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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Latin praenomina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_praenomina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin praenomina subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_praenomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masculine_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculine_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Masculine names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculine_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Feminine names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_meaning_of_praenomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_meaning_of_praenomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The meaning of praenomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_meaning_of_praenomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Historical trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oscan_and_Umbrian_praenomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscan_and_Umbrian_praenomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oscan and Umbrian praenomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscan_and_Umbrian_praenomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etruscan_praenomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etruscan_praenomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Etruscan praenomina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etruscan_praenomina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etruscan praenomina subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etruscan_praenomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masculine_names_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculine_names_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Masculine names</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Vornamen" title="Römische Vornamen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römische Vornamen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="برينميون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برينميون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvio%C3%B9_bihan_roman" title="Anvioù bihan roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anvioù bihan roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nom_romain" title="Prénom romain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prénom romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Praenomen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3" title="プラエノーメン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラエノーメン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiona_%C5%82aci%C5%84skie" title="Imiona łacińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imiona łacińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenome_(Roma_Antiga)" title="Prenome (Roma Antiga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prenome (Roma Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Personal given name in Ancient Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the pharaonic throne name, see <a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>praenomen</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]</a></span>; plural: <b>praenomina</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">first name</a> chosen by the parents of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> child. It was first bestowed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_lustricus" title="Dies lustricus">dies lustricus</a></i> (day of <a href="/wiki/Lustratio" title="Lustratio">lustration</a>), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the <i><a href="/wiki/Toga_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga virilis">toga virilis</a></i> upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tria_nomina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tria nomina">tria nomina</a></i> commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>tria nomina</i>, consisting of praenomen, <a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>, which are today regarded as a distinguishing feature of Roman culture, first developed and spread throughout Italy in pre-Roman times. Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">people of Italy</a> spoke languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>; the three major groups within the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan languages</a>, including the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latini</a>, or Latins, who formed the core of the early Roman populace, and their neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Falisci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, who also contributed to early Roman culture, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnites</a>, and many other peoples of central and southern Italy; and the <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian languages</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a> of the Central <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>, the rustic <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>. </p><p>In addition to the Italic peoples was the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">language</a> was unrelated to Indo-European, but who exerted a strong cultural influence throughout much of Italy, including early Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italic nomenclature system cannot clearly be attributed to any one of these cultures, but seems to have developed simultaneously amongst each of