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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grotesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grotesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grotesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grotesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-grotesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-grotesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neo-grotesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-grotesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Geometric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Humanist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_or_mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_or_mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other or mixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_or_mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modulated_sans-serifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulated_sans-serifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Modulated sans-serifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulated_sans-serifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developing_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Developing popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_into_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Entry into printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth-century_sans-serifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth-century_sans-serifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Twentieth-century sans-serifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth-century_sans-serifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grotesque_sans-serif_revival_and_the_International_Typographic_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grotesque_sans-serif_revival_and_the_International_Typographic_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Grotesque sans-serif revival and the International Typographic Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grotesque_sans-serif_revival_and_the_International_Typographic_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sans-serif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لاذنابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاذنابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1x%C4%B1nt%C4%B1s%C4%B1z_%C5%9Frift" title="Çıxıntısız şrift – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çıxıntısız şrift" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lletra_de_pal_sec" title="Lletra de pal sec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lletra de pal sec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpatkov%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Bezpatkové písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezpatkové písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sans-serif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk_(typografi)" title="Grotesk (typografi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grotesk (typografi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk_(Schrift)" title="Grotesk (Schrift) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grotesk (Schrift)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_seco" title="Palo seco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palo seco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senserifa_tiparo" title="Senserifa tiparo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senserifa tiparo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sans-serif" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81" title="سنز-سریف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنز-سریف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%C3%A9ale" title="Linéale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linéale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%84%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84" title="산세리프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산세리프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_huruf_tanpa_kait" title="Rupa huruf tanpa kait – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rupa huruf tanpa kait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_tipografici_senza_grazie" title="Caratteri tipografici senza grazie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caratteri tipografici senza grazie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreefloos" title="Schreefloos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schreefloos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95" title="サンセリフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンセリフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk_(skrift)" title="Grotesk (skrift) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grotesk (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_bezszeryfowe" title="Pismo bezszeryfowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo bezszeryfowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82)" title="Гротеск (шрифт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гротеск (шрифт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans_serif" title="Sans serif – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sans serif" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezserifni_font" title="Bezserifni font – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bezserifni font" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteski_(typografia)" title="Groteski (typografia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groteski (typografia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sans-serif" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ไม่มีเชิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไม่มีเชิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rnaks%C4%B1z_(tipografi)" title="Tırnaksız (tipografi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tırnaksız (tipografi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA_(%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82)" title="Гротеск (шрифт) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гротеск (шрифт)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sans-serif" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%87%E8%85%B3%E5%AD%97" title="冇腳字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冇腳字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%A1%AC%E7%BA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="无衬线体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无衬线体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864011#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sans-serif" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanist_sans-serif&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist sans-serif">Humanist sans-serif</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Typeface classification for letterforms without serifs</div> <table style="float: right; margin: 0 1em 1em; border: solid 1px black;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/212px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/318px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg/424px-Serif_and_sans-serif_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="43" /></a></span> </td> <td>Sans-serif typeface </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/209px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/314px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg/418px-Serif_and_sans-serif_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Serif typeface </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/209px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/314px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg/418px-Serif_and_sans-serif_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Serifs<br />(coloured in red) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_serif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/220px-Ming_serif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/330px-Ming_serif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ming_serif.svg/440px-Ming_serif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: a <a href="/wiki/Ming_(typefaces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typefaces)">Ming</a> serif typeface with serifs in red, a Ming serif typeface and an <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">East Asian gothic</a> sans-serif typeface</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">lettering</a>, a <b>sans-serif</b>, <b>sans serif</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>)<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>), <b>gothic</b>, or simply <b>sans</b> letterform is one that does not have extending features called "<a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a>" at the end of strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sans-serif typefaces tend to have less stroke width variation than <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> typefaces. They are often used to convey simplicity and <a href="/wiki/Modern_typography" title="Modern typography">modernity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>. For the purposes of type classification, sans-serif designs are usually divided into these major groups: <a href="#Grotesque">§ Grotesque</a>, <a href="#Neo-grotesque">§ Neo-grotesque</a>, <a href="#Geometric">§ Geometric</a>, <a href="#Humanist">§ Humanist</a>, and <a href="#Other_or_mixed">§ Other or mixed</a>. </p><p>Sans-serif typefaces have become the most prevalent for display of text on computer screens. On lower-resolution digital displays, fine details like serifs may disappear or appear too large. The term comes from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sans</i></span>, meaning "without" and "serif" of uncertain origin, possibly from the Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schreef</i></span> meaning "line" or pen-stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In printed media, they are more commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">display use</a> and less for <a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">body text</a>. </p><p>Before the term "sans-serif" became standard in English typography, a number of other terms had been used. One of these terms for sans-serif was "grotesque", often used in Europe, and "<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_gothic_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian gothic typeface">gothic</a>", which is still used in East Asian typography and sometimes seen in typeface names like <a href="/wiki/News_Gothic" title="News Gothic">News Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway_Gothic" title="Highway Gothic">Highway Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gothic" title="Franklin Gothic">Franklin Gothic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trade_Gothic" title="Trade Gothic">Trade Gothic</a>. </p><p>Sans-serif typefaces are sometimes, especially in older documents, used as a device for <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a>, due to their typically blacker <a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">type color</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification<span class="anchor" id="Classification"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification#Lineal" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification § Lineal</a></div> <p>For the purposes of type classification, sans-serif designs are usually divided into three or four major groups, the fourth being the result of splitting the <i>grotesque</i> category into grotesque and neo-grotesque.<sup id="cite_ref-PJIM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PJIM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BS_2961_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS_2961-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grotesque">Grotesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grotesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg/220px-Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg/330px-Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg/440px-Akzidenz_Grotesk_Regular_%26_Italic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akzidenz-Grotesk" title="Akzidenz-Grotesk">Akzidenz-Grotesk</a>, originally released by <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Type_Foundry" title="Berthold Type Foundry">H. Berthold AG</a> in the 1890s. A popular German grotesque with a single-story 'g'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>This group features most of the early (19th century to early 20th) sans-serif designs. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> serif typefaces of the period and sign painting traditions, these were often quite solid, bold designs suitable for headlines and advertisements. The early sans-serif typefaces often did not feature a lower case or <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a>, since they were not needed for such uses. They were sometimes released by width, with a range of widths from extended to normal to condensed, with each style different, meaning to modern eyes they can look quite irregular and eccentric.<sup id="cite_ref-Shinn_Uniformity_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shinn_Uniformity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grotesque typefaces have limited variation of stroke width (often none perceptible in capitals). The terminals of curves are usually horizontal, and many have a spurred "G" and an "R" with a curled leg. Capitals tend to be of relatively uniform width. Cap height and ascender height are generally the same to produce a more regular effect in texts such as titles with many capital letters, and <a href="/wiki/Descender_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (typography)">descenders</a> are often short for tighter line spacing.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often avoid having a true italic in favor of a more restrained <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> or sloped design, although at least some sans-serif true italics were offered.<sup id="cite_ref-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Italic_Gothic_Fonts_in_Use_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italic_Gothic_Fonts_in_Use-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of grotesque typefaces include <a href="/wiki/Akzidenz-Grotesk" title="Akzidenz-Grotesk">Akzidenz-Grotesk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(typeface)" title="Venus (typeface)">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Gothic" title="News Gothic">News Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gothic" title="Franklin Gothic">Franklin Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Grotesque" title="Monotype Grotesque">Monotype Grotesque</a>. Akzidenz Grotesk Old Face, Knockout, <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(Stephenson_Blake_typefaces)" title="Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)">Grotesque No. 9</a> and Monotype Grotesque are examples of <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">digital fonts</a> that retain more of the eccentricities of some of the early sans-serif types.