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id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signatory_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signatory_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Signatory groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signatory_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Political representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Ethnic makeup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size,_growth_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size,_growth_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Size, growth and composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size,_growth_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_by_the_U.S.-led_coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_by_the_U.S.-led_coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Support by the U.S.-led coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_by_the_U.S.-led_coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reported internal conflict between SDF factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing_and_forced_displacement_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_cleansing_and_forced_displacement_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnic cleansing and forced displacement allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing_and_forced_displacement_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting_of_protesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_of_protesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Shooting of protesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_of_protesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Syrian Democratic Forces</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوات سوريا الديمقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوات سوريا الديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Demokratik_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Suriya Demokratik Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya Demokratik Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C4%AB-a_B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA-kun" title="Su-lī-a Bîn-chú-kun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lī-a Bîn-chú-kun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Дэмакратычныя сілы Сірыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратычныя сілы Сірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerzhio%C3%B9_Demokratel_Siria" title="Nerzhioù Demokratel Siria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nerzhioù Demokratel Siria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Democr%C3%A0tiques_Sirianes" title="Forces Democràtiques Sirianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Democràtiques Sirianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsk%C3%A9_demokratick%C3%A9_s%C3%ADly" title="Syrské demokratické síly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrské demokratické síly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Kr%C3%A4fte_Syriens" title="Demokratische Kräfte Syriens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratische Kräfte Syriens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Συριακές Δημοκρατικές Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακές Δημοκρατικές Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Democr%C3%A1ticas_Sirias" title="Fuerzas Democráticas Sirias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Democráticas Sirias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriaj_Demokratiaj_Fortoj" title="Siriaj Demokratiaj Fortoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siriaj Demokratiaj Fortoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیروهای دموکراتیک سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای دموکراتیک سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes" title="Forces démocratiques syriennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces démocratiques syriennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%B0" title="시리아 민주군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아 민주군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիրիայի դեմոկրատական ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիայի դեմոկրատական ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijske_demokratske_snage" title="Sirijske demokratske snage – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirijske demokratske snage" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Demokratik_Suriah" title="Pasukan Demokratik Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasukan Demokratik Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0issveitir_S%C3%BDrlands" title="Lýðræðissveitir Sýrlands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðræðissveitir Sýrlands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_Democratiche_Siriane" title="Forze Democratiche Siriane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze Democratiche Siriane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הכוחות הסוריים הדמוקרטיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוחות הסוריים הדמוקרטיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_S%C3%BBriya_Demokrat%C3%AEk" title="Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABrijas_demokr%C4%81tiskie_sp%C4%93ki" title="Sīrijas demokrātiskie spēki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīrijas demokrātiskie spēki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сириски демократски сили – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сириски демократски сили" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Democratische_Strijdkrachten" title="Syrische Democratische Strijdkrachten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrische Democratische Strijdkrachten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BB%8D" title="シリア民主軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア民主軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syrian Democratic Forces" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Demokratik_kuchlari" title="Suriya Demokratik kuchlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suriya Demokratik kuchlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syryjskie_Si%C5%82y_Demokratyczne" title="Syryjskie Siły Demokratyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syryjskie Siły Demokratyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Democr%C3%A1ticas_S%C3%ADrias" title="Forças Democráticas Sírias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Democráticas Sírias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C8%9Bele_Democratice_Siriene" title="Forțele Democratice Siriene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Forțele Democratice Siriene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Сирийские демократические силы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийские демократические силы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھێزەکانی سووریای دیموکرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Alliance in the Syrian civil war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Syrian Democratic Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>قوات سوريا الديمقراطية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li> <li>Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</li> <li>ܚܝ̈ܠܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/200px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/300px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/400px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a> (SDF general)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kino_Gabriel" title="Kino Gabriel">Kino Gabriel</a> (SDF spokesman)<a href="#cite_note-SDF_Press-2018-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferhad_%C5%9Eam%C3%AE" title="Ferhad Şamî">Ferhad Şamî</a> (SDF spokesman)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 2015 – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of groups</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Groups based in all of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Northeastern Syria</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/23px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/35px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/46px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Defense Units</a> (YPG) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/YPG_International.svg/23px-YPG_International.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/YPG_International.svg/35px-YPG_International.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/YPG_International.svg/46px-YPG_International.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/YPG_International" title="YPG International">YPG International Battalion</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/25px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/38px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/50px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a> (YAT, part of YPG & YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png/25px-Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png/38px-Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png/50px-Flag_of_the_Seljuk_Brigade.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Brigade" title="Seljuk Brigade">Seljuk Brigade</a> <ul><li>Hammam Turkmen Martyrs Brigade</li></ul></li> <li>Special Forces Regiment<a href="#cite_note-ANHA-2018-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">Sapper</a> unit<a href="#cite_note-DVIDS-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Syrian Democratic Forces military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Komandos" title="Hêzên Komandos">Hêzên Komandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Haroun_Units" title="Martyr Haroun Units">Martyr Haroun Units</a></li></ul></li> <li>Groups based in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gozartoflag.svg/23px-Gozartoflag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gozartoflag.svg/35px-Gozartoflag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gozartoflag.svg/45px-Gozartoflag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council#Syriac-Assyrian_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac-Assyrian Military Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (MFS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethnahrain_Women%27s_Protection_Forces" title="Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces">Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Special Forces unit</li></ul></li> <li>Ashur Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_Guards" title="Khabur Guards">Khabour Guards</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Wasl-2017-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>Martyr Joel Hanna[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nattoreh" title="Nattoreh">Nattoreh</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Wasl-2017-10">[10]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Nubar_Ozanyan_Brigade" title="Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade">Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-ANF_News-2019-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> tribe militias<a href="#cite_note-Wilgenburg-2013-12">[12]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilgenburg-2013-12">[12]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> tribe militias<a href="#cite_note-ARA-2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_News-2016-14">[14]</a> <ul><li>Desert Hawks Brigade<a href="#cite_note-ARA-2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_News-2016-14">[14]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%27s_Tomorrow_Movement#Military_wing" title="Syria's Tomorrow Movement">Elite Forces</a> (unclear)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a> Battalion<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Free Officers Union (unclear)<a href="#cite_note-Sultan-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miste-2016-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANF-2016-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">Al-Baggara</a> tribe militias</li> <li>Harabiyya tribe militias<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Zubayd tribe militias<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Military_Council" title="Deir ez-Zor Military Council">Deir ez-Zor Military Council</a><a href="#cite_note-Enabbaladi-2016-22">[22]</a> <ul><li>Gathering of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">al-Baggara</a> Youth</li></ul></li> <li>Martyr Amara Arab Women's Battalion<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilgenburg-2017-24">[24]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Groups based in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> <ul><li>Tell Abyad Revolutionaries Brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Salam#Liberation_Brigade" title="Jaysh al-Salam">Liberation Brigade</a> (pro-SDF faction) <a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-2016-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarabulus-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> <ul><li>Martyr Qasim Areef Battalion<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jazeera Knights Brigade<a href="#cite_note-AHNA-2017-28">[28]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Groups based in the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a>, Manbij Region, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> city (including <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a>), withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> in March 2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Jabhat al-Akrad</a> <ul><li>Shahba