them, perhaps due to constant contact between them. It first appears in urban centers and thence gradually spread to the countryside. In the earliest period, each person was known by a single name, or nomen. These nomina were <i>monothematic</i>; that is, they expressed a single concept or idea. As populations grew, many individuals might be known by the same name. Unlike the other cultures of Europe, which dealt with this problem by adopting <i>dithematic</i> names (names expressing two ideas), the peoples of Italy developed the first true surnames, or cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first these were generally personal names, and might refer to any number of things, including a person's occupation, town of origin, the name of his or her father, or some physical feature or characteristic. But gradually an increasing number of them became hereditary, until they could be used to distinguish whole families from one generation to another. As this happened, the word nomen came to be applied to these surnames, and the original personal name came to be called the praenomen, or "forename", as it was usually recited first. Cognomen came to refer to any other personal or hereditary surnames coming after the family name, and used to distinguish individuals or branches of large families from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <i>tria nomina</i> developed throughout Italy, the importance of the praenomen in everyday life declined considerably, together with the number of praenomina in common use. By the first century they were occasionally omitted from public records, and by the middle of the fourth century they were seldom recorded. As the Roman Empire expanded, much of the populace came from cultures with different naming conventions, and the formal structure of the <i>tria nomina</i> became neglected. Various names that were originally nomina or cognomina came to be treated as praenomina, and some individuals used several of them at once. However, some vestiges of the original system survived, and many of the original praenomina have continued into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most common praenomina were regularly abbreviated in writing (in speech the full name would always be used). Although some names could be abbreviated multiple ways, the following tables include only the most usual abbreviation, if any, for each name. These abbreviations continue to be used by classical scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_praenomina">Latin praenomina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Latin praenomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of the Italic peoples had its own distinctive group of praenomina. A few names were shared between cultures, and the Etruscans in particular borrowed many praenomina from Latin and Oscan. It is disputed whether some of the praenomina used by the Romans themselves were of distinctly Etruscan or Oscan origin. However, these names were in general use at Rome and other Latin towns, and were used by families that were certainly of Latin origin. Thus, irrespective of their actual etymology, these names may be regarded as Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine_names">Masculine names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Masculine names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early centuries of the Roman Republic, about three dozen praenomina seem to have been in general use at Rome, of which about half were common. This number gradually dwindled to about eighteen praenomina by the first century BC, of which perhaps a dozen were common. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(praenomen)" title="Agrippa (praenomen)">Agrippa</a> (Agr.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appius" title="Appius">Appius</a> (Ap.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_(praenomen)" title="Aulus (praenomen)">Aulus</a> (A.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeso_(praenomen)" title="Caeso (praenomen)">Caeso</a> (K.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimus_(praenomen)" title="Decimus (praenomen)">Decimus</a> (D.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_(praenomen)" title="Faustus (praenomen)">Faustus</a> (F.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)" title="Gaius (praenomen)">Gaius</a> (C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_(praenomen)" title="Gnaeus (praenomen)">Gnaeus</a> (Cn.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostus_(praenomen)" title="Hostus (praenomen)">Hostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)" title="Lucius (praenomen)">Lucius</a> (L.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamercus_(praenomen)" title="Mamercus (praenomen)">Mamercus</a> (Mam.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manius_(praenomen)" title="Manius (praenomen)">Manius</a> (ꟿ. or M'.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a> (M.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettius_(praenomen)" title="Mettius (praenomen)">Mettius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonus_(praenomen)" title="Nonus (praenomen)">Nonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerius_(praenomen)" title="Numerius (praenomen)">Numerius</a> (N.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavius_(praenomen)" title="Octavius (praenomen)">Octavius</a> (Oct.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiter_(praenomen)" title="Opiter (praenomen)">Opiter</a> (Opet.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paullus_(praenomen)" title="Paullus (praenomen)">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postumus_(praenomen)" title="Postumus (praenomen)">Postumus</a> (Post.