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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quality_factors_and_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_factors_and_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Quality factors and cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_factors_and_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Madagascar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substitutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Substitutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Storage and nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caviar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaar" title="Kaviaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaviaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="كافيار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كافيار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Kürü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خاویار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خاویار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Ікра ў кулінарыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ікра ў кулінарыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Черен хайвер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черен хайвер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi%C3%A1r" title="Kaviár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaviár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaviar" title="Kaaviar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaaviar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Χαβιάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαβιάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaro" title="Kaviaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaviaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiar" title="Kabiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kabiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خاویار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاویار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaar" title="Kaviaar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaviaar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caibhe%C3%A1r" title="Caibheár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caibheár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D9%84" title="اشپل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اشپل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="캐비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Ձկնկիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձկնկիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavijar" title="Kavijar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kavijar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaro" title="Kaviaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaviaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviale" title="Caviale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caviale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קוויאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוויאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Қара уылдырық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара уылдырық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi%C4%81rs" title="Kaviārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaviārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikrai_(maistas)" title="Ikrai (maistas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ikrai (maistas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi%C3%A1r_(gasztron%C3%B3mia)" title="Kaviár (gasztronómia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaviár (gasztronómia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кавијар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кавијар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviara" title="Kaviara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kaviara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="കവിയാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവിയാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="الكافيار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكافيار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خاویار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خاویار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ကာဗီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaar" title="Kaviaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaviaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="キャビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ӏаьржа Ӏов – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа Ӏов" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaawiar" title="Kaawiar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaawiar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawior" title="Kawior – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawior" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чёрная икра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная икра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havjar" title="Havjar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Havjar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caviar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi%C3%A1r" title="Kaviár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaviár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кавијар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кавијар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavijar" title="Kavijar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kavijar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviaari" title="Kaviaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaviaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviar" title="Kaviar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaviar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คาเวียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาเวียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havyar" title="Havyar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havyar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорна ікра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна ікра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A9ng_c%C3%A1_mu%E1%BB%91i" title="Trứng cá muối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trứng cá muối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E5%AD%90%E9%85%B1" title="鱼子酱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鱼子酱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E5%AD%90%E9%86%AC" title="魚子醬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魚子醬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E5%AD%90%E9%85%B1" title="鱼子酱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鱼子酱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186385#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caviar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Caviar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186385" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food consisting of salt-cured roe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about sturgeon roe. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Caviar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caviar (disambiguation)">Caviar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black caviar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_caviar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black caviar (disambiguation)">Black caviar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Caviar</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Caviar_spoons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caviar_spoons.jpg/220px-Caviar_spoons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caviar_spoons.jpg/330px-Caviar_spoons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Caviar_spoons.jpg/440px-Caviar_spoons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_roe" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon roe">Salmon roe</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> caviar (right) served with <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother of pearl</a> <a href="/wiki/Caviar_spoon" title="Caviar spoon">caviar spoons</a> to avoid tainting the taste of the caviar.</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran (Persia)">Iran (Persia)</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> region</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Caviar" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Caviar">Cookbook: Caviar</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caviar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caviar">Media: Caviar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beluga_sturgeon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Beluga_sturgeon.png/220px-Beluga_sturgeon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Beluga_sturgeon.png/330px-Beluga_sturgeon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Beluga_sturgeon.png/440px-Beluga_sturgeon.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>The rarest and most expensive form of caviar comes from the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Beluga_sturgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga sturgeon">beluga sturgeon</a> that swims in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Caviar</b> (also known as <b>caviare</b>, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خاویار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">khâvyâr</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'egg-bearing') is a food consisting of salt-cured <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Acipenseridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenseridae">Acipenseridae</a>. Caviar is considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a> and is eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">spread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the term caviar refers only to roe from wild <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetra" title="Ossetra">ossetra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevruga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevruga">sevruga</a> caviars). The term caviar can also describe the roe of other species of sturgeon or other <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclopterus_lumpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopterus lumpus">lumpfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roe can be "fresh" (non-pasteurized) or <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized">pasteurized</a>, which reduces its culinary and <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, roe from any fish not belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a> order (including <a href="/wiki/Acipenseridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenseridae">Acipenseridae</a>, or sturgeon <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyodontidae">Polyodontidae</a> or paddlefish) are not caviar, but "substitutes of caviar".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is also adopted by the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">United States Customs Service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>caviar</i> is sometimes used to describe dishes that are perceived to resemble caviar, such as "eggplant caviar" (made from <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>) and "<a href="/wiki/Texas_caviar" title="Texas caviar">Texas caviar</a>" (made from <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed peas</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caviar and sturgeon from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> began reaching the tables of aristocratic and noble <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in the 10th century, after the commencement of large-scale trading between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main types of caviar from sturgeon species native to the Caspian Sea are <a href="/wiki/Beluga_caviar" title="Beluga caviar">Beluga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterlet" title="Sterlet">Sterlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_(fish)" title="Kaluga (fish)">Kaluga hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetra" title="Ossetra">Ossetra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_sturgeon" title="Siberian sturgeon">Siberian sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevruga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevruga">Sevruga</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">American White Sturgeon</a> caviar is abundant and native to California and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Pacific_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Pacific Northwest">U.S. Pacific Northwest</a>. The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Wild caviar production was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in colour from pale silver-grey to black. It is followed by the small golden <a href="/wiki/Sterlet" title="Sterlet">sterlet</a> caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality is the medium-sized, light brown to rich brown <a href="/wiki/Ossetra" title="Ossetra">Ossetra</a>, also known as Russian caviar. Others in the quality ranking are the grey sevruga caviar, the Chinese Kaluga caviar, and the American white sturgeon caviar. The Siberian variety with black beads is similar to sevruga and is popular because of its reduced (five years) harvest period, but it has a higher <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> content than other kinds. The Chinese Kaluga hybrid varies in colour from dark grey to light golden green and is a close cousin of beluga caviar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_factors_and_cost">Quality factors and cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quality factors and cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An expensive caviar example at 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) sold for £20,000 (then US$34,500) is the Iranian 'Almas' product (from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">الماس</span>, "diamond") produced from the eggs of a rare <a href="/wiki/Albino" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino">albino</a> <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> between 60 and 100 years old from the southern <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild beluga sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea was priced in 2012 at $16,000 per 1 kilogram (35 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheaper alternatives have been developed from the roe of <a href="/wiki/Coregonus" title="Coregonus">whitefish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conventional sturgeon caviar was priced in 2014 at about $105 per 1 ounce (28 g) and from albino sturgeon up to $800 per ounce.