Women's Front<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Tel Rifaat Revolutionaries Battalion<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_30" title="Division 30">Division 30</a> remnants<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Homs Commandos Brigade</li> <li>99th Infantry Brigade</li> <li>455th Special Tasks Brigade</li> <li>Tribal Forces<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Shahba Forces<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Battalion of Karachok Martyrs<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Revolutionary Forces<a href="#cite_note-Al-Shamia-2017-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Brigade For The Liberation of Idlib and Afrin<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Wrath of Olives Operation Room</li> <li>Afrin Liberation Forces<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Groups based in the Manbij Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Battalion" title="Northern Sun Battalion">Northern Sun Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_Revolutionaries_Battalion" title="Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion">Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_Military_Council" title="Al-Bab Military Council">Al-Bab Military Council</a> <ul><li>Al-Bab Military Council Female Battalion<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils#Jarabulus" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Jarabulus Military Council</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Groups based in the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_District" title="Raqqa District">Raqqa District</a> & <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah_District" title="Al-Thawrah District">Al-Thawrah District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ahrar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa">Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Hawks_Brigade" title="Raqqa Hawks Brigade">Raqqa Hawks Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-AHNA-2016-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>Martyr Tasleem Jimmo Brigade<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Ghanim group<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Raqqa Martyrs Brigade<a href="#cite_note-AHNA-2016-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Owais_al-Qorani" title="Liwa Owais al-Qorani">Liwa Owais al-Qorani</a> remnants<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Ajeel tribe militias<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>Free Raqqa Brigade</li> <li>Free Tabqa Brigade<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Umanaa al-Raqqa Brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> Brigade</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, Syria<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah Governorate</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of ideologies</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Tribal autonomy </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Ethnic minority rights</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurdish</a> minority interests </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrian</a> minority interests </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/YPG%E2%80%93FSA_relations#FSA_groups_allied_with_the_YPG" title="YPG–FSA relations">Pro-SDF Syrian opposition</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> (denied by SDF) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (2021 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Mahmud-2023-51">[51]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of allies</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[b]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (2017–2018)<a href="#cite_note-66">[c]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-70">[d]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a><a href="#cite_note-Irish-2013-71">[67]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Irish-2013-71">[67]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/23px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/35px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/45px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2016-74">[70]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> (sometimes) (until 2024) <a href="#cite_note-78">[e]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (sometimes)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-87">[f]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/23px-PMF_infobox.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/35px-PMF_infobox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/45px-PMF_infobox.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> (sometimes)</li> <li>Liwa al-Tufuf<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">NES</a> police forces <ul><li>Northern Syria Internal Security Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asayish_(DFNS_regions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (DFNS regions)">Asayish</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <ul><li>Anti-Terror Forces (HAT SWAT units)<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Manbij Internal Security Forces <ul><li>Quick Reaction Force unit</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-MEE-2017-91">[85]</a> <ul><li>Quick Reaction Force unit</li></ul></li> <li>Deir ez-Zor Internal Security Forces<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> <ul><li>Quick Reaction Force unit</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethnahrain_Women%27s_Protection_Forces" title="Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces">Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces</a> police branch</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">NES</a> civilian defence forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces</a> (HXP)<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> <ul><li>Special Forces</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Border_Security_Force" title="Syrian Border Security Force">Syrian Border Security Force</a> (BSF)<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></li> <li>Civilian Defense Force (HPC)<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of opponents</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/23px-PMF_infobox.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/35px-PMF_infobox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PMF_infobox.png/45px-PMF_infobox.