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He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute with the zoologist St George Jackson Mivart. In April and early May, Darwin was occupied with a heated debate over"/> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/277"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings"/> <meta property="og:description" content="‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute with the zoologist St George Jackson Mivart. In April and early May, Darwin was occupied with a heated debate over vivisection, and at the end of the year, he campaigned vigorously on behalf of a young zoologist, whose blackballing by the Linnean Society infuriated him: ‘I have not felt so angry for years.’"/> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-11-23T00:11:33+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-01-21T09:36:26+00:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-01-21T09:36:26+00:00"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><title>Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings | Darwin 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<li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="../../charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin's health</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="../../tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin's photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="../../have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed 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href="../../fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="../../darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin's first love</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-2275 campl-current-page"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings" class="active-trail active">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of 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href="../darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book'</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book' overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a 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href="../editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="../symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="../../world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="../charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="../../darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="../diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="../favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="../favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="../favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="../favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="../favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="../favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="../favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="../favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="../favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="../favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate's illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="../favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="../favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="../favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin's favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="../favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="../favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="../favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="../favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="../favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="../favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="../darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="../darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="../darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="../../commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="../list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="../../commentary">Commentary</a> 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blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin's species notebooks: 'I think . . .'</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin's introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="../../commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin's earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="../../topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin's geological publications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin's hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin's study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin's queries on expression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="../../commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="../../commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana - Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin's plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="../../commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin's Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="../../commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don't try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="../../commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="../../commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="../../commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="../../commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="../../commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="../../tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="../../tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="../../correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="../../german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="/search?f1-document-type=people&sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="../../learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="../../learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="../../learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin's Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="../../learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="../../learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="../../learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin's scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="../../case-studies-using-darwin-s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin's letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women's scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women's work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="../../learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a href="../../learning-resources/exploring-evolution">Teacher training</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4189"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition" title="">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4192"><a 