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim-U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Reconstructionist_Federation" title="Jewish Reconstructionist Federation">Jewish Reconstructionist Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_Association" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association">Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">RRC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">RIETS-YU</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">JTSA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ziegler_School_of_Rabbinic_Studies" title="Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies">AJU-Ziegler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">HUC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of synagogues (by movements)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of synagogues in the United States">by US states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Former synagogues in the United States">Former</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative synagogues in the United States">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanistic_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Humanistic synagogues in the United States">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Orthodox synagogues in the United States">Orthodox and Modern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstructionist_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reconstructionist synagogues in the United States">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reform synagogues in the United States">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unaffiliated_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Unaffiliated synagogues in the United States">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_summer_camp" title="Jewish summer camp">Jewish summer camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph" title="Aleph Zadik Aleph">AZA</a> / <a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">BBG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCSY" title="NCSY">NCSY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFTY" title="NFTY">North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_Youth" title="United Synagogue Youth">United Synagogue Youth (USY)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kadima_(youth_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadima (youth group)">Kadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Judaea" title="Young Judaea">Young Judaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">College Jewish studies programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Jewish schools in the United States">See template for schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schechter_Day_School_Network" title="Schechter Day School Network">Schechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major university groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_International" title="Hillel International">Hillel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masorti_on_Campus" title="Masorti on Campus">Masorti on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_student_groups_at_secular_universities" title="Orthodox Jewish student groups at secular universities">Orthodox student groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_Jewish_Students" title="World Union of Jewish Students">World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Jewish fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">Alpha Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi">Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">Sigma Delta Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">Tau Delta Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">Tau Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News wires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">Jewish News Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News outlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal" title="Algemeiner Journal">Algemeiner Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Jewish_Times" title="Baltimore Jewish Times">Baltimore Jewish Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Jewish_News" title="Charlotte Jewish News">Charlotte Jewish News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News" title="Cleveland Jewish News">Cleveland Jewish News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blatt" title="Der Blatt">Der Blatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Yid" title="Der Yid">Der Yid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Tzeitung" title="Di Tzeitung">Di Tzeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Advocate" title="The Jewish Advocate">The Jewish Advocate (Bost.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Exponent" title="The Jewish Exponent">The Jewish Exponent (Phila.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles">The Jewish Journal (L.A.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ledger" title="Jewish Ledger">The Jewish Ledger (Conn.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_of_Greater_Phoenix" title="Jewish News of Greater Phoenix">Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Standard" title="Jewish Standard">Jewish Standard (N.J.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Star_(New_York)" title="The Jewish Star (New York)">The Jewish Star (N.Y.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Voice">Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California" title="J. The Jewish News of Northern California">JWeekly (S.F.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Jewish_Week" title="New York Jewish Week">New York Jewish Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Jewish_News" title="New Jersey Jewish News">New Jersey Jewish News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Jewish_Chronicle" title="Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle">Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Jewish_Light" title="St. Louis Jewish Light">St. Louis Jewish Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Jewish_Week" title="Washington Jewish Week">Washington Jewish Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yated_Ne%27eman_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yated Ne'eman (United States)">Yated Ne'eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vos_Iz_Neias%3F" title="Vos Iz Neias?">Vos Iz Neias?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_World_News" title="Yeshiva World News">Yeshiva World News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_magazines_published_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Jewish magazines published in the United States">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Magazine" title="Ami Magazine">Ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah (magazine)">Binah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emunah" title="Emunah">Emunah Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sports_Review" title="Jewish Sports Review">Jewish Sports Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindline" title="Kindline">Kindline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(magazine)" title="Lilith (magazine)">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_Journal" title="San Diego Jewish Journal">San Diego Jewish Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_World" title="San Diego Jewish World">San Diego Jewish World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAPIR:_A_Journal_of_Jewish_Conversations" title="SAPIR: A Journal of Jewish Conversations">SAPIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_in_America" title="We Are in America">We Are in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Broadcasting_Service" title="Jewish Broadcasting Service">Jewish Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Life_Television" title="Jewish Life Television">Jewish Life Television (JLTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Television" title="National Jewish Television">National Jewish Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Channel" title="The Jewish Channel">The Jewish Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AskMoses.com" title="AskMoses.com">AskMoses.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heeb" title="Heeb">Heeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewcy" title="Jewcy">Jewcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher.com" title="Kosher.com">Kosher.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva.co" title="Yeshiva.co">Yeshiva.co</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JDate" title="JDate">JDate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSwipe" title="JSwipe">JSwipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox_Club" title="Lox Club">Lox Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_Ball" title="Matzo Ball">Matzo Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SawYouAtSinai" title="SawYouAtSinai">SawYouAtSinai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siyum_HaShas" title="Siyum HaShas">Siyum HaShas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Sunday_(phone-a-thon)" title="Super Sunday (phone-a-thon)">Super Sunday phone-a-thon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />  <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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