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href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_8-bit_FAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_8-bit_FAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Original 8-bit FAT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_8-bit_FAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FAT12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FAT12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>FAT12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FAT12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_FAT16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_FAT16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Initial FAT16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_FAT16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_sectored_FAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_sectored_FAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Logical sectored FAT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_sectored_FAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_FAT16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_FAT16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Final FAT16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_FAT16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FAT32" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FAT32"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>FAT32</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FAT32-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maximal_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximal_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Maximal sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximal_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extended_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Extended attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_file_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_file_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Long file names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_file_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forks_and_alternate_data_streams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forks_and_alternate_data_streams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Forks and alternate data streams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forks_and_alternate_data_streams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UMSDOS_permissions_and_filenames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UMSDOS_permissions_and_filenames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>UMSDOS permissions and filenames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UMSDOS_permissions_and_filenames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FAT+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FAT+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>FAT+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FAT+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derivatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turbo_FAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbo_FAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Turbo FAT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbo_FAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FATX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FATX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>FATX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FATX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-exFAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#exFAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>exFAT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-exFAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_and_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_and_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Challenges and lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_and_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">File Allocation Table</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81" title="جدول توزيع الملف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدول توزيع الملف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_fayl_sistemi" title="FAT fayl sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FAT fayl sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failipaigutustabel" title="Failipaigutustabel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Failipaigutustabel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_de_asignaci%C3%B3n_de_archivos" title="Tabla de asignación de archivos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla de asignación de archivos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B5_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جدول تخصیص فایل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول تخصیص فایل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%ED%95%A0%EB%8B%B9_%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94" title="파일 할당 테이블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파일 할당 테이블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_Alokasi_Berkas" title="Tabel Alokasi Berkas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tabel Alokasi Berkas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Файлдардың орналасу кестесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Файлдардың орналасу кестесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jlallok%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_t%C3%A1bla" title="Fájlallokációs tábla – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fájlallokációs tábla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadual_Penempatan_Fail" title="Jadual Penempatan Fail – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jadual Penempatan Fail" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_allocation_table" title="File allocation table – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="File allocation table" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="File Allocation Table" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="ตารางการจัดสรรไฟล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตารางการจัดสรรไฟล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT" title="FAT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="FAT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File system used for MS-DOS, Windows9X and other PCs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system" title="Design of the FAT file system">Design of the FAT file system</a></div> <p> <span class="anchor" id="FASTFAT"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FAT</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">SCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">File Allocation Table</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">8-bit FAT, <a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a>, <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a>, <a href="#FAT16B">FAT16B</a>, <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a>, <a href="#FATX">FATX</a>, <a href="#FAT+">FAT+</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1977</span>)</span> with <a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-80">Standalone Disk BASIC-80</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Boot Record">EBR</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_01h" title="Partition type">01</a></code> e.a. (Extended Attribute)</li><li>FAT16: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">04</a></code><code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">0x06</a></code><code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Eh" title="Partition type">0x0E</a></code> e.a.</li><li>FAT32: <code><abbr title="">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Bh" title="Partition type">0B</a></code><code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Ch" title="Partition type">0x0C</a></code> e.a.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_data_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic data partition">BDP</a>: <code>EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data">Table</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File allocation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bad blocks</th><td class="infobox-data">Cluster tagging</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12: 32 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> (256 MB for 64 KB clusters)</li><li>FAT16: 2 GB (4 GB for 64 KB clusters)</li><li>FAT32: 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> (16 TB for <a href="/wiki/4Kn" class="mw-redirect" title="4Kn">4 KB sectors</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">4,294,967,295 bytes (4 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> − 1) with FAT16B and FAT32<sup id="cite_ref-GB4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12: 4,068 for 8 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> clusters</li><li>FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KB clusters</li><li>FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a>, or 255 <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> characters when using <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">LFN</a><sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),</li><li>access date (only available with <a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a> enabled),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980-01-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_2100_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2100 problem">2099-12-31</a> (<a href="/wiki/Year_2108_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2108 problem">2107-12-31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 seconds for last modified time,</li><li>10 ms for creation time,</li><li>1 day for access date,</li><li>2 seconds for deletion time</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Forks</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Not natively</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">Read-only, hidden, system, volume, directory, archive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12/FAT16: File, directory and volume access rights for <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">read</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">write</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">execute</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">delete</a> only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">4690 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">System Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>execute with only FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li>individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">world/group/owner</a> permission classes only with multiuser security loaded</li></ul></div></li><li>FAT32: Partial, only with DR-DOS, REAL/32 and 4690 OS</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume, <a href="/wiki/SuperStor" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperStor">SuperStor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacker_(disk_compression)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacker (disk compression)">Stacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/DoubleSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="DoubleSpace">DoubleSpace</a>, <a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li><li>FAT32: No</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li><li>FAT32: No</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>File Allocation Table</b> (<b>FAT</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> developed for personal computers and was the default filesystem for the <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> operating systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Originally developed in 1977 for use on <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a>, it was adapted for use on <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disks</a> and other devices. The increase in disk drive capacity over time drove modifications to the design that resulted in versions: <a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a>, <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a>, <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a>. FAT was replaced with <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> as the default file system on Microsoft operating systems starting with <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, FAT continues to be commonly used on relatively small capacity <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">solid-state storage</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a>, <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a> (MMC) and <a href="/wiki/EMMC" class="mw-redirect" title="EMMC">eMMC</a> because of its compatibility and ease of implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="ECMA"></span><span id="ISO"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FAT was used on <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disks</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> eras. Microsoft introduced <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> platform in 1993, but FAT remained the standard for the home user until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> in 2001. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> was the final version of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> to use FAT as its default file system. </p><p>For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>-107<sup id="cite_ref-Ecma-107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecma-107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 9293:1994<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9293_1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9293_1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (superseding ISO 9293:1987<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9293_1987_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9293_1987-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These standards cover FAT12 and FAT16 with only short <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> support; <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">long filenames</a> with <a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a> were partially <a href="#Patents">patented</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_5758352_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_5758352-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a> is used on floppy disks, <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a> and <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a> are typically found on the larger media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FAT is used internally for the <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a> in the boot stage of <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Firmware Interface">EFI</a>-compliant computers.<sup id="cite_ref-efi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hidden FAT filesystems are also used in the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">UEFI</a> boot partition on modern PCs. </p><p>FAT is still used in drives expected to be used by multiple operating systems, such as in shared Windows, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and DOS environments. Microsoft Windows additionally comes with a pre-installed tool to convert a FAT file system into NTFS directly without the need to rewrite all files, though this cannot be reversed easily.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAT file system is used in removable media such as <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superfloppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfloppy">super-floppies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> cards or <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="USB flash drives">USB flash drives</a>. FAT is supported by portable devices such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">media players</a>, and mobile phones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">DCF</a> file system adopted by almost all <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> since 1998 defines a logical file system with <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filenames</a> and makes the use of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer for compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-009-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-009-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Technical_design"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Layout"></span><span class="anchor" id="RSVD_SECTORS"></span><span class="anchor" id="DATA_AREA"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Boot_Sector"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bootsector"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSIBM_OFS_000h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSIBM_OFS_003h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSIBM_OFS_1FDh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSIBM_OFS_1FEh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSST_OFS_000h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSST_OFS_002h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSST_OFS_008h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSST_OFS_1FEh"></span> <span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_000h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_003h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_01Eh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_020h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_026h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_027h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_02Bh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_030h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BSMSX_OFS_1FEh"></span> <span class="anchor" id="BIOS_Parameter_Block"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_00h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_02h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_03h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_05h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_06h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_08h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_0Ah"></span> <span