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class="campl-content-container"> <h1 class="campl-sub-title">Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-row campl-content campl-recessed-content"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column9 campl-main-content" id="page-content"> <div class=""> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-darwin-sharing-darwin-sharing-add" class="block block-darwin-sharing campl-content-container"> <div> <div class="social-media-share"><a class="icon-sm darwin-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-twitter" 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element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <div id="file-359" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <div class="content"><a href="/sites/default/files/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg" width="1000" height="1276" alt="William Winwood Reade" title="William Winwood Reade"/></a> <div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">William Winwood Reade</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-file-identifier field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">CUL Misc.7.91.18</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-credit field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Cambridge University Library</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"> <h6> </h6> <blockquote> <p>I am merely slaving over the sickening work of preparing new Editions</p> </blockquote> <p>Plants always held an important place in Darwin's theorising about species, and botanical research had often been a source of personal satisfaction, providing relief during his periods of severe illness. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9818">Yet on 15 January 1875</a>, Darwin confessed to his close friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, 'I am getting sick of insectivorous plants.' Darwin had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for some nine months. The pleasures of observation and experiment had given way to continuous writing and revision, activities that Darwin found less gratifying: 'I am slaving away solely at making detestably bad English a very little less bad.'</p> <p>The process was compounded by the fact that Darwin was also revising another manuscript, the second edition of <em>Climbing plants</em>, which he hoped to publish in a single volume along with the material on insectivorous plants. No sooner had he completed these tasks, than he took up the revision of another, much longer book, the second edition of <em>Variation</em>. 'I am merely slaving over the sickening work of preparing new Editions', he complained again to Hooker on 18 August.</p> <p>Finally, by autumn, he was able to devote more time to research, returning to the subject of cross and self-fertilisation. <a href="/DCP-LETT-10180">On 3 October</a>, he wrote with fresh enthusiasm to the new assistant director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, William Turner Thiselton-Dyer, about the prospect of obtaining new specimens: 'I have great wish next summer to experimentise on some Marantaceous plant to make out meaning of 2 sets of differently coloured stamens.'</p> <p>At intervals during the year, Darwin was diverted from the onerous task of writing by various controversies. January saw the conclusion of a long-running dispute with the zoologist St George Jackson Mivart. In April and early May, Darwin was occupied with a <a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-and-vivisection">heated debate over vivisection</a>, working with scientific colleagues and family members to prepare draft legislation for Parliament. At the end of the year, he campaigned vigorously against the blackballing of a young zoologist, Edwin Ray Lankester, who was up for election to the Linnean Society. The 'malcontents' of the Linnean sickened him much more than insectivorous plants. <a href="/DCP-LETT-10295">As he confessed to Hooker on 12 December</a>, 'I have not felt so angry for years.' </p> <blockquote> <p>My thirst for vengeance is now quite Satisfied</p> </blockquote> <p>In January, the protracted dispute with Mivart came to a close. The final chapter of the controversy involved a slanderous attack upon Darwin's son George, in an anonymous review in 1874 (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 22, Appendix V). Darwin remained bitter and dissatisfied with Mivart's attempts at conciliation, and spent weeks deliberating how to end the matter to his satisfaction. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9809">On 8 January</a>, he told Hooker: 'I will write a savage letter & that will do me some good, if I do not send it!' In the end, with much advice and assistance from his family, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9812">he sent a curt note to Mivart on 12 January</a>, breaking off all future communication. Darwin had been supported during the affair by the loyalty of his close friends, Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley.</p> <p>Because Mivart was a distinguished zoologist, a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a secretary of the Linnean Society, Darwin's friends had to find ways of coming to his defence while still respecting codes of conduct and communication in scientific society. Huxley chose journalism, depicting the anonymous reviewer (Mivart) as a blind antagonist of 'all things Darwinian' and a mere mouthpiece of 'Jesuitical Rome' (<em>Academy</em>, 2 January 1875, pp. 16-17). 'How grandly you have defended me', <a href="/DCP-LETT-9804">Darwin wrote on 6 January</a>, 'You have also greatly honoured George. You have indeed been a true friend.' Hooker was hampered by his position as president of the Royal Society from spurning Mivart in public. 'Without cutting him direct', <a href="/DCP-LETT-9807">he advised Darwin on 7 January</a>, 'I should avoid him, & if he speaks to me should let him <em>feel it</em>.'</p> <p>Hooker also directed some of his anger toward John Murray, the publisher of the <em>Quarterly Review</em>, in which Mivart's anonymous essay had appeared. 'I told him that the Review was disgraced, that I should give the cold shoulder to the Editor … Poor Murray shuddered again & again' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9820">letter from J. D. Hooker, 16 January 1875</a>). Darwin had also considered taking up the issue with Murray in 1874, even threatening to break off future dealings with the man who had been his publisher for over thirty years. 'My thirst for vengeance is now quite Satisfied', <a href="/DCP-LETT-9821">he told Hooker on 17 January</a>, 'I feel now like a pure forgiving Christian!'</p> <p>Darwin's ire was not fully spent, however, for he set about exposing Mivart's character to other men of science when the chance arose. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9832">On 28 January</a>, he sent a note on Royal Society business to Edward Burnett Tylor, whose anthropological work had been reviewed in the same <em>Quarterly</em> article that attacked George. Darwin raised the matter at the end of the note: 'I know positively that this article was written by Mr Mivart & I wish to take every opportunity of saying how false a man I consider him to be.' </p> <h4>The vivisection question</h4> <p>Just as the Mivart affair was laid to rest, another controversy was brewing. In December 1874, Darwin had been asked to sign a memorial on the practice of vivisection by the religious writer and social reformer Frances Power Cobbe. The memorial raised questions about the cruel treatment of animals in experimental physiology and medical teaching. Cobbe was an acquaintance of the Darwins and part of a circle of philanthropists that included Hensleigh and Frances Wedgwood. She had corresponded with Darwin about the evolution of the moral sense, and shared with Darwin a great fondness for dogs (see <em>Correspondence</em> vols. 19 and 20).</p> <p>The vivisection issue was a delicate one within Darwin's family, and he tried to balance his concern for animal suffering with his firm belief in the value of experimental physiology. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9799">He expressed his views to his daughter Henrietta on 4 January</a>: 'I wd <em>gladly</em> punish severely anyone who operated on an animal not rendered insensible, if the experiment made this possible … Under this point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation … [but] I certainly could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe.'</p> <p>Darwin found Cobbe's memorial inflammatory and unfair in its criticism of physiologists. Instead of supporting her, he worked closely with Huxley and John Burdon Sanderson to draft an alternative proposal. His extensive involvement in preparing legislation on vivisection is evident in the many letters exchanged with physiologists, medical men, and legal experts in April and May, and in various drafts of a bill that was presented to the House of Commons on 12 May, one week after a rival bill based on Cobbe's memorial had been read in the House of Lords (see '<a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a>'). </p> <p>With such divided opinion on vivisection, the government decided to appoint a Royal Commission to advise on future legislation. Huxley served on the commission, which heard testimony from physiologists, medical educators, and other interested parties. Darwin was summoned to testify on 3 November. It caused him much anxiety, but he was asked only to give his general opinion of the value of vivisection and the importance of eliminating unnecessary suffering.</p> <p>A much more controversial witness was Edward Emanuel Klein, a German histologist who worked with John Burdon Sanderson at the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution. When asked about his use of anaesthetics in research, Klein expressed doubt about the validity of experiments conducted under such conditions, and even asserted that he had 'no regard at all' for the sufferings of animals when performing a painful experiment (<em>Report of the Royal Commission on vivisection</em>, p. 183). Darwin learned of Klein's testimony <a href="/DCP-LETT-10234">from Huxley on 30 October 1875</a>: 'I declare to you I did not believe the man lived who was such an unmitigated cynical brute-as to profess & act upon such principles-and I would willingly agree to any law, which should send him to the treadmill.' Darwin had become acquainted with Klein when his son Francis was studying medicine in London. Klein had assisted in some of Darwin's botanical research and had visited Down House in April 1874 (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 22, letters from E. E. Klein, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9460">14 May 1874</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9542">10 July 1874</a>). 'I am astounded & disgusted at what you say about Klein,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10235">Darwin replied to Huxley on 1 November</a>. 'I am very glad he is a foreigner; but it is most painful as I liked the man.' </p> <h4>Poisons, plants, and print-runs</h4> <p>Darwin's keen interest in the progress of physiology was due in part to his research on the digestive properties of insectivorous plants. This work had led to collaborations with a number of leading physiologists. Indeed, some of the experiments that Darwin performed on plants, such as the application of salts, acids, and poisons, were analogous to those carried out on live animals in laboratories. In January 1875, he received details of experiments by Thomas Lauder Brunton and Joseph Fayrer on the comparative effects of cobra venom on animal and plant tissue. The experiments involved the application of snake poison to the cellular tissue of frogs, newts, and freshwater mussels, as well as to <em>Vallisneria</em> (tape grass). Fayrer had previously supplied Darwin with a quantity of the dried poison, which Darwin had applied in varying amounts to the tentacles of <em>Drosera rotundifolia</em> (common sundew). He recorded the inflection of the tentacles, noting that little or no harm came to the plant, and that the poison even acted as a kind of stimulant, causing rapid aggregation of protoplasm. He added the details of Brunton and Fayrer's experiments to <em>Insectivorous plants</em>, pp. 206-9, remarking on the pronounced differences in the response of plants and animals to various toxic substances. </p> <blockquote> <p>I am ready to commit suicide</p> </blockquote> <p> By January, Darwin was trying to finish the text that he had begun writing in April of the previous year. He did not find the process of writing and revising at all satisfying. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9850">On 10 February he complained to Hooker</a>: 'You ask about my book & all that I can say is that I am ready to commit suicide.' Darwin's despair over the revision process may have coloured his perception of the book's appeal to readers, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9955">for he warned Murray on 29 April</a> that it might 'sell very poorly'. When a relatively small print run of 1000 was proposed, Darwin offered to pay the costs for printing an additional 250 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9967">letter to John Murray, 3 May 1875</a>).</p> <p>In the event, the book sold well, and Murray's partner, Robert Cooke, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10040">politely scolded Darwin on 3 July</a> for underestimating demand: 'You took such a desponding view of your new work that you made us over cautious & we printed but 1250 … & lo & behold we have sold some 1700 Copies!!!' After the initial publication on 2 July, two further printings were needed in quick succession.</p> <p>As usual, Darwin had a number of presentation copies sent to friends, those who had assisted him, and various experts in the field. One of the most enthusiastic responses came from the Swiss botanist Arnold Dodel, an instructor at the University of Zurich. He immediately took the book on a botanical trip with students around the Katzensee, a lake on the border of Zurich, where <em>Drosera rotundifolia</em> grew in abundance. 