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Monotype, the term "grotesque" originates from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">grottesco</i>, meaning "belonging to the cave" due to their simple geometric appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term arose because of adverse comparisons that were drawn with the more ornate Modern Serif and Roman typefaces that were the norm at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-grotesque">Neo-grotesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neo-grotesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helvetica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Helvetica.svg/220px-Helvetica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Helvetica.svg/330px-Helvetica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Helvetica.svg/440px-Helvetica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a>, originally released by <a href="/wiki/Haas_Type_Foundry" title="Haas Type Foundry">Haas Type Foundry</a> (as Neue Haas Grotesk) in 1957. A typical neo-grotesque</figcaption></figure> <p>Neo-grotesque designs appeared in the mid-twentieth century as an evolution of grotesque types. They are relatively straightforward in appearance with limited stroke width variation. Similar to grotesque typefaces, neo-grotesques often feature capitals of uniform width and a quite 'folded-up' design, in which strokes (for example on the 'c') are curved all the way round to end on a perfect horizontal or vertical. <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> is an example of this. Unlike earlier grotesque designs, many were issued in large families from the time of release. </p><p>Neo-grotesque type began in the 1950s with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a>, or Swiss style. Its members looked at the clear lines of <a href="/wiki/Akzidenz-Grotesk" title="Akzidenz-Grotesk">Akzidenz-Grotesk</a> (1898) as an inspiration for designs with a neutral appearance and an even colour on the page. In 1957 the release of <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folio_(typeface)" title="Folio (typeface)">Folio</a>, the first typefaces categorized as neo-grotesque, had a strong impact internationally: Helvetica came to be the most used typeface for the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011376–377_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011376–377-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="It's a tweet (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometric">Geometric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geometric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Futura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Futura.svg/220px-Futura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Futura.svg/330px-Futura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Futura.svg/440px-Futura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Futura_(typeface)" title="Futura (typeface)">Futura</a>, originally released by <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Type_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer Type Foundry">Bauer Type Foundry</a> in 1927. A typical geometric sans-serif</figcaption></figure> <p>Geometric sans-serif typefaces are based on geometric shapes, like near-perfect circles and squares.<sup id="cite_ref-A_short_intro_to_the_geometric_sans_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_short_intro_to_the_geometric_sans-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common features are a nearly-circular capital 'O', sharp and pointed uppercase 'N' vertices, and a "single-storey" lowercase letter 'a'. The 'M' is often splayed and the capitals of varying width, following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">classical model</a>. </p><p>The geometric sans originated in Germany in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Types_of_their_time_–_A_short_history_of_the_geometric_sans_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Types_of_their_time_–_A_short_history_of_the_geometric_sans-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two early efforts in designing geometric types were made by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bayer" title="Herbert Bayer">Herbert Bayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Erbar" title="Jakob Erbar">Jakob Erbar</a>, who worked respectively on Universal Typeface (unreleased at the time but revived digitally as <a href="/wiki/Architype_Bayer" title="Architype Bayer">Architype Bayer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Erbar_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbar (typeface)">Erbar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1925</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-On_Erbar_and_Early_Geometric_Sans_Serifs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Erbar_and_Early_Geometric_Sans_Serifs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 <a href="/wiki/Futura_(typeface)" title="Futura (typeface)">Futura</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Renner" title="Paul Renner">Paul Renner</a>, was released to great acclaim and popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011339–340_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011339–340-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geometric sans-serif typefaces were popular from the 1920s and 1930s due to their clean, modern design, and many new geometric designs and revivals have been developed since.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable geometric types of the period include <a href="/wiki/Kabel_(typeface)" title="Kabel (typeface)">Kabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semplicit%C3%A0_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semplicità (typeface)">Semplicità</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Gothic" title="Bernhard Gothic">Bernhard Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_(typeface)" title="Nobel (typeface)">Nobel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_(typeface)" title="Metro (typeface)">Metro</a>; more recent designs in the style include <a href="/wiki/ITC_Avant_Garde" title="ITC Avant Garde">ITC Avant Garde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Grotesque" title="Brandon Grotesque">Brandon Grotesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotham_(typeface)" title="Gotham (typeface)">Gotham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avenir_(typeface)" title="Avenir (typeface)">Avenir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_Sans" title="Product Sans">Product Sans</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_Sans_(sans-serif_typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="HarmonyOS Sans (sans-serif typeface)">HarmonyOS Sans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Century_Gothic" title="Century Gothic">Century Gothic</a>. Many geometric sans-serif alphabets of the period, such as those authored by the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> art school (1919–1933) and modernist poster artists, were hand-lettered and not cut into metal type at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-True_Type_of_the_Bauhaus_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-True_Type_of_the_Bauhaus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate inspiration for many types described "geometric" in design has been the simplified shapes of letters engraved or stenciled on metal and plastic in industrial use, which often follow a simplified structure and are sometimes known as "rectilinear" for their use of straight vertical and horizontal lines. Designs which have been called geometric in principles but not descended from the Futura, Erbar and Kabel tradition include <a href="/wiki/Bank_Gothic" title="Bank Gothic">Bank Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_1451" title="DIN 1451">DIN 1451</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurostile" title="Eurostile">Eurostile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handel_Gothic" title="Handel Gothic">Handel Gothic</a>, along with many of the typefaces designed by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Larabie" title="Ray Larabie">Ray Larabie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Some_type_genres_explained_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Some_type_genres_explained-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanist">Humanist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Humanist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syntax_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Syntax_example.png/220px-Syntax_example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Syntax_example.png/330px-Syntax_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Syntax_example.png/440px-Syntax_example.png 2x" data-file-width="21951" data-file-height="9896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syntax_(typeface)" title="Syntax (typeface)">Syntax</a>, originally released by <a href="/wiki/D._Stempel_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Stempel AG">D. Stempel AG</a> in 1969. A humanist sans-serif</figcaption></figure> <p>Humanist sans-serif typefaces take inspiration from traditional letterforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, traditional serif typefaces and calligraphy. Many have <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">true italics</a> rather than an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swashes</a> in italic. One of the earliest humanist designs was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Edward Johnston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johnston_(typeface)" title="Johnston (typeface)">Johnston</a> typeface from 1916, and, a decade later, <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, 1928).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy198686–90_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy198686–90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Johnston, a <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligrapher</a> by profession, was inspired by classic letter forms, especially the capital letters on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Column of Trajan">Column of Trajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-In_Defence_of_the_Roman_Letter_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Defence_of_the_Roman_Letter-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humanist designs vary more than gothic or geometric designs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some humanist designs have stroke modulation (strokes that clearly vary in width along their line) or alternating thick and thin strokes. These include most popularly <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Zapf" title="Hermann Zapf">Hermann Zapf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Optima" title="Optima">Optima</a> (1958), a typeface expressly designed to be suitable for both display and body text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990326–330_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990326–330-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some humanist designs may be more geometric, as in Gill Sans and Johnston (especially their capitals), which like Roman capitals are often based on perfect squares, half-squares and circles, with considerable variation in width. These somewhat architectural designs may feel too stiff for body text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy198686–90_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy198686–90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others such as <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(typeface)" title="Syntax (typeface)">Syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goudy_Sans" title="Goudy Sans">Goudy Sans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sassoon" title="Rosemary Sassoon">Sassoon Sans</a> more resemble handwriting, serif typefaces or calligraphy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frutiger_(typeface)" title="Frutiger (typeface)">Frutiger</a>, from 1976, has been particularly influential in the development of the modern humanist sans genre, especially designs intended to be particularly legible above all other design considerations. The category expanded greatly during the 1980s and 1990s, partly as a reaction against the overwhelming popularity of <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a> and also due to the need for legible <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a> on low-resolution computer displays.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_Not_Your_Father’s_Sans_Serif_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_Not_Your_Father’s_Sans_Serif-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berry_Human_Side_of_Sans_Serif_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_Human_Side_of_Sans_Serif-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Questioning_Gill_Sans_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Questioning_Gill_Sans-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kupferschmid_Gill_Sans_Alternatives_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmid_Gill_Sans_Alternatives-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designs from this period intended for print use include <a href="/wiki/FF_Meta" title="FF Meta">FF Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myriad_(typeface)" title="Myriad (typeface)">Myriad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesis_(typeface)" title="Thesis (typeface)">Thesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Sans" title="Charlotte Sans">Charlotte Sans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bliss_(typeface)" title="Bliss (typeface)">Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skia_(typeface)" title="Skia (typeface)">Skia</a> and <a href="/wiki/FF_Scala_Sans" title="FF Scala Sans">Scala Sans</a>, while designs developed for computer use include Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Tahoma_(typeface)" title="Tahoma (typeface)">Tahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet_MS" title="Trebuchet MS">Trebuchet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdana" title="Verdana">Verdana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calibri" title="Calibri">Calibri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbel_(typeface)" title="Corbel (typeface)">Corbel</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lucida_Grande" title="Lucida Grande">Lucida Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fira_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fira Sans">Fira Sans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Droid_fonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droid fonts">Droid Sans</a>. Humanist sans-serif designs can (if appropriately proportioned and spaced) be particularly suitable for use on screen or at distance, since their designs can be given wide <a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">apertures</a> or separation between strokes, which is not a conventional feature on grotesque and neo-grotesque designs. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_or_mixed">Other or mixed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other or mixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg/220px-Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg/330px-Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg/440px-Stroke_modulation_sans-serif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7584" data-file-height="4222" /></a><figcaption>Rothbury, an early modulated sans-serif typeface from 1915. The strokes vary in width considerably.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the diversity of sans-serif typefaces, many do not exactly fit into the above categories. For example, <a href="/wiki/Neuzeit_S" title="Neuzeit S">Neuzeit S</a> has both neo-grotesque and geometric influences, as does <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Zapf" title="Hermann Zapf">Hermann Zapf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/URW_Grotesk" title="URW Grotesk">URW Grotesk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_(typeface)" title="Whitney (typeface)">Whitney</a> blends humanist and grotesque influences, while <a href="/wiki/Klavika" title="Klavika">Klavika</a> is a geometric design not based on the circle. Sans-serif typefaces intended for signage, such as <a href="/wiki/Transport_(typeface)" title="Transport (typeface)">Transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tern_(typeface)" title="Tern (typeface)">Tern</a> (both used on road signs), may have unusual features to enhance legibility and differentiate characters, such as a lower-case 'L' with a curl or 'i' with serif under the dot.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Transport_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Transport-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modulated_sans-serifs">Modulated sans-serifs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modulated sans-serifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A particular subgenre of sans-serifs is those such as Rothbury, <a href="/wiki/Britannic_(typeface)" title="Britannic (typeface)">Britannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiant_(typeface)" title="Radiant (typeface)">Radiant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_(typeface)" title="National Trust (typeface)">National Trust</a> with obvious variation in stroke width. These have been called 'modulated', 'stressed' or 'high-contrast' sans-serifs. They are nowadays<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> often placed within the humanist genre, although they predate Johnston which started the modern humanist genre. These may take inspiration from sources outside printing such as brush lettering or calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-Identifont_blog_Feb_15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identifont_blog_Feb_15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letters without serifs have been common in writing across history, for example in casual, non-monumental <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> of the classical period. However, <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, the inspiration for much Latin-alphabet lettering throughout history, had prominent serifs. While simple sans-serif letters have always been common in "uncultured" writing and sometimes even in epigraphy,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as basic handwriting, most artistically-authored letters in the Latin alphabet, both sculpted and printed, since the Middle Ages have been inspired by fine calligraphy, <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> writing and <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>. As a result, printing done in the Latin alphabet for the first three hundred and fifty years of printing was "serif" in style, whether in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a> or occasionally <a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a>. </p><p>The earliest printing typefaces which omitted serifs were not intended to render contemporary texts, but to represent inscriptions in Ancient Greek and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dempster" title="Thomas Dempster">Thomas Dempster</a>'s <i>De Etruria regali libri VII</i> (1723), used special types intended for the representation of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan epigraphy</a>, and in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1745</span>, the Caslon foundry made Etruscan types for pamphlets written by Etruscan scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Swinton_(1703%E2%80%931777)" title="John Swinton (1703–1777)">John Swinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nymphgrot_update_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymphgrot_update-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another niche used of a printed sans-serif letterform from 1786 onwards was a rounded sans-serif script typeface developed by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a> for the use of the blind to read with their fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_School_for_the_Blind_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins_School_for_the_Blind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Grabhorn_Collection_on_the_History_of_Printing_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Grabhorn_Collection_on_the_History_of_Printing-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cippo_perugino,_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sans-serif letterforms in ancient Etruscan on the Cippus Perusinus"><img alt="Sans-serif letterforms in ancient Etruscan on the Cippus Perusinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/96px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/145px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/193px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sans-serif letterforms in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">ancient Etruscan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cippus_Perusinus" title="Cippus Perusinus">Cippus Perusinus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman square capitals, the inspiration for serif letters"><img alt="Roman square capitals, the inspiration for serif letters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg/180px-Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg/270px-Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg/360px-Forum_inscription_and_lizard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, the inspiration for serif letters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 12th-century[41] Medieval Latin inscription in Italy featuring sans-serif capitals"><img alt="A 12th-century[41] Medieval Latin inscription in Italy featuring sans-serif capitals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg/180px-Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg/270px-Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg/360px-Iscrizione_sulla_fondazione_della_Cattedrale_di_Rieti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 12th-century<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Latin inscription in Italy featuring sans-serif capitals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackletter calligraphy in a fifteenth-century bible"><img alt="Blackletter calligraphy in a fifteenth-century bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/180px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/270px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/360px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> calligraphy in a fifteenth-century bible</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_popularity">Developing popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Developing popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotto_motto,_Stourhead_park_(9313913818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg/220px-Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg/330px-Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg/440px-Grotto_motto%2C_Stourhead_park_%289313913818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An inscription at the neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a> in the west of England dated to around 1748 (replica shown),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first to use sans-serif letterforms since the classical period<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1999_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walters2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg/220px-Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg/330px-Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg/440px-Itinerary_of_Greece_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>An early 1810 "neoclassical" use of sans-serif capitals to represent antiquity, by <a href="/wiki/William_Gell" title="William Gell">William Gell</a><sup id="cite_ref-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Itinerary_of_Greece_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itinerary_of_Greece-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of the eighteenth century <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a> led to architects increasingly incorporating ancient Greek and Roman designs in contemporary structures. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a>, the leading expert on early revival of sans-serif letters, has found that architect <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a> commonly used sans-serif letters on his drawings and architectural designs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mosley_Amiens_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosley_Amiens-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soane's inspiration was apparently the inscriptions dedicating the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta,_Tivoli" title="Temple of Vesta, Tivoli">Temple of Vesta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli, Italy</a>, with minimal serifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These were then copied by other artists, and in London sans-serif capitals became popular for advertising, apparently because of the "astonishing" effect the unusual style had on the public. The lettering style apparently became referred to as "old Roman" or "Egyptian" characters, referencing the classical past and a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">contemporary interest</a> in Ancient Egypt and its blocky, geometric architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nesbitt1998_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosley writes that "in 1805 Egyptian letters were happening in the streets of London, being plastered over shops and on walls by signwriters, and they were astonishing the public, who had never seen letters like them and were not sure they wanted to".<sup id="cite_ref-nymphgrot_update_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymphgrot_update-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A depiction of the style, as an engraving, rather than printed from type, was shown in the <i><a href="/wiki/European_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="European Magazine">European Magazine</a></i> of 1805, described as "old Roman" characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1999_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-European_Magazine_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Magazine-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the style did not become used in printing for some more years.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Early sans-serif signage was not printed from type but hand-painted or carved, since at the time it was not possible to print in large sizes. This makes tracing the descent of sans-serif styles hard, since a trend can arrive in the dated, printed record from a signpainting tradition which has left less of a record or at least no dates.) </p><p>The inappropriateness of the name was not lost on the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, in his satirical <i>Letters from England</i> written in the character of a Spanish aristocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Parramore2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parramore2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commented: "The very shopboards must be<span class="nowrap"> </span>... painted in Egyptian letters, which, as the Egyptians had no letters, you will doubtless conceive must be curious. They are simply the common characters, deprived of all beauty and all proportion by having all the strokes of equal thickness, so that those which should be thin look as if they had the elephantiasis."<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_from_England:_by_Don_Manual_Alvarez_Espriella_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_from_England:_by_Don_Manual_Alvarez_Espriella-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the painter <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farington" title="Joseph Farington">Joseph Farington</a> wrote in his diary on 13 September 1805 of seeing a memorial<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engraved "in what is called <i>Egyptian Characters</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Farington_Diary_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Farington_Diary-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1816, the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> began to use 'Egyptian' lettering, monoline sans-serif capitals, to mark ancient Roman sites. This lettering was printed from copper plate engraving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1999_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_printing">Entry into printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Entry into printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1816, William Caslon IV produced the first sans-serif printing type in England for the Latin alphabet, a capitals-only face under the title <a href="/wiki/Caslon_Egyptian" title="Caslon Egyptian">'Two Lines English Egyptian'</a>, where 'Two Lines English' referred to the typeface's body size, which equals to about 28 points.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is known from its appearances in the firm's specimen books, no uses of it from the period have been found; Mosley speculates that it may have been commissioned by a specific client.<sup id="cite_ref-Loxley2006_Egyptian_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loxley2006_Egyptian-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second hiatus in interest in sans-serif appears to have lasted for about twelve years, until <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Figgins" title="Vincent Figgins">Vincent Figgins</a>' foundry of London issued a new sans-serif in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_Typefounders_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch_Typefounders-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Ryan felt that the design was "cruder but much larger" than its predecessor, making it a success.