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_the_Eastern_Region" title="Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region">Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> (sometimes) (until 2024)<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive_(May_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016)">Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">2016 Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–present)">Raqqa offensive (2016–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tabqa (2017)">Battle of Tabqa Dam (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa (2017)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria Insurgency">Eastern Syria Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Enduring_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Enduring Security (page does not exist)">Operation Enduring Security (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">2024 Syrian opposition offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom" title="Operation Dawn of Freedom">Operation Dawn of Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2024)" title="Manbij offensive (2024)">Manbij offensive (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kobani_clashes" title="2024 Kobani clashes">2024 Kobani clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aleppo offensive (2024)">East Aleppo offensive (2024)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdf-press.com/en/">sdf-press.com/en/</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21096224#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)<a href="#cite_note-111">[g]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurdish</a>-led<a href="#cite_note-ARA-2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-CJTF-2016-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-113">[106]</a> coalition of U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> ethnic militias and rebel groups, and serves as the official military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES; also unofficially known as Rojava).<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> The SDF is allied to and supplied by the United States–led <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">CJTF–OIR</a> international alliance.<a href="#cite_note-CJTF-2016-112">[105]</a> Founded on 10 October 2015, the SDF claims that its mission is fighting to create a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>, democratic and <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalized Syria</a>. The SDF is opposed by Turkey who view the group as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK), which it has designated a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Formed as a rebel alliance in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> the SDF is composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrian/Syriac</a>, as well as some smaller <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANF_News-2019-11">[11]</a> It is militarily led by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG), a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> militia which is designated as a terrorist group by both Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. The SDF also includes several ethnic militias, and various factions of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> Opponents of the SDF include various <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian nationalist">Syrian nationalist</a>, and pro-Turkish forces involved in the civil war. Major enemies include <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> affiliates, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (TFSA), the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a>, and their allies. Up to 2019, the SDF focused primarily on ISIL,<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> successfully driving them from important strategic areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">Al-Hawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaddadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddadi">Shaddadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam" title="Tishrin Dam">Tishrin Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Tabqah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baath_Dam" title="Baath Dam">Baath Dam</a>, and ISIL's former capital of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> In March 2019, the SDF announced the total territorial defeat of ISIL in Syria, with the SDF taking control of the last stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Baghuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghuz">Baghuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> Since the territorial defeat of ISIL, the SDF has increasingly been involved in combatting the TFSA and Turkish presence in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Honigman-2022-134">[127]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation">Foundation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The establishment of the SDF was announced on 11 October 2015 during a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kurdish_Question-2015-135">[128]</a> The alliance built on longstanding previous cooperation between the founding partners.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, YPG) and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (Yekîneyên Parastina Jin, YPJ) had been operating throughout the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, the other founding partners were more geographically focused. Geographically focused on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> were the YPG's partners in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a> joint operations room, several mainstream Syrian rebel factions of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>, who had helped defend the Kurdish town of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwwar_al-Raqqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwa Thuwwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwwar al-Raqqa</a> had been expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> and ISIL from the city of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> for its alliance with the YPG. The group participated in the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> from the Islamic State. Geographically focused on the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> in northeast Syria were the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (Mawtbo Fulhoyo Suryoyo, MFS) and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">al-Sanadid Forces</a> of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> tribe, both of whom had cooperated with the YPG in fighting ISIL since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> The MFS is further politically aligned with the YPG via their shared secular ideology of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> community is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Geographically focused on the Manbij Region was the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> (Jaysh al-Thuwar, JAT), itself an alliance of several groups of diverse ethnic and political backgrounds, who had in common that they had been rejected by the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> views and affiliations. In 2017, then-Commander of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">U.S. Special Operations Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Thomas" title="Raymond A. Thomas">Raymond Thomas</a> stated that they were aware of Turkey's concerns about the YPG's ties to the PKK since 2015. For this reason, it was necessary for YPG to change their name and incorporate the word "democratic". Thomas explained that this is how the name Syrian Democratic Forces came to be.