'Your book had to go along on the excursion,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10045">he reported on 6 July</a>, 'and it did us excellent service.' The trapped insects were observed in the field, and some of Darwin's experiments on digestion were then repeated: 'I have the pleasure of demonstrating, in my botanical-microscopical laboratory at the university here, the results of <em>your</em> investigations on the living plant to dozens of eager students.' The cunning ways in which plants lured insects to their death were described in a review of the book in the <em>Academy</em>, 24 July 1875, by Ellen Frances Lubbock: 'in Utricularia they are enticed into a trap with a spring door … in Sarracenia drink is their ruin, and they fall into a pit of destruction.' She also wrote a plea for the poor creatures in the form of a poem:</p> <h4>From the Insects to their friend, Charles Darwin</h4> <blockquote> <p class="rtecenter">We are very much obliged to you</p> <p class="rtecenter">For now of course we shan't</p> <p class="rtecenter">Be taken in or done for</p> <p class="rtecenter">By any clever Plant …</p> <p class="rtecenter">Great plates of honey you will set</p> <p class="rtecenter">For us upon your lawn,</p> <p class="rtecenter">We'll feast away & bless the day</p> <p class="rtecenter">That ever you were born</p> </blockquote> <p class="rteright">(letter from E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875). </p> <h4>Back over old ground</h4> <p>Darwin had originally planned <em>Insectivorous plants</em> to be published together with a revised edition of <em>Climbing plants</em>. He made corrections to both works from January to March, and completed the two manuscripts about the same time. As was the case with some of Darwin's previous publications, however, the resulting text was judged too large for one volume. <em>Climbing plants</em> 2d ed. was delayed until November, allowing Murray to advertise it at his annual sale. In addition to these two botanical publications, Darwin also worked on a second edition of <em>Variation</em>, commencing in June, shortly after the proof corrections of <em>Insectivorous plants</em> were finished.</p> <h5>An elusive case</h5> <p>Darwin's attention seems to have been largely on aspects of generation and development that had some bearing on his hypothesis of pangenesis. He followed up a case of the alleged regrowth of an extra finger after amputation, corresponding in August with Annie Dowie, a daughter of Robert Chambers, in hopes of getting more precise details about an operation performed in 1851 on her sister. He had described the case in <em>Variation</em> 2: 14-16, suggesting that such regrowth could be explained by reversion to 'an enormously remote, lowly-organised, and multidigitate progenitor'. In the end, following the advice of the physician James Paget, he removed the discussion in <em>Variation</em> 2d ed.</p> <h5>Hybridity</h5> <p>Further information was gathered about graft hybrids. He revisited the case of <em>Cytisus adami</em>, a hybrid of two forms of laburnum with flowers of each form on different branches. He also expanded his discussion of hybrid potatoes, adding numerous cases of intermediate varieties produced by splicing tubers or by inserting the eyes of one variety into another (<em>Variation</em> 2d ed. 1: 420-4, 2: 360). Darwin had encouraged further research on the effects of grafting by George John Romanes. A scientific friendship had developed between the men in 1874, and this was enhanced by Romanes's visit to Down House: 'The place was one which I had long wished to see,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-9945">he wrote on 21 April 1875</a>, 'and now that I have seen it, I am sure it will ever remain one of the most agreeable and interesting of memory's pictures.' Though trained in zoology and hard at work on the rudimentary nervous system of medusae, Romanes was eager to carry out experiments that might help confirm Darwin's theory of heredity. 'I am a young man yet, and hope to do a good deal of "hammering",' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10065">he wrote on 14 July 1875</a>. 'I shall not let Pangenesis alone until I feel quite sure that it does not admit of being any further driven home by experimental work.' Romanes bisected root vegetables and tuberous plants, and boasted about a 'beautifully successful graft' of a red and white carrot: 'You will see that the union is very intimate, and that the originally red half has become wholly white' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-10249">letter from G. J. Romanes, [before 4 November 1874]</a>). </p> <h4>Testing Pangenesis</h4> <p>Experiments to test Darwin's pangenesis hypothesis had been performed on animals in previous years by Darwin's cousin Francis Galton. These had been unsuccessful, and Galton went on to develop his own theory of heredity in a series of articles in 1875 and 1876, based partly on his studies of twins and the inheritance of 'genius' in families. Galton came to reject the view that characteristics acquired in an individual's lifetime could be transmitted to offspring.</p> <p>According to Galton's theory, some 'germs' developed within the individual, giving rise to characteristics such as hair and eye colour; however, most germs remained dormant and were stored in the reproductive organs in isolation from the effects of environment or habit. He believed that the active germs were rendered 'sterile' by their use in the organism, and so exerted little or no influence on offspring; whereas the inactive or 'residual' germs were passed to offspring unmodified. Galton shared his views with Darwin in several lengthy letters. 'I am very glad indeed of your work,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10241">Darwin replied on 4 November</a>, 'though I cannot yet follow all your reasoning.'</p> <p>Darwin struggled with Galton's unconventional terminology and with the abstractness of his theory, which Galton was unable to improve upon in letters. 'Unless you can make several parts clearer,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10245">Darwin reiterated on 7 November</a>, 'I believe (though I hope I am altogether wrong) that very few will endeavour or succeed in, fathoming your meaning.' Darwin remained committed to the importance of conditions of existence, and the effects of changed habits on fertility and the health of offspring. In the previous year, he had expanded his discussion in the second edition of <em>Descent</em> of the causes of extinction in 'savage races' when their ways of life were altered by European colonists (<em>Descent</em> 2d ed., pp. 188-90). He drew attention to this discussion in a letter to George Rolleston, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10150">remarking on 2 September</a>: 'the case is strictly parallel to the sterility of many wild animals when made captive. The civilisation of savages & the captivity of wild animals leading to the same result.' </p> <h4>The 'proofmaniac'</h4> <p>In correcting his manuscripts and proofs, Darwin now relied heavily on his son Francis, who had made the decision in 1873 to abandon his medical studies and work as his father's secretary. On sending the latest batch of corrections to his son in February, Darwin wrote, 'I beg ten thousand pardon & more' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9219B">letter to Francis Darwin, [<em>c</em>. February 1875?]