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proculus_(praenomen)" title="Proculus (praenomen)">Proculus</a> (Pro.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)" title="Publius (praenomen)">Publius</a> (P.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(praenomen)" title="Quintus (praenomen)">Quintus</a> (Q.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimus_(praenomen)" title="Septimus (praenomen)">Septimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertor_(praenomen)" title="Sertor (praenomen)">Sertor</a> (Sert.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_(praenomen)" title="Servius (praenomen)">Servius</a> (Ser.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_(praenomen)" title="Sextus (praenomen)">Sextus</a> (Sex.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurius_(praenomen)" title="Spurius (praenomen)">Spurius</a> (S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius_(praenomen)" title="Statius (praenomen)">Statius</a> (St.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(praenomen)" title="Tiberius (praenomen)">Tiberius</a> (Ti.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)" title="Titus (praenomen)">Titus</a> (T.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_(praenomen)" title="Tullus (praenomen)">Tullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibius_(praenomen)" title="Vibius (praenomen)">Vibius</a> (V.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volesus_(praenomen)" title="Volesus (praenomen)">Volesus</a> (Vol.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vopiscus_(praenomen)" title="Vopiscus (praenomen)">Vopiscus</a> (Vop.)</li></ul> </div> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li><i>Caeso</i> is frequently (especially in older records) spelled <i>Kaeso</i>. The abbreviation K. was retained to distinguish the name from <i>Gaius</i>, abbreviated "C."</li> <li><i>Gaius</i> and <i>Gnaeus</i> are abbreviated with C. and Cn., respectively, because the practice of abbreviating them was already established at the time the letter <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, a modified <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, was introduced to the Latin alphabet. Although the archaic spellings <i>Caius</i> and <i>Cnaeus</i> also appear in later records, <i>Gaius</i> and <i>Gnaeus</i> represent the actual pronunciation of these names.</li> <li><i>Manius</i> was originally abbreviated with an archaic five-stroke M (ꟿ), borrowed from the Etruscan alphabet (from which the Latin alphabet was derived) but not otherwise used in Latin. The apostrophe is used as a substitute for this letter.</li> <li><i>Octavius</i> (with an i) seems to be the only form of this name found as a praenomen, although the form <i>Octavus</i> would be consistent with the adjective from which the name is derived.</li> <li><i>Volero</i>, a praenomen used by the Publilii, is believed to be a variant of <i>Volesus</i>.</li></ul> <p>Some of the praenomina in this list are known from only a few examples. However, the overall sample from which they have been taken represents only a small fraction of the entire Roman populace. The <i>Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i> mentions about ten thousand individuals whose praenomina are known from surviving works of history, literature, and various inscriptions. These individuals are spread over a period of over twelve centuries, with the smallest sample coming from the early Republic, when the greatest variety of praenomina was in use. During that same period, the sample consists almost entirely of Roman men belonging to the leading patrician families.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the names which were uncommon amongst the patricians appear to have been more widespread amongst the plebeians, and the appearance of rare names in Latin inscriptions outside of Rome suggests that many names which were uncommon at Rome were much more common in other parts of Latium.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine_names">Feminine names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feminine names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_for_women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome">Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>In the earliest period, both men and women used praenomina. However, with the adoption of hereditary surnames, the praenomen lost much of its original importance. The number of praenomina in general use declined steadily throughout Roman history, and as most families used the same praenomina from one generation to the next, the praenomen became less useful for distinguishing between individuals. Women's praenomina gradually fell into disuse, and by the first century the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. A similar process occurred throughout Italy, except amongst the Etruscans, for whom feminine praenomina were the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abandonment of women's praenomina over time was more the result of practical usage than a deliberate process. Because Latin names had both masculine and feminine forms, the nomen itself was sufficient to distinguish a Roman woman from her father and brothers. Roman women did not change their names when they married, so a Roman wife usually did not share her nomen with any other members of her family.