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Signatory_groups">Signatory groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signatory groups">edit</a>]</div> The following groups signed the founding document:<a href="#cite_note-Kurdish_Question-2015-135">[128]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (Yekîneyên Parastina Jin, YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (Mawtbo Fulhoyo Suryoyo, MFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> (Jaysh al-Thuwar, JAT) <ol><li>99th Infantry Brigade</li></ol></li> <li>Brigade Groups of al-Jazira</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_representation">Political representation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political representation">edit</a>]</div> On 10 December 2015, after a two-day conference, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> was established. Human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Haytham_Manna" title="Haytham Manna">Haytham Manna</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Ilham Ehmed</a> were elected co-chairman/woman at its founding.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> The Assembly establishing the Syrian Democratic Council was made up of 13 members of different ethnic, economic and political backgrounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_makeup">Ethnic makeup</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic makeup">edit</a>]</div> Initially, the mostly Kurdish YPG/YPJ comprised the majority of SDF and dominated it organizationally.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin_Holmes20192–3-142">[135]</a> However, it has had smaller minorities of other communities involved in it from the beginning, including Christians, Yezidis, Turkmen and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin_Holmes20192–3,_7–8-143">[136]</a> The participation of thousands of Arab troops fighting under the SDF, in its <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">military councils</a> as well as various militias and rebel groups, during the battle for Raqqa in 2015 initially made local Arab groups see that Arabs and the SDF could work together. This encouraged increased Arab membership at the time.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> By 2017, the SDF was reported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> to have an Arab majority.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a> study also suggested that a majority of the Syrian Democratic Forces' personnel are Arabs. The study was based on a respresentative survey with 391 SDF fighters; of the total respondents, 68.7% were Arabs, 17.2% Kurds, 12.5% Christians, 0.9% Yezidis, and 0.6% Turkmens. By comparison, the SDF itself estimated at the time that 50–70% of its troops were Arabs, 30–50% Kurds, 5% Christians, 2% Yezidis, and 2% Turkmens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin_Holmes20199-147">[140]</a> Unofficial figures, quoted in Al Majalla in 2021, similarly indicated a sizeable Arab majority, 65,000 out of 100,000 total. The Arab membership of the SDF may relate to the pay levels and conscription going on within the Arab majority Northeast Syria region, as the SDF has a mandatory 1 year of service for all men living in its area of control.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmud-2023-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size,_growth_and_composition">Size, growth and composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Size, growth and composition">edit</a>]</div> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a>, the SDF is in control of about 25% of the territory of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Honigman-2022-134">[127]</a> In 2018, following a <a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Turkish invasion into north west Syria</a>, the SDF was forced from <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Honigman-2022-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> In October 2019, the SDF had to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> after a renewed <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish invasion of Syrian territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Honigman-2022-134">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> At the time of its founding in late 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> described the SDF as "essentially a subsidiary of the Kurdish YPG".<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> At the end of October, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> tribal militia, the Desert Hawks Brigade, joined the SDF to fight ISIL in the southern countryside of <a href="/wiki/Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> In November, the FSA group <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Jarabulus_Battalions" title="Euphrates Jarabulus Battalions">Euphrates Jarabulus Battalions</a> announced its accession to the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> In December, members of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>-based Arab tribe <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> joined the SDF, sending fighters to <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016-152">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016">2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussam_Awak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hussam_Awak.png/200px-Hussam_Awak.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hussam_Awak.png/300px-Hussam_Awak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hussam_Awak.png/400px-Hussam_Awak.