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other quality factors are texture – with firmness having higher quality value – flavour qualities, such as <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">creaminess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> taste, and brine or mild fish <a href="/wiki/Aftertaste" title="Aftertaste">finish</a>, and whether the caviar was taken from the fish by massage (higher value) rather than by killing it.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caviar is generally sold in ounces. An ounce of sturgeon caviar costs between $45 and $1,000, depending on the variety of sturgeon and other factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Top 16 Caviar Producers in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-caviar-production_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caviar-production-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Country</th> <th>Caviar (Tonnes) </th></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China produces the most caviar of any single country.<sup id="cite_ref-best_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest caviar company in the world is the Chinese brand <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Queen" title="Kaluga Queen">Kaluga Queen</a>, which cultivates sturgeon at <a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake" title="Qiandao Lake">Qiandao Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of over-fishing, the harvest and sale of black caviar were banned in Russia in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban on sturgeon fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> as an economically viable means of commercial caviar production.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian caviar exports were also banned from 2002 to 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG/220px-Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG/330px-Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Sturgeon_fishing_in_the_Po_river.JPG 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Sturgeon fishing in the Po river in 1950, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_da_Messisbugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristoforo da Messisbugo">Cristoforo da Messisbugo</a> in his book <i>Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda</i>, Venice, 1564, at page 110, gave the first recorded recipe in Italy about extraction of the eggs from the roe and caviar preparation "to be consumed fresh or to preserve".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer and voyager <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a> in his book "<i>Voyage en Italie</i>", Paris, 1771, vol. 8, page 269, noted that many sturgeon were caught in the Po delta area in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1753 a diplomatic war broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, governing the Ferrara territory, and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> about sturgeon fishing rights in the Po River, the border between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1920 and until 1942, there was a shop in Ferrara, named "Nuta" from the nickname of the owner Benvenuta Ascoli, that processed all the sturgeons caught in the Po River for caviar extraction, using an elaboration of the original Messisbugo recipe, and shipped it to Italy and Europe. A new owner sporadically continued production until 1972, when the sturgeon stopped swimming up the Po River. Since 2015, some sturgeon have reappeared in the Po.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, Italian caviar is obtained almost entirely from bred sturgeons. The caviar production is concentrated predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, which is considered the capital of Italian caviar:<sup id="cite_ref-BSCaviar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSCaviar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this area, in <a href="/wiki/Calvisano" title="Calvisano">Calvisano</a>, is located the world's largest sturgeon farm<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that produces annually 25 tonnes of caviar.<sup id="cite_ref-BSCaviar_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSCaviar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy is a top producer of caviar.<sup id="cite_ref-ITCaviar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITCaviar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were the major caviar suppliers to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>; they harvested roe from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_sturgeon" title="Lake sturgeon">lake sturgeon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">North American Midwest</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Shortnose_sturgeon" title="Shortnose sturgeon">shortnose sturgeon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sturgeon" title="Atlantic sturgeon">Atlantic sturgeon</a> spawning in the rivers of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a>. The American caviar industry started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened a business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River. He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe. Around the same time, sturgeon was fished from the Columbia River on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>, also supplying caviar. American caviar was so plentiful at the time that it was given away at bars to induce or prolong patrons' thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the shortnose sturgeon is rated <i>Vulnerable</i> in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> and rated <i>Endangered</i> per the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>. With the depletion of Caspian and Black Sea caviar, production of farmed or "sustainable" caviar<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has greatly increased. In particular, northern California is reported to account for 70% to 80% of U.S. production.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a significant illegal sturgeon egg harvesting and selling ring run in part by the former top sturgeon biologist for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was discovered and broken up by investigators.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In coastal <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">white sturgeon</a> are sustainably <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">farmed</a> to produce caviar.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg/220px-Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg/330px-Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg/440px-Alcala_de_rio_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The dam at Alcalá del Río, started in 1931, blocked the upstream migration of sturgeon in the Guadalquivir.