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diminutives, nicknames, and personal cognomina could be used to differentiate between sisters. When there were two sisters, they were frequently referred to as <i>Major</i> and <i>Minor</i>, with these terms appearing after the nomen or cognomen; if there were more than two, the eldest might be called <i>Maxima</i>, and the younger sisters assigned numerical cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the cognomina used by women originated as praenomina, and for much of Roman history there seems to have been a fashion for "inverting" women's praenomina and cognomina; names that were traditionally regarded as praenomina were often placed after a woman's nomen or cognomen, as if a surname, even though they were used as praenomina. The reverse was also common, especially in imperial times; a personal cognomen would be placed before a woman's nomen, in the place of a praenomen. In both cases, the name was functionally a praenomen, irrespective of its position in the name. For this reason, it is often impossible to distinguish between women's praenomina and personal cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In imperial times, Roman women were more likely to have praenomina if they had several older sisters. A daughter who had been called simply by her nomen for several years was less likely to receive a praenomen than her younger sisters, and because it was usually easy to distinguish between two daughters without using praenomina, the need for traditional personal names did not become acute until there were at least three sisters in a family. <i>Tertia</i> and <i>Quarta</i> were common praenomina, while <i>Secunda</i> was less common, and <i>Prima</i> rarer still. <i>Maxima, Maio</i>, and <i>Mino</i> were also used as praenomina, although it may be debated whether they represent true personal names. <i>Paulla</i> was probably given to younger daughters, and was one of the most common praenomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most other women's praenomina were simply the feminine forms of familiar masculine praenomina. Examples are known of all common praenomina, as well as a number of less-common ones. Only in the case of praenomina which had irregular masculine forms is there some uncertainty; but these probably became feminine by taking diminutive forms. <i>Caesula</i> or <i>Caesilla</i> appears to have been the feminine form of <i>Caeso</i>, and the personal cognomen <i>Agrippina</i> probably represents the feminine form of <i>Agrippa</i>. Two notable exceptions to the usual formation are <i>Marcia</i> and <i>Titia</i>, both of which regularly formed as "i-stem" nouns, instead of the expected <i>Marca</i> and <i>Tita</i> (although those forms are also found).<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminine praenomina were usually abbreviated in the same manner as their masculine counterparts, but were often written in full. One notable exception occurs in the filiations of <i><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">liberti</a></i>, where the abbreviation "C." for <i>Gaia</i> was frequently reversed to indicate a woman. Here the name "Gaia" seems to have been used generically to represent any woman, although in some instances an inverted "M." for <i>Marcia</i> seems to have been used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following list includes feminine praenomina which are known or reasonably certain from extant sources and inscriptions, and which were clearly used as praenomina, rather than nicknames or inverted cognomina. Several variations are known for some praenomina, of which only the most regular are given in this table. The abbreviations are usually the same as for the corresponding masculine praenomina; where variation exists, only the most common abbreviation has been provided. A few of these names were normally written in full, or have not been found with regular abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Appia (Ap.)</li> <li>Aula (A.)</li> <li>Caesula</li> <li>Decima (D.)</li> <li>Fausta (F.)</li> <li>Gaia (C.)</li> <li>Gnaea (Cn.)</li> <li>Hosta (H.)</li> <li>Lucia (L.)</li> <li>Maio (Mai.)</li> <li>Mamerca (Mam.)</li> <li>Mania (M'.)</li> <li>Marcia (M.)</li> <li>Maxima</li> <li>Mettia</li> <li>Mino (Min.)</li> <li>Nona</li> <li>Numeria (N.)</li> <li>Octavia (Oct.)</li> <li>Paulla</li> <li>Postuma (Post.)</li> <li>Prima</li> <li>Procula (Pro.)</li> <li>Publia (P.)</li> <li>Quarta</li> <li>Quinta (Q.)</li> <li>Secunda (Seq.)</li> <li>Septima</li> <li>Servia (Ser.)</li> <li>Sexta (Sex.)</li> <li>Spuria (Sp.)</li> <li>Statia (St.)</li> <li>Tertia</li> <li>Tiberia (Ti.)</li> <li>Titia (T.)</li> <li>Tulla</li> <li>Vibia (V.)</li> <li>Volusa (Vol.)</li> <li>Vopisca (Vop.)</li></ul> </div> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li><i>Maio</i> and <i>Mino</i> are the forms usually found as praenomina, although <i>Major</i> and <i>Minor</i> are also found. As cognomina, <i>Major</i> and <i>Minor</i> seem to have been preferred.</li> <li><i>Secunda</i> was usually abbreviated <i>Seq.</i>, although <i>Sec.</i> is also common. In archaic Latin, C was used primarily before E and I, while Q appeared before O and U, and K before A. In a few instances the name is written <i>Sequnda</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_meaning_of_praenomina">The meaning of praenomina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The meaning of praenomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philologists have debated the origin and meaning of these names since classical antiquity. However, many of the meanings popularly assigned to various praenomina appear to have been no more than "folk etymology". The names derived from numbers are the most certain. The masculine names Quintus, Sextus, Septimus, Octavius and Decimus, and the feminine names Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Septima, Octavia, Nona and Decima are all based on <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_numeral" title="Ordinal numeral">ordinal numerals</a>. There may also have been a praenomen Nonus, as there was a gens with the apparently patronymic name of Nonius, although no examples of its use as a praenomen have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has historically been held that these names originally referred to the order of a child's birth, but some scholars have argued that they in fact referred to the month of the Roman calendar in which a child was born.