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter sans-serif capitals rapidly began to be issued from London typefounders. </p><p>Much imitated was the Thorowgood "grotesque" face of the early 1830s. This was arrestingly bold and highly condensed, quite unlike the classical proportions of Caslon's design, but very suitable for poster typography and similar in aesthetic effect to the (generally wider) <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_face_typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat face typefaces">"fat faces"</a> of the period. It also added a lower-case. The term "grotesque" comes from the Italian word for <i>cave</i>, and was often used to describe Roman decorative styles found by excavation, but had long become applied in the modern sense for objects that appeared "malformed or monstrous".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "grotesque" became commonly used to describe sans-serifs. </p><p>Similar condensed sans-serif display typefaces, often capitals-only, became very successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sans-serif printing types began to appear thereafter in France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Morlighem_Tokyo_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morlighem_Tokyo-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Affichen-Schriften_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Affichen-Schriften-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Specimen by William Caslon IV showing his Two Lines English Egyptian sans-serif, the first general-purpose "sans-serif" printing type ever.[65] Cut in only one size, it was apparently not promoted with any prominence."><img alt="Specimen by William Caslon IV showing his Two Lines English Egyptian sans-serif, the first general-purpose "sans-serif" printing type ever.[65] Cut in only one size, it was apparently not promoted with any prominence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg/180px-Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg/270px-Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg/360px-Caslon_Two_Lines_English_Egyptian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5042" data-file-height="3166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Specimen by William Caslon IV showing his Two Lines English Egyptian sans-serif, the first general-purpose "sans-serif" printing type ever.<sup id="cite_ref-Caslon_Egyptian_specimen_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caslon_Egyptian_specimen-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cut in only one size, it was apparently not promoted with any prominence.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figgins_large_sans-serifs,_reversed_antique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The largest type in this image is the second sans-serif type known, published by Figgins in 1828.[61]"><img alt="The largest type in this image is the second sans-serif type known, published by Figgins in 1828.[61]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg/180px-Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg/270px-Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg/360px-Figgins_large_sans-serifs%2C_reversed_antique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The largest type in this image is the second sans-serif type known, published by Figgins in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample image of condensed sans-serifs from the Figgins foundry of London in an 1845 specimen-book. Much less influenced by classical models than the earliest sans-serif lettering, these faces became extremely popular for commercial use.[66]"><img alt="Sample image of condensed sans-serifs from the Figgins foundry of London in an 1845 specimen-book. Much less influenced by classical models than the earliest sans-serif lettering, these faces became extremely popular for commercial use.[66]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg/142px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg/214px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg/285px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample image of condensed sans-serifs from the Figgins foundry of London in an 1845 specimen-book. Much less influenced by classical models than the earliest sans-serif lettering, these faces became extremely popular for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-Specimen_of_Plain_&_Ornamental_Types_from_the_Foundry_of_V._&_J._Figgins_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specimen_of_Plain_&_Ornamental_Types_from_the_Foundry_of_V._&_J._Figgins-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>A few theories about early sans-serifs now known to be incorrect may be mentioned here. One is that sans-serifs are based on either "<a href="/wiki/Fat_face_typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat face typefaces">fat face typefaces</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Slab-serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab-serif">slab-serifs</a> with the serifs removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011155_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011155-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handover_Monotype_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handover_Monotype-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now known that the inspiration was more classical antiquity, and sans-serifs appeared before the first dated appearance of slab-serif letterforms in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Schelter_%26_Giesecke_Type_Foundry" title="Schelter & Giesecke Type Foundry">Schelter & Giesecke foundry</a> also claimed during the 1920s to have been offering a sans-serif with lower-case by 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990296_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_der_Schriftarten_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch_der_Schriftarten-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfgang Homola dated it in 2004 to 1882 based on a study of Schelter & Giesecke specimens;<sup id="cite_ref-Homola_Schelter_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homola_Schelter-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosley describes this as "thoroughly discredited"; even in 1986 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tracy" title="Walter Tracy">Walter Tracy</a> described the claimed dates as "on stylistic grounds<span class="nowrap"> </span>... about forty years too early".<sup id="cite_ref-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unborn:_sans_serif_lower_case-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_of_Credit_Industrial_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_of_Credit_Industrial-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sans-serif lettering and typefaces were popular due to their clarity and legibility at distance in advertising and display use, when printed very large or small. Because sans-serif type was often used for headings and commercial printing, many early sans-serif designs did not feature lower-case letters. Simple sans-serif capitals, without use of lower-case, became very common in uses such as tombstones of the Victorian period in Britain. </p><p>The first use of sans-serif as a running text has been proposed to be the short booklet <i>Feste des Lebens und der Kunst: eine Betrachtung des Theaters als höchsten Kultursymbols</i> (Celebration of Life and Art: A Consideration of the Theater as the Highest Symbol of a Culture),<sup id="cite_ref-behrens_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behrens-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Behrens" title="Peter Behrens">Peter Behrens</a>, in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011242_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011242-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial,_Kensal_Green_Cemetery,_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple sans-serif capitals on a late-nineteenth-century memorial, London"><img alt="Simple sans-serif capitals on a late-nineteenth-century memorial, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG/120px-Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG/180px-Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG/240px-Base_of_the_Reformers_Memorial%2C_Kensal_Green_Cemetery%2C_showing_Lloyd_Jones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple sans-serif capitals on a late-nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery#The_Reformers.27_Memorial" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">memorial</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italic capitals from the Caslon specimen of 1841"><img alt="Italic capitals from the Caslon specimen of 1841" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg/180px-Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg/270px-Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg/360px-Caslon_1841_specimen_Seven-line_Pica_sans-serif_italic_typeface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italic capitals from the Caslon specimen of 1841</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlastFirst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first section of the avant-garde magazine Blast, published by Wyndham Lewis in 1914, used a condensed grotesque to give an impression of modernity and novelty."><img alt="The first section of the avant-garde magazine Blast, published by Wyndham Lewis in 1914, used a condensed grotesque to give an impression of modernity and novelty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/BlastFirst.jpg/135px-BlastFirst.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/BlastFirst.jpg/202px-BlastFirst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/BlastFirst.jpg/270px-BlastFirst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first section of the avant-garde magazine <a href="/wiki/Blast_(British_magazine)" title="Blast (British magazine)"><i>Blast</i></a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a> in 1914, used <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(Stephenson_Blake_typefaces)" title="Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)">a condensed grotesque</a> to give an impression of modernity and novelty.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sans-serif type in both upper- and lower-case on a 1914 poster"><img alt="Sans-serif type in both upper- and lower-case on a 1914 poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg/136px-%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg/203px-%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg/271px-%C3%9Cberwachung_der_Eisenbahnlinien_-_Warnung_-_Laibach_-_Mehrsprachiges_Plakat_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="3857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sans-serif type in both upper- and lower-case on a 1914 poster</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth-century_sans-serifs">Twentieth-century sans-serifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twentieth-century sans-serifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg/220px-LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg/330px-LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg/440px-LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard_Nameplate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a> on the nameplate of a <a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard" title="LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard">4468 <i>Mallard</i></a> locomotive (built in 1938)<sup id="cite_ref-Badaracco_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badaracco-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries sans-serif types were viewed with suspicion by many printers, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Fine_press" title="Fine press">fine book printing</a>, as being fit only for advertisements (if that), and to this day<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> most books remain printed in serif typefaces as body text.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers,_Updike,_McCutcheon_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers,_Updike,_McCutcheon-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impression would not have been helped by the standard of common sans-serif types of the period, many of which now seem somewhat lumpy and eccentrically-shaped. In 1922, master printer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berkeley_Updike" title="Daniel Berkeley Updike">Daniel Berkeley Updike</a> described sans-serif typefaces as having "no place in any artistically respectable composing-room."<sup id="cite_ref-Printing_types_:_their_history,_forms,_and_use;_a_study_in_survivals_vol_2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printing_types_:_their_history,_forms,_and_use;_a_study_in_survivals_vol_2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 he stated that he saw no need to change this opinion in general, though he felt that <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futura_(typeface)" title="Futura (typeface)">Futura</a> were the best choices if sans-serifs had to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990330_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990330-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the early twentieth century, an increase in popularity of sans-serif typefaces took place as more artistic sans-serif designs were released. While he disliked sans-serif typefaces in general, the American printer J. L. Frazier wrote of <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_Gothic" title="Copperplate Gothic">Copperplate Gothic</a> in 1925 that "a certain dignity of effect accompanies<span class="nowrap"> </span>... due to the absence of anything in the way of frills", making it a popular choice for the stationery of professionals such as lawyers and doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Updike's comments suggest, the new, more constructed humanist and geometric sans-serif designs were viewed as increasingly respectable, and were shrewdly marketed in Europe and America as embodying classic proportions (with influences of Roman capitals) while presenting a spare, modern image.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifty_Years_of_Typecutting,_Monotype_Recorder_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifty_Years_of_Typecutting,_Monotype_Recorder-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preparing_a_Railway_Timetable_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preparing_a_Railway_Timetable-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Type_Tactics_Grotesques_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_Tactics_Grotesques-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Futura in particular was extensively marketed by Bauer and its American distribution arm by brochure as capturing the spirit of modernity, using the German slogan "<i>die Schrift unserer Zeit</i>" ("the typeface of our time") and in English <i>"the typeface of today and tomorrow"</i>; many typefaces were released under its influence as direct clones, or at least offered with alternate characters allowing them to imitate it if desired.