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 17th-century book <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> mentions "cavial"<sup id="cite_ref-Quixote_en_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quixote_en-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quixote_es_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quixote_es-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a banquet of German pilgrims. Until 1992, sturgeons and caviar were collected at the lower parts of rivers <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duero" class="mw-redirect" title="Duero">Duero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajo">Tajo</a>. From 1932 to 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Ybarra" title="Ybarra">Ybarra</a> family had a factory in <a href="/wiki/Coria_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Coria del Río">Coria del Río</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiarioSevilla_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiarioSevilla-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a>, pollution and the <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Alcalá del Río">Alcalá del Río</a> dam eliminated the wild population of <i><a href="/wiki/Acipenser_naccarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenser naccarii">Acipenser naccarii</a></i>. In Spain, a fish farm called Caviar de Riofrío<sup id="cite_ref-Riofrío_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riofrío-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">organic</a> caviar<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Loja,_Granada" title="Loja, Granada">Loja, Granada</a>, Andalusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well with Canada and the United States, Uruguay has become a major producer and exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibbutz Dan">Kibbutz Dan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces four tons of caviar a year. The farm is fed by the <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(Middle_East)" title="Dan River (Middle East)">Dan River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Madagascar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madagascar is the first African country that produces and exports caviar since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, caviar production is relatively new and smaller in scale. Caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon fish in <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>. The caviar produced here is marketed as "tropical caviar".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Malaysian brand of tropical caviar was launched in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overfishing, smuggling and pollution caused by sewage entry into the Caspian Sea have considerably reduced the sea's sturgeon population.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> banned the import of Caspian Sea Beluga caviar to protect the endangered Beluga sturgeon; a month later, the ban was extended to include Beluga caviar from the entire <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin. In January 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Flora_and_Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna">Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna</a> (CITES) supported an international embargo on caviar export.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, this ban was partly lifted, allowing the sale of 96 tons of caviar, 15% below the official 2005 level.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2010, Russia and some other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries restarted the export of caviar.<sup id="cite_ref-DTCaviar_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTCaviar-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 quotas allow for the export of three tons of beluga, 17 tons of sevruga and 27 tons of osetra.<sup id="cite_ref-DTCaviar_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTCaviar-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">state monopoly</a> brand, Zhaik Balyk, from the Kazakh word for the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>. Under the CITES agreement, Kazakhstan was granted the right to produce 13 of the 80 tons allowed up until 28 February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaviar_des_Seehase_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Kaviar_des_Seehase_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>Imitation caviar of the <a href="/wiki/Lumpfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpfish">lumpfish</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Commercial caviar production historically involved stunning the fish and extracting the <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>. Another method of extracting caviar is by removing eggs through a small incision, which allows the female to continue producing roe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other farmers use a process called "stripping", which extracts the caviar from the fish via a small incision made along the urogenital muscle when the fish is deemed to be ready to be processed. An ultrasound is used to determine the correct timing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Removing the caviar by massage may yield higher quality and a more sustainable source.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR2014_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preparation follows a sequence that has not significantly changed over the last century. First, the ovaries are removed from a sedated female sturgeon and passed through a sieve to remove the membrane. Freed roes are rinsed to wash away impurities. Roes are now ready to become caviar by adding a precise amount of salt for taste and preservation. The fresh product is tasted and graded according to quality. Finally, the eggs are packed into lacquer-lined tins that will be further processed or sold directly to customers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substitutes">Substitutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Substitutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/220px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/330px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/440px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Caviar <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitutes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sturgeon caviar imitation is a black or red-coloured <a href="/wiki/Cyclopterus_lumpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopterus lumpus">lumpsucker</a> caviar sold throughout Europe in small glass jars. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the roes of many fish species, including <a href="/wiki/Coregonus_albula" title="Coregonus albula">vendace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_whitefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Common whitefish">common whitefish</a>, are also commonly eaten in a similar manner as caviar. However, they are not caviar 'substitutes' but are enjoyed in their own right. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spherification" title="Spherification">Spherification</a> of liquids with <a href="/wiki/Alginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alginate">alginate</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> polysaccharide) is used to recreate caviar's texture. With liquids flavored to resemble caviar, one obtains kosher and vegan caviar substitutes. They resemble beluga caviar in appearance and are either used as a food prop for television and film or enjoyed by vegetarians and other people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, a type of sandwich <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">spread</a> is available, made from <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoked</a> <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> roe and other ingredients, which is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5skaviar" title="Smörgåskaviar">smörgåskaviar</a></i> (meaning "sandwich caviar"). Outside Scandinavia, the product is referred to as <i>creamed smoked roe</i> or in French as <i>Caviar de Lysekil</i>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_and_nutrition">Storage and nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Storage and nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caviar is highly perishable and must be kept refrigerated until consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caviar is 48% water, 25% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, 18% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, and 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fdc_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a common serving amount of 16 grams (one <a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">tablespoon</a>), caviar supplies 44 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kilocalories</a> of food energy, 53% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, and moderate amounts (10-15% DV) of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content.<sup id="cite_ref-fdc_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdc-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hors_d%27oeuvre" title="List of hors d'oeuvre">List of hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snail_caviar" title="Snail caviar">Snail caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar diplomacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, D. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tasteofrussia00darr"><i>A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality</i></a></span>. Russian Life Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tasteofrussia00darr/page/71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880100-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880100-42-4"><bdi>978-1-880100-42-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Russia%3A+A+Cookbook+of+Russian+Hospitality&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Russian+Life+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-880100-42-4&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftasteofrussia00darr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">lan Davidson, Tom Jane, <i>The Oxford companion to food</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280681-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280681-5">0-19-280681-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9">978-0-19-280681-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTr-ouCbL2AC&pg=PA150">p. 150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104103551/http://www.christmaswhistler.web44.net/smithHistory/SmithBrosWhitefishCaviar.html">"Smith Bros. Whitefish Caviar"</a>. <i>web44.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christmaswhistler.web44.net/smithHistory/SmithBrosWhitefishCaviar.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web44.net&rft.atitle=Smith+Bros.+Whitefish+Caviar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christmaswhistler.web44.net%2FsmithHistory%2FSmithBrosWhitefishCaviar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fodor, Alexandrina, et al. "ASSESSMENT OF DEGREE OF FRESHNESS AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS TYPE "FISH ROE" SOLD IN SUPERMARKET CHAIN STORES." Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie şi Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară 10.A (2011): 177–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Jean-Pierre Esmilaire, <i>Directeur Général</i> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216005012/https://www.caviarhouse-prunier.com/index/index/loc/25/lan/1/International/en/">Caviar House & Prunier</a>: "two-thirds of caviar's taste is lost through pasteurisation." (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724064352/http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2001/02/01/34258/three-star-caviar.html">"Three-star caviar", Caterersearch – The complete information source for hospitality, 1 February 2001</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Roe coming from a fish other than Acipenseriformes is not caviar and is often classified as «caviar substitute»." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5261e/y5261e06.htm">Catarci, Camillo (2004), "Sturgeons (Acipenseriformes)", in <i>World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile</i>, FAO Fisheries Circulars – C990, FAO Corporate Document Repository, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Department.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184110/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5261e/y5261e06.htm">Archived</a> 12 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Caviar: processed roe of Acipenseriformes species." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/res/12/12-07R13.shtml">CITES (2002), "Annex 1 – CITES guidelines for a universal labelling system for the trade-in and identification of caviar", in <i>Resolution Conf. 12.7 – Conservation of and trade in sturgeons and paddlefish</i>, Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Santiago (Chile), 3–15 November 2002.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214041052/http://cites.org/eng/res/12/12-07R13.shtml">Archived</a> 14 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Caviar is made from the unfertilized eggs of female sturgeon and paddlefish, among the oldest and largest species of fish living on earth." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/wildlifetrade/item5684.html">World Wide Fund for Nature, Wildlife Trade – Caviar Trade FAQs.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208092854/http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/wildlifetrade/item5684.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The United States of America Custom Service (US Customs & Border Protection, 2004) defines caviar thus: Caviar is the eggs or roe of sturgeon preserved with salt. It is prepared by removing the egg masses from freshly caught fish and passing them through a fine-mesh screen to separate the eggs and remove extraneous bits of tissue and fat. At the same time, 4–6 percent salt is added to preserve the eggs and bring out the flavour. Most caviar is produced in Azerbaijan, Russia, and Iran from fish taken from the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodfancy.net/docs/a0685e01.pdf">Johannesson, J. (2006), "1. Fish roe products and relevant resources for the industry: Definitions of caviar", <i>Lumpfish caviar – from vessel to consumer</i>, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 485, Rome, FAO, p.1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184657/http://foodfancy.net/docs/a0685e01.