<sup id="cite_ref-petersen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the masculine praenomina, the months of the old Roman Calendar had names based on the numbers five through ten: Quintilis (July), Sextilis (August), September, October, November, and December. However, this hypothesis is nuanced, requiring that the feminine praenomina Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarta be explained by birth order and that Septimus, Octavius, and perhaps Nonus fell into disuse as praenomina over time, whilst continuing as gentilician names.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-petersen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petersen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other praenomina were believed to refer to the circumstances of a child's birth; for instance, Agrippa was said to refer to a child who was born feet-first; Caeso to a child born by the operation known today as a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>; Lucius to one born at dawn; Manius to one born in the morning; Numerius to one born easily; Opiter to one whose father had died, leaving his grandfather as head of the family; Postumus to a last-born child (whether or not the father was dead); Proculus to one whose father was far away; Vopiscus to the survivor of twins, the other of whom was born dead. Most of these are not based on credible etymology, although the meanings assigned to Lucius, Manius, and Postumus are probably reasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst other credible meanings assigned to praenomina, Faustus certainly means "fortunate" in Latin; Gaius is thought to derive from the same root as <i>gaudere</i>, "to rejoice"; Gnaeus refers to a birthmark; Marcus and Mamercus refer to the gods Mars and Mamers (perhaps an Oscan manifestation of Mars); Paullus means "small"; Servius appears to be derived from the same root as <i>servare</i>, <i>to save</i> or "to keep safe"; Volusus (also found as Volesus and Volero) seems to come from <i>valere</i>, "to be strong".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One popular etymology that is certainly not correct belongs to Spurius, a praenomen that was amongst the most common, and favored by many leading patrician and plebeian families during the early Republic. It was later said that it was a contraction of the phrase, <i>sine pater filius</i>, "son without a father", and thus used for children born out of wedlock. This belief may have led to the gradual disappearance of the name during the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appius is sometimes said to be of Oscan origin, since it is known chiefly from the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Sabinus_Regillensis" title="Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis">Appius Claudius</a>, a Sabine from the town of Cures, who came to Rome in the early years of the Republic, and was admitted to the Patriciate. His original name was said to be Attius Clausus, which he then Romanized. However, the praenomen Appius is known from other Latin sources, and may simply represent the Latin name closest in sound to Attius.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aulus, Publius, Spurius, and Tiberius are sometimes attributed to Etruscan, in which language they are all common, although these names were also typical of praenomina used in families of indisputably Latin origin, such as the Postumii or the Cornelii. In this instance, it cannot be determined with any certainty whether these were Latin names which were borrowed by the Etruscans, or vice versa. The best case may be for Tiberius being an Etruscan name, since that praenomen was always connected with the sacred river on the boundary of Etruria and Latium, and the Etruscan name for the Tiber was <i>Thebris</i>. However, it still may be that the Romans knew the river by this name when the praenomen came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_trends">Historical trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many families, particularly amongst the great patrician houses, limited themselves to a small number of praenomina, probably as a means of distinguishing themselves from one another and from the plebeians, who used a wider variety of names. For example, the Cornelii used Aulus, Gnaeus, Lucius, Marcus, Publius, Servius, and Tiberius; the Julii limited themselves to Lucius, Gaius, Sextus, and Vopiscus; the Claudii were fond of Appius, Gaius, and Publius; the Postumii favored Aulus, Gaius, Lucius, Publius, and Spurius; and so on. The most prominent plebeian families also tended to limit the names of which they made regular use, although amongst both social classes, there must have been exceptions whenever a family had a large number of sons.