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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of inputs and outputs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_inputs_and_outputs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of inputs and outputs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_inputs_and_outputs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Controls</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Occupancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shading_and_glazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shading_and_glazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shading and glazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shading_and_glazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynamic_shading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_shading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Dynamic shading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_shading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Handlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Handlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Air Handlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Handlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alarms_and_Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alarms_and_Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Alarms and Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alarms_and_Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses_and_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Room automation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أتمتة المباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتمتة المباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imm%C3%B2tica" title="Immòtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Immòtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygningsautomatik" title="Bygningsautomatik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bygningsautomatik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4udeautomation" title="Gebäudeautomation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebäudeautomation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inm%C3%B3tica" title="Inmótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="هوشمندسازی ساختمان‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوشمندسازی ساختمان‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immotique" title="Immotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhleleleko_yesakhiwo" title="Inhleleleko yesakhiwo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhleleleko yesakhiwo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92kas_automatiz%C4%81cija" title="Ēkas automatizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēkas automatizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%BCletautomatiz%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Épületautomatizálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Épületautomatizálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" title="インテリジェントビル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インテリジェントビル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygningsautomasjon" title="Bygningsautomasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bygningsautomasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakennusautomaatio" title="Rakennusautomaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakennusautomaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastighetsautomation" title="Fastighetsautomation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fastighetsautomation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ระบบอัตโนมัติภายในอาคาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Automation" title="Category:Automation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_automation" title="Outline of automation">Automation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robot_arm_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/100px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/150px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/200px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation in general</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_cash_handling" title="Automated cash handling">Banking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated highway system">Highway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_automation" title="Laboratory automation">Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mix_automation" title="Mix automation">Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_pool_cleaner" title="Automated pool cleaner">Pool cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music_automation" title="Pop music automation">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automation" title="Semi-automation">Semi-automation</a></li> <li>Telephone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_attendant" title="Automated attendant">Attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">Switchboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Guided vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paint_robot" title="Paint robot">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_design_domain" title="Operational design domain">ODD</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Impact of automation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumation" title="Manumation">Manumation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-the-loop_performance_problem" title="Out-of-the-loop performance problem">OOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Bias</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_self-driving_cars" title="Impact of self-driving cars">Self-driving cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_threat" title="Automated threat">Threat</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Trade shows and awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_and_South_Pacific_Design_Automation_Conference" title="Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference">ASP-DAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_Conference" title="Design Automation Conference">DAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_and_Test_in_Europe" title="Design Automation and Test in Europe">DATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Award" title="IEEE Robotics and Automation Award">IEEE Robotics and Automation Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computer-Aided_Design" title="International Conference on Computer-Aided Design">ICCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automation" title="Template:Automation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automation" title="Template talk:Automation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Building automation</b> (<b>BAS</b>), also known as <b>building management system</b> (<b>BMS</b>) or <b>building energy management system</b> (<b>BEMS</b>), is the automatic centralized control of a building's <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)</a>, electrical, <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, shading, <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Security