</a>). By May, having finished <em>Insectivorous plants</em>, and moved on to <em>Variation</em> 2d ed., Francis signed himself, 'Your affect son … the proofmaniac' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9961F">letter from Francis Darwin, 1 and 2 May [1875]</a>).</p> <p>But Francis also found time to pursue his own research, often taking up questions raised by his father's work. He studied aggregation in the tentacles of <em>Drosera rotundifolia</em> and prepared a paper on the structure and function of the proboscis of <em>Ophideres fullonica</em>, an orange-sucking moth. He observed the hygroscopic properties of seeds, using an instrument designed by his brother Horace, who was doing an apprenticeship at an engineering firm. Darwin was impressed by the device, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10193">remarking to Hooker on 13 October</a>: 'Horace has made a hygrometer with a bit of the twisted awn or pistil (or whatever it may be) & mounted it on a graduated circle; & I have never in my life been more astonished than at its sensitiveness. If you blow gently at it from 1 or 2 feet distance, it absorbs moisture & <em>instantly</em> rotates.' </p> <p>George continued to suffer from poor health, for which his chronically invalid father had much sympathy: 'I know well the feeling of life being objectless & all being vanity of vanities,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-9851">he wrote on 10 February</a>. 'But this will wear away all the sooner for not trying to work too soon.' George had begun research on tidal friction and the rigidity of the earth, and was discouraged by his early experiments on the flow of pitch. Darwin encouraged him to persevere, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10196">writing on 13 October</a>, 'I do not in the least fear that if there is anything to be made out by your method with respect to viscous fluids, you will succeed-such energy as yours almost always succeeds.' 'I'm afraid my letters smell of pitch,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10226">George replied on 26 October</a>, 'but I can think of O else.'</p> <h4>On the origin of language</h4> <p>In between his physics research and bouts of illness, George still found time to write articles for leading periodicals such as the <em>Contemporary Review</em>. Having just emerged from the controversy with Mivart over his paper on cousin marriage, he was embroiled in another as the result of a review of William Dwight Whitney's work on language (G. H. Darwin 1874c). George had taken the American scholar's side in an ongoing debate with the Oxford professor of oriental languages, Friedrich Max Müller. George's article also rehearsed some of Darwin's own arguments in <em>Descent</em> about animal language, which had become a debating point between Whitney and Max Müller. In <em>Descent</em> 2d ed., pp. 86-8, Darwin had cited Whitney's supportive arguments on the evolution of language through unconscious processes, and had criticised Max Müller's insistence that language was an 'impossible barrier' between humans and animals. George, in turn, quoted Whitney's favourable assessment of his father's theory, and credited Whitney with a 'successful refutation of the somewhat dogmatic views of the Oxford linguist' (G. H. Darwin 1874c, p. 894). </p> <p>On previous occasions, Max Müller and Darwin had aired their differences cordially in letters (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 21), and George's review prompted Max Müller to write to Darwin affirming that his convictions were founded on 'careful consideration' rather than a fear of animal ancestry. 'You know better than anybody', <a href="/DCP-LETT-9808">he wrote on 7 January</a>, 'how infinitely great is the difference between man and animal: what I want to know is the first small and hardly perceptible cause of that difference, and I believe I find it in language & what is implied by language.' Max Müller also published an article in response to George's essay, suggesting that 'Mr Darwin, jun.' had used the pretext of a review of Whitney to defend his father. He compared the elder naturalist's writing on language to such opinions as the Pope might offer on astronomy, or the Duke of Wellington on art (Max Müller 1875, pp. 305-7). The debate between Max Müller and Whitney continued in the periodical press and elsewhere, growing more bitter. George, who was on friendly terms with Whitney, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10314">wrote to him on 21 December</a> about the perils of entering into a professional dispute between philologists: 'I confess I felt it a little hard on myself to be dragged into the foreground & chaffed-rather savagely however. In my Contemp. article I thought I had made it pretty clear that I wrote as an ignoramus & only intended to represent your views, with such comments as ordinary intelligence <em>without</em> linguistic knowledge wd. allow me.' </p> <blockquote> <p>thorns in Mr Ffinden's side</p> </blockquote> <p>Tempers flared closer to home when an earlier dispute between Darwin and the local vicar George Sketchley Ffinden resurfaced. In 1873, Charles and Emma Darwin and the Lubbocks had sought Ffinden's support in allocating a reading-room for working men in the evenings as an alternative to the public house. In previous years, they had used a village schoolroom that was under the authority of the Church. After becoming vicar in 1871, Ffinden had opposed their efforts, and had taken issue with Darwin over his involvement in parish affairs (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 21).</p> <p>Lubbock tried to bring about a reconciliation, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9914F">writing to Darwin on 5 April</a>: 'Having occasion to write to Mr. Ffinden about another matter, I incidentally expressed my regret at the coolness between you, & my conviction that it must arise from some misapprehension on his part. In reply Mr. Ffinden expressed his regret that there should be any want of harmony between himself & one "so highly gifted both intellectually & morally," but he refers to two matters, the first being your having written to the education department about the school, which he considered an intentional slight. The second was that you ordered five pounds worth of repairs to the Infant school whereas the Committee only sanctioned an expenditure of L4, & he thinks that in this also you intended to slight him.'</p> <p>Darwin assured Lubbock that he never meant to show disrespect, but insisted that it was Ffinden who had given offence. 'Mr. Ffinden accused me in the vestry of having made false statements,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-9920">Darwin replied on 8 April</a>. 'This is conduct which a man does not commonly pass over without some sort of apology.