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many families avoided certain names, although the reasons varied. According to legend, the Junii avoided the names Titus and Tiberius because they were the names of two sons of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, the founder of the Republic, who were executed on the grounds that they had plotted to restore the king to power. Another legend relates that after <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a> was condemned for treason, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> decreed that no member of <i>gens Manlia</i> should bear the praenomen Marcus, a tradition that seems to have been followed until the first century. However, normally such matters were left to the discretion of the family. In most instances, the reason why certain praenomina were preferred and others avoided probably arose from the desire to pass on family names.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several names were used by only a few patrician families, although they were more widespread amongst the plebeians. For example: Appius was used only by the Claudii, Caeso by the Fabii and the Quinctii, Agrippa by the Furii and the Menenii, Numerius by the Fabii, Mamercus by the Aemilii and the Pinarii, Vopiscus only by the Julii, and Decimus was not used by any patrician family (unless the Junii were, as is sometimes believed, originally patrician), although it was widely used amongst the plebeians.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Roman history, the most common praenomen was Lucius, followed by Gaius, with Marcus in third place. During the most conservative periods, these three names could account for as much as fifty percent of the adult male population. At some distance were Publius and Quintus, only about half as common as Lucius, distantly followed by Titus. Aulus, Gnaeus, Spurius, Sextus, and Servius were less common, followed by Manius, Tiberius, Caeso, Numerius, and Decimus, which were decidedly uncommon (at least amongst the patricians) during the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Republican times, the number of praenomina in general use declined, but older names were occasionally revived by noble families, and occasionally anomalous names such as Ancus, Iulus, or Kanus were given. Some of these may have been ancient praenomina that had already passed out of common use by the early Republic. As they vanished from use as personal names, many older praenomina, such as Agrippa, Faustus, Mamercus, Paullus, Postumus, Proculus, and Vopiscus were revived as cognomina. Other examples of names that may once have been praenomina include Fusus, an early cognomen of <i>gens Furia</i>, and Cossus, a cognomen of <i>gens Cornelia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the first century BC, the praenomina remaining in general use at Rome were: Appius, Aulus, Caeso, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Servius, Sextus, Spurius, Titus, and Tiberius. However, older names continued to be revived from time to time, especially in noble families, and they probably continued to be used outside Rome. By the second century, several of these names had also passed out of general use at Rome, leaving Aulus, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Sextus, Titus, and Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the empire, confusion seems to have developed as to precisely what constituted a praenomen and how it should be used. A number of emperors considered <i>Imperator</i> as a praenomen, and thus part of their names. As a larger percentage of the Roman populace came from backgrounds that had never used traditional Roman names, the praenomen was frequently omitted, or at least ignored. In its place, an increasing number of magistrates and officials placed common nomina, frequently with praenomen-like abbreviations. The most common of these were Flavius (Fl.), Claudius (Cl.), Julius, Junius, Valerius (Val.), and Aurelius. These names appear almost arbitrarily, much like praenomina, and probably were intended to imply nobility, although ultimately they became so common as to lose any real significance.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oscan_and_Umbrian_praenomina">Oscan and Umbrian praenomina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oscan and Umbrian praenomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Oscan praenomina appear throughout Roman history, as the Romans encountered both friendly and hostile tribes, and slowly absorbed the peoples of Italy into their sphere of influence. Umbrian praenomina are less well-known, but appear to have been similar to those of the Oscans. Although it is widely believed that the Latin praenomen <i>Mamercus</i> was of Oscan origin, since <i>Mamers</i> was a Sabine form of Mars, it is not clear to what extent the two cultures (which sprang from the same origin) borrowed praenomina from one another, and to what extent they shared names based on roots common to each language.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is impossible to provide a complete list of Oscan praenomina, but these names are clearly identifiable in extant histories and inscriptions. Abbreviations do exist for some of them, but they were less regular, and less regularly employed, than the Latin abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Ancus</li> <li>Attius</li> <li>Decius</li> <li>Herius</li> <li>Marius</li> <li>Mettius</li> <li>Minatus</li> <li>Minius</li> <li>Nerius</li> <li>Novius</li> <li>Numa</li> <li>Numerius</li> <li>Ovius</li> <li>Paccius</li> <li>Pompo</li> <li>Salvius</li> <li>Seppius</li> <li>Statius</li> <li>Taurus</li> <li>Trebius</li> <li>Vibius</li> <li>Vettius</li></ul> </div> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>The <i>-ius</i> ending found in Latin sources is frequently found as <i>-is</i> or <i>-iis</i> in Oscan inscriptions.