class="anchor" id="media"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB20_OFS_0Bh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB30"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB30_OFS_0Dh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB30_OFS_0Fh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB30_OFS_11h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB32"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB32_OFS_13h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB331"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB331_OFS_0Dh"></span> <span class="anchor" id="BPB331_OFS_0Fh"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB331_OFS_11h"></span><span class="anchor" id="BPB331_OFS_15h"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Extended_BIOS_Parameter_Block"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_19h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_1Ah"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_1Bh"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_1Ch"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_20h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB_OFS_2Bh"></span> <span class="anchor" id="FAT32_Extended_BIOS_Parameter_Block"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_19h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_1Dh"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_1Fh"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_21h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_25h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_27h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_29h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_35h"></span> <span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_36h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_37h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_38h"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_3Ch"></span><span class="anchor" id="EBPB32_OFS_47h"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Exceptions"></span><span class="anchor" id="FATID"></span><span class="anchor" id="FS_Information_Sector"></span><span class="anchor" id="File_Allocation_Table"></span><span class="anchor" id="CLUST_0"></span><span class="anchor" id="CLUST_1"></span><span class="anchor" id="BAD_CLUST"></span><span class="anchor" id="FAT_EOC"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Directory_table"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Directory_entry"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_00h"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_08h"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_0Bh"></span><span class="anchor" id="attributes"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_0Ch"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_0Dh"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_0Eh"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Format_Time"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_10h"></span><span class="anchor" id="Format_Date"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_12h"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_14h"></span><span class="anchor" id="access_rights"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_16h"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_18h"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_1Ah"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIR_OFS_1Ch"></span> <span class="anchor" id="VFAT_long_file_names"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_00h"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_01h"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_0Bh"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_0Ch"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_0Dh"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_0Eh"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_1Ah"></span><span class="anchor" id="VFAT_OFS_1Ch"></span><span class="anchor" id="Size_limits"></span><span class="anchor" id="Fragmentation"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system" title="Design of the FAT file system">Design of the FAT file system</a></div> <p>The file system uses an index table stored on the device to identify chains of data storage areas associated with a file, the <i><a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#FAT" title="Design of the FAT file system">File Allocation Table</a></i> (<i>FAT</i>). The FAT is statically allocated at the time of formatting. The table is a <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a> of entries for each <i><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (file system)">cluster</a></i>, a contiguous area of disk storage. Each entry contains either the number of the next cluster in the file, or else a marker indicating the end of the file, unused disk space, or special reserved areas of the disk. The <i>root directory</i> of the disk contains the number of the first cluster of each file in that directory. The operating system can then traverse the FAT, looking up the cluster number of each successive part of the disk file as a <i>cluster chain</i> until the end of the file is reached. <i>Sub-directories</i> are implemented as special files containing the <i>directory entries</i> of their respective files. </p><p>Each entry in the FAT linked list is a fixed number of bits: 12, 16 or 32. The maximum size of a file or a disk drive that can be accessed is the product of the largest number that can be stored in the entries (less a few values reserved to indicate unallocated space or the end of a list) and the size of the disk cluster. Even if only one byte of storage is needed to extend a file, an entire cluster must be allocated to it. As a result, large numbers of small files can result in clusters being allocated that may contain mostly "empty" data to meet the minimum cluster size. </p><p>Originally designed as an 8-bit file system, the maximum number of clusters must increase as disk drive capacity increases, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown. The successive major variants of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12 (<a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a>), 16 (<a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a>), and 32 (<a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several variants of the FAT file system (e.g. <a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a>, <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a> and <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>). FAT16 refers to both the original group of FAT file systems with 16-bit wide cluster entries and also to later variants. "<a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a>" is an optional extension for long file names, which can work on top of any FAT file system. Volumes using VFAT long-filenames can be read also by operating systems not supporting the VFAT extension. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_8-bit_FAT"><span id="FAT8"></span><span id="FAT10"></span>Original 8-bit FAT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Original 8-bit FAT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">8-bit FAT</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">SCP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">8-bit File Allocation Table</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1977/1978: <a href="/wiki/NCR_Basic_%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Basic +6">NCR Basic +6</a> for NCR</li><li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-80">Standalone Disk BASIC-80</a> (16-byte directory entries)<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>(1978: <a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-86">Standalone Disk BASIC-86</a> internal only)</li><li>1979-06-04: <a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-86">Standalone Disk BASIC-86</a> for SCP (16-byte directory entries)</li><li>1979: <a href="/wiki/MIDAS_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDAS (operating system)">MIDAS</a> (32-byte directory entries)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">8 MB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">record-granularity (128 bytes)<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/6.3_filename" class="mw-redirect" title="6.3 filename">6.3 filename</a> (binary files), 9 characters (ASCII files)<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">No sub-directories</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Allowed filename<br />characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> (<code>0x00</code> and <code>0xFF</code> not allowed in first character)<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">Write protected, <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> conversion, read after write, binary (random rather than sequential file)<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The original FAT file system (or <i>FAT structure</i>, as it was called initially) was designed and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">Marc McDonald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a series of discussions between McDonald and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced with <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> table elements<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and valid data cluster numbers up to <code>0xBF</code><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-80">Standalone Disk BASIC-80</a></i> for an <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a>-based successor<sup id="cite_ref-NB_NCR_FAT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_NCR_FAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/NCR_7200_model_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7200 model VI">NCR 7200 model VI</a> data-entry terminal, equipped with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disks, in 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Manes_1993_Gates_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manes_1993_Gates-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_NCR_FAT_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_NCR_FAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, <i>Standalone Disk BASIC-80</i> was ported to the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> using an emulator on a DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_1983_Softalk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since no real 8086 systems were available at this time. The FAT file system was also used in Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/MIDAS_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDAS (operating system)">MDOS/MIDAS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for 8080/Z80 platforms written by McDonald since 1979. The <i>Standalone Disk BASIC</i> version supported three FATs,<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas this was a parameter for MIDAS. Reportedly, MIDAS was also prepared to support 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit FAT variants. While the size of directory entries was 16 bytes in <i>Standalone Disk BASIC</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIDAS instead occupied 32 bytes per entry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Tim Paterson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> (SCP) was first introduced to Microsoft's FAT structure when he helped <a href="/wiki/Bob_O%27Rear" title="Bob O'Rear">Bob O'Rear</a> adapting the <i><a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-86">Standalone Disk BASIC-86</a></i> emulator port onto SCP's <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> 8086 <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> board prototype during a guest week at Microsoft in May 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_1983_Softalk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final product was shown at <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_Associates" title="Lifeboat Associates">Lifeboat Associates</a>' booth stand at the <a href="/wiki/National_Computer_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Computer Conference">National Computer Conference</a> in New York<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_1983_Softalk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on June 4–7, 1979, where Paterson learned about the more sophisticated FAT implementation in MDOS/MIDAS<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and McDonald talked to him about the design of the file system.<sup id="cite_ref-Manes_1993_Gates_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manes_1993_Gates-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FAT12">FAT12</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: FAT12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FAT12</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">SCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#FAT12" title="Design of the FAT file system">12-bit File Allocation Table</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1980-07 (<a href="/wiki/QDOS_0.10" class="mw-redirect" title="QDOS 0.10">QDOS 0.10</a>, 16-byte directory entries)</li><li>1981-02-25 (<a href="/wiki/86-DOS_0.42" class="mw-redirect" title="86-DOS 0.42">86-DOS 0.42</a>, 32-byte <a href="/wiki/FAT_directory_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT directory entry">directory entries</a>, several reserved sectors)</li><li>c. 1981–08/10 (<a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 1.0">PC DOS 1.0</a>, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector)</li><li>1982-03-03 (<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_1.25" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 1.25">MS-DOS 1.25</a>, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Boot Record">EBR</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a>: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_01h" title="Partition type">01</a></code> e.a.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_data_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic data partition">BDP</a>: <code>EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>16 MB (with 4 KB clusters)</li><li>32 MB (with 8 KB clusters)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">Limited by volume size</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">1 byte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">4,068 for 8 KB clusters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> with <a href="/wiki/OEM_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM character set">OEM</a> characters, <br />255 <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> characters<sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when using <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">LFN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">32 levels or 66 characters (with <a href="/wiki/Current_Directory_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Directory Structure">CDS</a>), <br />60 levels or more (without CDS)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Modified date (not with 86-DOS before 0.42),</li><li>modified time (not with PC DOS 1.0 and 86-DOS), creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),</li><li>access date (only available with <a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a> enabled),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980-01-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_2100_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2100 problem">2099-12-31</a> (<a href="/wiki/Year_2108_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2108 problem">2107-12-31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 seconds for last modified time,</li><li>10 ms for creation time,</li><li>1 day for access date,</li><li>2 seconds for deletion time</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">Read-only</a> (since DOS 2.0), <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">hidden</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">system</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">volume</a> (since <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_1.28" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 1.28">MS-DOS 1.28</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 2.0">PC DOS 2.0</a>), <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">directory</a> (since <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_1.40" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 1.40">MS-DOS 1.40</a> and PC DOS 2.0), <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">archive</a> (since DOS 2.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>File, directory and volume access rights for <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">read</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">write</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">execute</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">delete</a> only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">4690 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">System Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">world</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">group</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">owner</a> permission classes only with multiuser security loaded</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume, <a href="/wiki/SuperStor" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperStor">SuperStor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacker_(disk_compression)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacker (disk compression)">Stacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/DoubleSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="DoubleSpace">DoubleSpace</a>, <a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between April and August 1980, while borrowing the FAT concept for SCP's own 8086 operating system <a href="/wiki/QDOS_0.10" class="mw-redirect" title="QDOS 0.10">QDOS 0.10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_1983_Softalk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tim Paterson extended the table elements to <b>12 bits</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced the number of FATs to two, redefined the semantics of some of the reserved cluster values, and modified the disk layout, so that the root directory was now located between the FAT and the data area for his implementation of <b>FAT12</b>. Paterson also increased the nine-character (6.3) filename<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> length limit to eleven characters to support <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>-style <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filenames</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_Control_Block" title="File Control Block">File Control Blocks</a>. The format used in Microsoft <i>Standalone Disk BASIC's</i> 8-bit file system precursor was not supported by QDOS. By August 1980, QDOS had been renamed <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BYTE_1980_86-DOS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYTE_1980_86-DOS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/86-DOS_0.42" class="mw-redirect" title="86-DOS 0.42">86-DOS 0.42</a>, the size and layout of directory entries was changed from 16 bytes to 32 bytes<sup id="cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to add a file date stamp<sup id="cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increase the theoretical file size limit beyond the previous limit of 16 MB.