- Nevertheless if Mr. Ffinden bows to Mrs. Darwin or myself we will return it; but I fear under present circumstances that we can take no further step.' Relations between the clergyman and the Darwins did not warm thereafter. <a href="/DCP-LETT-10732">On 24 December</a>, Emma wrote triumphantly to the former vicar, John Brodie Innes, that a new reading-room had been opened in the village, and a local temperance society had been established by a Down solicitor and his wife: 'Both these undertakings are thorns in Mr Ffinden's side & he has not been content with holding aloof from them; but has used all his influence to prevent their succeeding.' </p> <h4>Darwin on women</h4> <p>In the wider public sphere and in scientific communities abroad, Darwin's work continued to elicit strong reactions, both critical and reverential. <a href="/DCP-LETT-10072">On 16 July he received a letter</a> from an advocate of women's rights, Charlotte Papé, questioning his views in <em>Descent</em> on the superiority of male intellect: 'I myself know so comparatively many striking instances to the contrary, among my friends and my own family, that it seems highly improbable to me. At any rate, every woman ought to try to ascertain as much of the truth in respect to it as she can; for apart from the interest of the question in itself, it is most important for the future of women.' Papé asked Darwin for advice on designing a comparative study of the inheritance of mental powers in women and men, and expressed her frustration at the social constraints that women faced in the pursuit of science: 'of course, like all women, I have had no scientific training … And it is just this very helplessness as to getting information … that must form my excuse for the unwarrantable liberty I am taking.' </p> <h4><em>Darwinismus</em></h4> <p>Some of Darwin's most ardent support came from Germany. His long-serving translator, Julius Victor Carus, brought out a third German edition of <em>Descent</em> (Carus trans. 1875a), and started at once to translate <em>Insectivorous plants</em> (Carus trans. 1876a). The German publisher E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung began to issue Darwin's other works in the form of a collected edition, <em>Ch. Darwin's gesammelte Werke,</em> commencing with his famous narrative of the <em>Beagle</em> voyage, <em>Journal of researches</em> (Carus trans. 1875b; the series is Carus trans. 1875-87). More controversial was the proposal by the journalist Otto Zacharias to start a monthly periodical titled <em>Darwinia</em>. 'Our Journals & weekly publications of Natural History', <a href="/DCP-LETT-10008">he explained on 3 June</a>, 'are not sufficiently penetrated with the value & importance of your theory.' Zacharias dubbed the journal 'a special Organ for Darwinismus' and '<em>transformationist monthly</em>'. The list of contributors and supporters included long-term correspondents such as Ernst Haeckel, Fritz and Hermann Müller, and Anton Dohrn.</p> <p>Although the periodical never appeared under the proposed title, many of the same contributors were involved in the launch of <em>Kosmos</em> in April 1877. From Haeckel, Darwin received a copy of a book titled <em>Kant und Darwin</em>, linking his theory of descent to the celebrated German philosopher's ideas on race. 'It is yet another laurel in the wreath of <em>your fame</em>', <a href="/DCP-LETT-10012">Haeckel wrote on 6 June</a>, 'to have a predecessor in the greatest thinker of Germany!- I hope that this will convert many German philosophers to "Darwinism"!' The author, Fritz Schultze, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10014">contacted Darwin himself on 12 June</a>, describing the aims of his book: 'My hope is that Kant, whose standing with <em>all</em> parties in Germany is exceedingly high, will convert to Darwinism also <em>those</em> who have remained unconvinced … we now view Kant as a "Darwinist before Darwin".' A more humble tribute was paid by an anonymous correspondent:</p> <div> <blockquote> <p class="rtecenter">'The learned Darwin states that Moses taught confusion</p> <p class="rtecenter">For Man, he boldly says, descends from Ape or Monkey-</p> <p class="rtecenter">I, having read his book, am come to this conclusion</p> <p class="rtecenter">Darwin (at least himself) descends from Ass or Donkey</p> </blockquote> </div> <p>On the back of the doggerel, Darwin wrote: 'An anonymous compliment | received Feb 16th 1875'. </p> <h4>The great and the good</h4> <p>Darwin's fame in 1875 was also marked by the increasing number of visitors to Down House. In addition to the usual round of friends, such as the Lubbocks, Huxleys, and Hookers, Darwin hosted many scientific guests and others of social distinction.</p> <p>One of the most keen of visitors was Lady Dorothy Nevill. She had corresponded with Darwin the previous year about insectivorous plants, and had lent him several tropical specimens from her large private collection. She tried to meet Darwin in London on several occasions and finally arranged a visit to Down House on 4 May, but was not content with just one meeting: 'I did so enjoy my afternoon', <a href="/DCP-LETT-10039">she wrote on 2 July</a>, 'and if it were not too much to ask-later on-if it were possible I should so like to come down again.' Darwin tried to satisfy her with an autograph, which she requested to accompany her presentation copy of <em>Insectivorous plants</em> (<a href="/DCP-LETT-10068">letter to D. F. Nevill, 15 July [1875]</a>). Such visitors from the upper ranks of society could be especially taxing. As Emma remarked in a letter to William on 1 May, they required Darwin to be 'so friendly & adoring (if possible)' (DAR 219.1: 89).</p> <p>The most eminent of Darwin's guests was Francis, duke of Teck, a German prince married to a granddaughter of George III. Darwin had hoped to arrange for the meeting to take place at Lubbock's home, High Elms, so that he could get away quickly: 'I do not see how I could get a sort of living Royal Duke out of my house within the short time I can talk to anyone' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9968">letter to John Lubbock, 3 May [1875]</a>). Finally it was arranged for the duke to stop at Down on 19 August before going on to Lubbock's for lunch. Another aristocratic visitor, Lady Derby, prompted a crisis when she proposed coming on the same day as the Darwins were hosting the Russian explorer Nikolai Alekseevich Severtsov and the ornithologist Henry Eeles Dresser. 'The horror was great', Henrietta Emma Litchfield wrote to her brother Leonard on 14 September, '& special messengers had to be sent off to stop them' (DAR 258: 1646). There was no reprieve, however: the Derbys, who had rented a house nearby at Keston, placed their home at the disposal of Thomas Carlyle, who visited Down no less than three times over the summer. Darwin later recalled how the dour sage 'sneered at almost every one. One day in my house he called [George] Grote's <em>History</em> "a fetid quagmire, with nothing spiritual about it"… his expression was that of a depressed, almost despondent, yet benevolent man' ('Recollections', p. 407). </p> <p>Even scientific colleagues could be trying at times. In March, Darwin began corresponding with the Birmingham surgeon Lawson Tait, a specialist in gynaecology. Darwin was interested in his work on ovarian tumours, which Tait believed originated in bud-like tissue through a process that was best explained by Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis.</p> <h4>Squashing pretension</h4> <p>Over the next few months, Tait wrote a series of long letters on various subjects, suggesting, for example, that bushy tails had evolved as a protective layer for animals to curl up in, and that the shape of the umbilical cord was analogous to the spiral form of twining plants (letters from Lawson Tait, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9889">16 March [1875]</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9904">27 March [1875]</a>). 'As I am not hampered by worldly exigencies,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-9904">he declared on 27 March</a>, 'I do not devote myself to the drudgery of medical life and therefore have time for science.' Tait gave occasional public lectures, presenting himself as a follower and defender of Darwin's theories. In August, he published a favourable review of <em>Insectivorous plants</em> for the <em>Spectator</em>, and took up the subject himself, focusing on the digestive secretions of <em>Dionaea</em> (Venus fly trap), <em>Drosera</em> (sundew), and <em>Nepenthes</em> (tropical pitcher-plant). He announced that he had isolated a pepsinlike compound from the fluid of <em>Drosera dichotoma</em> (the forked-leaf sundew), and sent details of his observations and procedures. His letters came more frequently, even two a day, though sometimes with the proviso that they need not be answered. Darwin could not keep up, <a href="/DCP-LETT-10087">and on 22 July</a>, he had Francis reply: 'My Father desires me to say that he is so much engaged with other subjects that he cannot attend to Drosera at present … He desires me to thank you much for your kind desire to help him.'</p> <p>Tait's research not only overlapped considerably with Darwin's, but also with that of Hooker, who had worked periodically on the digestive properties of <em>Nepenthes</em> since 1873. 'You are aware that Dr Hooker has worked hard at Nepenthes & will soon publish', <a href="/DCP-LETT-10023">Darwin warned on 17 July 1875</a>. But Tait was undaunted. He completed a paper in October and asked Darwin to submit it to the Royal Society on his behalf. <a href="/DCP-LETT-10193">Darwin complained to Hooker on 13 October</a>, 'It is not at all nice in the confounded man (who has bothered me almost out of my life) to write on Nepenthes when he & all the world know that you have taken up the subject. What had I better do?' Darwin felt obliged to Tait, partly because of his public support for pangenesis and <em>Insectivorous plants</em>, but he had reservations about the paper's merit. He confessed to Hooker two days later, 'after agonies of doubt I found that I cd. not endure to refuse … he has been here & wishes to do everything to oblige me, But he is a coarse impudent fellow.' Darwin pleaded that the paper not be referred to him for review. In the end, it was firmly rejected for its faulty chemical methods, and Darwin had to break the news to the author in 1876 that his Royal Society ambitions had been frustrated. </p> <h4>Fighting for right</h4> <p>Though Darwin was eventually able to resume observational work on his beloved plants, the year did not end quietly. In December he showed surprising vigour in taking up the cause of Edwin Ray Lankester, who had been blackballed in a bid for election to the Linnean Society. He was the eldest son of Edwin Lankester, a leading microscopist who had assisted Darwin in his work on barnacles (<em>Correspondence</em> vol. 5). Though not yet thirty, he had already had a distinguished career, having studied under George Rolleston at Oxford and Huxley at South Kensington, with visiting positions under Haeckel at Jena and Dohrn at Naples. Darwin had expressed his desire to meet Lankester in July, and had agreed to see him at Down with Thiselton-Dyer (<a href="/DCP-LETT-10046">letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 7 July 1875</a>). It was Thiselton-Dyer who nominated Lankester for the Linnean, and he was blackballed on 2 December, the same meeting at which Romanes and Francis Darwin were made fellows. But Thiselton-Dyer had apparently jeopardised his friend's chances by suggesting to the council that his membership fee be waived, thinking that this was appropriate for so distinguished a nominee. Already in 1875, Lankester had been elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and had been appointed professor of zoology at University College, London.</p> <p>Darwin learned about the blackballing from Hooker, who attributed it to political squabbles within the society, especially among botanists who complained that it was always the zoologists who had their fees remitted. Darwin was incensed that such politicking should take precedence over individual merit, and worried that the result would tarnish Lankester's career. 'It seems to me the most disgraceful act which any scientific Socy. has done in my time,' <a href="/DCP-LETT-10295">he told Hooker on 12 December</a>. 'I wish that I knew what the malcontents have to say for themselves.' Darwin spent the next weeks canvassing members of the society to support Lankester at the next meeting, and even planned to attend himself in order to cast a vote. In the event, the election was postponed until February 1876, and Lankester was duly elected. </p> <h4>Losing friends</h4> <p>Darwin was saddened by the deaths during the year of several of his correspondents, including one of his oldest and dearest friends, Charles Lyell. Darwin had learned of Lyell's failing health from Hooker in 1874 and January 1875. On 22 February, he was notified of Lyell's death by Lyell's secretary, Arabella Buckley. Lyell had helped to introduce Darwin to scientific society in London, and offered much advice on his early publications in geology. <a href="/DCP-LETT-9868">Replying to Buckley on 23 February</a>, Darwin recalled first meeting Lyell on returning from the <em>Beagle</em> voyage: 'how full of sympathy and interest he was about what I could tell him of Coral reefs and South America … almost every thing which I have done in science I owe to the study of his great works.' Later in the year, Darwin received word of the death of one his most avid American supporters, the philosopher Chauncey Wright. Wright had published favourable reviews of Darwin's work, including a defence against Mivart that Darwin had reprinted in Britain. Wright <a href="/DCP-LETT-9871">had written to Darwin on 24 February</a> on the lay of hair in eyelashes and on arms, a typically lengthy letter full of personal observations, classical references, and anecdotes of Harvard professors. In September, he died suddenly in his college rooms, and was found at his desk with a copy of <em>Insectivorous plants</em> open beside him, and specimens of <em>Drosera</em> ready for examination. Though unable to complete an article on Darwin's latest book, Wright did leave his brain to science and on examination it was pronounced to be of a 'high type' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-10160">letter from Woodward Emery, 17 September 1875</a>). </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Terms: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../tags/ccd-intro" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CCD intro</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../taxonomy/term/64" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Featured</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-related-bibliographic-refe field-type-text field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Related bibliographic reference: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Report of the Royal Commission on vivisection</i>: <i>Report of the Royal Commission on the practice of subjecting live animals to experiments for scientific purposes; with minutes of evidence and appendix;</i> 1876 (C.1397, C.1397-1) XLI.277, 689. House of Commons Parliamentary Papers.