systems">security systems</a>, and other interrelated systems. Some objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems, reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs and increased security. </p><p>BAS functionality may keep a buildings climate within a specified range, provide light to rooms based on occupancy, monitor performance and device failures, and provide malfunction alarms to building maintenance staff. A BAS works to reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a non-controlled building. Most commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings built after 2000 include a BAS, whilst older buildings may be retrofitted with a new BAS. </p><p>A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building,<sup id="cite_ref-Dragoicea2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragoicea2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "smart building", or (if a residence) a "<a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart home</a>". Commercial and industrial buildings have historically relied on robust proven protocols (like <a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a>) while proprietary protocols (like <a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X-10</a>) were used in homes. </p><p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">wireless sensor networks</a> and the Internet of Things, an increasing number of smart buildings are resorting to using low-power wireless communication technologies such as Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy and LoRa to interconnect the local sensors, actuators and processing devices. <sup id="cite_ref-ferreira_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferreira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all multi-story <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green buildings</a> are designed to accommodate a BAS for the energy, air and water conservation characteristics. Electrical device <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a> is a typical function of a BAS, as is the more sophisticated ventilation and humidity monitoring required of "tight" insulated buildings. Most green buildings also use as many low-power DC devices as possible. Even a <a href="/wiki/Passivhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivhaus">passivhaus</a> design intended to consume no net energy whatsoever will typically require a BAS to manage <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_capture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat capture (page does not exist)">heat capture</a>, shading and venting, and scheduling device use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building management systems are most commonly implemented in large projects with extensive mechanical, HVAC, and electrical systems. Systems linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's energy usage; if lighting is included, this number approaches to 70%. BMS systems are a critical component to managing energy demand. Improperly configured BMS systems are believed to account for 20% of building energy usage, or approximately 8% of total energy usage in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to controlling the building's internal environment, BMS systems are sometimes linked to access control (turnstiles and access doors controlling who is allowed access and egress to the building) or other security systems such as <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> (CCTV) and motion detectors. Fire alarm systems and elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS for monitoring. In case a fire is detected then only the fire alarm panel could close dampers in the ventilation system to stop smoke spreading, shut down air handlers, start smoke evacuation fans, and send all the elevators to the ground floor and park them to prevent people from using them. </p><p>Building management systems have also included disaster-response mechanisms (such as <a href="/wiki/Base_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Base isolation">base isolation</a>) to save structures from earthquakes. In more recent times, companies and governments have been working to find similar solutions for flood zones and coastal areas at-risk to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>. Self-adjusting floating environment draws from existing technologies used to float concrete bridges and runways such as <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Point_Floating_Bridge" title="Evergreen Point Floating Bridge">Washington's SR 520</a> and <a href="/wiki/Very_large_floating_structure" title="Very large floating structure">Japan's Mega-Float</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_inputs_and_outputs">Types of inputs and outputs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of inputs and outputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensors">pressure sensors</a> which could be <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Current_loop#Process-control_use" title="Current loop">4–20 mA</a>, 0–10 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> or platinum <a href="/wiki/Resistance_thermometer" title="Resistance thermometer">resistance thermometer</a> (resistance temperature detector), or wireless <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>. </p><p>A digital input indicates a device is on or off. Some examples of digital inputs would be a door contact switch, a current switch, an air flow <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switch</a>, or a voltage-free <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> contact (dry contact). Digital inputs could also be pulse inputs counting the pulses over a period of time. An example is a turbine flow meter transmitting flow data as a frequency of pulses to an input. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nonintrusive_load_monitoring" title="Nonintrusive load monitoring">Nonintrusive load monitoring</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is software relying on digital sensors and algorithms to discover appliance or other loads from electrical or magnetic characteristics of the circuit. It is however detecting the event by an analog means. These are extremely cost-effective in operation and useful not only for identification but to detect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Start-up_transient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Start-up transient (page does not exist)">start-up transients</a>, line or equipment faults, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controls">Controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog outputs control the speed or position of a device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable frequency drive">variable frequency drive</a>, an I-P (<a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatics</a>) <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a>, or a valve or damper <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a>. An example is a hot water valve opening up 25% to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">setpoint</a>. Another example is a <a href="/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable frequency drive">variable