<sup id="cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/86-DOS_1.00" class="mw-redirect" title="86-DOS 1.00">86-DOS 1.00</a> became available in early 1981. Later in 1981, 86-DOS evolved into Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_1992_Harddrive_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_1992_Harddrive-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capability to read previously formatted volumes with 16-byte directory entries<sup id="cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dropped with <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_1.20" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 1.20">MS-DOS 1.20</a>. </p><p>FAT12 used 12-bit entries for the cluster addresses; some values were reserved to mark the end of a chain of clusters, to mark unusable areas of the disk, or for other purposes, so the maximum number of clusters was limited to 4078.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkinson_2000_Forensic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkinson_2000_Forensic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To conserve disk space, two 12-bit FAT entries used three consecutive 8-bit bytes on disk, requiring manipulation to unpack the 12-bit values. This was sufficient for the original floppy disk drives, and small hard disks up to 32 megabytes. The <a href="#FAT16B">FAT16B</a> version available with DOS 3.31 supported <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> sector numbers, and so increased the volume size limit. </p><p>All the control structures fit inside the first track, to avoid head movement during read and write operations. Any bad sector in the control structures area would make the disk unusable. The DOS formatting tool rejected such disks completely. Bad sectors were allowed only in the file data area. Clusters containing bad sectors were marked unusable with the reserved value <code>0xFF7</code> in the FAT. </p><p>While 86-DOS supported three disk formats (250.25 KB, 616 KB and 1232 KB, with <a href="/wiki/FAT_ID" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT ID">FAT IDs</a> <code>0xFF</code> and <code>0xFE</code>) on 8-inch (200 mm) floppy drives, IBM <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 1.0">PC DOS 1.0</a>, released with the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> in 1981, supported only an 8-sector floppy format with a formatted capacity of 160 KB (FAT ID <code>0xFE</code>) for single-sided 5.25-inch floppy drives, and <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 1.1">PC DOS 1.1</a> added support for a <a href="/wiki/Double-sided_disk" title="Double-sided disk">double-sided</a> format with 320 KB (FAT ID <code>0xFF</code>). <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 2.0">PC DOS 2.0</a> introduced support for 9-sector floppy formats with 180 KB (FAT ID <code>0xFC</code>) and 360 KB (FAT ID <code>0xFD</code>). </p><p>86-DOS 1.00 and PC DOS 1.0 directory entries included only one date, the last modified date. PC DOS 1.1 added the last modified time. PC DOS 1.x <a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attributes</a> included a hidden bit and system bit, with the remaining six bits undefined. At this time, DOS did not support sub-directories, but typically there were only a few dozen files on a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">diskette</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PC_XT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC XT">PC XT</a> was the first PC with an IBM-supplied hard drive, and PC DOS 2.0 supported that hard drive with FAT12 (<a href="/wiki/FAT_ID" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT ID">FAT ID</a> <code>0xF8</code>). The fixed assumption of 8 sectors per clusters on hard disks practically limited the maximum partition size to 16 MB for 512 byte sectors and 4 KB clusters. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/BIOS_Parameter_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="BIOS Parameter Block">BIOS Parameter Block</a></i> (<i>BPB</i>) was introduced with PC DOS 2.0 as well, and this version also added read-only, <a href="/wiki/Archive_bit" title="Archive bit">archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">volume label</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directory</a> attribute bits for hierarchical sub-directories.<sup id="cite_ref-two_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 3.0">MS-DOS 3.0</a> introduced support for high-density 1.2 MB 5.25-inch diskettes (media descriptor <code>0xF9</code>), which notably had 15 sectors per track, hence more space for the FATs. </p><p>FAT12 remains in use on all common <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disks">floppy disks</a>, including 1.44 MB and later 2.88 MB disks (media descriptor byte <code>0xF0</code>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_FAT16"><span id="FAT16"></span>Initial FAT16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial FAT16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FAT16</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#FAT16" title="Design of the FAT file system">16-bit File Allocation Table</a><br />(with 16-bit sector entries)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1984-08-14 (PC DOS 3.0)<br />1984-08 (MS-DOS 3.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Boot Record">EBR</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a>: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">04</a></code> e.a.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_data_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic data partition">BDP</a>: <code>EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB − 1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">1 byte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">65,536 for 32 KB clusters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> with <a href="/wiki/OEM_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM character set">OEM</a> characters, 255 <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> characters<sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when using <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">LFN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">32 levels or 66 characters (with <a href="/wiki/Current_Directory_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Directory Structure">CDS</a>), <br />60 levels or more (without CDS)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),</li><li>access date (only available with <a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a> enabled),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980-01-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_2100_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2100 problem">2099-12-31</a> (<a href="/wiki/Year_2108_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2108 problem">2107-12-31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 seconds for last modified time,</li><li>10 ms for creation time,</li><li>1 day for access date,</li><li>2 seconds for deletion time</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">Read-only</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">hidden</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">system</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">volume</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">directory</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">archive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>File, directory and volume access rights for <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">read</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">write</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">execute</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">delete</a> only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">4690 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">System Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li>individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">world</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">group</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">owner</a> permission classes only with multiuser security loaded</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume, <a href="/wiki/SuperStor" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperStor">SuperStor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacker_(disk_compression)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacker (disk compression)">Stacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/DoubleSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="DoubleSpace">DoubleSpace</a>, <a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1984, IBM released the <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">PC AT</a>, which required PC DOS 3.0 to access its 20 MB hard disk.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1984_PCDOS30_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1984_PCDOS30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1985_Reference_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1985_Reference-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft introduced MS-DOS 3.0 in parallel. Cluster addresses were increased to 16-bit, allowing for up to 65,526 clusters per volume. However, the maximum possible number of sectors and the maximum <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> size of 32 MB did not change. Although cluster addresses were 16 bits, this format was not what today is commonly understood as <b>FAT16</b>. A <a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">partition type</a> <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">0x04</a></code> indicates this form of FAT16 with less than 65,536 sectors (less than 32 MB for sector size 512). The benefit of FAT16 was the use of smaller clusters, making disk usage more efficient, particularly for large numbers of files only a few hundred bytes in size. </p><p>As MS-DOS 3.0 formatted all 16 MB-32 MB partitions in the FAT16 format, a 20 MB hard disk formatted under MS-DOS 3.0 was not accessible by MS-DOS 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_69912_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_69912-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MS-DOS 3.0 to MS-DOS 3.30 could still access FAT12 partitions under 15 MB, but required all 16 MB-32 MB partitions to be FAT16, and so could not access MS-DOS 2.0 partitions in this size range. MS-DOS 3.31 and higher could access 16 MB-32 MB FAT12 partitions again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_sectored_FAT">Logical sectored FAT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Logical sectored FAT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extended_boot_record" title="Extended boot record">Extended boot record</a></div> <p>MS-DOS and PC DOS implementations of FAT12 and FAT16 could not access disk partitions larger than 32 megabytes. Several manufacturers developed their own FAT variants within their OEM versions of MS-DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some vendors (<a href="/wiki/AST_Research" title="AST Research">AST</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a><sup id="cite_ref-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) supported <a href="/wiki/AST_MBR" class="mw-redirect" title="AST MBR">eight</a>, instead of the standard <a href="/wiki/Partition_table_(master_boot_record)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition table (master boot record)">four</a>, primary partition entries in their custom extended <i><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></i> (<i>MBR</i>), and they adapted MS-DOS to use more than a single primary partition. </p><p>Other vendors worked around the volume size limits imposed by the 16-bit sector entries by increasing the apparent <i>size</i> of the sectors the file system operated on. These <i>logical sectors</i> were larger (up to 8192 bytes) than the <i>physical sector</i> size (still 512 bytes) on the disk. The DOS-BIOS or System BIOS would then combine multiple physical sectors into logical sectors for the file system to work with. </p><p>These changes were transparent to the file system implementation in the DOS kernel. The underlying DOS-BIOS translated these logical sectors into physical sectors according to partitioning information and the drive's physical geometry. </p><p>The drawback of this approach was increased memory used for sector buffering and deblocking. Since older DOS versions could not use large logical sectors, the OEMs introduced new partition IDs for their FAT variants in order to hide them from off-the-shelf issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS. Known partition IDs for logical sectored FATs include: <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_08h" title="Partition type">0x08</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> MS-DOS 3.x), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_11h" title="Partition type">0x11</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Leading_Edge_Hardware_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading Edge Hardware Products">Leading Edge</a> MS-DOS 3.x), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_14h" title="Partition type">0x14</a></code> (AST MS-DOS 3.x), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_24h" title="Partition type">0x24</a></code> (NEC MS-DOS 3.30<sup id="cite_ref-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novell_1993_FYI.M.1101-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_56h" title="Partition type">0x56</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> MS-DOS 3.x), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_E5h" title="Partition type">0xE5</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Tandy_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandy Computers">Tandy</a> MS-DOS), <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_F2h" title="Partition type">0xF2</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry IT</a> MS-DOS 3.x, <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> MS-DOS 3.3 – also used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a> 2.1).<sup id="cite_ref-Brouwer_2002_Partition-IDs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brouwer_2002_Partition-IDs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OEM versions like Toshiba MS-DOS, Wyse MS-DOS 3.2 and 3.3,<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2000_Wyse-DOS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2000_Wyse-DOS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Zenith MS-DOS are also known to have utilized logical sectoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2000_Logical-sectoring_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2000_Logical-sectoring-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While non-standard and sub-optimal, these FAT variants are perfectly valid according to the specifications of the file system itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, even if default issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS were not able to cope with them, most of these vendor-specific FAT12 and FAT16 variants can be mounted by more flexible file system implementations in operating systems such as DR-DOS, simply by changing the partition ID to one of the recognized types.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_DRDOS_Logical-Sectoring_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DRDOS_Logical-Sectoring-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, if they no longer need to be recognized by their original operating systems, existing partitions can be "converted" into FAT12 and FAT16 volumes more compliant with versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS 4.0–6.3, which do not support sector sizes different from 512 bytes,<sup id="cite_ref-Brouwer_2002_Logical_FAT_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brouwer_2002_Logical_FAT-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by switching to a <a href="/wiki/DOS_3.31_BPB" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS 3.31 BPB">BPB with 32-bit entry</a> for the number of sectors, as introduced since DOS 3.31 (see <a href="#FAT16B">FAT16B</a> below), keeping the cluster size and reducing the <a href="/wiki/BPB_logical_sector_size" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB logical sector size">logical sector size in the BPB</a> down to 512 bytes, while at the same time increasing the counts of logical sectors per cluster, reserved logical sectors, total logical sectors, and logical sectors per FAT by the same factor. </p><p>A parallel development in MS-DOS / PC DOS which allowed an increase in the maximum possible FAT size was the introduction of multiple FAT partitions on a hard disk. To allow the use of more FAT partitions in a compatible way, a new partition type was introduced in PC DOS 3.2 (1986), the <i><a href="/wiki/Extended_boot_record" title="Extended boot record">extended partition</a></i> (EBR),<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a container for an additional partition called <i>logical drive</i>. Since PC DOS 3.3 (April 1987), there is another, optional extended partition containing the next <i>logical drive</i>, and so on. The <a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a> of a hard disk can either define up to four primary partitions, or an extended partition in addition to up to three primary partitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_FAT16"><span id="FAT16B"></span><span id="FAT16X"></span>Final FAT16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final FAT16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FAT16B</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#FAT16" title="Design of the FAT file system">16-bit File Allocation Table</a><br />(with 32-bit sector entries)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1987-11 (<a href="/wiki/Compaq_MS-DOS_3.31" class="mw-redirect" title="Compaq MS-DOS 3.31">Compaq MS-DOS 3.31</a>)</li><li>1988-06-28 (<a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_3.31" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 3.31">DR DOS 3.31</a>)</li><li>1988 (<a href="/wiki/IBM_DOS_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM DOS 4.0">IBM DOS 4.0</a>)</li><li>1988 (<a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.1">OS/2 1.1</a>)</li><li>1988 (<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(IBM-developed)" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (IBM-developed)">MS-DOS 4.0</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Boot Record">EBR</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="#FAT16B">FAT16B</a>: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">06</a></code><code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Eh" title="Partition type">0x0E</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a>), e.a.