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hussam_Awak" title="Hussam Awak">Hussam Awak</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> who resigned in 2005 and joined the SDF in October 2016, later leaving in December 2017</figcaption></figure> With continuous growth in particular due to Arab groups and volunteers joining, in March 2016 only an estimated 60% of the men and women in the SDF fighting force were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> Growth in particular of Arab, Turkmen and Assyrian participation in the SDF has since continued. In an interview on the first anniversary of the SDF's founding, spokesman <a href="/wiki/Talal_Silo" title="Talal Silo">Talal Silo</a>, an ethnic Turkmen and former commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Brigade">Seljuq Brigade</a>, stated that "we started with 13 factions and now there are 32 factions", and that "90 percent" of the SDF growth since it began its operations were ethnic Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> In the context of the November 2016 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive_(November_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Raqqa offensive (November 2016)">Northern Raqqa offensive</a>, The Economist said the SDF fighting force to be composed of "about 20,000 YPG fighters and about 10,000 Arabs".<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The next month in December 2016, Colonel John Dorrian, the Operation Inherent Resolve spokesman, stated that the SDF contained around 45,000 fighters, of which more than 13,000 were Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> <ul><li>On 6 January 2016 an additional 400 members of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>-based tribe <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> joined the SDF, sending fighters to <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">Al-Shaddadah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a></li> <li>On 5 February 2016, a group called Martyrs of Dam Brigade from an Arab village called al-Makhmar (liberated by the Syrian Democratic Forces in the <a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a>) joined the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Battalion" title="Northern Sun Battalion">Northern Sun Battalion</a> and the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a></li> <li>On 28 February 2016, a group called Martyr Qasim Areef Battalion from <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> was formed and joined the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> and the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016-152">[145]</a></li> <li>On 10 March 2016, a group called the Soldiers of the Two Holy Mosques Brigade joined the Syrian Democratic Forces as part of the Northern Sun Battalion.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016-152">[145]</a> It was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Mujahideen">Army of Mujahideen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/19th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="19th Division (Syrian rebel group)">19th Division</a>. The group operated in the northern <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> countryside, and also have a presence in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a>.</li> <li>On 12 March 2016, it was reported that more than 200 locals from the earlier liberated areas around the town of <a href="/wiki/Shaddadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddadi">Shaddadi</a> joined the SDF, most of them Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a></li> <li>On 19 March 2016, it was reported that a group under the name of <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ahrar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa">Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa</a> ("Free Raqqa Brigade") joined the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The group had earlier been known under the name of Liwa al-Jihad fi Sabeel Allah ("Jihad in the Path of God Brigade") and had in September 2014 been part of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a> operations room.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></li> <li>On 2 April 2016 the SDF established the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a> with the goal of securing the city of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and its surrounding countryside (<a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive (2016)</a>). The council also included previously unknown groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Revolutionaries_Battalion" title="Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion">Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion</a>, or the Manbij Turkmen Brigade which joined the Northern Sun Battalion of the Army of Revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a></li> <li>On 20 June 2016, a group called the Tel Rifaat Revolutionaries Battalion, with 250 members, joined the Kurdish Front of the Army of Revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a></li> <li>On 23 June 2016 in the <a href="/wiki/Nahiya_al-Shaddadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a> area, 158 <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> tribesmen from the FSA group <a href="/wiki/Elite_Forces_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elite Forces (Syria)">Elite Forces</a>, which was not yet an SDF component group at the time, defected to join the SDF component group, the Desert Hawks Brigade, consisting of members of that tribe.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a></li> <li>On 14 August 2016, after securing <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, the SDF established the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_Military_Council" title="Al-Bab Military Council">al-Bab Military Council</a> with the goal of securing the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a> and its surrounding countryside.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a></li> <li>On 21 August, in a similar fashion to the establishment of the Manbij and al-Bab Military Councils, the SDF established the <a href="/wiki/Jarablus_Military_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus Military Council">Jarablus Military Council</a> with the goal of securing the city of <a href="/wiki/Jarablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus">Jarablus</a> and its surrounding countryside. The council also includes the newly established group, the Manbij Revolutionary Brigades.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> The commander of the council, General Sattar Jader from Jarabulus Hawks Brigades, was assassinated the next day, a suspect was later arrested.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a></li> <li>On 13 September 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nukhbat_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nukhbat Brigade">al-Nukhbat Brigade</a>, consisting of members from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> tribes and led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jarba" title="Ahmad Jarba">Ahmad Jarba</a>, joined the SDF. While some of its members already had earlier defected and joined the SDF, the event was called a major political coup for the SDF, as Jarba was the former President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a> and now agreed to work with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> framework instead.