<sup id="cite_ref-Futura:_The_Typeface_of_Today_and_Tomorrow_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futura:_The_Typeface_of_Today_and_Tomorrow-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aynsley_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aynsley-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw2017_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw2017-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Typographic_Sanity_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Typographic_Sanity-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grotesque_sans-serif_revival_and_the_International_Typographic_Style">Grotesque sans-serif revival and the International Typographic Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grotesque sans-serif revival and the International Typographic Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg/220px-Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg/330px-Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg/440px-Geisser_Plakat_Mohrenball_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>A 1969 poster exemplifying the trend of the 1950s and 1960s: solid red colour, simplified images and the use of a grotesque face. This design, by Robert Geisser, appears to use Helvetica.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-war period, an increase of interest took place in "grotesque" sans-serifs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerstner_English_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstner_English-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerstner_German_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstner_German-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_Introduction_to_Impact_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_Introduction_to_Impact-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i>The Typography of Press Advertisement</i> (1956), printer Kenneth Day commented that Stephenson Blake's eccentric <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(Stephenson_Blake_typefaces)" title="Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)">Grotesque series</a> had returned to popularity for having "a personality sometimes lacking in the condensed forms of the contemporary sans cuttings of the last thirty years."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Typography_of_Press_Advertisement_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Typography_of_Press_Advertisement-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading type designer <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Frutiger" title="Adrian Frutiger">Adrian Frutiger</a> wrote in 1961 on designing a new face, <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>, on the nineteenth-century model: "Some of these old sans-serifs have had a real renaissance within the last twenty years, once the reaction of the 'New Objectivity' had been overcome. A purely geometrical form of type is unsustainable."<sup id="cite_ref-P88_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P88-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of this period in Britain, Mosley has commented that in 1960 "orders unexpectedly revived" for <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype's</a> eccentric <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Grotesque" title="Monotype Grotesque">Monotype Grotesque</a> design: "[it] represents, even more evocatively than Univers, the fresh revolutionary breeze that began to blow through typography in the early sixties" and "its rather clumsy design seems to have been one of the chief attractions to iconoclastic designers tired of the<span class="nowrap"> </span>... prettiness of Gill Sans".<sup id="cite_ref-nymphgrot_update_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymphgrot_update-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19999_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19999-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, neo-grotesque typefaces such as <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> had become popular through reviving the nineteenth-century grotesques while offering a more unified range of styles than on previous designs, allowing a wider range of text to be set artistically through setting headings and body text in a single family.<sup id="cite_ref-Shinn_Uniformity_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shinn_Uniformity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style of design using asymmetric layouts, Helvetica and a grid layout extensively has been called the Swiss or <a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sans-serif_italics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/220px-Sans-serif_italics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/330px-Sans-serif_italics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/440px-Sans-serif_italics.png 2x" data-file-width="8227" data-file-height="8547" /></a><figcaption>Three sans-serif "<a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a>". <a href="/wiki/News_Gothic" title="News Gothic">News Gothic</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gothic Italic no. 124, an 1890s grotesque, has a true italic resembling <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> serifs of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seravek" title="Seravek">Seravek</a>, a modern humanist typeface, has a more organic italic which is less folded-up.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Egyptian": The name of Caslon's first general-purpose sans-serif printing type; also documented as being used by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farington" title="Joseph Farington">Joseph Farington</a> to describe seeing the sans-serif inscription on John Flaxman's memorial to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hawkins_Browne_(poet)" title="Isaac Hawkins Browne (poet)">Isaac Hawkins Brown</a> in 1805,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the term is commonly used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a>, not sans-serif.</li> <li>"Antique": Particularly popular in France;<sup id="cite_ref-nymphgrot_update_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymphgrot_update-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some families such as <a href="/wiki/Antique_Olive" title="Antique Olive">Antique Olive</a>, still carry the name.</li> <li>"Grotesque": Popularised by <a href="/wiki/William_Thorowgood" title="William Thorowgood">William Thorowgood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fann_Street" title="Fann Street">Fann Street</a> Foundry from around 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990296_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name came from the Italian word 'grottesco', meaning 'belonging to the cave'. In Germany, the name became <i>Grotesk</i>.</li> <li>"Doric": Used by the Caslon foundry in London</li> <li>"Gothic": Popular with American type founders. Perhaps the first use of the term was due to the Boston Type and Stereotype Foundry, which in 1837 published a set of sans-serif typefaces under that name. It is believed that those were the first sans-serif designs to be introduced in America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990295_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990295-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have derived from the architectural definition, which is neither Greek nor Roman,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the extended adjective term of "Germany", which was the place where sans-serif typefaces became popular in the 19th to 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early adopters for the term includes <a href="/wiki/Miller_%26_Richard" title="Miller & Richard">Miller & Richard</a> (1863),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._M._Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. R. M. Wood (page does not exist)">J. R. M. Wood</a></span> (1865).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In China, Japan and Korea, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_gothic_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian gothic typeface">East Asian gothic typefaces</a> are a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and lack of decorations, thus akin to sans-serif styles in Western type design.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recents">Recents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Lineale", or "linear": The term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lineale</i></span> was defined by <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Vox" title="Maximilien Vox">Maximilien Vox</a> in the <a href="/wiki/VOX-ATypI_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="VOX-ATypI classification">VOX-ATypI classification</a> to describe sans-serif types. Later, in <a href="/wiki/British_Standards" title="British Standards">British Standards</a> Classification of Typefaces (<a href="/wiki/BS_2961" class="mw-redirect" title="BS 2961">BS 2961</a>:1967), lineale replaced sans-serif as classification name.</li> <li>"Simplices": In Jean Alessandrini's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">désignations préliminaires</i></span> (preliminary designations), the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">simplices</i></span> (plain typefaces) is used to describe sans-serif on the basis that the name 'lineal' refers to lines, whereas, in reality, all typefaces are made of lines, including those that are not lineals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaralambous2007411_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaralambous2007411-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Swiss": It is used as a synonym to sans-serif, as opposed to "roman" (serif). The <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> format (ISO/IEC 26300:2006) and <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">Rich Text Format</a> can use it to specify the sans-serif generic typeface ("font family") name for the <a href="/wiki/Font_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Font file">font files</a> used in a document.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably refers to the popularity of sans-serif grotesque and neo-grotesque types in Switzerland.</li> <li>"Industrial": Used to refer to grotesque and neo-grotesque sans-serifs that are not based on "artistic" principles, as humanist, geometric and decorative designs normally are.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_of_Credit_Industrial_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_of_Credit_Industrial-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grotesque_letters_:_a_history_of_unseriffed_type_faces_from_1816_to_the_present_day_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grotesque_letters_:_a_history_of_unseriffed_type_faces_from_1816_to_the_present_day-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This gallery presents images of sans-serif <a href="/wiki/Handlettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Handlettering">lettering</a> and type across different times and places from early to recent. Particular attention is given to unusual uses and more obscure typefaces, meaning this gallery should not be considered a representative sampling.</span> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road,_West_Looe_(geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple carving, Cornwall, 1689[106]"><img alt="Simple carving, Cornwall, 1689[106]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg/120px-Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg/180px-Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg/240px-Old_Bridge_Marker_on_Quay_Road%2C_West_Looe_%28geograph_6945617_by_T_Jenkinson%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple carving, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, 1689<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dublin 1848, caps-only heading with crossed V-form 'W'"><img alt="Dublin 1848, caps-only heading with crossed V-form 'W'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Irish_national_balloon_and_parachute_jump_in_1848_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dublin 1848, caps-only heading with crossed V-form 'W'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Corset advertisement using multiple grotesque typefaces, United States, 1886"><img alt="Corset advertisement using multiple grotesque typefaces, United States, 1886" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif/117px-GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif/175px-GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif/234px-GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corset advertisement using multiple grotesque typefaces, United States, 1886</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Light sans-serif being used for text, Germany, 1914"><img alt="Light sans-serif being used for text, Germany, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG/76px-Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG/113px-Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG/151px-Nationaler_Frauendienst.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light sans-serif being used for text, Germany, 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small art-nouveau flourishes on 'v' and 'w'. Ljubljana, 1916."><img alt="Small art-nouveau flourishes on 'v' and 'w'. Ljubljana, 1916." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg/120px-Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg/180px-Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg/240px-Patriotischer_Landes-Hilfsverein_vom_Roten_Kreuze_-_Laibach_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small art-nouveau flourishes on 'v' and 'w'. Ljubljana, 1916.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_(Ireland)_Act_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italic, Dublin, 1916"><img alt="Italic, Dublin, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg/84px-Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg/126px-Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg/168px-Time_%28Ireland%29_Act_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italic, Dublin, 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_(Slg.Nr._2268)_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nearly monoline and stroke-modulated sans; Austrian war bond poster, 1916"><img alt="Nearly monoline and stroke-modulated sans; Austrian war bond poster, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg/80px-3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg/119px-3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg/159px-3-2_Sammlung_Eybl_%28Slg.Nr._2268%29_Plakat_4._Kriegsanleihe_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nearly monoline and stroke-modulated sans; Austrian war bond poster, 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broad block capitals. Hungarian film poster, 1918."><img alt="Broad block capitals. Hungarian film poster, 1918." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg/90px-S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg/134px-S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg/179px-S%C3%A1tori_Lip%C3%B3t_Odette_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broad block capitals. Hungarian film poster, 1918.