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content"> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1097 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/FITZROY-R-01-05660.jpg?itok=GaagKH0Z)"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-E-01-01218.jpg?itok=ozj0QpGk)"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-02-02357.jpg?itok=SchxeKwK)"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-01-02357.jpg?itok=UCAmJ_At)"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-01-01203.jpg?itok=0Jm0VtzG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/TEGETMEIER-W-B-01-04682.jpg?itok=A2QjtG5o)"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/WALLACE-A-R-01-01832.jpg?itok=2Ptl2OXa)"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/OWEN-R-01-03629.jpg?itok=f53MuCPx)"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/BENTHAM-G-01-00398.jpg?itok=tM3UqtiG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Down-house1_4.jpg?itok=4_rtOp2x)"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg?itok=BBVkiqVO)"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00113.jpg?itok=sF2FC3ni)"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=XL8-zA8v)"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00116.jpg?itok=N9ikp1AD)"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00340-00001-C-00007-00004-000-p471.jpg?itok=amNzEpLQ)"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg?itok=MmoeVmv4)"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00072.jpg?itok=E2w1KsMz)"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00040.jpg?itok=W-VC37wq)"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-05-00001.jpg?itok=eEVkSzQ3)"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00140-00004-000-00007.jpg?itok=II3d31Wn)"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00162-000-00201.jpg?itok=wTj1bEPM)"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg?itok=tBvrwyfP)"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-2275 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg?itok=LlpKTTUy)"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings" class="active-trail active">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-R-01-01205.jpg?itok=t7EJx2F1)"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Christ's%20College%20Library%20monkey.JPG?itok=ANjwgfNC)"><a href="darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/frontispiece_bernard_darwin_MS-ADD-08904-00004-01158-000-00001-s.jpg?itok=KfoObDs8)"><a href="darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg?itok=b1GlRz8m)"><a href="darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_28_frontispiece.jpg?itok=uiPDp-CE)"><a href="darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-T-00992-B-00001-00045-000-FANCY-PORTRAIT-NO-54_CD.jpg?itok=0uAnSj_J)"><a href="darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/The_funeral_ceremony_of_the_Charles_Darwin_at_Westminster_Ab_Wellcome_V0018693_final.jpg?itok=ws9uiIeg)"><a href="darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-people" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related people</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1603.xml">Fayrer, Joseph</a></h3> <div class="date">1824-1907</div> <div class="summary">Surgeon and physician. Served in the Indian Medical Service, 1850-95. Professor of surgery at the medical college, Calcutta, 1859. President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867. Returned to Britain in 1872. President of the medical board of the India Office, 1873-95. Published on surgery, but most noted for his work, with Thomas Lauder Brunton, on snake venoms. Created baronet, 1896. FRS 1877.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1797.xml">Galton, Francis</a></h3> <div class="date">1822-1911</div> <div class="summary">Traveller, statistician, and scientific writer. Son of Samuel Tertius Galton and Violetta Galton, née Darwin; CD's cousin. Explored in south-western Africa, 1850-2. Carried out various researches on heredity. Founder of the eugenics movement. FRS 1860.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2716.xml">Klein, E. E.</a></h3> <div class="date">1844-1925</div> <div class="summary">Slavonian-born histologist and bacteriologist. MD, Vienna. Emigrated in 1871 to Britain, where he worked at the Brown Animal Sanatory Institute and lectured at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Professor of bacteriology at the College of State Medicine, London, 1889-91. Naturalised British, 1887. FRS 1875.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3505.xml">Walpole, D. F.Nevill, D. F.</a></h3> <div class="date">1826-1913</div> <div class="summary">Society hostess and horticulturist. Daughter of Horatio Walpole, third earl of Orford; married Reginald Henry Nevill in 1847. Developed a notable garden at Dangstein, near Petersfield, Hampshire, where she cultivated orchids, pitcher-plants, and other tropical plants; employed thirty-four gardeners.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_693.xml">Brunton, T. L.</a></h3> <div class="date">1844-1916</div> <div class="summary">Physician and pharmacologist. MB, Edinburgh, 1866; MD 1868. Studied pharmacology in Vienna and Berlin, and physiological chemistry in Amsterdam and Leipzig, 1868-70. Lecturer in materia medica and pharmacology, Middlesex Hospital, 1870; St Bartholomew's, 1871. Casualty physician, St Bartholomew's, 1871-5; assistant physician, 1875-97; physician, 1897-1904. Studied the physiology of digestion and experimented on insectivorous plants for CD. Created baronet, 1908. FRS 1874.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_984.xml">Cobbe, F. P.</a></h3> <div class="date">1822-1904</div> <div class="summary">Writer and philanthropist. Wrote extensively on religious and ethical subjects. Leading campaigner for women's rights and against animal vivisection.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-321808c659fb6d6004c126da9f8289f9"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-656403f38bc5daa2796e735477c3592e"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"> <h3>About this article</h3> <p>Based on the introduction to <strong><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>, volume 23:</strong> <strong>1875</strong></p> <p>Edited by Frederick Burkhardt, James A. Secord, Samantha Evans, Shelley Innes, Francis Neary, Alison M. Pearn, Anne Secord, Paul White. (Cambridge University Press 2015)</p> <p>Order this volume online from <a href="http://admin.cambridge.org/ps/academic/subjects/life-sciences/darwin/series/correspondence-charles-darwin" target="_blank">Cambridge University Press</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png"/></a></p> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column3 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