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<span>Beschaffenheit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beschaffenheit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbreitung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbreitung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verbreitung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbreitung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hilfsmittel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hilfsmittel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hilfsmittel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hilfsmittel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weblinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weblinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Weblinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weblinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einzelnachweise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einzelnachweise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Einzelnachweise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einzelnachweise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhaltsverzeichnis" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tontafel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 36 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لوح طيني – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوح طيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="মৃত্তিকা ফলক – Bengalisch" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত্তিকা ফলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauleta_d%27argila" title="Tauleta d'argila – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tauleta d'argila" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlin%C4%9Bn%C3%A1_tabulka" title="Hliněná tabulka – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hliněná tabulka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lertavle" title="Lertavle – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lertavle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clay tablet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argiltabuleto" title="Argiltabuleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Argiltabuleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablilla_de_barro" title="Tablilla de barro – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tablilla de barro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buztinezko_taulatxo" title="Buztinezko taulatxo – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buztinezko taulatxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لوح رسی – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوح رسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitaulu" title="Savitaulu – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Savitaulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablette_d%27argile" title="Tablette d'argile – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tablette d'argile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaaitablet" title="Klaaitablet – Westfriesisch" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klaaitablet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Westfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyagt%C3%A1bla" title="Agyagtábla – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyagtábla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauh_tanah_liat" title="Lauh tanah liat – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lauh tanah liat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavoletta_d%27argilla" title="Tavoletta d'argilla – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tavoletta d'argilla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%9D%BF" title="粘土板 – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粘土板" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ka%CC%B1ngkpang_lyem_lyuut" title="A̱ka̱ngkpang lyem lyuut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ka̱ngkpang lyem lyuut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%ED%86%A0%ED%8C%90" title="점토판 – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점토판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="കളിമൺ ഫലകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കളിമൺ ഫലകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleitablet" title="Kleitablet – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleitablet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuleta_de_argila" title="Tabuleta de argila – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabuleta de argila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Глиняные таблички – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глиняные таблички" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinena_plo%C4%8Dica" title="Glinena pločica – Serbokroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glinena pločica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbokroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clay tablet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlinen%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka" title="Hlinená tabuľka – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlinená tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinena_tablica" title="Glinena tablica – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glinena tablica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Глинена таблица – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глинена таблица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lertavla" title="Lertavla – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lertavla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigae_vya_mwandiko_wa_kikabari" title="Vigae vya mwandiko wa kikabari – Suaheli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vigae vya mwandiko wa kikabari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Suaheli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="களிமண் பலகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="களிமண் பலகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil_tablet" title="Kil tablet – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kil tablet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Глиняні таблички – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глиняні таблички" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_s%C3%A9t" title="Phiến đất sét – Vietnamesisch" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phiến đất sét" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%9D%BF" title="泥板 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泥板" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%9D%BF" title="泥板 – Kantonesisch" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泥板" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1570005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Links auf Artikel in anderen Sprachen bearbeiten" class="wbc-editpage">Links bearbeiten</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namensräume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Weitergeleitet von <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keilschrifttafel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Keilschrifttafel">Keilschrifttafel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable float-right infobox" style="width: 300px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="text-align: center;">Speichermedium <div style="font-size:larger;"><b>Tontafel</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2 notheme" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datei:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg/275px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg/413px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg/550px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1864" /></a></span> <br /> <small>Tontafeln mit Keilschrift im <a href="/wiki/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig" title="Ägyptisches Museum der Universität Leipzig">Ägyptischen Museum Leipzig</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8">Allgemeines </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lebensdauer </td> <td>bei richtiger Behandlung tausende Jahre </td></tr> <tr> <td>Größe </td> <td>um die 30 Zentimeter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gewicht </td> <td>in der Regel einige hundert Gramm </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe8">Ursprung </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vorgänger </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6hlenmalerei" title="Höhlenmalerei">Höhlenmalerei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nachfolger </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schriftrolle" title="Schriftrolle">Schriftrolle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die <b>Tontafel</b> (allgemeiner und umgangssprachlich auch <i>Schrifttafel</i> oder <i>Steintafel</i> genannt) ist eines der ältesten Schreibmaterialien der Menschheit. Sie fand vor allem im Gebiet des <a href="/wiki/Fruchtbarer_Halbmond" title="Fruchtbarer Halbmond">fruchtbaren Halbmonds</a> in vorwiegend trocken-heißem Klima seit der Mitte des 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Anwendung. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschaffenheit">Beschaffenheit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Beschaffenheit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Beschaffenheit"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eine Tontafel ist eine Platte aus <a href="/wiki/Tonmineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonmineral">Ton</a> oder Lehm, in die mittels eines <a href="/wiki/Griffel" title="Griffel">Griffels</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbole</a> eingeritzt oder eingedrückt werden können. Danach härtete die Tafel aus. Die eingravierte <a href="/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift">Schrift</a> kann durch Abschaben der oberen Schicht ausgelöscht oder korrigiert werden, ein Brennen der Tontafel, oft unbeabsichtigt durch Brandkatastrophen, macht sie dauerhaft haltbar. Durch besondere Handhabung des Griffels als Stempelkeil entstand die <a href="/wiki/Keilschrift" title="Keilschrift">Keilschrift</a>. </p><p>Die Form der Tontafeln und die Art, wie sie beschrieben wurden, änderte sich im Laufe der Zeit und ermöglicht, wie die Entwicklung der Schrift und der Sprache, eine grobe chronologische Einordnung.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbreitung">Verbreitung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Verbreitung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Verbreitung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tontafeln wurden in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a> genutzt. Sie stellen eines der ältesten dauerhaften <a href="/wiki/Medium_(Kommunikation)" title="Medium (Kommunikation)">Medien</a> in der Kulturgeschichte dar, das die Fixierung sowohl von <a href="/wiki/Abbild" title="Abbild">Bild</a>- als auch <a href="/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift">Schriftaufzeichnungen</a> ermöglichte. Daneben wurden Inschriften in Stein gemeißelt und in Knochen geritzt (China<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Die frühesten auf Tontafeln fixierten <a href="/wiki/Text" title="Text">Texte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Keilschrift" title="Keilschrift">Keilschrift</a> halten Eintragungen aus dem Steuer- und <a href="/wiki/Datenverarbeitung" title="Datenverarbeitung">Rechnungswesen</a> fest. Später kam diplomatische Korrespondenz, Liturgie und Dichtung hinzu. Etwa 2300 v. Chr. wurde eine Karte in die sogenannte <a href="/wiki/Tontafel_von_Nuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tontafel von Nuzi">Tontafel von Nuzi</a> (auch Ga-Sur), dem heutigen <a href="/wiki/Jorgan_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorgan Tepe">Jorgan Tepe</a>, südwestlich von <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> im <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, geritzt. Auf der etwa 7 × 7 Zentimeter großen Tontafel sind Berge, Flüsse und Städte eingezeichnet. </p><p>Die Nutzung von Tontafeln verbreitete sich, zusammen mit der Keilschrift, nach <a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">Assyrien</a>, Anatolien (<a href="/wiki/Hethiter" title="Hethiter">Hethiter</a>), Syrien, die Levante und Ägypten (<a href="/wiki/Amarna-Archiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna-Archiv">Amarna-Archiv</a>), Zypern und <a href="/wiki/Urartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> (seit <a href="/wiki/Rusa_II." title="Rusa II.">Rusa II.