frequency drive</a> ramping up a motor slowly to avoid a hard start. </p><p>Digital outputs are used to open and close relays and switches as well as drive a load upon command. An example would be to turn on the parking lot lights when a <a href="/wiki/Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocell</a> indicates it is dark outside. Another example would be to open a valve by allowing 24VDC/AC to pass through the output powering the valve. Analog outputs could also be pulse type outputs emitting a frequency of pulses over a given period of time. An example is an energy meter calculating kWh and emitting a frequency of pulses accordingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiserDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing connected components within a building automation system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RiserDiagram.svg/310px-RiserDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RiserDiagram.svg/465px-RiserDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RiserDiagram.svg/620px-RiserDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>An example layout of a building automation system</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controller">Controller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controllers are essentially small, purpose-built computers with input and output capabilities. These controllers come in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices commonly found in buildings, and to control sub-networks of controllers. </p><p>Inputs allow a controller to read temperature, humidity, pressure, current flow, air flow, and other essential factors. The outputs allow the controller to send command and control signals to slave devices, and to other parts of the system. Inputs and outputs can be either digital or analog. Digital outputs are also sometimes called discrete depending on manufacturer. </p><p>Controllers used for building automation can be grouped in three categories: programmable logic controllers (PLCs), system/network controllers, and terminal unit controllers. However an additional device can also exist in order to integrate third-party systems (e.g. a stand-alone AC system) into a central building automation system. </p><p>Terminal unit controllers usually are suited for control of lighting and/or simpler devices such as a package rooftop unit, heat pump, VAV box, fan coil, etc. The installer typically selects one of the available pre-programmed personalities best suited to the device to be controlled, and does not have to create new control logic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupancy">Occupancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occupancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occupancy is one of two or more operating modes for a building automation system; Unoccupied, Morning Warmup, and Night-time Setback are other common modes. </p><p>Occupancy is usually based on time of day schedules. In Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to provides a comfortable climate and adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users on one side of a building have a different thermostat (or a different system, or sub system) than users on the opposite side. </p><p>A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the controller, so it can deliver heating or cooling as needed. </p><p>If enabled, morning warmup (MWU) mode occurs prior to occupancy. During Morning Warmup the BAS tries to bring the building to <a href="/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">setpoint</a> just in time for Occupancy. The BAS often factors in outdoor conditions and historical experience to optimize MWU. This is also referred to as <i>optimized start</i>. </p><p>Some buildings rely on <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">occupancy sensors</a> to activate lighting or climate conditioning. Given the potential for long lead times before a space becomes sufficiently cool or warm, climate conditioning is not often initiated directly by an occupancy sensor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">Lighting</a> can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">lighting control system</a> based on time of day, or on occupancy sensor, photosensors and timers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One typical example is to turn the lights in a space on for a half-hour since the last motion was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building can sense darkness, and the time of day, and modulate lights in outer offices and the parking lot. </p><p>Lighting is also a good candidate for <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a>, with many control systems providing the ability to dim (or turn off) lights to take advantage of DR incentives and savings. </p><p>In newer buildings, the lighting control can be based on the <a href="/wiki/Field_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Field bus">field bus</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">Digital Addressable Lighting Interface</a> (DALI). Lamps with DALI ballasts are fully dimmable. DALI can also detect lamp and ballast failures on DALI luminaires and signals failures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shading_and_glazing">Shading and glazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shading and glazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shading and glazing are essential components in the building system, they affect occupants’ visual, acoustical, and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> and provide the occupant with a view outdoor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automated shading and glazing systems are solutions for controlling solar heat gains and glare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the use of technology to control external or internal shading devices (such as blinds, and shades) or glazing itself. The system has an active and rapid response to various changing outdoor data (such as solar, wind) and to changing interior environment (such as temperature, illuminance, and occupant demands). Building shading and glazing systems can contribute to thermal and lighting improvement from both energy conservation and comfort point of view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_shading">Dynamic shading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dynamic shading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic shading devices allow the control of daylight and solar energy to enter into built environment in relation to outdoor conditions, daylighting demands and solar positions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common products include <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Blinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Blinds">venetian blinds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_blind" title="Window blind">roller shades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">louvers</a>, and shutters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are mostly installed on the interior side of the glazing system because of the low maintenance cost, but also can be used on the exterior or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Handlers">Air Handlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air Handlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handlers</a> mix return and outside air so less temperature/humidity conditioning is needed. This can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled or hot water circuits). Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. To optimize <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> while maintaining healthy <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality (IAQ)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">demand control (or controlled) ventilation (DCV)</a> adjusts the amount of outside air based on measured levels of occupancy. </p><p>Analog or digital temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and supply <a href="/wiki/Air_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Air duct">air ducts</a>, and sometimes the external air. Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled water valves, the outside air and return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable) is started and stopped based on either time of day, temperatures, building pressures or a combination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alarms_and_Security">Alarms and Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alarms and Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All modern building automation systems have alarm capabilities. It does little good to detect a potentially hazardous<sup id="cite_ref-Dragoicea2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragoicea2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or costly situation if no one who can solve the problem is notified. Notification can be through a computer (email or text message), <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pager</a>, cellular phone voice call, audible alarm, or all of these. For insurance and liability purposes all systems keep logs of who was notified, when and how. </p><p>Alarms may immediately notify someone or only notify when alarms build to some threshold of seriousness or urgency. At sites with several buildings, momentary power failures can cause hundreds or thousands of alarms from equipment that has shut down – these should be suppressed and recognized as symptoms of a larger failure. Some sites are programmed so that critical alarms are automatically re-sent at varying intervals. For example, a repeating critical alarm (of an <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a> in 'bypass') might resound at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and every 2 to 4 hours thereafter until the alarms are resolved. </p><p>Security systems can be interlocked to a building automation system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragoicea2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragoicea2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If occupancy sensors are present, they can also be used as burglar alarms. Because security systems are often deliberately sabotaged, at least some detectors or cameras should have battery backup and wireless connectivity and the ability to trigger alarms when disconnected. Modern systems typically use power-over-Ethernet (which can operate a <a href="/wiki/Pan-tilt-zoom_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-tilt-zoom camera">pan-tilt-zoom camera</a> and other devices up to 30–90 watts) which is capable of charging such batteries and keeps wireless networks free for genuinely wireless applications, such as backup communication in outage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm panel">Fire alarm panels</a> and their related smoke alarm systems are usually hard-wired to override building automation. For example: if the smoke alarm is activated, all the outside air dampers close to prevent air coming into the building, and an exhaust system can isolate the blaze. Similarly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_fault_detection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrical fault detection (page does not exist)">electrical fault detection</a> systems can turn entire circuits off, regardless of the number of alarms this triggers or persons this distresses. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> combustion devices also tend to have their own over-rides, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> feed lines that turn off when slow pressure drops are detected (indicating a leak), or when excess <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> is detected in the building's air supply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buses_and_protocols">Buses and protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buses and protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most building automation networks consist of a <i>primary</i> and <i>secondary</i> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> which connect high-level controllers (generally specialized for building automation, but may be generic <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a>) with lower-level controllers, <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> devices and a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> (also known as a human interface device). <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a>'s open protocol <a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a> or the open protocol <a href="/wiki/LonTalk" title="LonTalk">LonTalk</a> specify how most such devices interoperate. Modern systems use <a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMP</a> to track events, building on decades of history with SNMP-based protocols in the computer networking world. </p><p>Physical connectivity between devices was historically provided by dedicated <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARCNET" title="ARCNET">ARCNET</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/EIA-485" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA-485">RS-485</a> or a low-bandwidth special purpose <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a>. Modern systems rely on standards-based multi-protocol heterogeneous networking such as that specified in the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1905.1">IEEE 1905.1</a> standard and verified by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=NVoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVoy (page does not exist)">nVoy</a> auditing mark. These accommodate typically only IP-based networking but can make use of any existing wiring, and also integrate <a href="/wiki/Powerline_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerline networking">powerline networking</a> over AC circuits, <a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">power over Ethernet</a> low-power DC circuits, high-bandwidth wireless networks such as <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11n">IEEE 802.11n</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">IEEE 802.11ac</a> and often integrate these using the building-specific wireless mesh open standard <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">Proprietary hardware</a> dominates the controller market. Each company has controllers for specific applications. Some are designed with limited controls