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monoline sans-serif with art-nouveau influenced tilted 'e' and 'a'. Embedded umlaut at top left for tighter linespacing."><img alt="Monoline sans-serif with art-nouveau influenced tilted 'e' and 'a'. Embedded umlaut at top left for tighter linespacing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg/120px-1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg/180px-1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg/240px-1920_poster_12000_Jewish_soldiers_KIA_for_the_fatherland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monoline sans-serif with art-nouveau influenced tilted 'e' and 'a'. Embedded umlaut at top left for tighter linespacing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco thick block inline sans-serif capitals, inner details kept very thin. France, 1920s."><img alt="Art Deco thick block inline sans-serif capitals, inner details kept very thin. France, 1920s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg/86px-Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg/129px-Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg/173px-Affiche_CM_Font-Romeu_Roux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco thick block inline sans-serif capitals, inner details kept very thin. France, 1920s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berthold Block, a thick German sans-serif with shortened descenders, allowing tight linespacing. Switzerland, 1928."><img alt="Berthold Block, a thick German sans-serif with shortened descenders, allowing tight linespacing. Switzerland, 1928." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg/77px-Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg/115px-Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg/154px-Votation_Kursaals_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Block_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (typeface)">Berthold Block</a>, a thick German sans-serif with shortened <a href="/wiki/Descender_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (typography)">descenders</a>, allowing tight linespacing. Switzerland, 1928.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartazlamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artistic sans-serif keeping curves to a minimum (the line 'O Governo do Estado'), Brazil, 1930"><img alt="Artistic sans-serif keeping curves to a minimum (the line 'O Governo do Estado'), Brazil, 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cartazlamp.jpg/120px-Cartazlamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cartazlamp.jpg/180px-Cartazlamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cartazlamp.jpg/240px-Cartazlamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artistic sans-serif keeping curves to a minimum (the line 'O Governo do Estado'), Brazil, 1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_(19471597542).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lightly modulated sans-serif lettering on a 1930s poster, pointed stroke endings suggesting a brush"><img alt="Lightly modulated sans-serif lettering on a 1930s poster, pointed stroke endings suggesting a brush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg/77px-Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg/116px-Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg/154px-Imperial_Airway_Switzerland_Poster_%2819471597542%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lightly modulated sans-serif lettering on a 1930s poster, pointed stroke endings suggesting a brush</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometric sans-serif capitals, with sharp points on 'A' and 'N'. Australia, 1934."><img alt="Geometric sans-serif capitals, with sharp points on 'A' and 'N'. Australia, 1934." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Airace.jpg/74px-Airace.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Airace.jpg/111px-Airace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Airace.jpg/147px-Airace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geometric sans-serif capitals, with sharp points on 'A' and 'N'. Australia, 1934.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwiggins' Metrolite and Metroblack typefaces, geometric types of the style popular in the 1930s"><img alt="Dwiggins' Metrolite and Metroblack typefaces, geometric types of the style popular in the 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg/86px-Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg/129px-Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg/171px-Metrolite_and_Metroblack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6388" data-file-height="8935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dwiggins' Metrolite and Metroblack typefaces, geometric types of the style popular in the 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stencilled lettering apparently based on Futura Black, 1937"><img alt="Stencilled lettering apparently based on Futura Black, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg/120px-Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg/180px-Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg/240px-Posters_and_art_processes_LCCN98507145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stencilled lettering apparently based on Futura Black, 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1940s American poster. The curve of the 'r' is a common feature in grotesque typefaces, but the 'single-storey' 'a' is a classic feature of geometric typefaces from the 1920s onwards."><img alt="A 1940s American poster. The curve of the 'r' is a common feature in grotesque typefaces, but the 'single-storey' 'a' is a classic feature of geometric typefaces from the 1920s onwards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg/95px-%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg/143px-%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg/191px-%22Cancer_Danger_Signals%22_-_NARA_-_514028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1940s American poster. The curve of the 'r' is a common feature in grotesque typefaces, but the 'single-storey' 'a' is a classic feature of geometric typefaces from the 1920s onwards.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1952 Jersey holiday events brochure, using the popular Gill Sans-led British style of the period"><img alt="1952 Jersey holiday events brochure, using the popular Gill Sans-led British style of the period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg/71px-1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg/107px-1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg/143px-1952_Jersey_holiday_events_brochure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1952 Jersey holiday events brochure, using the popular <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a>-led British style of the period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Michel_1964,_Nr.1,_Die_Teuflischen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swiss-style poster using Helvetica, 1964. Tight spacing characteristic of the period."><img alt="Swiss-style poster using Helvetica, 1964. Tight spacing characteristic of the period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg/84px-Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg/126px-Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg/168px-Hans_Michel_1964%2C_Nr.1%2C_Die_Teuflischen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swiss-style poster using Helvetica, 1964. Tight spacing characteristic of the period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ultra-condensed industrial sans-serif in the style of the 1960s; Berlin, 1966"><img alt="Ultra-condensed industrial sans-serif in the style of the 1960s; Berlin, 1966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg/120px-KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg/180px-KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg/240px-KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ultra-condensed industrial sans-serif in the style of the 1960s; Berlin, 1966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Initiative_armement_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-grotesque type, Switzerland, 1972: Helvetica or a close copy. Irregular baseline may be due to using transfers."><img alt="Neo-grotesque type, Switzerland, 1972: Helvetica or a close copy. Irregular baseline may be due to using transfers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Initiative_armement_1972.jpg/88px-Initiative_armement_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Initiative_armement_1972.jpg/131px-Initiative_armement_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Initiative_armement_1972.jpg/175px-Initiative_armement_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-grotesque type, Switzerland, 1972: Helvetica or a close copy. Irregular baseline may be due to using <a href="/wiki/Dry_transfer" title="Dry transfer">transfers</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tightly-spaced ITC Avant Garde; 1976"><img alt="Tightly-spaced ITC Avant Garde; 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg/85px-Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg/128px-Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg/171px-Wenn_die_Hoffnung_stirbt_Filmplakat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tightly-spaced ITC Avant Garde; 1976</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governmental poster using Univers, 1980"><img alt="Governmental poster using Univers, 1980" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg/94px-Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg/141px-Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg/189px-Veterans_Day_Poster_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governmental poster using <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>, 1980</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamphlet;_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anti-nuclear poster, 1982"><img alt="Anti-nuclear poster, 1982" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg/85px-Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg/127px-Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg/169px-Pamphlet%3B_The_medical_consequences_of_nuclear_war_Wellcome_L0075369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="6453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anti-nuclear poster, 1982</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9._AUFF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1997 film festival poster, Ankara"><img alt="1997 film festival poster, Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/9._AUFF.jpg/120px-9._AUFF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/9._AUFF.jpg/180px-9._AUFF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/9._AUFF.jpg/240px-9._AUFF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1997 film festival poster, Ankara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14._AUFF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distorted sans-serif in the "grunge typography" style, Ankara, 2002"><img alt="Distorted sans-serif in the "grunge typography" style, Ankara, 2002" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/14._AUFF.jpg/120px-14._AUFF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/14._AUFF.jpg/180px-14._AUFF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/14._AUFF.jpg/240px-14._AUFF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distorted sans-serif in the "<a href="/wiki/Grunge_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunge typography">grunge typography</a>" style, Ankara, 2002</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letterpress poster by Alan Kitching, 2015"><img alt="Letterpress poster by Alan Kitching, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/86px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/129px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg/171px-Alan_Kitching_on_Press_at_The_Guardian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5612" data-file-height="7850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letterpress poster by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kitching_(typographic_artist)" title="Alan Kitching (typographic artist)">Alan Kitching</a>, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Segment of Ribbons by Pippa Hale using sans-serif"><img alt="Segment of Ribbons by Pippa Hale using sans-serif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg/120px-Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg/180px-Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg/240px-Segment_of_Ribbons_sculpture_feat._Lucy_Moore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Segment of <a href="/wiki/Ribbons_(sculpture)" title="Ribbons (sculpture)">Ribbons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Hale" title="Pippa Hale">Pippa Hale</a> using sans-serif</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_sans-serif_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian sans-serif typeface">East Asian sans-serif typeface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Emphasis (typography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sans_serif_typefaces" title="List of sans serif typefaces">List of sans serif typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Serriffe" title="San Serriffe">San Serriffe</a>, an April Fools' joke by the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original metal type of Akzidenz-Grotesk did not have an oblique; this was added in the 1950s, although many sans-serif obliques of the period are similar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digital publishing expert Florian Hardwig describes the main features of neo-grotesques as being "consistent details and even <a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">text colour</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this period and since, some sources have distinguished the nineteenth-century "grotesque/gothic" designs from the "sans-serifs" (those now categorised as humanist and geometric both) of the twentieth, or used some form of classification that emphasises a different between the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Typography_of_Press_Advertisement_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Typography_of_Press_Advertisement-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription was destroyed by mistake in 1967, and had to be replicated from historian <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a>'s photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Mosley:_A_Life_in_Objects_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Mosley:_A_Life_in_Objects-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosley's book on early sans-serifs <i>The Nymph and the Grot</i> is named for the sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1999_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is a dual reference, also to "grotesque" being coincidentally a term also applied to early sans-serif typefaces, although Mosley suggests that the design does not seem to be a direct source of modern sans-serifs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_(typeface)" title="National Trust (typeface)">corporate typeface</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> of the United Kingdom, which manages Stourhead, was loosely designed by Paul Barnes based on the inscription.