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_data_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic data partition">BDP</a>: <code>EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Min volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>8 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> (with 128 byte sectors)</li><li>32 MB (with <a href="/wiki/512e" class="mw-redirect" title="512e">512</a> byte sectors)</li><li>256 MB (with <a href="/wiki/4Kn" class="mw-redirect" title="4Kn">4 KB</a> sectors)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (with 32 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> clusters)</li><li>4 GB (with 64 KB clusters) (NT 4, PTS-DOS, EDR-DOS)</li><li>8 GB (with 128 KB clusters and 1 or 2 KB sectors) (NT 4 and EDR-DOS only)</li><li>8 GB (with 128 KB clusters and 512 byte sectors) (EDR-DOS only)</li><li>16 GB (with 256 KB clusters and 2 or 4 KB sectors) (NT 4 only)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB − 1) (without <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">LFS</a>)</li><li>4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB − 1) (with <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">LFS</a>)</li><li>limited by volume size only (with FAT16+<sup id="cite_ref-DRDOS_FAT+_R2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRDOS_FAT+_R2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">1 byte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">65,460 for 32 KB clusters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> with <a href="/wiki/OEM_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM character set">OEM</a> characters, <br />255 <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> characters<sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when using <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">LFN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">32 levels or 66 characters (with <a href="/wiki/Current_Directory_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Directory Structure">CDS</a>), <br />60 levels or more (without CDS)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),</li><li>access date (only available with <a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a> enabled),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980-01-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_2100_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2100 problem">2099-12-31</a> (<a href="/wiki/Year_2108_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2108 problem">2107-12-31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 seconds for last modified time,</li><li>10 ms for creation time,</li><li>1 day for access date,</li><li>2 seconds for deletion time</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">Read-only</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">hidden</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">system</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">volume</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">directory</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">archive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>File, directory and volume access rights for <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">read</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">write</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">execute</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">delete</a> only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">4690 OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">System Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li>individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;</li><li><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">world</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">group</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT_file_access_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file access rights">owner</a> permission classes only with multiuser security loaded</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume, <a href="/wiki/SuperStor" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperStor">SuperStor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacker_(disk_compression)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacker (disk compression)">Stacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/DoubleSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="DoubleSpace">DoubleSpace</a>, <a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Per-volume only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In November 1987, <a href="/wiki/Compaq_MS-DOS_3.31" class="mw-redirect" title="Compaq MS-DOS 3.31">Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3.31</a> (a modified OEM version of MS-DOS 3.3 released by Compaq with their machines) introduced what today is simply known as <i>the FAT16</i> format, with the expansion of the 16-bit disk sector count to 32 bits in the BPB. Although the on-disk changes were minor, the entire DOS disk driver had to be converted to use 32-bit sector numbers, a task complicated by the fact that it was written in 16-bit <a href="/wiki/X86_assembly_language" title="X86 assembly language">assembly language</a>. The result was initially called the <i>DOS 3.31 Large File System</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <code><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSKPROBE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSKPROBE (page does not exist)">DSKPROBE</a></code> tool refers to type <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">0x06</a></code> as <i>BigFAT</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2003_CC736327_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2003_CC736327-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas some older versions of <code><a href="/wiki/FDISK" class="mw-redirect" title="FDISK">FDISK</a></code> described it as <i>BIGDOS</i>. Technically, it is known as <b>FAT16B</b>. </p><p>Since older versions of DOS were not designed to cope with more than 65,535 sectors, it was necessary to introduce a new partition type for this format in order to hide it from pre-3.31 issues of DOS. The original form of FAT16 (with less than 65,536 sectors) had a <a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">partition type</a> <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">0x04</a></code>. To deal with disks larger than this, type <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">0x06</a></code> was introduced to indicate 65,536 or more sectors. In addition to this, the disk driver was expanded to cope with more than 65,535 sectors as well. The only other difference between the original FAT16 and the newer FAT16B format is the usage of a <a href="/wiki/DOS_3.31_BPB" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS 3.31 BPB">newer BPB</a> format with 32-bit sector entry. Therefore, newer operating systems supporting the FAT16B format can cope also with the original FAT16 format without any necessary changes. </p><p>If partitions to be used by pre-DOS 3.31 issues of DOS need to be created by modern tools, the only criteria theoretically necessary to meet are a sector count of less than 65536, and the usage of the old partition ID (<code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">0x04</a></code>). In practice however, type <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_01h" title="Partition type">0x01</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">0x04</a></code> primary partitions should not be physically located outside the first 32 MB of the disk, due to other restrictions in MS-DOS 2.x, which could not cope with them otherwise. </p><p>In 1988, the FAT16B improvement became more generally available through <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> 3.31, PC DOS 4.0, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> 1.1, and MS-DOS 4.0. The limit on partition size was dictated by the 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a> count of sectors per cluster, which originally had a maximum power-of-two value of 64. With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512. On <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-optical">magneto-optical</a> media, which can have 1 or 2 KB sectors instead of 0.5 KB, this size limit is proportionally larger. </p><p>Much later, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> increased the maximum cluster size to 64 KB, by considering the sectors-per-cluster count as unsigned. However, the resulting format was not compatible with any other FAT implementation of the time, and it generated greater <a href="/wiki/Internal_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal fragmentation">internal fragmentation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, SE and ME also supported reading and writing this variant, but its disk utilities did not work with it and some <a href="/wiki/File_control_block" class="mw-redirect" title="File control block">FCB</a> services are not available for such volumes. This contributes to a confusing compatibility situation. </p><p>Prior to 1995, versions of DOS accessed the disk via <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector" title="Cylinder-head-sector">CHS</a> addressing only. When <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>(MS-DOS 7.0) introduced <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a> disk access, partitions could start being physically located outside the first c. 8 GB of this disk and thereby out of the reach of the traditional CHS addressing scheme. Partitions partially or fully located beyond the CHS barrier therefore had to be hidden from non-LBA-enabled operating systems by using the new partition type <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Eh" title="Partition type">0x0E</a></code> in the partition table instead. FAT16 partitions using this partition type are also named <b>FAT16X</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2004_KB120138_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2004_KB120138-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only difference, compared to previous FAT16 partitions, is the fact that some CHS-related geometry entries in the BPB record, namely the number of sectors per track and the number of heads, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used. </p><p>The number of root directory entries available for FAT12 and FAT16 is determined when the volume is formatted, and is stored in a 16-bit field. For a given number <code>RDE</code> and sector size <code>SS</code>, the number <code>RDS</code> of root directory sectors is <code>RDS = ceil((RDE × 32) / SS)</code>, and <code>RDE</code> is normally chosen to fill these sectors, i.e., <code>RDE × 32 = RDS × SS</code>. FAT12 and FAT16 media typically use 512 root directory entries on non-floppy media. Some third-party tools, like mkdosfs, allow the user to set this parameter.<sup id="cite_ref-MKDOSFS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKDOSFS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FAT32">FAT32</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: FAT32"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">FAT32</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldera_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera UK">Caldera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Windows_95_OSR2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 95 OSR2">Windows 95 OSR2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extended_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Boot Record">EBR</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>: <code><abbr title="Values in C-notation for hexadecimal numbers">0x</abbr><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Bh" title="Partition type">0B</a></code><code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Ch" title="Partition type">0x0C</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a>), e.a.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_data_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic data partition">BDP</a>: <code>EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Min volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>32 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> – 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (with 65525 clusters and 512 byte sectors)</li><li>256 MB – 36 KB (with 65525 clusters and 4 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> sectors)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> (with 512 byte sectors)</li><li>8 TB (with 2 KB sectors and 32 KB clusters)</li><li>16 TB (with 4 KB sectors and 64 KB clusters)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GiB − 1 byte) (without <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">LFS</a>)</li><li>4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GiB − 1 byte)<sup id="cite_ref-GB4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">LFS</a>)</li><li>274,877,906,943 bytes (256 GiB − 1 byte) (only with FAT32+<sup id="cite_ref-DRDOS_FAT+_R2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRDOS_FAT+_R2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">1 byte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> with <a href="/wiki/OEM_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM character set">OEM</a> characters, <br />255 <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> characters<sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when using <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">LFN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">32 levels or 66 characters (with <a href="/wiki/Current_Directory_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Directory Structure">CDS</a>), <br />60 levels or more (without CDS)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),</li><li>access date (only available with <a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a> enabled),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980-01-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_2100_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2100 problem">2099-12-31</a> (<a href="/wiki/Year_2108_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2108 problem">2107-12-31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2 seconds for last modified time,</li><li>10 ms for creation time,</li><li>1 day for access date,</li><li>2 seconds for deletion time</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">Read-only</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">hidden</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">system</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">volume</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">directory</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file attributes">archive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Partial, only with <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a> and <a href="/wiki/4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="4690 OS">4690 OS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In order to overcome the volume size limit of FAT16, while at the same time allowing DOS <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real-mode</a> code to handle the format, Microsoft designed a new version of the file system, <b>FAT32</b>, which supported an increased number of possible clusters, but could reuse most of the existing code, so that the <a href="/wiki/Conventional_memory" title="Conventional memory">conventional memory</a> footprint was increased by less than 5 KB under DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_1998_CC768180_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_1998_CC768180-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cluster values are represented by <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> numbers, of which 28 bits are used to hold the cluster number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maximal_sizes">Maximal sizes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maximal sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FAT32 boot sector uses a 32-bit field for the sector count, limiting the maximal FAT32 volume size to 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> with a sector size of 512 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>. The maximum FAT32 volume size is 16 TB with a sector size of 4,096 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2007_KB184006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2007_KB184006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2007_KB314463_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2007_KB314463-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The built-in <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a> disk format tool on Windows NT arbitrarily only supports volume sizes up to 32 GB,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Windows supports reading and writing to preexisting larger FAT32 volumes, and these can be created with the <a href="/wiki/Command_prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command prompt">command prompt</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a> or third-party tools,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by formatting the volume on a non-Windows system or on a Windows 9x system with FAT32 support and then transferring it to the Windows NT system. In August 2024, Microsoft released an update to Windows 11 preview builds that allows for the creation of FAT32 partitions up to 2TB in size.