and no interoperability, such as simple packaged roof top units for HVAC. Software will typically not integrate well with packages from other vendors. Cooperation is at the Zigbee/BACnet/LonTalk level only. </p><p>Current systems provide interoperability at the application level, allowing users to mix-and-match devices from different manufacturers, and to provide integration with other compatible building <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a>. These typically rely on <a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMP</a>, long used for this same purpose to integrate diverse computer networking devices into one coherent network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocols_and_industry_standards">Protocols and industry standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protocols and industry standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">DALI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynalite" title="Dynalite">Dynet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonTalk" title="LonTalk">LonTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_for_process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="OLE for process control">OPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWebNet" title="OpenWebNet">OpenWebNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Simple_Control_Protocol" title="Very Simple Control Protocol">VSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_Concerns">Security Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the growing spectrum of capabilities and connections to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a>, building automation systems were repeatedly reported to be vulnerable, allowing hackers and cybercriminals to attack their components.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings can be exploited by hackers to measure or change their environment:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sensors allow surveillance (e.g. monitoring movements of employees or habits of inhabitants) while actuators allow to perform actions in buildings (e.g. opening doors or windows for intruders). Several vendors and committees started to improve the security features in their products and standards, including KNX, Zigbee and BACnet (see recent standards or standard drafts). However, researchers report several open problems in building automation security.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 11, 2019, a 132-page security research paper was released titled "I Own Your Building (Management System)" by Gjoko Krstic and Sipke Mellema that addressed more than 100 vulnerabilities affecting various BMS and access control solutions by various vendors. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Room_automation">Room automation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Room automation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Room automation</b> is a subset of building automation and with a similar purpose; it is the consolidation of one or more systems under centralized control, though in this case in one room. </p><p>The most common example of room automation is corporate boardroom, presentation suites, and lecture halls, where the operation of the large number of devices that define the room function (such as <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> equipment, <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">lighting control systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">public address</a> systems etc.) would make manual operation of the room very complex. It is common for room automation systems to employ a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> as the primary way of controlling each operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital home">Digital home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_home_automation_articles" title="Index of home automation articles">Index of home automation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_environment" title="Smart environment">Smart environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dragoicea2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dragoicea2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDragoiceaBucurPatrascu2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dragoicea, M.; Bucur, L.; Patrascu, M. 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"How to increase the security of smart buildings?". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>59</b> (5): 47–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2828636">10.1145/2828636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7087210">7087210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=How+to+increase+the+security+of+smart+buildings%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2828636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7087210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wendzel&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranzerPrausKastner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Granzer, Wolfgang; Praus, Fritz; Kastner, Wolfgang (1 November 2010). "Security in Building Automation Systems". <i>IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics</i>. <b>57</b> (11): 3622–3630. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.388.7721">10.1.1.388.7721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIE.2009.2036033">10.1109/TIE.2009.2036033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17010841">17010841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Industrial+Electronics&rft.atitle=Security+in+Building+Automation+Systems&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3622-3630&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.388.7721%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17010841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTIE.2009.2036033&rft.aulast=Granzer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Praus%2C+Fritz&rft.au=Kastner%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrstic" class="citation web cs1">Krstic, Gjoko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeroscience.mk/files/ioybms_gk_2019.pdf">"I Own Your Building (Management System)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Risk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Applied+Risk&rft.atitle=I+Own+Your+Building+%28Management+System%29&rft.aulast=Krstic&rft.aufirst=Gjoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeroscience.mk%2Ffiles%2Fioybms_gk_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_automation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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<li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANopen" title="CANopen">CANopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeviceNet" title="DeviceNet">DeviceNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ControlNet" title="ControlNet">ControlNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DF-1_Protocol" title="DF-1 Protocol">DF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectNET_Protocol" title="DirectNET Protocol">DirectNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherCAT" title="EtherCAT">EtherCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Global_Data_Protocol" title="Ethernet