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aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ_ਖੋਜ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ_ਖੋਜ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ ਖੋਜ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ_ਖੋਜ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਖੋਜ_ਫੰਡਿੰਗ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਖੋਜ_ਫੰਡਿੰਗ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਖੋਜ ਫੰਡਿੰਗ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਖੋਜ_ਫੰਡਿੰਗ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਖੋਜ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 106 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navorsing" title="Navorsing – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Navorsing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Investigación – ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Investigación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="بحث علمي – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحث علمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="গৱেষণা – ਅਸਾਮੀ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৱেষণা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Investigación – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Investigación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99dqiq" title="Tədqiq – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tədqiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsaligsig" title="Pagsaligsig – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagsaligsig" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Даследаванне – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даследаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дасьледаваньне – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дасьледаваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Изследване – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изследване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="रिसर्च – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिसर्च" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paitihan" title="Paitihan – ਬੰਜਰ" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Paitihan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਜਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%9Dinini" title="Ɲinini – ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ɲinini" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="গবেষণা – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গবেষণা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞིབ་འཇུག། – ਤਿੱਬਤੀ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞིབ་འཇུག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEivanje" title="Istraživanje – ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istraživanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3" title="Investigació – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Investigació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="کۆڵینەوە – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆڵینەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricerca" title="Ricerca – ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ricerca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDzkum" title="Výzkum – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výzkum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymchwil" title="Ymchwil – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymchwil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskning" title="Forskning – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forskning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschung" title="Forschung – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forschung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Επιστημονική έρευνα – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονική έρευνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Research" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienca_esplorado" title="Scienca esplorado – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienca esplorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Investigación – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Investigación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaduslik_uurimist%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Teaduslik uurimistöö – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teaduslik uurimistöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerkuntza" title="Ikerkuntza – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikerkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4" title="پژوهش – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پژوهش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutkimus" title="Tutkimus – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_scientifique" title="Recherche scientifique – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Recherche scientifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigazion" title="Investigazion – ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Investigazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taighde" title="Taighde – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taighde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Investigación – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Investigación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundaha" title="Kundaha – ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kundaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bincike" title="Bincike – ਹੌਸਾ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bincike" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ਹੌਸਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%AAn-kiu" title="Ngiên-kiu – ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiên-kiu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="מחקר – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अनुसंधान – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुसंधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEivanje" title="Istraživanje – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istraživanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rech%C3%A8ch" title="Rechèch – ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rechèch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutat%C3%A1s" title="Kutatás – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kutatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelitian" title="Penelitian – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penelitian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencala_explorado" title="Ciencala explorado – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciencala explorado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranns%C3%B3kn" title="Rannsókn – ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rannsókn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricerca_scientifica" title="Ricerca scientifica – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ricerca scientifica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究 – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="研究" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlit%C3%A8n" title="Panlitèn – ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panlitèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ – ਕੰਨੜ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ਕੰਨੜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="연구 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%94%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%82" title="تٔحقیٖق – ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٔحقیٖق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAkol%C3%AEn" title="Lêkolîn – ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lêkolîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquisitio_scientifica" title="Disquisitio scientifica – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Disquisitio scientifica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerschung" title="Fuerschung – ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fuerschung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduka" title="Nduka – ਲਿੰਗਾਲਾ" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nduka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ਲਿੰਗਾਲਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslinis_tyrimas" title="Mokslinis tyrimas – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslinis tyrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93tniec%C4%ABba" title="Pētniecība – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pētniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഗവേഷണം – ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗവേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Судалгаа – ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Судалгаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="संशोधन – ਮਰਾਠੀ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संशोधन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ਮਰਾਠੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelidikan" title="Penyelidikan – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyelidikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94" title="သုတေသန – ਬਰਮੀ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သုတေသန" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ਬਰਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अनुसन्धान – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अनुसन्धान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschappelijk_onderzoek" title="Wetenschappelijk onderzoek – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschappelijk onderzoek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsking" title="Forsking – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forsking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskning" title="Forskning – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forskning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec%C3%A8rca" title="Recèrca – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Recèrca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badania_naukowe" title="Badania naukowe – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Badania naukowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%DB%90%DA%93%D9%86%D9%87" title="څېړنه – ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څېړنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesquisa" title="Pesquisa – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pesquisa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27uskiykuy" title="K'uskiykuy – ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'uskiykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercetare" title="Cercetare – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cercetare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Исследование – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исследование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="संशोधनस्य प्रयोजनानि – ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संशोधनस्य प्रयोजनानि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ – ਸੰਥਾਲੀ" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ਸੰਥਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resairch" title="Resairch – ਸਕਾਟਸ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Resairch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82" title="تحقيق – ਸਿੰਧੀ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تحقيق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਧੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEivanje" title="Istraživanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istraživanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB" title="පර්යේෂණ – ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පර්යේෂණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Research" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDskum" title="Výskum – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výskum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raziskovanje" title="Raziskovanje – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raziskovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilmi_Baaris" title="Cilmi Baaris – ਸੋਮਾਲੀ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cilmi Baaris" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ਸੋਮਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulumtimi" title="Hulumtimi – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hulumtimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Истраживање – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истраживање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panalungtikan" title="Panalungtikan – ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panalungtikan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskning" title="Forskning – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Forskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utafiti" title="Utafiti – ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utafiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஆய்வு – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8" title="పరిశోధన – ਤੇਲਗੂ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరిశోధన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ਤੇਲਗੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="การวิจัย – ਥਾਈ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวิจัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ਥਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pananaliksik" title="Pananaliksik – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pananaliksik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma" title="Araştırma – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Araştırma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Фәнни тикшеренү – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәнни тикшеренү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дослідження – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дослідження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82" title="تحقیق – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحقیق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiy_tadqiqot" title="Ilmiy tadqiqot – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilmiy tadqiqot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricerca" title="Ricerca – ਵੇਨੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ricerca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ਵੇਨੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u" title="Nghiên cứu – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghiên cứu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhalikw%C3%A1t" title="Panhalikwát – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panhalikwát" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="研究" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פארשונג – ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארשונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="研究" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="研究" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucwaningo" title="Ucwaningo – ਜ਼ੁਲੂ" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ucwaningo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ਜ਼ੁਲੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਦਿੱਖ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg/220px-Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="509" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg/330px-Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg/440px-Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="5032" /></a><figcaption>"ਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਮਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਫੜੀ ਖੋਜ ਦੀ ਮੂਰਤੀ" (1896) ਓਲਿਨ ਲੇਵੀ ਵਾਰਨਰ ਦੁਆਰਾ।ਕਾਂਗਰਸ ਦੀ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀ, ਥਾਮਸ ਜੇਫਰਸਨ ਬਿਲਡਿੰਗ, ਵਾਸ਼ਿੰਗਟਨ, ਡੀ.ਸੀ.<br /></figcaption></figure> <p><b>ਖੋਜ</b> (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ: <b>Research</b>) ਮਤਲਬ "ਰਚਨਾਤਮਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਕੰਮ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਵਧਾਉਣ, ਮਨੁੱਖਾਂ, ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜ ਦੇ ਗਿਆਨ ਸਮੇਤ ਅਤੇ ਨਵੀਆਂ ਅਰਜ਼ੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਸਟਾਕ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਹ ਤੱਥ ਸਥਾਪਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਜਾਂ ਪੁਸ਼ਟੀ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਪਿਛਲੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੇ ਨਤੀਜਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੜ ਪੁਸ਼ਟੀ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਨਵੇਂ ਜਾਂ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਸਮੱਸਿਆਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹੱਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਮ ਦੀ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਾਂ ਨਵੇਂ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਵਿਕਸਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇੱਕ ਖੋਜ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਕੰਮ 'ਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਸਥਾਰ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। ਖੋਜ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟ ਕਿਸੇ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਕਸਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਜਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਸਕੂਲੀ ਖੋਜ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟ ਦੀ ਮਿਸਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਭਵਿੱਖ ਦੀਆਂ ਨੌਕਰੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਰਿਪੋਰਟਾਂ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਦੇ ਖੋਜੀ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। ਯੰਤਰਾਂ, ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਿਕਤਾ ਦੀ ਜਾਂਚ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ, ਖੋਜ ਪ੍ਰਾਜੈਕਟ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟ ਦੇ ਪੂਰੇ ਤੱਤ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੀ ਹੈ। ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਖੋਜਾਂ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਲਈ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼, ਖੋਜ, ਵਿਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂ ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ (ਆਰ ਐਂਡ ਡੀ) ਹਨ। ਖੋਜ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਰੂਪ ਹਨ: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ">ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਲਾਤਮਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਲਾਤਮਕ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਰਥਿਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਰਥਿਕ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਮਾਜਿਕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਵਪਾਰ">ਵਪਾਰ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਾਰਕਿਟਿੰਗ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਾਰਕਿਟਿੰਗ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਪ੍ਰੈਕਟੀਸ਼ਨਰ ਖੋਜ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਪ੍ਰੈਕਟੀਸ਼ਨਰ ਖੋਜ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵਨ">ਜੀਵਨ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ">ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ</a>, ਆਦਿ.। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ_ਖੋਜ"><span id=".E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.97.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.95_.E0.A8.96.E0.A9.8B.E0.A8.9C"></span>ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ ਖੋਜ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ ਖੋਜ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ, ਖੋਜ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਸੇ ਖਾਸ ਸੰਸਥਾਗਤ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ ਦਾ ਅਨੁਸਰਣ ਸਮਝਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਭਾਵੇਂ ਪਗ਼ਲਾਕਾਰ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਵਸਤੂ ਅਤੇ ਖੋਜਕਰਤਾ ਦੇ ਆਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਵੱਖ-ਵੱਖ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ, ਫਿਰ ਵੀ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਕਦਮਾਂ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤੇ ਰਸਮੀ ਖੋਜਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਲਾਗੂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਹਨ:  </p> <ol><li><b>ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਵਸਤੂ:</b> ਇੱਕ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਵਾਲੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਖੇਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਖੇਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਬੰਧਤ ਖੋਜ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ। ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਖੇਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬ ਨਾਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਚੁਣਿਆ ਜਾਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾੜੇ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲਗਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਵਿਸ਼ਾ ਤੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਨ ਪੜ੍ਹਨ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਰੂਰਤ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਖੋਜਕਰਤਾ ਤੰਗ ਹੋਣ ਦਾ ਇਰਾਦਾ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ। ਚੁਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਖੇਤਰ ਦੇ ਖੇਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਹਿਰੀ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਹੈ। ਖੋਜ ਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੀ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਗਿਆਨ ਨੂੰ ਮਹੱਤਵ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਇਜ਼ ਠਹਿਰਾਉਣਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ।</li> <li><b>ਹਾਇਪੋਥੀਸਿਸ:</b> ਇੱਕ ਜਾਂਚਯੋਗ ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ, ਜੋ ਦੋ ਜਾਂ ਦੋ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਵੇਰੀਏਬਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਿਯੰਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ।</li> <li><b>ਸੰਕਲਪ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ:</b> ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ ਸੰਕਲਪਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਕਰਕੇ ਇੱਕ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ।  </li> <li><b>ਅਪਰੇਸ਼ਨਲ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ:</b> ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਸੰਬੰਧ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੇਰਵਾ ਅਤੇ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਾਪੇ / ਅਨੁਮਾਨਿਤ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਣਗੇ।</li> <li><b>ਡੈਟਾ ਇਕੱਠਾ ਕਰਨਾ:</b> ਖਾਸ ਖੋਜ ਯੰਤਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਕੇ ਆਬਾਦੀ ਦੀ ਪਛਾਣ ਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਨਮੂਨਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ ਕਰਨ, ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਮੂਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਇਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਇੱਕਤਰ ਕਰਨਾ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੈ। ਡਾਟਾ ਇਕੱਤਰ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਯੰਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਕ ਅਤੇ ਭਰੋਸੇਮੰਦ ਹੋਣੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਹਨ। </li> <li><b>ਡੈਟਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ:</b> ਇਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਿੱਟੇ ਕੱਢਣ ਲਈ ਵਿਅਕਤੀਗਤ ਟੁਕੜਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਅੰਕੜੇ ਨੂੰ ਤੋੜਨਾ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹੈ। </li> <li><b>ਡੈਟਾ ਇੰਟਰਪਰੇਟੇਸ਼ਨ:</b> ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਟੇਬਲ, ਅੋਪਰਜ਼, ਅਤੇ ਤਸਵੀਰਾਂ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਦਰਸਾਇਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। </li> <li>ਹਾਇਪੋਥੀਸਿਸ ਦੇ <b>ਰੀਵਿਊਜ਼ਿੰਗ</b> <b>ਟੈਸਟ</b> </li> <li><b>ਸਿੱਟਾ</b>, ਜੇ ਲੋੜ ਪਵੇ ਤਾਂ ਪੁਨਰ-ਵਿਚਾਰ ਕਰੋ।</li></ol> <p>ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਵਿਧੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਕਨੀਕ ਅਤੇ ਦਿਸ਼ਾ-ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਸ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਸ੍ਰੋਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਾਂ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਫਿਰ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਹੈ। ਵੱਖ ਵੱਖ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਦਿਸ਼ਾ-ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਆਪਣੇ ਕੰਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਾਹਰੀ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ, ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਦੇ ਸਿਰਲੇਖ ਹੇਠ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੱਟ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਸੂਮ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੈ। ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਅਤੇ ਖੋਜਕਰਤਾ ਦੇ ਆਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਵੱਖੋ-ਵੱਖਰੀਆਂ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-Garraghan_(1946)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraghan_(1946)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਖੋਜ_ਫੰਡਿੰਗ"><span id=".E0.A8.96.E0.A9.8B.E0.A8.9C_.E0.A8.AB.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.A1.E0.A8.BF.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.97"></span>ਖੋਜ ਫੰਡਿੰਗ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਖੋਜ ਫੰਡਿੰਗ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਖੋਜ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਫੰਡ ਤਿੰਨ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਸਰੋਤਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ: ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਟ ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਵਿਭਾਗ; ਪ੍ਰਾਈਵੇਟ ਬੁਨਿਆਦਾ, ਉਦਾਹਰਣ ਵਜੋਂ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਿਲ ਅਤੇ ਮੈਲਿੰਡਾ ਗੇਟਸ ਫ਼ਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ">ਬਿਲ ਅਤੇ ਮੇਲਿੰਡਾ ਗੇਟਸ ਫਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ</a>; ਅਤੇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਖੋਜ ਕੌਂਸਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਖੋਜ ਕੌਂਸਲਾਂ</a> ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਯੂ.ਐੱਸ.ਏ. ਵਿੱਚ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਇੰਸਟੀਚਿਊਟ ਆਫ ਹੈਲਥ ਅਤੇ ਯੂਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੈਡੀਕਲ ਰਿਸਰਚ ਕੌਂਸਲ। ਇਹ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ">ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀਆਂ</a> ਦੁਆਰਾ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਝ ਮਾਮਲਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਫੌਜੀ ਠੇਕੇਦਾਰਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਸੀਨੀਅਰ ਖੋਜੀ (ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਸਮੂਹ ਲੀਡਰ) ਰਿਸਰਚ ਫੰਡਾਂ ਲਈ ਅਨੁਦਾਨਾਂ ਲਈ ਅਰਜ਼ੀ ਦੇਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ ਸਮਾਂ ਖਰਚ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਗ੍ਰਾਂਟਾਂ ਨਾ ਸਿਰਫ ਖੋਜਕਰਤਾਵਾਂ ਲਈ ਆਪਣੇ ਖੋਜ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਗੂ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹਨ ਬਲਕਿ ਮੈਰਿਟ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਵੀ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved on 27 October 2017 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garraghan_(1946)-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Garraghan_(1946)_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarraghan1946" class="citation book cs1">Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetohistorica0000garr"><i>A Guide to Historical Method</i></a>. New York: Fordham University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetohistorica0000garr/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/0-8371-7132-6" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/0-8371-7132-6"><bdi>0-8371-7132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Historical+Method&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=0-8371-7132-6&rft.aulast=Garraghan&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetohistorica0000garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://report.nih.gov/">"NIH Reporter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIH+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freport.nih.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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