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=46BF33411922BE7C1609CEB7AC30A027.tpdjo08v_3?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006056141&dateTexte=20100202">Arrêté du 23 février 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003152749/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=46BF33411922BE7C1609CEB7AC30A027.tpdjo08v_3?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006056141&dateTexte=20100202">Archived</a> 3 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NOR: DEVN0750874A; Version consolidée au 06 mai 2007), Article 1: "a) Caviar : oeufs non-fécondés, traités, des espèces d'acipensériformes dont la liste figure en annexe du présent arrêté;".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot_Rice1967" class="citation book cs1">Talbot Rice, Tamara (1967). <i>Everyday Life in Byzantium</i>. London: Hippocrene Books. pp. 139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+Byzantium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Talbot+Rice&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-expensive-caviar">"Most expensive caviar"</a>. <i>guinnessworldrecords.com</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guinnessworldrecords.com&rft.atitle=Most+expensive+caviar&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Fmost-expensive-caviar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelica_Dubinsky2012" class="citation web cs1">Angelica Dubinsky (18 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002151223/http://russian.lingualift.com/blog/russian-caviar-roe/">"Black Gold: Russian caviar"</a>. Russian Cuisine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russian.lingualift.com/blog/russian-caviar-roe/">the original</a> on 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Gold%3A+Russian+caviar&rft.pub=Russian+Cuisine&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.au=Angelica+Dubinsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussian.lingualift.com%2Fblog%2Frussian-caviar-roe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR2014_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Bland2014" class="citation web cs1">Alastair Bland (30 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/03/07/287309630/no-kill-caviar-aims-to-keep-the-treat-and-save-the-sturgeon">"No-Kill Caviar Aims To Keep The Treat And Save The Sturgeon"</a>. US National Public Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No-Kill+Caviar+Aims+To+Keep+The+Treat+And+Save+The+Sturgeon&rft.pub=US+National+Public+Radio&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.au=Alastair+Bland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2014%2F03%2F07%2F287309630%2Fno-kill-caviar-aims-to-keep-the-treat-and-save-the-sturgeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caviar-production-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caviar-production_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronziChebanovMichaelsWei2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bronzi, Paolo; Chebanov, Mikhail; Michaels, James T.; Wei, Qiwei; Rosenthal, Harald; Gessner, Joern (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/httpsdoi.org10.1111jai.13870">"Sturgeon meat and caviar production: Global update 2017"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Ichthyology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JApIc..35..257B">2019JApIc..35..257B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjai.13870">10.1111/jai.13870</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Ichthyology&rft.atitle=Sturgeon+meat+and+caviar+production%3A+Global+update+2017&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjai.13870&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JApIc..35..257B&rft.aulast=Bronzi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Chebanov%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Michaels%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Wei%2C+Qiwei&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Harald&rft.au=Gessner%2C+Joern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhttpsdoi.org10.1111jai.13870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-best-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-best_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/17511/the-world-is-eating-chinese-caviar-and-doesn-t-know-it">"The World Is Eating Chinese Caviar (And Doesn't Know It)"</a>. that's. 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+World+Is+Eating+Chinese+Caviar+%28And+Doesn%27t+Know+It%29&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thatsmags.com%2Fbeijing%2Fpost%2F17511%2Fthe-world-is-eating-chinese-caviar-and-doesn-t-know-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrader2017" class="citation news cs1">Krader, Kate (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/the-world-s-best-caviar-doesn-t-come-from-russia-anymore">"The World's Best Caviar Doesn't Come From Russia Anymore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Best+Caviar+Doesn%27t+Come+From+Russia+Anymore&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Krader&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-09-19%2Fthe-world-s-best-caviar-doesn-t-come-from-russia-anymore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzy.net/2011/02/15/russians-caviar-in-europe/">"After a nine year ban Russia has begun exporting sturgeon caviar to the European Union"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306142314/http://www.newzy.net/2011/02/15/russians-caviar-in-europe/">Archived</a> 6 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Newzy.net, 21 February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/AgAlertStory.cfm?ID=408&ck=0D0FD7C6E093F7B804FA0150B875B868">California Farm Bureau Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529095608/http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/AgAlertStory.cfm?ID=408&ck=0D0FD7C6E093F7B804FA0150B875B868">Archived</a> 29 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Farmers tame prehistoric fish to make food fit for a king</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-caviar-goes-back-on-the-european-menu-after-nine-years-2205035.html">"Russian caviar goes back on the European menu after nine years"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+caviar+goes+back+on+the+European+menu+after+nine+years&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-caviar-goes-back-on-the-european-menu-after-nine-years-2205035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristoforo_da_Messisbugo1564" class="citation news cs1">Cristoforo da Messisbugo (1564). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCU6AAAAcAAJ">"Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda"</a>. Venezia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libro+novo+nel+qual+si+insegna+a+far+d%27ogni+sorte+di+vivanda&rft.date=1564&rft.au=Cristoforo+da+Messisbugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCU6AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph-Jérôme_De_Lalande1771" class="citation news cs1">Joseph-Jérôme De Lalande (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TB2MNcYRmF0C&q=delalande+voyage+en+italie&pg=PP3">"Voyage en Italie"</a>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voyage+en+Italie&rft.date=1771&rft.au=Joseph-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+De+Lalande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTB2MNcYRmF0C%26q%3Ddelalande%2Bvoyage%2Ben%2Bitalie%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archivio di Stato di Roma, Commissariato Generale della Reverenda Camera Apostolica, busta 546, Controversia coi veneziani sulla pesca nel Po di Corbola</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArea" class="citation web cs1">Area, Jam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wscs.info/news/news/sturgeon/big-sturgeon.aspx">"Big sturgeon"</a>. <i>wscs.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wscs.info&rft.atitle=Big+sturgeon&rft.aulast=Area&rft.aufirst=Jam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wscs.info%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fsturgeon%2Fbig-sturgeon.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSCaviar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BSCaviar_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSCaviar_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quibrescia.it/cms/2015/03/26/e-brescia-la-capitale-mndiale-del-caviale/">"È Brescia la capitale mondiale del caviale"</a> [Brescia is the world capital of caviar]. <i>quibrescia.it</i> (in Italian). 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=quibrescia.it&rft.atitle=%C3%88+Brescia+la+capitale+mondiale+del+caviale&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quibrescia.it%2Fcms%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fe-brescia-la-capitale-mndiale-del-caviale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation news cs1">Black, Jane (26 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/world/americas/26iht-caviar.2943297.html?pagewanted=all">"Caviar from farms instead of the seas"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Caviar+from+farms+instead+of+the+seas&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F26%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F26iht-caviar.2943297.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITCaviar-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITCaviar_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAGI2016" class="citation web cs1">AGI (5 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agi.it/international/2016/04/05/news/forget_the_caspian_sea_italy_is_king_of_caviar-671166/">"Forget the Caspian Sea, Italy is king of caviar"</a>. <i>AGI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AGI&rft.atitle=Forget+the+Caspian+Sea%2C+Italy+is+king+of+caviar&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.au=AGI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agi.it%2Finternational%2F2016%2F04%2F05%2Fnews%2Fforget_the_caspian_sea_italy_is_king_of_caviar-671166%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Stradley2021" class="citation web cs1">Linda Stradley (20 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatscookingamerica.net/Glossary/C.htm">"Culinary Dictionary – C, Food Dictionary"</a>. <i>What's Cooking America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What%27s+Cooking+America&rft.atitle=Culinary+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+C%2C+Food+Dictionary&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.au=Linda+Stradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatscookingamerica.net%2FGlossary%2FC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Stradley2015" class="citation web cs1">Linda Stradley (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatscookingamerica.net/caviar.htm">"American Caviar – Think American Caviar!"</a>. <i>What's Cooking America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What%27s+Cooking+America&rft.atitle=American+Caviar+%E2%80%93+Think+American+Caviar%21&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.au=Linda+Stradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatscookingamerica.net%2Fcaviar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifis.org/resources/features/sustainable-caviar-production-save-our-sturgeon!/">SUSTAINABLE CAVIAR PRODUCTION: SAVE OUR STURGEON!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323165256/http://www.ifis.org/resources/features/sustainable-caviar-production-save-our-sturgeon%21">Archived</a> 23 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-jan-18-la-fi-california-caviar-20130118-story.html">"California caviar is big fish on this side of the pond"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California+caviar+is+big+fish+on+this+side+of+the+pond&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-xpm-2013-jan-18-la-fi-california-caviar-20130118-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731100113/https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/news/2021/07/23/winnebago-caviar-investigation-dnr-sturgeon-biologist-resigns/8067137002/">"DNR's top sturgeon biologist resigns, fined $500 in Calumet County caviar investigation for lying to game warden"</a>. <i>thenorthwestern.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/news/2021/07/23/winnebago-caviar-investigation-dnr-sturgeon-biologist-resigns/8067137002/">the original</a> on 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenorthwestern.com&rft.atitle=DNR%27s+top+sturgeon+biologist+resigns%2C+fined+%24500+in+Calumet+County+caviar+investigation+for+lying+to+game+warden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthwestern.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F23%2Fwinnebago-caviar-investigation-dnr-sturgeon-biologist-resigns%2F8067137002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockel2015" class="citation news cs1">Rockel, Nick (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/bc-caviar-farmer-takes-over-where-russia-left-off/article22892191/">"B.C. caviar farmer takes over where Russia left off"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=B.C.+caviar+farmer+takes+over+where+Russia+left+off&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.aulast=Rockel&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fsmall-business%2Fsb-growth%2Fthe-challenge%2Fbc-caviar-farmer-takes-over-where-russia-left-off%2Farticle22892191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quixote_en-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quixote_en_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Don_Quixote/Volume_2/Chapter_LIV" class="extiw" title="s:Don Quixote/Volume 2/Chapter LIV">Don Quixote II, Chapter LIV</a>: "They also put down a black dainty called, they say, caviar, and made of the eggs of fish, a great thirst-wakener."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quixote_es-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quixote_es_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:Don_Quijote,_Segunda_Parte:_Cap%C3%ADtulo_LIV" class="extiw" title="s:es:Don Quijote, Segunda Parte: Capítulo LIV">Don Quijote de la Mancha II, capítulo LIV</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>: "Pusieron asimismo un manjar negro que dicen que se llama cavial, y es hecho de huevos de pescados, gran despertador de la colambre."