Global Data Protocol">Ethernet Global Data (EGD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Powerlink" title="Ethernet Powerlink">Ethernet Powerlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherNet/IP" title="EtherNet/IP">EtherNet/IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Interface_Network_Service" title="Factory Interface Network Service">FINS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOUNDATION_fieldbus" class="mw-redirect" title="FOUNDATION fieldbus">FOUNDATION fieldbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Fieldbus_H1" title="Foundation Fieldbus H1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Speed_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Speed Ethernet">HSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Request_Transport_Protocol" title="Service Request Transport Protocol">GE SRTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Addressable_Remote_Transducer_Protocol" title="Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol">HART Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS_Protocol" title="SDS Protocol">Honeywell SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HostLink_Protocol" title="HostLink Protocol">HostLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTERBUS" title="INTERBUS">INTERBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">IO-Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECHATROLINK" title="MECHATROLINK">MECHATROLINK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MelsecNet" title="MelsecNet">MelsecNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optomux" title="Optomux">Optomux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PieP" title="PieP">PieP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFIBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFIBUS">PROFIBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFINET" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFINET">PROFINET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPIEnet" title="RAPIEnet">RAPIEnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERCOS_interface" title="SERCOS interface">SERCOS interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERCOS_III" title="SERCOS III">SERCOS III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinec_H1" title="Sinec H1">Sinec H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SynqNet" title="SynqNet">SynqNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TTEthernet" title="TTEthernet">TTEthernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">Industrial control system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTConnect" title="MTConnect">MTConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Data_Access" title="OPC Data Access">OPC DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Historical_Data_Access" title="OPC Historical Data Access">OPC HDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPC_Unified_Architecture" title="OPC Unified Architecture">OPC UA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Building automation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BatiBUS" title="BatiBUS">BatiBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">DALI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Serial_Interface" title="Digital Serial Interface">DSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DyNet" title="DyNet">DyNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Installation_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="European Installation Bus">EIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">FIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX" title="KNX">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonTalk" title="LonTalk">LonTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OBIX" title="OBIX">oBIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Simple_Control_Protocol" title="Very Simple Control Protocol">VSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAP_Home_Automation_protocol" title="XAP Home Automation protocol">xAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPL_Protocol" title="XPL Protocol">xPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power-system_automation" title="Power-system automation">Power-system automation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">IEC 60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">IEC 60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">IEC 60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">DNP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">IEC 61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">IEC 62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFIBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFIBUS">PROFIBUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading" title="Automatic meter reading">Automatic meter reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_meter#Protocols" title="Smart meter">ANSI C12.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_meter#Protocols" title="Smart meter">IEC 61107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">DLMS/IEC 62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meter-Bus" title="Meter-Bus">M-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automobile / <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_bus" title="Vehicle bus">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet" title="Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet">AFDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_429" title="ARINC 429">ARINC 429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARINC_825&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARINC 825 (page does not exist)">ARINC 825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1939" title="SAE J1939">SAE J1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMEA_2000" title="NMEA 2000">NMEA 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Management_System" title="Fleet Management System">FMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_Instrumentation_Protocol" title="Factory Instrumentation Protocol">Factory Instrumentation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay">FlexRay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEBus" title="IEBus">IEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1587" title="SAE J1587">J1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1708" title="SAE J1708">J1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyword_Protocol_2000" title="Keyword Protocol 2000">Keyword Protocol 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Diagnostic_Services" title="Unified Diagnostic Services">Unified Diagnostic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Interconnect_Network" title="Local Interconnect Network">LIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_Bus" title="MOST Bus">MOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SENT_(protocol)" title="SENT (protocol)">SENT</a> (SAE J2716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Area_Network" title="Vehicle Area Network">VAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphal" title="Cyphal">Cyphal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home 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