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximal possible size for a file on a FAT32 volume is 4 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> minus 1 byte, or 4,294,967,295 (2<sup>32</sup> − 1) bytes. This limit is a consequence of the 4-byte file length entry in the directory table and would also affect relatively huge FAT16 partitions enabled by a sufficient sector size. </p><p>Like FAT12 and FAT16, FAT32 does not include direct built-in support for long filenames, but FAT32 volumes can optionally hold <a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a> long filenames in addition to short filenames in exactly the same way as VFAT long filenames have been optionally implemented for FAT12 and FAT16 volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FAT32 was introduced with <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> OSR2(MS-DOS 7.1) in 1996, although reformatting was needed to use it, and <a href="/wiki/DriveSpace_3" class="mw-redirect" title="DriveSpace 3">DriveSpace 3</a> (the version that came with Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98) never supported it. <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> introduced a utility to convert existing hard disks from FAT16 to FAT32 without loss of data. </p><p>In the Windows NT line, native support for FAT32 arrived in <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>. A free FAT32 driver for <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> was available from <a href="/wiki/Winternals" class="mw-redirect" title="Winternals">Winternals</a>, a company later acquired by Microsoft. The acquisition of the driver from official sources is no longer possible. Since 1998, Caldera's dynamically loadable <a href="/wiki/DRFAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="DRFAT32">DRFAT32</a> driver could be used to enable FAT32 support in DR-DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first version of DR-DOS to natively support FAT32 and LBA access was OEM DR-DOS 7.04 in 1999. That same year <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Micro_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Micro Software">IMS</a> introduced native FAT32 support with <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a> 7.90, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">IBM 4690 OS</a> added FAT32 support with version 2.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_4690_User_Guide_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_4690_User_Guide-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahead_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahead Software">Ahead Software</a> provided another dynamically loadable FAT32.EXE driver for DR-DOS 7.03 with <a href="/wiki/Nero_Burning_ROM" title="Nero Burning ROM">Nero Burning ROM</a> in 2004. IBM introduced native FAT32 support with OEM PC DOS 7.1 in 1999. </p><p>Two partition types have been reserved for FAT32 partitions, <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Bh" title="Partition type">0x0B</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Ch" title="Partition type">0x0C</a></code>. The latter type is also named <b>FAT32X</b> in order to indicate usage of LBA disk access instead of CHS.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PowerQuest_1998_PQ4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowerQuest_1998_PQ4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_1998_FAT32X_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone_1998_FAT32X-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duitz_2001_FAQ_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duitz_2001_FAQ-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On such partitions, CHS-related geometry entries, namely the <a href="/wiki/MBR_partition_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR partition entry">CHS sector addresses</a> in the MBR as well as the number of <a href="/wiki/BPB_sectors_per_track" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB sectors per track">sectors per track</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BPB_number_of_heads" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB number of heads">number of heads</a> in the EBPB record, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used.<sup id="cite_ref-PowerQuest_1998_FAT32X_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowerQuest_1998_FAT32X-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duitz_2001_FAQ_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duitz_2001_FAQ-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_attributes"><span id="EA"></span>Extended attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Extended attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> heavily depends on <a href="/wiki/Extended_attribute" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attribute">extended attributes</a> (EAs) and stores them in a hidden file called "<code>EA␠DATA.␠SF</code>" in the <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> of the <a href="#FAT12">FAT12</a> or <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a> volume. This file is indexed by two previously reserved bytes in the file's (or directory's) <a href="/wiki/FAT_directory_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT directory entry">directory entry</a> at offset <a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#DIR_OFS_14h" title="Design of the FAT file system"><code>0x14</code></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eager_2000_EA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eager_2000_EA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a> format, these bytes hold the upper 16 bits of the starting cluster number of the file or directory, hence making it impossible to store <a href="/wiki/OS/2_EA" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 EA">OS/2 EAs</a> on FAT32 using this method. </p><p>However, the third-party FAT32 <a href="/wiki/Installable_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Installable file system">installable file system</a> (IFS) driver FAT32.IFS version 0.70 and higher by Henk Kelder & Netlabs for OS/2, <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a> stores extended attributes in extra files with filenames having the string "<code>␠EA.␠SF</code>" appended to the regular filename of the file to which they belong. The driver also utilizes the byte at offset <a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system#DIR_OFS_0Ch" title="Design of the FAT file system"><code>0x0C</code></a> in directory entries to store a special mark byte indicating the presence of extended attributes to help speed up things.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelder_2003_FAT32IFS0913_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelder_2003_FAT32IFS0913-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelder_FAT32IFS074_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelder_FAT32IFS074-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This extension is critically incompatible with the FAT32+ method to store files larger than 4 GB minus 1 on FAT32 volumes.)<sup id="cite_ref-DRDOS_FAT+_R2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRDOS_FAT+_R2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extended attributes are accessible via the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a> desktop, through <a href="/wiki/REXX" class="mw-redirect" title="REXX">REXX</a> scripts, and many system <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command-line</a> utilities (such as <a href="/wiki/4OS2" title="4OS2">4OS2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eager_2000_Tavi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eager_2000_Tavi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accommodate its <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> subsystem, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> supports the handling of extended attributes in <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>, FAT12 and FAT16. It stores EAs on FAT12, FAT16 and HPFS using exactly the same scheme as OS/2, but does not support any other kind of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_Data_Streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate Data Streams">ADS</a> as held on NTFS volumes. Trying to copy a file with any ADS other than EAs from an NTFS volume to a FAT or HPFS volume gives a warning message with the names of the ADSs that will be lost. It does not support the FAT32.IFS method to store EAs on FAT32 volumes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> onward acts exactly as Windows NT, except that it ignores EAs when copying to FAT32 without any warning (but shows the warning for other ADSs, like "Macintosh Finder Info" and "Macintosh Resource Fork"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> uses "<code>EA␠DATA.␠SF</code>" files as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_file_names"><span id="LFN"></span><span id="VFAT"></span><span id="UVFAT"></span>Long file names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Long file names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> goals for the designers of <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> was the ability to use <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">long filenames</a> (LFNs—up to 255 <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Code unit">code units</a> long),<sup id="cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to classic <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filenames</a> (SFNs). For <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward compatibility</a>, LFNs were implemented as an optional extension on top of the existing FAT file system structures using a <a href="/wiki/Workaround" title="Workaround">workaround</a> in the way directory entries are laid out. </p><p>This transparent method to store long file names in the existing FAT file systems without altering their data structures is usually known as <b><a href="/wiki/VFAT_long_filename" class="mw-redirect" title="VFAT long filename">VFAT</a></b> (for "Virtual FAT") after the Windows 95 <a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">virtual device driver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_VFAT_Name_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_VFAT_Name-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non VFAT-enabled operating systems can still access the files under their short file name alias without restrictions; however, the associated long file names may be lost when files with long filenames are copied under non VFAT-aware operating systems. </p><p>In Windows NT, support for VFAT long filenames began with version <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">3.5</a>. </p><p>Linux provides a VFAT filesystem driver to work with FAT volumes with VFAT long filenames. For some time, a <a href="/wiki/UVFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UVFAT">UVFAT</a> driver was available to provide combined support for <a href="#UMSDOS">UMSDOS</a>-style permissions with VFAT long filenames. </p><p><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> added long filename support to FAT using <a href="/wiki/FAT_extended_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT extended file attributes">extended attributes</a> (EA) before the introduction of VFAT. Thus, VFAT long filenames are invisible to OS/2, and EA long filenames are invisible to Windows; therefore, experienced users of both operating systems would have to manually rename the files. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human68K" class="mw-redirect" title="Human68K">Human68K</a> supported up to <a href="/wiki/18.3_filename" class="mw-redirect" title="18.3 filename">18.3 filenames</a> and (<a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> characters in a proprietary FAT file system variant. </p><p>In order to support <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> applications, the <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>-based <a href="/wiki/IBM_4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4690 OS">IBM 4690 OS</a> version 2 introduced its own <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">virtual file system</a> (VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards-compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_4690_Programming_Guide_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_4690_Programming_Guide-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forks_and_alternate_data_streams"><span id="ADS"></span>Forks and alternate data streams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Forks and alternate data streams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting <a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">alternate data streams</a> (ADS), but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them on FAT volumes. Such methods either store the additional information in extra files and directories (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>), or give new semantics to previously unused fields of the FAT on-disk data structures (<a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>). </p><p>Mac OS using <a href="/wiki/PC_Exchange" title="PC Exchange">PC Exchange</a> stores its various dates, file attributes and long filenames in a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden file">hidden file</a> called "<code>FINDER.DAT</code>", and <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a> (a common Mac OS ADS) in a subdirectory called "<code>RESOURCE.FRK</code>", in every directory where they are used. From PC Exchange 2.1 onwards, they store the Mac OS long filenames as standard FAT long filenames and convert FAT filenames longer than 31 characters to unique 31-character filenames, which can then be made visible to Macintosh applications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> stores <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a> and metadata (file attributes, other ADS) using <a href="/wiki/AppleDouble_format" class="mw-redirect" title="AppleDouble format">AppleDouble format</a> in a hidden file with a name constructed from the owner filename prefixed with "<code>._</code>", and <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> stores some folder and file metadata in a hidden file called "<code><a href="/wiki/.DS_Store" title=".DS Store">.DS_Store</a></code>" (but note that Finder uses <code>.DS_Store</code> even on macOS' native filesystem, <a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UMSDOS_permissions_and_filenames"><span id="UMSDOS"></span>UMSDOS permissions and filenames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UMSDOS permissions and filenames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">FAT filesystem and Linux</a></div> <p>Early Linux distributions also supported a format known as <a href="/wiki/UMSDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UMSDOS">UMSDOS</a>, a FAT variant with Unix file attributes (such as long file name and access permissions) stored in a separate file called "<code>--linux-.---</code>". UMSDOS fell into disuse after <a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a> was released and it is not enabled by default in <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> from version 2.5.7 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Linux_ChangeLog257_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linux_ChangeLog257-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some time, Linux also provided combined support for UMSDOS-style permissions and VFAT long filenames through <a href="/wiki/UVFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UVFAT">UVFAT</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FAT+"><span id="FAT.2B"></span><span id="FAT16+"></span><span id="FAT32+"></span><span id="FAT32B"></span>FAT+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: FAT+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 the open <b>FAT+</b> draft proposed how to store <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">larger files</a> up to 256 GB minus 1 byte, or 274,877,906,943 (2<sup>38</sup> − 1) bytes, on slightly modified and otherwise backward-compatible FAT32 volumes,<sup id="cite_ref-DRDOS_FAT+_R2_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRDOS_FAT+_R2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but imposes a risk that disk tools or FAT32 implementations not aware of this extension may truncate or delete files exceeding the normal FAT32 file size limit. Support for <b>FAT32+</b> and <b>FAT16+</b> is limited to some versions of <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> and not available in mainstream operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This extension is critically incompatible with the <code>/EAS</code> option of the FAT32.IFS method to store <a href="/wiki/FAT_extended_file_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT extended file attributes">OS/2 extended attributes</a> on FAT32 volumes.