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiarioSevilla-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiarioSevilla_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/caviar-Guadalquivir_0_484751780.html">El caviar del Guadalquivir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504092350/http://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/caviar-Guadalquivir_0_484751780.html">Archived</a> 4 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Sevilla" title="Diario de Sevilla">Diario de Sevilla</a>, 5 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riofrío-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riofrío_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caviarderiofrio.com/">"Tienda de caviar. Gourmet online. Comprar Caviar de Riofrío"</a>. <i>Caviar de Riofrío</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caviar+de+Riofr%C3%ADo&rft.atitle=Tienda+de+caviar.+Gourmet+online.+Comprar+Caviar+de+Riofr%C3%ADo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caviarderiofrio.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2005/12/21/more_than_one_fish_egg_in_the_sea/?page=2">"More than one fish egg in the sea"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=More+than+one+fish+egg+in+the+sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Ffood%2Farticles%2F2005%2F12%2F21%2Fmore_than_one_fish_egg_in_the_sea%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.wsj.com/gatherer/the-specialist/caviar-dreams/">"Uruguayan Aquaculture Farming Techniques Perfecting Caviar"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Uruguayan+Aquaculture+Farming+Techniques+Perfecting+Caviar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.wsj.com%2Fgatherer%2Fthe-specialist%2Fcaviar-dreams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/culture/new-york-s-finest-caviar-all-the-way-from-a-socialist-kibbutz-in-northern-israel-1.426810">"New York's finest caviar: All the way from a socialist kibbutz in northern Israel"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 27 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=New+York%27s+finest+caviar%3A+All+the+way+from+a+socialist+kibbutz+in+northern+Israel&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fculture%2Fnew-york-s-finest-caviar-all-the-way-from-a-socialist-kibbutz-in-northern-israel-1.426810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC_News" class="citation web cs1">ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/caviar-israels-latest-weapon-iran/story?id=16522957">"Caviar, Israel's Latest Weapon Against Iran"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Caviar%2C+Israel%27s+Latest+Weapon+Against+Iran&rft.au=ABC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fcaviar-israels-latest-weapon-iran%2Fstory%3Fid%3D16522957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhariliva2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ihariliva, Mirana (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexpress.mg/27/06/2018/produits-halieutiques-le-caviar-sur-le-marche-international/">"Produits halieutiques – le caviar sur le-marché international"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Express" title="L'Express">L'Express</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Malaysia is producing caviar?"</a>. <i>The Malay Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Say+what%3F+Malaysia+is+producing+caviar%3F&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kang+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fsay-what-malaysia-is-producing-caviar%2F1750138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurai2019" class="citation web cs1">Durai, Abirami (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star2.com/food/2019/09/12/malaysian-caviar-tlur/">"Local luxury: Malaysia's first caviar brand, T'lur Caviar"</a>. <i>star2.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=star2.com&rft.atitle=Local+luxury%3A+Malaysia%27s+first+caviar+brand%2C+T%27lur+Caviar&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Durai&rft.aufirst=Abirami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star2.com%2Ffood%2F2019%2F09%2F12%2Fmalaysian-caviar-tlur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_UhmSiegel2016" class="citation journal cs1">van Uhm, D.P.; Siegel, D. 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London: The Daily Telegraph, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/7908643/Caviar-producers-to-restart-wild-caviar-exports.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kelp+Caviar+How+It%27s+Made%21+%C2%BB+Kelp+Caviar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caviarkelp.com%2Fthe-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imperiacaviar.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-caviar-last">"How to Store Caviar to Maintain Freshness"</a>. <i>Imperia Caviar</i>. 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast from the US Department of Agriculture. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish%2C+caviar%2C+black+and+red%2C+granular%3B+one+tablespoon%2C+16+g&rft.pub=Nutritiondata.com%2C+Conde+Nast+from+the+US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com%2Ffacts%2Ffinfish-and-shellfish-products%2F4038%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaviar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peter G. Rebeiz, <i>Caviar – a magic history</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6373-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6373-103-3">978-88-6373-103-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagep.it/easyStore/SchedeVedi.asp?IDCatSchede=1923">Sagep Editori</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051751/http://www.sagep.it/easyStore/SchedeVedi.asp?IDCatSchede=1923">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Genova, Italy, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caviare" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caviare">Caviare</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article.php?id=156&title=Caviar">Cooking For Engineers: Caviar, 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/23_folder/23_articles/23_caviar.html">Caspian caviar in peril, 1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.ru/articles/2011/02/15/russian_caviar_an_old_fish_learns_some_new_tricks_12463.html">Russian caviar: an old fish learns some new tricks, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711112405/http://rbth.ru/articles/2011/02/15/russian_caviar_an_old_fish_learns_some_new_tricks_12463.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazunoko" title="Kazunoko">Kazunoko</a> (herring)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Masago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">Taramasalata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template talk:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caviar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021540">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caviar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12049727d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caviar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12049727d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kaviár"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph228476&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284987805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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