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently based on traditions in his field of work, master sign-painter James Callingham writes in his textbook "Sign Writing and Glass Embossing" (1871) that "What one calls San-serif, another describes as grotesque; what is generally known as Egyptian, is some times called Antique, though it is difficult to say why, seeing that the letters so designated do not date farther back than the close of the last century. Egyptian is perhaps as good a term as could be given to the letters bearing that name, the blocks being characteristic of the Egyptian style of architecture. These letters were first used by sign-writers at the close of the last century, and were not introduced in printing till about twenty years later. Sign-writers were content to call them "block letters," and they are sometimes so-called at the present day; but on their being taken in hand by the type founders, they were appropriately named Egyptian. The credit of having introduced the ordinary square or san-serif letters also belongs to the sign-writer, by whom they were employed half a century before the type founder gave them his attention, which was about the year 1810."<sup id="cite_ref-Sign_Writing_and_Glass_Embossing_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sign_Writing_and_Glass_Embossing-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley19991–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hawkins_Browne_(poet)" title="Isaac Hawkins Browne (poet)">Isaac Hawkins Browne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge">chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The matrices used to cast the type also survive, although at least some characters were recut slightly later. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">John A. Lane</a>, who has examined surviving Caslon specimens and the matrices, suggests that the design is actually slightly earlier and may date to around 1812-4, noting that it appears in some undated but apparently earlier specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Song_of_the_Sans_Serif_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Song_of_the_Sans_Serif-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">News Gothic's oblique was actually designed later than the original design, although many nineteenth-century sans-serifs are similar.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"sans serif" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">The New Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.</a>, 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i>. Oxford University Press. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PJIM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PJIM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildersGrisctiLeben2013" class="citation journal cs1">Childers; Griscti; Leben (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piim.newschool.edu/journal/issues/2013/01/pdfs/ParsonsJournalForInformationMapping_Childers_Griscti_Leben.pdf">"25 Systems for Classifying Typography: A Study in Naming Frequency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Parsons Journal for Information Mapping</i>. <b>V</b> (1). The Parsons Institute for Information Mapping<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Parsons+Journal+for+Information+Mapping&rft.atitle=25+Systems+for+Classifying+Typography%3A+A+Study+in+Naming+Frequency&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=Childers&rft.au=Griscti&rft.au=Leben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiim.newschool.edu%2Fjournal%2Fissues%2F2013%2F01%2Fpdfs%2FParsonsJournalForInformationMapping_Childers_Griscti_Leben.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BS_2961-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BS_2961_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainesHaslam2005" class="citation cs2">Baines, Phil; Haslam, Andrew (2005), <i>Type and Typography</i>, Laurence King Publishing, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs6gyb2hPF4C&q=BS+2961%3A1967+grotesque&pg=PT52">51</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856694377" title="Special:BookSources/9781856694377"><bdi>9781856694377</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+and+Typography&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781856694377&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Haslam%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span><br />In British Standards Classification of Typefaces (BS 2961:1967), the following are defined:<br /> <b>Grotesque</b>: Lineale typefaces with 19th-century origins. There is some contrast in thickness of strokes. They have squareness of curve, and curling close-set jaws. The R usually has a curled leg and the G is spurred. The ends of the curved strokes are usually oblique. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(Stephenson_Blake_typefaces)" title="Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)">Stephenson Blake Grotesques</a>, Condensed Sans No. 7, Monotype Headline Bold. <br /> <b>Neo-grotesque</b>: Lineale typefaces derived from the grotesque. They have less stroke contrast and are more regular in design. The jaws are more open than in the true grotesque and the g is often open-tailed. The ends of the curved strokes are usually horizontal. Examples include Edel/Wotan, <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a>. <br /> <b>Humanist</b>: Lineale typefaces based on the proportions of inscriptional Roman capitals and Humanist or Garalde lower-case, rather than on early grotesques. They have some stroke contrast, with two-storey a and g. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Optima" title="Optima">Optima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a>, Pascal. <br /> <b>Geometric</b>: Lineale typefaces constructed on simple geometric shapes, circle or rectangle. Usually monoline, and often with single-storey a. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Futura_(typeface)" title="Futura (typeface)">Futura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbar" title="Erbar">Erbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurostile" title="Eurostile">Eurostile</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shinn_Uniformity-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_Uniformity_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_Uniformity_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Shinn" title="Nick Shinn">Shinn, Nick</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134053/http://shinntype.com/wp-content/uploads/Uniformity.pdf">"The Face of Uniformity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Graphic Exchange</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shinntype.com/wp-content/uploads/Uniformity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graphic+Exchange&rft.atitle=The+Face+of+Uniformity&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshinntype.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FUniformity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes" class="citation web cs1">Coles, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102185551/http://fontfeed.com/archives/helvetica-and-alternatives-to-helvetica/">"Helvetica alternatives"</a>. <i>FontFeed (archived)</i>. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FontFeed+%28archived%29&rft.atitle=Helvetica+alternatives&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffontfeed.com%2Farchives%2Fhelvetica-and-alternatives-to-helvetica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry" class="citation web cs1">Berry, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acumin.typekit.com/history/">"A Neo-Grotesque Heritage"</a>. Adobe Systems<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Neo-Grotesque+Heritage&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facumin.typekit.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specimensoftypeb00amer"><i>Specimens of type, borders, ornaments, brass rules and cuts, etc. : catalogue of printing machinery and materials, wood goods, etc</i></a>. American Type Founders Company. 1897. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specimensoftypeb00amer/page/340">340</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+type%2C+borders%2C+ornaments%2C+brass+rules+and+cuts%2C+etc.+%3A+catalogue+of+printing+machinery+and+materials%2C+wood+goods%2C+etc&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=American+Type+Founders+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecimensoftypeb00amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italic_Gothic_Fonts_in_Use-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italic_Gothic_Fonts_in_Use_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/40724/italic-gothic">"Italic Gothic"</a>. <i>Fonts in Use</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts+in+Use&rft.atitle=Italic+Gothic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontsinuse.com%2Ftypefaces%2F40724%2Fitalic-gothic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler_&_Frere-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Hoefler & Frere-Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/overview/">"Knockout"</a>. Hoefler & Frere-Jones<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knockout&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft.au=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Fknockout%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler_&_Frere-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Hoefler & Frere-Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/features/knockout-size-proficiency">"Knockout sizes"</a>. Hoefler & Frere-Jones.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knockout+sizes&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft.au=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Fknockout%2Ffeatures%2Fknockout-size-proficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/features/knockout-nine-widths">"Knockout styles"</a>. Hoefler & Frere-Jones<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knockout+styles&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Fknockout%2Ffeatures%2Fknockout-nine-widths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippa2013" class="citation news cs1">Lippa, Domenic (14 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/gallery/2013/sep/14/the-10-best-fonts?picture=417118798">"10 favourite fonts"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=10+favourite+fonts&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft.aulast=Lippa&rft.aufirst=Domenic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2Fgallery%2F2013%2Fsep%2F14%2Fthe-10-best-fonts%3Fpicture%3D417118798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.monotype.com/type-style/sans-serif/grotesque-sans">"Grotesque Sans"</a>. Monotype<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grotesque+Sans&rft.pub=Monotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.monotype.com%2Ftype-style%2Fsans-serif%2Fgrotesque-sans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreta,_P2017" class="citation news cs1">Greta, P (21 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativemarket.com/blog/grotesque-fonts">"What Are Grotesque Fonts? History, Inspiration and Examples"</a>. <i>Creative Market Blog</i>. Creative Market<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fueled by modernist ideas, they were rethought and redrawn, now with consistent details and even text color. 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The American University in Cairo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd-yCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251">251–252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-599-3"><bdi>978-977-416-599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Things%3A+A+History+of+Egyptology+1%3A+From+Antiquity+to+1881&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.isbn=978-977-416-599-3&rft.au=Jason+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_from_England:_by_Don_Manual_Alvarez_Espriella-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_from_England:_by_Don_Manual_Alvarez_Espriella_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthey1808" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey, Robert</a> (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersfromengl05soutgoog"><i>Letters from England: by Don Manual Alvarez Espriella</i></a>. D. & G. Bruce, print. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersfromengl05soutgoog/page/n286">274</a>–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+England%3A+by+Don+Manual+Alvarez+Espriella&rft.pages=274-5&rft.pub=D.+%26+G.+Bruce%2C+print.&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Southey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersfromengl05soutgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Farington_Diary-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Farington_Diary_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaringtonGreig1924" class="citation book cs1">Farington, Joseph; Greig, James (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faringtondiaryvo027674mbp"><i>The Farington Diary, Volume III, 1804-1806</i></a>. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faringtondiaryvo027674mbp/page/n140">109</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Farington+Diary%2C+Volume+III%2C+1804-1806&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Farington&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Greig%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaringtondiaryvo027674mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2003" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Walter (2003). <i>Letters of credit : a view of type design</i>. Boston: David R. Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567922400" title="Special:BookSources/9781567922400"><bdi>9781567922400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+credit+%3A+a+view+of+type+design&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=David+R.+Godine&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781567922400&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTam2002" class="citation book cs1">Tam, Keith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080252/http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf"><i>Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif types in the twentieth century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reading: University of Reading (MA thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calligraphic+tendencies+in+the+development+of+sanserif+types+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=University+of+Reading+%28MA+thesis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithtam.net%2Fdocuments%2Fsanserif.