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbo_FAT">Turbo FAT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turbo FAT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbo_FAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo FAT">Turbo FAT</a></div> <p>In its <a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a> (<a href="/wiki/NWFS" class="mw-redirect" title="NWFS">NWFS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> implemented a heavily modified variant of a FAT file system for the <a href="/wiki/NetWare" title="NetWare">NetWare</a> operating system. For larger files it utilized a performance feature named <a href="/wiki/Turbo_FAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo FAT">Turbo FAT</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FATX">FATX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: FATX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FATX is a family of file systems designed for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> drives and <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Xbox_FATX-Spec_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xbox_FATX-Spec-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xbox_Linux_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xbox_Linux-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced in 2001. </p><p>While resembling the same basic design ideas as <a href="#FAT16">FAT16</a> and <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>, the <b>FATX16</b> and <b>FATX32</b> on-disk structures are simplified, but fundamentally incompatible with normal FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, making it impossible for normal FAT file system drivers to mount such volumes. </p><p>The non-bootable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superblock_(file_systems)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superblock (file systems) (page does not exist)">superblock</a> sector is 4 KB in size and holds an 18 byte large BPB-like structure completely different from normal <a href="/wiki/FAT_BPB" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT BPB">BPBs</a>. Clusters are typically 16 KB in size and there is only one copy of the FAT on the Xbox. Directory entries are 64 bytes in size instead of the normal <a href="/wiki/FAT_directory_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT directory entry">32 bytes</a>. Files can have filenames up to 42 characters long using the <a href="/wiki/OEM_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM character set">OEM character set</a> and be up to 4 GB minus 1 byte in size. The on-disk timestamps hold creation, modification and access dates and times but differ from FAT: in FAT, the <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(computing)" title="Epoch (computing)">epoch</a> is <a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_1980-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 1980-01-01">1980</a>; in FATX, the epoch is <a href="/wiki/Epoch_of_2000-01-01" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch of 2000-01-01">2000</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, the epoch is 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Xbox360_FATX_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xbox360_FATX-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="exFAT">exFAT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: exFAT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></div> <p>exFAT is a file system introduced with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Windows Embedded CE 6.0</a> in November 2006 and brought to the Windows NT family with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_Service_Pack_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Vista Service Pack 1">Vista Service Pack 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Service_Pack_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP Service Pack 3">Windows XP Service Pack 3</a> (or separate installation of Windows XP Update KB955704). It is loosely based on the File Allocation Table architecture, but incompatible, proprietary and protected by patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_exFAT-License_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_exFAT-License-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>exFAT is intended for use on <a href="/wiki/Flash_drive" title="Flash drive">flash drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SDXC" class="mw-redirect" title="SDXC">SDXC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick_XC" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory Stick XC">Memory Stick XC</a>, where FAT32 is otherwise used. Vendors usually pre-format SDXC cards with it. Its main benefit is its exceeding of the 4 GB file size limit, as file size references are stored with eight instead of four bytes, increasing the limit to 2<sup>64</sup> − 1 bytes. </p><p>Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Graphical_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a> and command-line format utilities offer it as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> (and, for smaller partitions, to <a href="#FAT16B">FAT16B</a> and <a href="#FAT32">FAT32</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">MBR</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">partition type</a> is <code><a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_07h" title="Partition type">0x07</a></code> (the same as used for <a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a>, and NTFS). Logical geometry information located in the <a href="/wiki/Volume_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Boot Record">VBR</a> is stored in a format not resembling any kind of BPB. </p><p>In early 2010, the file system was <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse-engineered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/SANS_Institute" title="SANS Institute">SANS Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 28, 2019, Microsoft published the technical specification for exFAT so that it can be used in the Linux kernel and other operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents"><span id="Legal"></span>Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microsoft applied for, and was granted, a series of patents for key parts of the FAT file system in the mid-1990s. All four pertain to long-filename extensions to FAT first seen in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>: U.S. patent 5,579,517,<sup id="cite_ref-patent5579517_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5579517-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. patent 5,745,902,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. patent 5,758,352,<sup id="cite_ref-patent5758352_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5758352-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. patent 6,286,013 (all expired since 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 3, 2003, Microsoft announced<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2003_FAT32_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2003_FAT32-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it would be offering licenses for use of its FAT specification and "associated intellectual property", at the cost of a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$0.25</span> royalty per unit sold, with a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$250,000</span> maximum royalty per license agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_FAT_File_System_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_FAT_File_System-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, Microsoft cited four patents on the FAT file system as the basis of its intellectual property claims. </p><p>In the EFI FAT32 specification,<sup id="cite_ref-efi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft specifically grants a number of rights, which many readers have interpreted as permitting operating system vendors to implement FAT.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Microsoft patents affecting FAT include: U.S. patent 5,367,671, specific to the <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> extended object attributes (expired in 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_and_lawsuits">Challenges and lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Challenges and lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Patent_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Patent Foundation (page does not exist)">Public Patent Foundation</a> (PUBPAT) submitted evidence to the <a href="/wiki/USPTO" class="mw-redirect" title="USPTO">US Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO) in 2004 disputing the validity of U.S. patent 5,579,517,<sup id="cite_ref-patent5579517_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5579517-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including prior art references from <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> and IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USPTO opened an investigation and concluded by rejecting all claims in the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, the USPTO further announced that following the re-examination process, it affirmed the rejection of '517 and additionally found U.S. patent 5,758,352<sup id="cite_ref-patent5758352_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5758352-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invalid on the grounds that the patent had incorrect assignees. </p><p>However, in 2006, the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were "novel and non-obvious", reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid.<sup id="cite_ref-CNET_2006-01-10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET_2006-01-10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, Microsoft filed a <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> alleging that the device maker's products infringe on patents related to <a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a> long filenames. As some TomTom products are based on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, this marked the first time that Microsoft tried to enforce its patents against the Linux platform.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSTechnica_2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSTechnica_2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawsuit was settled out of court the following month with an agreement that Microsoft be given access to four of TomTom's patents, that TomTom will drop support for the VFAT long filenames from its products, and that in return Microsoft not seek legal action against TomTom for the five-year duration of the settlement agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-CNET_2009_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET_2009-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> alleging several patents (including two of the VFAT patents) were not licensed for use in the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Motorola_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Motorola-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also submitted a complaint to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission">ITC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSTechnica_2010_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSTechnica_2010-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developers of open source software have designed methods intended to circumvent Microsoft's patents.<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTechnica_2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DesktopLinux_2009_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesktopLinux_2009-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, patent EP0618540 "common name space for long and short filenames" (expired since 2014<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was invalidated in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the appeal was withdrawn, this judgment became final on the 28th October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_the_FAT_file_system" title="Design of the FAT file system">Design of the FAT file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_letter_assignment" title="Drive letter assignment">Drive letter assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">List of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">Transaction-Safe FAT File System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_LFN_UNI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_LFN_UNI_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Since <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, Microsoft Windows uses <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_in_Microsoft_Windows" title="Unicode in Microsoft Windows">internal "Unicode"</a>. In UTF-16, a "character" (code point) may take up two code units.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_NCR_FAT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_NCR_FAT_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_NCR_FAT_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources differ in regard to the first NCR data entry terminal integrating support for the FAT file system. According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Manes" title="Stephen Manes">Stephen Manes</a> and Paul Andrews, "Gates", development was for a <a href="/wiki/NCR_8200" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 8200">NCR 8200</a> in late 1977, incorrectly classified as a floppy-based upgrade to the <a href="/wiki/NCR_7200" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7200">NCR 7200</a>, which had been released in 1975-11 (<a href="/wiki/NCR_7200_model_I" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7200 model I">model I</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCR_7200_model_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7200 model IV">IV</a>) and was built around an <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a> 8-bit processor, but was cassette-based only. However, the NCR Century 8200 was a 16-bit minicomputer, onto which several data entry terminals could be hooked up. <a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">Marc McDonald</a> even remembered a <a href="/wiki/NCR_8500" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 8500">NCR 8500</a>, a mainframe of the Criterion series, which can be ruled out as well. Announced 1977-10 for shipment in 1978-02, NCR also introduced the <a href="/wiki/NCR_I-8100" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR I-8100">NCR I-8100</a> series including the 8080-based <a href="/wiki/NCR_I-8130" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR I-8130">NCR I-8130</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCR_I-8150" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR I-8150">NCR I-8150</a> models of small business systems featuring dual floppy disks. Other sources indicate that either the NCR 7200 series itself or the successor series were the actual target platform. <a href="/wiki/NCR_Basic_Plus_6" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Basic Plus 6">NCR Basic Plus 6</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Extended_BASIC-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Extended BASIC-80">Microsoft Extended BASIC-80</a>) became available for the cassette-based <a href="/wiki/NCR_7200_model_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7200 model VI">NCR 7200 model VI</a> in Q1/1977. The <a href="/wiki/NCR_7500" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7500">NCR 7500</a> series was released in 1978, based on a similar 8080 hardware, but now including <a href="/wiki/NCR_7520" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7520">NCR 7520</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCR_7530" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR 7530">7530</a> models featuring 8-inch diskettes. <a href="/wiki/NCR_Basic_%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Basic +6">NCR Basic +6</a>, a precursor or adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Standalone_Disk_BASIC-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Standalone Disk BASIC-80">Standalone Disk BASIC-80</a> was available for them at least since 1979. One source claims that a special NCR 7200 model variant with two 8-inch diskettes and Microsoft BASIC existed and was imported by NCR Sydney into Australia the least.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_DRDOS_Logical-Sectoring-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DRDOS_Logical-Sectoring_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DR-DOS is able to boot off FAT12/FAT16 logical sectored media with <a href="/wiki/BPB_logical_sector_size" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB logical sector size">logical sector sizes</a> up to 1024 bytes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was a decision taken by the developer in question, who assumed his decision would be revised later, something that never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_VFAT_Name-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_VFAT_Name_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A driver named <a href="#VFAT">VFAT</a> appeared before <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Workgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows for Workgroups">Windows for Workgroups</a> 3.11, but this older version was only used for implementing <a href="/wiki/32-bit_file_access" title="32-bit file access">32-bit file access</a> and did not support <a href="/wiki/Long_file_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Long file name">long file names</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GB4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GB4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GB4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938937.aspx">"File Systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">Microsoft TechNet</a>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812044910/http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938937.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File+Systems&rft.pub=Microsoft+TechNet&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fcc938937.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2006_ACCDATE_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft (2006-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-bit.org/kb/135481/EN-US/">Windows 95 CD-ROM CONFIG.TXT File</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731095231/http://c-bit.org/kb/135481/EN-US/">Archived</a> 2020-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Article 135481, Revision: 1.1, retrieved 2011-12-22: "For each hard disk, specifies whether to record the date that files are last accessed. Last access dates are turned off for all drives when your computer is started in safe mode, and are not maintained for floppy disks by default. Syntax: <code><a href="/wiki/ACCDATE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCDATE (CONFIG.SYS directive)">ACCDATE</a>=drive1+|- [drive2+|-]...</code>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/comparing-ntfs-and-fat-file-systems">"Comparing NTFS and FAT file systems"</a>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620004455/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/Comparing-NTFS-and-FAT-file-systems">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparing+NTFS+and+FAT+file+systems&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwindows.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-vista%2Fcomparing-ntfs-and-fat-file-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925082826/http://www.wizcode.com/articles/comments/a-brief-introduction-to-fat-file-allocation-table/">"A brief introduction to FAT (File Allocation Table) formats"</a>. <i>www.wizcode.