</li> <li>Ancus is known from only two sources: <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>, the fourth King of Rome, who was of Sabine ancestry, and Ancus Publicius, an early member of a plebeian gens.</li> <li>Attius may be the Oscan equivalent of the Latin praenomen Appius, since the Sabine Attius Clausus took the name Appius Claudius upon settling at Rome; however, it could also simply have been the closest praenomen in sound.</li> <li>Decius, Pompo (and variations thereof), and Seppius are the Oscan equivalents of the Latin praenomina Decimus, Quintus, and Septimus. A 'P' in Oscan frequently corresponded to a 'Q' in Latin.</li> <li>Nerius, or Nero, a praenomen common to Oscan and Umbrian, was said to mean <i>fortis ac strenuus</i>, that is, "strong" or "vigorous".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etruscan_praenomina">Etruscan praenomina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Etruscan praenomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> was unrelated to the other languages spoken in Italy, and accordingly it contains many names which have no equivalents in the Latin or Oscan languages. The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, the most advanced of its time in that region, was a strong influence on the other peoples of Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a> (itself based on an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Western or "Red" Greek alphabet</a>) was the source for later Italian alphabets, including the modern <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. </p><p>However, the cultural interchange was not all one-way. With respect to personal names, the Etruscans borrowed a large number of praenomina from Latin and Oscan, adding them to their own unique names.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Etruscan language is still imperfectly known, and the number of inscriptions are limited, so this list of Etruscan praenomina encompasses what has been discovered to this point. Included are names that are certainly praenomina, no matter their linguistic origin. Names that might be nomina or cognomina have not been included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine_names_2">Masculine names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Masculine names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arruns" title="Arruns">Arruns</a> (Ar.)</li> <li>Aule (A.)</li> <li>Cae (C.)</li> <li>Caeles</li> <li>Cneve (Cn.)</li> <li>Karcuna</li> <li>Lar</li> <li>Larce</li> <li>Laris (Lr.)</li> <li>Larth (La., Lth.)</li> <li>Lucie (L.)</li> <li>Mamarce (Mam.)</li> <li>Marce (M.)</li> <li>Maximus</li> <li>Metie</li> <li>Pavle</li> <li>Puplie (P.)</li> <li>Sethre (Se.)</li> <li>Spurie (S.)</li> <li>Thefarie</li> <li>Tite (T.)</li> <li>Uchtave</li> <li>Vel (Vl.)</li> <li>Velthur (Vth.)</li> <li>Vipie (V.)</li></ul> </div> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>The Romans rendered Lar, Larce, Laris, and Larth all as Lars.</li> <li>Aule, Cae, Cneve, Lucie, Mamarce, Marce, Metie, Pavle, Puplie, Spurie, Tite, Thefarie, Uchtave, and Vipie may be recognized as the Latin praenomina Aulus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Marcus, Mettius, Paullus, Publius, Spurius, Titus, Tiberius, Octavius, and Vibius. There is no agreement on whether any of these were borrowed from Etruscan, or whether all were originally Latin.</li> <li>The Etruscans used a number of diminutives for both masculine and feminine names, including the masculine names Arnza (from Arruns), Venel, and Venox (from Vel).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine_names_2">Feminine names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Feminine names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Fasti (F.)</li> <li>Hasti (H.)</li> <li>Larthi</li> <li>Lethi</li> <li>Ramtha (R.)</li> <li>Ravnthu</li> <li>Tanaquil (Thx.)</li> <li>Thana (Th.)</li> <li>Titia (T.)</li> <li>Vela</li></ul> </div> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>Fasti may be borrowed from the Latin praenomen Fausta. Hasti may be a variant of the same name.</li> <li>An example of a diminutive of a feminine praenomen is Ravntzu (from Ranvthu).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 2nd Ed. (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith, <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChase1897" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, George Davis (1 January 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-310491/310491_djvu.txt">"The Origin of Roman Praenomina"</a>. <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>VIII</b>: 103–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310491">10.2307/310491</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310491">310491</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Roman+Praenomina&rft.volume=VIII&rft.pages=103-184&rft.date=1897-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F310491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F310491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=George+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjstor-310491%2F310491_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraenomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">T. R. S. Broughton</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of the Roman Republic">Magistrates of the Roman Republic</a></i> (1952)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kajava-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mika_Kajava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mika Kajava (page does not exist)">Mika Kajava</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Kajava" class="extiw" title="fi:Mika