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loxley2006_Egyptian-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loxley2006_Egyptian_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoxley2006" class="citation book cs1">Loxley, Simon (12 June 2006). <i>Type: The Secret History of Letters</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AfP2prmEDUC&pg=PA36">36–38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-028-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-028-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Letters&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-028-4&rft.aulast=Loxley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Song_of_the_Sans_Serif-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Song_of_the_Sans_Serif_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cphc.org.uk/events/2015/11/20/the-song-of-the-sanserif">"The Song of the Sans Serif"</a>. The Centre for Printing History and Culture. 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+the+Sans+Serif&rft.pub=The+Centre+for+Printing+History+and+Culture&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cphc.org.uk%2Fevents%2F2015%2F11%2F20%2Fthe-song-of-the-sanserif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Lines_English_Egyptian_typophile_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosleyShinn" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nick_Shinn" title="Nick Shinn">Shinn, Nick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314165635/http://typophile.com/node/51985">"Two Lines English Egyptian (comments on forum)"</a>. <i>Typophile</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typophile.com/node/51985">the original</a> on 14 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>[T]he Figgins 'Sans-serif' types (so called) are well worth looking at. In fact it might be said to be that with these types the Figgins typefoundry brought the design into typography, since the original Caslon Egyptian appeared only briefly in a specimen and has never been seen in commercial use. One size of the Figgins Sans-serif appears in a specimen dated 1828 (the unique known copy is in the University Library, Amsterdam).…It is a self-confident design, which in the larger sizes abandons the monoline structure of the Caslon letter for a thick-thin modulation which would remain a standard model through the 19th century, and can still be seen in the ATF <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gothic" title="Franklin Gothic">Franklin Gothic</a>. Note that there is no lower-case. That would come, after 1830, with the innovative condensed 'Grotesque' of the Thorowgood foundry, which provided a model for type that would get large sizes into the lines of posters. It gave an alternative name to the design, and both the new features – the condensed proportions and the addition of lower-case – broke the link with Roman inscriptional capitals…But the antiquarian associations of the design were still there, at least in the smaller sizes, as the specimen of the Pearl size (four and three quarters points) of Figgins's type shows. It uses the text of the Latin inscription prepared for the <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge#"New"_London_Bridge_(1831–1967)" title="London Bridge">rebuilt London Bridge</a>, which was opened on 1 August 1831.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typophile&rft.atitle=Two+Lines+English+Egyptian+%28comments+on+forum%29&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Shinn%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypophile.com%2Fnode%2F51985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch_Typefounders-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_Typefounders_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneLommende_Zoete1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">Lane, John A.</a>; Lommen, Mathieu; de Zoete, Johan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/bijzondere_collecties_uva/docs/1998_dutch_typefounders_specimens"><i>Dutch Typefounders' Specimens from the Library of the KVB and other collections in the Amsterdam University Library with histories of the firms represented</i></a>. De Graaf. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Figgins 1828 [is] one of two known copies, but with the first known appearance of the world's second sans-serif type, not in the other copy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Typefounders%27+Specimens+from+the+Library+of+the+KVB+and+other+collections+in+the+Amsterdam+University+Library+with+histories+of+the+firms+represented&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=De+Graaf&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Lommen%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=de+Zoete%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fbijzondere_collecties_uva%2Fdocs%2F1998_dutch_typefounders_specimens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Original_Sans_Commercial_Type_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesSchwartz" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barnes_(designer)" title="Paul Barnes (designer)">Barnes, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christian_Schwartz" title="Christian Schwartz">Schwartz, Christian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commercialclassics.com/catalogue/original_sans">"Original Sans Collection: Read the Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Type" title="Commercial Type">Commercial Classics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Sans+Collection%3A+Read+the+Story&rft.pub=Commercial+Classics&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommercialclassics.com%2Fcatalogue%2Foriginal_sans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2001" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, David (2001). <i>Letter Perfect: The Art of Modernist Typography, 1896-1953</i>. Pomegranate. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JV-10eXmOoC&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7649-1615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7649-1615-1"><bdi>978-0-7649-1615-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+Perfect%3A+The+Art+of+Modernist+Typography%2C+1896-1953&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Pomegranate&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7649-1615-1&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morlighem_Tokyo-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morlighem_Tokyo_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorlighem" class="citation web cs1">Morlighem, Sébastien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Caj6pvyE7iM">"The Sans Serif in France: The Early Years (1834–44) Sebastien Morlighem ATypI 2019 Tokyo"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a href="/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Sans+Serif+in+France%3A+The+Early+Years+%281834%E2%80%9344%29+Sebastien+Morlighem+ATypI+2019+Tokyo&rft.aulast=Morlighem&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCaj6pvyE7iM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Affichen-Schriften-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Affichen-Schriften_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPané-Farré" class="citation web cs1">Pané-Farré, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forgotten-shapes.com/affichen-schriften?article=affichen-schriften">"Affichen-Schriften"</a>. Forgotten Shapes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affichen-Schriften&rft.pub=Forgotten+Shapes&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9-Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforgotten-shapes.com%2Faffichen-schriften%3Farticle%3Daffichen-schriften&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caslon_Egyptian_specimen-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caslon_Egyptian_specimen_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaslonc._1816" class="citation book cs1">Caslon, William (c. 1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ldpd_13098084_000/page/n5"><i>[Specimens of printing types] (untitled specimen book)</i></a>. London: William Caslon IV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BSpecimens+of+printing+types%5D+%28untitled+specimen+book%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Caslon+IV&rft.aulast=Caslon&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fldpd_13098084_000%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Specimen_of_Plain_&_Ornamental_Types_from_the_Foundry_of_V._&_J._Figgins-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Specimen_of_Plain_&_Ornamental_Types_from_the_Foundry_of_V._&_J._Figgins_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IkNPAAAAcAAJ"><i>Specimen of Plain & Ornamental Types from the Foundry of V. & J. Figgins</i></a>. London: V. & J. Figgins Letterfounders. 1846<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimen+of+Plain+%26+Ornamental+Types+from+the+Foundry+of+V.+%26+J.+Figgins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=V.+%26+J.+Figgins+Letterfounders&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_IkNPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011155-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggs2011155_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeggs2011">Meggs 2011</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handover_Monotype-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handover_Monotype_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandover1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._M._Handover" title="P. M. Handover">Handover, Phyllis Margaret</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://up.stewf.com/0o400K3p302U">"Grotesque Letters"</a>. <i>Monotype Newsletter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monotype+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Grotesque+Letters&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Handover&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fup.stewf.com%2F0o400K3p302U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span> Also Printed in Motif as "Letters Without Serifs"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1990296-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990296_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson1990296_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson1990">Lawson 1990</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch_der_Schriftarten-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch_der_Schriftarten_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Handbuch der Schriftarten</i>. 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Twelveheads Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906294789" title="Special:BookSources/9780906294789"><bdi>9780906294789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornish+Milestones&rft.pub=Twelveheads+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780906294789&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=940sAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Elements of Typographic Style</i></a> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Hartley_%26_Marks_Publishers" title="Hartley & Marks Publishers">Hartley & Marks Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881792065" title="Special:BookSources/9780881792065"><bdi>9780881792065</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Typographic+Style&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780881792065&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D940sAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaralambous2007" class="citation cs2">Haralambous, Yannis (28 November 2007), <i>Fonts & Encodings</i>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA411">411</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596102425" title="Special:BookSources/9780596102425"><bdi>9780596102425</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonts+%26+Encodings&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft.isbn=9780596102425&rft.aulast=Haralambous&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1990" class="citation cs2">Lawson, Alexander (1990), <i>Anatomy of a Typeface</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Godine,_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="David R. 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Meggs">Meggs, Philip B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alston_Purvis" title="Alston Purvis">Purvis, Alston</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZUxRcMP3XcC"><i>Meggs' History of Graphic Design</i></a> (5th ed.), <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118017760" title="Special:BookSources/9781118017760"><bdi>9781118017760</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meggs%27+History+of+Graphic+Design&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118017760&rft.aulast=Meggs&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rft.au=Purvis%2C+Alston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZUxRcMP3XcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tracy" title="Walter Tracy">Tracy, Walter</a> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FI8AQAAIAAJ"><i>Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Godine,_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="David R. 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London: Friends of the St Bride Printing Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953520107" title="Special:BookSources/9780953520107"><bdi>9780953520107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nymph+and+the+Grot%3A+the+revival+of+the+sanserif+letter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+St+Bride+Printing+Library&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780953520107&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASans-serif" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-serif&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=4">The sanserif: the search for examples</a> (lecture by James Mosley)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz5X9my_X5Q">The true source of the sans</a> (lecture to <a href="/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a> by Jon Melton)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Caj6pvyE7iM">The Sans Serif in France: The Early Years (1834–44)</a> (lecture by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Morlighem" class="extiw" title="fr:Sébastien Morlighem">fr:Sébastien Morlighem</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=19">Panorama: A reassesment [<i>sic</i>] of 19th century poster type</a> (presentation by Pierre Pané-Farré to Ésad Amiens)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/171951293">Grotesque: The Birth of The Modern Sans Serif in The Types of The Nineteenth Century</a> (Lecture at Cooper Union by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Soskolne" title="Sara Soskolne">Sara Soskolne</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Typography" title="Template:Typography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Typography" title="Template talk:Typography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Typography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Typography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">Page</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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