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wizcode.com/articles/comments/a-brief-introduction-to-fat-file-allocation-table/">the original</a> on September 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wizcode.com&rft.atitle=A+brief+introduction+to+FAT+%28File+Allocation+Table%29+formats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wizcode.com%2Farticles%2Fcomments%2Fa-brief-introduction-to-fat-file-allocation-table%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecma-107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ecma-107_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-107.htm">"Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange"</a>. <i>Standard ECMA-107 (2nd ed., June 1995)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007174227/http://ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-107.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+ECMA-107+%282nd+ed.%2C+June+1995%29&rft.atitle=Volume+and+File+Structure+of+Disk+Cartridges+for+Information+Interchange&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Fstandards%2FEcma-107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_9293_1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9293_1994_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=21273">"Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange"</a>. <i>ISO/IEC 9293:1994</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> catalogue. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180640/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=21273">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO%2FIEC+9293%3A1994&rft.atitle=Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Volume+and+file+structure+of+disk+cartridges+for+information+interchange&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D21273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_9293_1987-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9293_1987_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16948">"Information processing – Volume and file structure of flexible disk cartridges for information interchange"</a>. <i>ISO 9293:1987</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> catalogue. 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181849/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16948">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+9293%3A1987&rft.atitle=Information+processing+%E2%80%93+Volume+and+file+structure+of+flexible+disk+cartridges+for+information+interchange&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D16948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent_5758352-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_5758352_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsAdlerLipePedrizetti1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_R._Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron R. Reynolds">Reynolds, Aaron R.</a>; Adler, Dennis R.; Lipe, Ralph A.; Pedrizetti, Ray D.; Parsons, Jeffrey T.; Arun, Rasipuram V. (1998-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=bUohAAAAEBAJ">"Common name space for long and short filenames"</a>. <i>US Patent 5758352</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Patent+5758352&rft.atitle=Common+name+space+for+long+and+short+filenames&rft.date=1998-05-26&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Aaron+R.&rft.au=Adler%2C+Dennis+R.&rft.au=Lipe%2C+Ralph+A.&rft.au=Pedrizetti%2C+Ray+D.&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Jeffrey+T.&rft.au=Arun%2C+Rasipuram+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%3Fid%3DbUohAAAAEBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efi_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-efi_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/fatgen103.doc">"Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System Specification, FAT: General Overview of On-Disk Format"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2011-03-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723100623/http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/fatgen103.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Extensible+Firmware+Initiative+FAT32+File+System+Specification%2C+FAT%3A+General+Overview+of+On-Disk+Format&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2F1%2F6%2F1%2F161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c%2Ffatgen103.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windowsloop.com/how-to-convert-a-drive-from-fat32-to-ntfs-without-data-loss/">"How to Convert a Drive from FAT32 to NTFS without Data Loss"</a>. <i>WindowsLoop</i>. 2021-07-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808233345/https://windowsloop.com/how-to-convert-a-drive-from-fat32-to-ntfs-without-data-loss/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WindowsLoop&rft.atitle=How+to+Convert+a+Drive+from+FAT32+to+NTFS+without+Data+Loss&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwindowsloop.com%2Fhow-to-convert-a-drive-from-fat32-to-ntfs-without-data-loss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC-009-2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DC-009-2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJEIDA/JEITA/CIPA2010" class="citation web cs1">JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930190707/http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf">"Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC-009-Translation-2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+of+the+Camera+%26+Imaging+Products+Association%2C+CIPA+DC-009-Translation-2010%2C+Design+rule+for+Camera+File+system%3A+DCF+Version+2.0+%28Edition+2010%29&rft.date=2010&rft.au=JEIDA%2FJEITA%2FCIPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipa.jp%2Fenglish%2Fhyoujunka%2Fkikaku%2Fpdf%2FDC-009-2010_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/820-II/BASIC-80_5.0.pdf"><i>Xerox BASIC-80 – basic-80 reference manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 5.0. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>. 1979. 610P70641. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120148/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/820-II/BASIC-80_5.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xerox+BASIC-80+%E2%80%93+basic-80+reference+manual&rft.series=5.0&rft.pub=Microsoft%2C+Xerox&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fxerox%2F820-II%2FBASIC-80_5.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. For Microsoft (Standalone Disk / Disk / Extended / 8K) BASIC-80, (Standalone Disk / Extended) BASIC-86, BASIC Compiler, release 5.0)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/820-II/BASIC-80_5.0.pdf"><i>MICROSOFT BASIC-80 version 5.0 reference manual / BASIC-80 Interpreter and Compiler Addendum Release 5.1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 5.1. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120148/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/820-II/BASIC-80_5.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MICROSOFT+BASIC-80+version+5.0+reference+manual+%2F+BASIC-80+Interpreter+and+Compiler+Addendum+Release+5.1&rft.series=5.1&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fxerox%2F820-II%2FBASIC-80_5.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. For Microsoft (Standalone Disk / Disk / Extended / 8K) BASIC-80, (Standalone Disk / Extended) BASIC-86, BASIC Compiler, release 5.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanBostwickBurgoyne1988" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith (1988). <i>The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2</i> (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0"><bdi>1-55615-049-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87-21452">87-21452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16581341">16581341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MS-DOS+Encyclopedia%3A+versions+1.0+through+3.2&rft.place=Redmond%2C+Washington%2C+USA&rft.edition=Completely+reworked&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16581341&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87-21452&rft.isbn=1-55615-049-0&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Bostwick%2C+Steve&rft.au=Burgoyne%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span> (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053041/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/">Archived</a> 2018-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manes_1993_Gates-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manes_1993_Gates_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manes_1993_Gates_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManesAndrews1993" class="citation book cs1">Manes, Stephen; Andrews, Paul (1993). <i>Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-42075-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-42075-7"><bdi>0-385-42075-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gates%3A+How+Microsoft%27s+Mogul+Reinvented+an+Industry%E2%80%94and+Made+Himself+the+Richest+Man+in+America&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-385-42075-7&rft.aulast=Manes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter_1983_Softalk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_1983_Softalk_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, David (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906120449/http://www.patersontech.com/dos/softalk.aspx">"Tim Paterson – The roots of DOS"</a>. <i>Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer</i> (March 1983). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patersontech.com/dos/softalk.aspx">the original</a> on 2019-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Softalk+for+the+IBM+Personal+Computer&rft.atitle=Tim+Paterson+%E2%80%93+The+roots+of+DOS&rft.issue=March+1983&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patersontech.com%2Fdos%2Fsoftalk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulmanBrownMaxeyMichels1994" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf D. Brown">Brown, Ralf D.</a>; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11"><i>Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1</i></a> (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Addison_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Wesley">Addison Wesley</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63287-X"><bdi>0-201-63287-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undocumented+DOS%3A+A+programmer%27s+guide+to+reserved+MS-DOS+functions+and+data+structures+-+expanded+to+include+MS-DOS+6%2C+Novell+DOS+and+Windows+3.1&rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-201-63287-X&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Brown%2C+Ralf+D.&rft.au=Maxey%2C+David&rft.au=Michels%2C+Raymond+J.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundocumenteddosp00andr_0%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span> (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_2007_Design-DOS_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a> (2007-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html">"Design of DOS"</a>. <i>DosMan Drivel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075653/http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DosMan+Drivel&rft.atitle=Design+of+DOS&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosmandrivel.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Fdesign-of-dos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYTE_1980_86-DOS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYTE_1980_86-DOS_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeattle_Computer_Products1980" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> (August 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1980-08/1980_08_BYTE_05-08_The_Forth_Language#page/n173/mode/2up">"86-DOS - 8086 OPERATING SYSTEM - $95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i> (Advertisement). Vol. 5, no. 8. <a href="/wiki/BYTE_Publications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE Publications Inc.">BYTE Publications Inc.</a> p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5280">0360-5280</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEN (identifier)">CODEN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=BYTEDJ">BYTEDJ</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=86-DOS+-+8086+OPERATING+SYSTEM+-+%2495&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=173&rft.date=1980-08&rft.issn=0360-5280&rft.au=Seattle+Computer+Products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1980-08%2F1980_08_BYTE_05-08_The_Forth_Language%23page%2Fn173%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/acrobat/8008-a.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201163325/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/acrobat/8008-a.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NB. The SCP advertisement already calls the product <i>86-DOS</i>, but does not mention a specific version number. Version 0.3 is known to be called 86-DOS already, so the name change must have taken place either for version 0.2 or immediately afterwards in August 1980.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeattle_Computer_Products1981" class="citation web cs1">Seattle Computer Products (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/seattleComputer/86-DOS_1.0_Addendum.pdf">"SCP 86-DOS 1.0 Addendum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003100657/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/seattleComputer/86-DOS_1.0_Addendum.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCP+86-DOS+1.0+Addendum&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Seattle+Computer+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fpdf%2FseattleComputer%2F86-DOS_1.0_Addendum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_1992_Harddrive-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_1992_Harddrive_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim; (1992); <i>Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-56886-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-56886-4">0-471-56886-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norton2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norton" title="Peter Norton">Norton, Peter</a>; (1986); <i>Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged</i>, Brady, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89303-583-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89303-583-1">0-89303-583-1</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkinson_2000_Forensic-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkinson_2000_Forensic_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsonSammes2000" class="citation book cs1">Jenkinson, Brian; Sammes, A. J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensiccomputin00samm_915"><i>Forensic Computing: A Practitioner's Guide (Practitioner Series)</i></a></span>. Berlin: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensiccomputin00samm_915/page/n163">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-299-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-299-9"><bdi>1-85233-299-9</bdi></a>. <q>... only 2^12 (that is, 4096) allocation units or clusters can be addressed. In fact, the number is less than this, since 000h and 001h are not used and FF0h to FFFh are reserved or used for other purposes, leaving 002h to FEFh (2 to 4079) as the range of possible clusters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Computing%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Guide+%28Practitioner+Series%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85233-299-9&rft.aulast=Jenkinson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Sammes%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforensiccomputin00samm_915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1983" class="citation web cs1">Paterson, Tim (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720115141/http://patersontech.com/Dos/Byte/InsideDos.htm">"An Inside Look at MS-DOS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patersontech.com/dos/Byte/InsideDos.htm#InsideDos_44">the original</a> on July 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-18</span></span>. <q>The numbering starts with 2; the first two numbers, 0 and 1, are reserved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Inside+Look+at+MS-DOS&rft.pub=Byte&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patersontech.com%2Fdos%2FByte%2FInsideDos.htm%23InsideDos_44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1984_PCDOS30-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1984_PCDOS30_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM (1984). <i>IBM PC DOS 3.0 announcement letter</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1985_Reference-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1985_Reference_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM (1985). <i>IBM PC DOS Technical Reference</i>. First Edition, P/N 6024181, dated February 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_69912-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_69912_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-bit.org/kb/69912/EN-US/">"Microsoft Knowledge Base article: "MS-DOS Partitioning Summary"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143554/http://c-bit.org/kb/69912/EN-US/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Microsoft. 2000-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q78407%3A+Wyse+DOS+3.3+Partitions+Incompatible+with+MS-DOS+5.x+and+6.x&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.microsoft.com%2Fmisc1%2FPEROPSYS%2FMSDOS%2FKB%2FQ78%2F4%2F07.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ftp.microsoft.com/ftp.microsoft.com.zip/ftp.microsoft.com%2FMISC1%2FPEROPSYS%2FMSDOS%2FKB%2FQ78%2F4%2F07.TXT">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_2000_Logical-sectoring-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2000_Logical-sectoring_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/misc1/PEROPSYS/MSDOS/KB/Q68/1/76.TXT">"Q68176: Upgrading Pre-4.0 Systems with Logical Drive(s) > 32 MB"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-21</span></span>. <q>Clusters cannot be 64 kilobytes (<abbr title="">KB</abbr>) or larger</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limitations+of+FAT32+File+System&rft.pub=Microsoft+Knowledge+Base&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-bit.org%2Fkb%2F184006%2FEN-US%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_2007_KB314463-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2007_KB314463_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-bit.org/kb/314463/EN-US/">"Limitations of the FAT32 File System in Windows XP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Knowledge_Base" title="Microsoft Knowledge Base">Microsoft Knowledge Base</a>. 