</a>). In spätassyrischer Zeit wurde die Tontafel als Speichermedium zunehmend von <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> abgelöst, der in <a href="/wiki/Aram%C3%A4ische_Sprachen" title="Aramäische Sprachen">Aramäisch</a> beschrieben wurde. </p><p>Auch <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> und die griechische <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear B">Linear-B</a>-Schrift auf Kreta wurden auf Tontafeln geschrieben, ebenso wie die <a href="/wiki/Kyprische_Schrift" title="Kyprische Schrift">kyprische Silbenschrift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archive">Archive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Archive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Archive"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Alten Reiche der bronzezeitlichen Hochkulturen hatten <a href="/wiki/Palastarchiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Palastarchiv">Palastarchive</a> von wirtschaftlicher und diplomatischer Korrespondenz sowie von Verwaltungsschriften. Bedeutende Archive wurden in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1a" title="Ḫattuša">Ḫattuša</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur_(Stadt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assur (Stadt)">Aššur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive">Ninive</a> und <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a> in Ägypten gefunden. Daneben gab es Privatarchive, in denen Schuldscheine, Besitzurkunden, aber auch Gerichtsurteile aufbewahrt wurden. Sie stammen z. B. aus <a href="/wiki/Kane%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaneš">Kaneš</a> in Anatolien, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> und <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAana" title="Ḫana">Ḫana</a>. Aus <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> stammt das Archiv des Ur-Utu, das fast 2000 Tafeln umfasste und 250 Jahre abdeckt, aus <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a> das Archiv des Ilī-amranni, das 180 Jahre abdeckt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bedeutende Archive: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tontafelsammlung_des_Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tontafelsammlung des Assurbanipal">Tontafelsammlung des Assurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna-Briefe" title="Amarna-Briefe">Amarna-Briefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_(Stadt)" title="Mari (Stadt)">Mari-Archiv</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hilfsmittel">Hilfsmittel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Hilfsmittel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Hilfsmittel"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es sind vorbereitete, aber unbeschriebene Tontafeln bekannt, zum Beispiel aus <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>. Als <a href="/wiki/Radieren" title="Radieren">Radiermittel</a> fungierte ein axtförmiges Gerät, mit dem sowohl einzelne Zeichen als auch ganze Zeilen entfernt werden konnten.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Literatur"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alan R. Millard: <i>In Praise of Ancient Scribes.</i> In: <i>The Biblical Archaeologist.</i> Bd. 45, Nr. 3, 1982, <span class="plainlinks-print"><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220006-0895%22&key=cql">0006-0895</a></span></span>, S. 143–153, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3209809">3209809</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Weblinks"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clay_tablets?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Tontafeln</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/24px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/32px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tontafel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tontafel">Wiktionary: Tontafel</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=4203040-7">Literatur von und über Tontafel</a> im Katalog der <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00012887/images/">Keilschrifttafel mit Getreide-Abrechnung, datiert ins Jahr Šū-Sin 3 - BSB Mon.script.cun. 2, Umma(?), 2034 v. Chr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda H. Podany: <i>The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition.</i> CDL Press, Bethesda MD 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/188305348X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-883053-48-X</a>, S. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paola Demattè: <i>The Origins of Chinese Writing: the Neolithic Evidence.</i> In: <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal.</i> Bd. 20, Nr. 2, <span class="plainlinks-print"><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220959-7743%22&key=cql">0959-7743</a></span></span>, 2010, S. 211–228, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774310000247">10.1017/S0959774310000247</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda H. Podany: <i>The Land of Hana. Kings, chronology and scribal tradition.</i> CDL Press, Bethesda MD 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/188305348X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-883053-48-X</a>, S. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, Mario Liverani: <i>The scribes of Terqa.</i> In: <i>Archaeology at UCLA.</i> Bd. 2, Nr. 14, 1983, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terqa.org/EL-TQ/Buccellati_and_Kelly-Buccellati_1983_Scribes_of_Terqa.pdf">online (PDF; 991 KB)</a></span> </li> </ol> <div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten"> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;"> <div> Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4203040-7">4203040-7</a></span> <span class="noprint">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobid.org/gnd/4203040-7">lobid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swb.bsz-bw.de/DB=2.104/SET=1/TTL=1/CMD?retrace=0&trm_old=&ACT=SRCHA&IKT=2999&SRT=RLV&TRM=4203040-7">OGND</a><span class="metadata">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prometheus.lmu.de/gnd/4203040-7">AKS</a></span>)</span> | <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85026875">sh85026875</a></span> <span class="metadata"></span></div> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&oldid=251286382">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tontafel&oldid=251286382</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tontafel" title="Kategorie:Tontafel">Tontafel</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 16. 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