Kajava">fi</a>]</span>, <i>Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women</i> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petersen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petersen_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petersen_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1962" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Hans (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283767">"The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans"</a>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>93</b>: 347–354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Numeral+Praenomina+of+the+Romans&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=347-354&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraenomen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1964-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1964_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Heurgon" title="Jacques Heurgon">Jacques Heurgon</a>, <i>Daily Life of the Etruscans</i> (1964)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Roman_praenomina" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Roman praenomina">wikt:Appendix:Roman praenomina</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Praenomen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Praenomina" title="Template:Praenomina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Praenomina" title="Template talk:Praenomina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Praenomina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Praenomina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Praenomen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Praenomen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appius" title="Appius">Appius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_(praenomen)" title="Aulus (praenomen)">Aulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeso_(praenomen)" title="Caeso (praenomen)">Caeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimus_(praenomen)" title="Decimus (praenomen)">Decimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)" title="Gaius (praenomen)">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_(praenomen)" title="Gnaeus (praenomen)">Gnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)" title="Lucius (praenomen)">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamercus_(praenomen)" title="Mamercus (praenomen)">Mamercus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manius_(praenomen)" title="Manius (praenomen)">Manius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerius_(praenomen)" title="Numerius (praenomen)">Numerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)" title="Publius (praenomen)">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(praenomen)" title="Quintus (praenomen)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_(praenomen)" title="Servius (praenomen)">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_(praenomen)" title="Sextus (praenomen)">Sextus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurius_(praenomen)" title="Spurius (praenomen)">Spurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(praenomen)" title="Tiberius (praenomen)">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)" title="Titus (praenomen)">Titus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncommon or archaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(praenomen)" title="Agrippa (praenomen)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_(praenomen)" title="Faustus (praenomen)">Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostus_(praenomen)" title="Hostus (praenomen)">Hostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettius_(praenomen)" title="Mettius (praenomen)">Mettius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonus_(praenomen)" title="Nonus (praenomen)">Nonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavius_(praenomen)" title="Octavius (praenomen)">Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiter_(praenomen)" title="Opiter (praenomen)">Opiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paullus_(praenomen)" title="Paullus (praenomen)">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postumus_(praenomen)" title="Postumus (praenomen)">Postumus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proculus_(praenomen)" title="Proculus (praenomen)">Proculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimus_(praenomen)" title="Septimus (praenomen)">Septimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertor_(praenomen)" title="Sertor (praenomen)">Sertor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius_(praenomen)" title="Statius (praenomen)">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_(praenomen)" title="Tullus (praenomen)">Tullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibius_(praenomen)" title="Vibius (praenomen)">Vibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volesus_(praenomen)" title="Volesus (praenomen)">Volesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vopiscus_(praenomen)" title="Vopiscus (praenomen)">Vopiscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tria_nomina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tria nomina">Tria nomina</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&oldid=1254699925">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&oldid=1254699925</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_praenomina" title="Category:Ancient Roman praenomina">Ancient Roman praenomina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_naming_conventions" 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