2007-12-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731081921/http://c-bit.org/kb/314463/EN-US/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limitations+of+the+FAT32+File+System+in+Windows+XP&rft.pub=Microsoft+Knowledge+Base&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-bit.org%2Fkb%2F314463%2FEN-US%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/04/windows_format_fat32/">"Explained: The thinking behind the 32GB Windows Format limit on FAT32"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+The+thinking+behind+the+32GB+Windows+Format+limit+on+FAT32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F01%2F04%2Fwindows_format_fat32%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2017" class="citation web cs1">Glenn, Walter (2017-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/316977/how-to-format-usb-drives-larger-than-32gb-with-fat32-on-windows/">"How to Format USB Drives Larger Than 32GB With FAT32 on Windows"</a>. <i>How-To Geek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003213/https://www.howtogeek.com/316977/how-to-format-usb-drives-larger-than-32gb-with-fat32-on-windows/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=How+to+Format+USB+Drives+Larger+Than+32GB+With+FAT32+on+Windows&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F316977%2Fhow-to-format-usb-drives-larger-than-32gb-with-fat32-on-windows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshan_Ashraf_Shaikh2024" class="citation web cs1">Roshan Ashraf Shaikh (2024-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/software/operating-systems/windows-11-preview-build-sees-fat32-partition-size-increased-to-2tb-after-30-years">"Windows 11 preview build sees FAT32 partition size increased to 2TB after 30 years"</a>. <i>Tom's Hardware</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Windows+11+preview+build+sees+FAT32+partition+size+increased+to+2TB+after+30+years&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft.au=Roshan+Ashraf+Shaikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fsoftware%2Foperating-systems%2Fwindows-11-preview-build-sees-fat32-partition-size-increased-to-2tb-after-30-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-RM_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>README.TXT – Caldera DR-DOS FAT32 Enabled Boot Disk (DRFAT32)</i>. Caldera, Inc. 1998-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=README.TXT+%E2%80%93+Caldera+DR-DOS+FAT32+Enabled+Boot+Disk+%28DRFAT32%29&rft.pub=Caldera%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-07-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1998_DRFAT32_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>DRFAT32.SYS R1.00 INT 13h Interface for FAT32 Redirector</i>, Caldera, Inc., 1998-09-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DRFAT32.SYS+R1.00+INT+13h+Interface+for+FAT32+Redirector&rft.pub=Caldera%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-09-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_4690_User_Guide-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_4690_User_Guide_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM; <i>4690 OS User's Guide Version 5.2</i>, IBM document SC30-4134-01, 2008-01-10 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/retail/pubs/sw/opsys/4690/ver5r2/bsf1_UG_mst.pdf">[5]</a> )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowerQuest_1998_PQ4-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PowerQuest_1998_PQ4_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpowitz1998" class="citation web cs1">Karpowitz, Christina (1998-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990208204638/http://www.powerquest.com/press/PM4available.html">"PowerQuest PartitionMagic 4.0 now available"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PowerQuest" title="PowerQuest">PowerQuest</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerquest.com/press/PM4available.html">the original</a> on 1999-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PowerQuest+PartitionMagic+4.0+now+available&rft.pub=PowerQuest&rft.date=1998-09-23&rft.aulast=Karpowitz&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerquest.com%2Fpress%2FPM4available.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone_1998_FAT32X-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_1998_FAT32X_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Livingston, Brian (1998-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brianlivingston.com/windowmanager/archive/cgi-bin/new/livingst/981026bl.htm">"FAT-32X may operate differently than FAT-32 on large hard drives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 20, no. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112193343/http://brianlivingston.com/windowmanager/archive/cgi-bin/new/livingst/981026bl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=FAT-32X+may+operate+differently+than+FAT-32+on+large+hard+drives&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=43&rft.date=1998-10-28&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrianlivingston.com%2Fwindowmanager%2Farchive%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnew%2Flivingst%2F981026bl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duitz_2001_FAQ-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duitz_2001_FAQ_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duitz_2001_FAQ_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuitz2001" class="citation web cs1">Duitz, Neal (2001-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613232209/http://www.win98private.net/fat32x.htm">"Can anyone explain FAT32X?"</a>. Win98 Private FAQ, Windows 98 Consumer Preview Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.win98private.net/fat32x.htm">the original</a> on 2004-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+anyone+explain+FAT32X%3F&rft.pub=Win98+Private+FAQ%2C+Windows+98+Consumer+Preview+Program&rft.date=2001-07-17&rft.aulast=Duitz&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.win98private.net%2Ffat32x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Costanzo_1998_FAT32X_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo1998" class="citation web cs1">Costanzo, Lance (1998-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980521015015/http://lance.advantweb.com/fat32x/">"FAT32X"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lance.advantweb.com/fat32x/">the original</a> on 1998-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAT32X&rft.date=1998-05-14&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flance.advantweb.com%2Ffat32x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowerQuest_1998_FAT32X-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PowerQuest_1998_FAT32X_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1998" class="citation web cs1">Steinberg, David (1998-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sysopt.com/showthread.php?88915-What-is-FAT32X&p=532052&viewfull=1#post532052">"What is a FAT32X partition?"</a>. <i>Tech Tip / FAQ</i>. <a href="/wiki/PowerQuest" title="PowerQuest">PowerQuest</a> Technical Support. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921030455/http://www.sysopt.com/showthread.php?88915-What-is-FAT32X&p=532052&viewfull=1#post532052">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Tip+%2F+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+a+FAT32X+partition%3F&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sysopt.com%2Fshowthread.php%3F88915-What-is-FAT32X%26p%3D532052%26viewfull%3D1%23post532052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eager_2000_EA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eager_2000_EA_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eager, Bob; Tavi Systems (October 28, 2000); <i>Implementation of extended attributes on the FAT file system</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tavi.co.uk/os2pages/eadata.html">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613212300/http://www.tavi.co.uk/os2pages/eadata.html">Archived</a> June 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder_2003_FAT32IFS0913-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelder_2003_FAT32IFS0913_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelder, Henk; (2003); <i>FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.9.13</i>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://svn.netlabs.org/repos/fat32/branches/fat32-0.9/src/fat32.txt">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511141205/http://svn.netlabs.org/repos/fat32/branches/fat32-0.9/src/fat32.txt">Archived</a> 2013-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>): "This byte [...] is not modified while running <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and neighter <i>[sic]</i> by <a href="/wiki/SCANDISK" class="mw-redirect" title="SCANDISK">SCANDISK</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=DEFRAG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEFRAG (page does not exist)">DEFRAG</a>. [...] If another program sets the value to <code>0x00</code> for a file that has <a href="/wiki/Extended_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attributes">EAs</a> these EAs will no longer be found using DosFindFirst/Next calls only. The other <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> calls for retrieving EAs (DosQueryPathInfo, DosQueryFileInfo and DosEnumAttribute) do not rely on this byte. Also the opposite could [...] occur. [...] In this situation only the performance of directory scans will be decreased. Both situations [...] are corrected by <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder_FAT32IFS074-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelder_FAT32IFS074_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelder, Henk; <i>FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.74</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330171510/http://macarlo.com/fat32v074.htm">"@Macarlo, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macarlo.com/fat32v074.htm">the original</a> on March 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%40Macarlo%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacarlo.com%2Ffat32v074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span>). Comment: This older version of the README file still discusses the old <code>0xEA</code> and <code>0xEC</code> magic values.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eager_2000_Tavi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eager_2000_Tavi_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEager2000" class="citation web cs1">Eager, Bob (2000-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613212300/http://www.tavi.co.uk/os2pages/eadata.html">"Implementation of extended attributes on the FAT file system"</a>. <i>Tavi OS/2 pages</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tavi.co.uk/os2pages/eadata.html">the original</a> on 2006-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tavi+OS%2F2+pages&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+extended+attributes+on+the+FAT+file+system&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft.aulast=Eager&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tavi.co.uk%2Fos2pages%2Feadata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_4690_Programming_Guide-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_4690_Programming_Guide_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM; <i>4690 OS Programming Guide Version 5.2</i>, IBM document SC30-4137-01, 2007-12-06 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/retail/pubs/sw/opsys/4690/ver5r2/bsi1_PG_mst.pdf">[8]</a> )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linux_ChangeLog257-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linux_ChangeLog257_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/ChangeLog-2.5.7">"Release notes for v2.5.7"</a>. The Linux Kernel archives. 2002-03-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415030215/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/ChangeLog-2.5.7">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+v2.5.7&rft.pub=The+Linux+Kernel+archives&rft.date=2002-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.5%2FChangeLog-2.5.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnt2011" class="citation web cs1">Kuhnt, Udo (2011-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdosprojects.de/">"DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205139/http://www.drdosprojects.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from the original on 2020-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EP0618540B1+-+Common+name+space+for+long+and+short+filenames+-+Google+Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FEP0618540B1%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2013" class="citation web cs1">Müller, Florian (2013-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fosspatents.com/2013/12/federal-patent-court-of-germany.html">"Federal Patent Court of Germany invalidates Microsoft FAT patent, appeals court may disagree"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Patent+Court+of+Germany+invalidates+Microsoft+FAT+patent%2C+appeals+court+may+disagree&rft.pub=FOSS+Patents&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fosspatents.com%2F2013%2F12%2Ffederal-patent-court-of-germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabesius2017" class="citation web cs1">Labesius, Stefan (2017-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifross.org/artikel/bundespatentgericht-erkl-rt-vfat-patent-erneut-f-r-nichtig">"Bundespatentgericht erklärt VFAT-Patent erneut für nichtig"</a>. ifrOSS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802132657/https://www.ifross.org/artikel/bundespatentgericht-erkl-rt-vfat-patent-erneut-f-r-nichtig">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundespatentgericht+erkl%C3%A4rt+VFAT-Patent+erneut+f%C3%BCr+nichtig&rft.pub=ifrOSS&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft.aulast=Labesius&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifross.org%2Fartikel%2Fbundespatentgericht-erkl-rt-vfat-patent-erneut-f-r-nichtig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFile+Allocation+Table" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Allocation_Table&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/154997/"><i>Description of the FAT32 File System</i></a>: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 154997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/039/Q39927/"><i>MS-DOS: Directory and Subdirectory Limitations</i></a>: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 39927</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100108/"><i>Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</i></a>: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 100108</li> <li>Microsoft Technet; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307082555/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/reskit/c13621675.mspx"><i>Volume and file size limits of FAT file systems</i></a>, copy made by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">Internet Archive Wayback Machine</a> of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118122857/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/technetmag/issues/2006/07/WindowsConfidential/"><i>Microsoft TechNet: A Brief and Incomplete History of FAT32</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610205053/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/263044/fdisk-does-not-recognize-full-size-of-hard-disks-larger-than-64-gb">Fdisk does not recognize full size of hard disks larger than <span class="nowrap">64 GB</span></a>: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 263044, copy made by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/web/">Internet Archive Wayback Machine</a>. Explains inability to work with extremely large volumes under Windows 95/98.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050319235548/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/Windows/XP/all/reskit/en-us/prkc_fil_cycz.asp"><i>Microsoft Windows XP: FAT32 File System</i></a>, copy made by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:File_systems" title="Template:File systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_systems" title="Template talk:File systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="File_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDfs" title="CDfs">CDfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Windows_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Microsoft Windows components</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">APIs</a></li> <li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Fax and Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Help" title="Get Help">Get Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Maps" title="Windows Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_(2022)" title="Windows Media Player (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mesh" title="Microsoft Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Money" title="MSN">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Sports" title="MSN">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tips" title="Microsoft Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Weather" title="MSN">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(app)" title="Xbox (app)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_View" title="Task View">Task View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Services_for_UNIX" title="Print Services for UNIX">Print Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_components" title="Category:Windows components">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template talk:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows" title="Application Programming Interface for Windows">APIW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">OpenXPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecma_International_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/100px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/150px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/200px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (tape)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">Advanced Intelligent Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (Ultrium-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (disk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CD File System</a> (CDFS)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_3D" title="Universal 3D">Universal 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">E4X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">Full BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio link interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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