</li> <li>On 14 October 2016, the Free Officers Union, led by <a href="/wiki/Hussam_Awak" title="Hussam Awak">Hussam Awak</a>, said to number in the hundreds joined the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-Miste-2016-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANF-2016-19">[19]</a></li> <li>On 31 October 2016, an all-female battalion was established within' the al-Bab Military Council.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></li> <li>On 8 December 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils#Deir_ez-Zor" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Deir ez-Zor Military Council</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-Enabbaladi-2016-22">[22]</a> The founding members consist of remnants of the former <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> council of the same name, expelled from the city by the Islamic State in 2014, having joined the SDF in November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2017-173">[166]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> According to a March 2017 statement of the Spokesman for the International Coalition forces, U.S. Colonel John Dorrian, 75 percent of the SDF forces fighting in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_offensive_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa offensive (2016–present)">Operation Wrath of Euphrates</a> to isolate ISIL's de facto capital of Raqqa were Syrian Arabs, a reflection of the demographic composition of that area. "The Syrian Democratic Forces are a multi-ethnic and multi-sectarian organization, and that is one of the reasons why we're working with them and they have continued to build the Arab element of their force."<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> Concerning the SDF in general, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Townsend">Stephen Townsend</a> in the same month said that "I'm seeing what is probably a pretty broad coalition of people and the Kurds may be providing the leadership, because they have a capable leader who's stepped up to this challenge. And they are providing some of the organisational skill, but I see a large contingent about 23 to 25, 000 so far and growing, Arabs, who are marching to liberate their part of northern Syria. So, I don't see a Kurdish state. I see a multi-cultural, multi-party, multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian Syrian region being liberated from ISIS. Over."<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/180px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/270px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/360px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>YPJ fighter in 2014</figcaption></figure> In late June, an analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Counter Terrorism Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> proclaimed a "growing acceptance of the SDF by Sunni Arab rebel groups" and a "growing legitimacy of the SDF".<a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2017-173">[166]</a> Another analysis as of late June described the YPG as "only one faction of many within the SDF", however that "it's the YPG that makes the SDF reliable and effective. The SDF's other components function as auxiliaries to the SDF's 'backbone', the YPG, which ensures effective, unitary command and control."<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> <ul><li>On 13 February, the first YPG/YPJ regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> was declared. The second regiment, named Şehîd Şevger Kobanî Regiment was established on 18 February.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> A total of 4 regiments were declared.<a href="#cite_note-ANF-2017-178">[171]</a></li> <li>On 25 February 2017, the YPG agreed to hand over security in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian-Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Assyrians">Assyrian</a> towns along the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nattoreh" title="Nattoreh">Nattoreh</a> which joined the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Wasl-2017-10">[10]</a></li> <li>On 27 February 2017, the first YPG/YPJ regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a>, named Martyr Xebat Dêrik Regiment was declared.<a href="#cite_note-ANF-2017-178">[171]</a></li> <li>On 8 April 2017, the Jazeera Knights Brigade was established.<a href="#cite_note-AHNA-2017-28">[28]</a></li> <li>On 10 April 2017, two new YPG/YPJ regiments, named Martyr Gabar Regiment and Dêrik and Martyr Zana Regiment were established in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ANF-2017-178">[171]</a></li> <li>On 4 May 2017, the International Anti-Fascist Battalion was renamed to the YPG International Battalion and became a part of the YPG.</li> <li>On 17 May 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a> were established.<a href="#cite_note-MEE-2017-91">[85]</a></li> <li>On 8 June, between 60 and 70 <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army</a> fighters, including several <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a> commanders, defected to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> and the SDF during infighting between TFSA factions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></li> <li>On 10 July, an all-female Arab SDF group was established in Deir ez-Zor, the Martyr Amara Arab Women's Battalion, named after a female Arab SDF fighter that died in combat. Their area of focus will be the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>. The group currently consists of 35 fighters from the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">al-Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah">Hasakah</a>, along with the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilgenburg-2017-24">[24]</a></li> <li>On 15 August, the Revolutionary Forces was formed as part of the SDF in northern Aleppo, with the intent to fight the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Shamia-2017-36">[36]</a></li> <li>On 25 August 800 fighters left the <a href="/wiki/Elite_Forces_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elite Forces (Syria)">Elite Forces</a> and were integrated into the ranks of the SDF and its <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils#Deir_ez-Zor" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Deir ez-Zor Military Council</a>. The fighters said the Elite Forces were committing corruption. These forces consist of 7 units of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">al-Baggara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">al-Shaitat</a> tribal fighters stationed in the eastern Raqqa and southern Hasaka countrysides.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a></li> <li>On 4 September, a faction of the Northern Brigade, which is a <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">TFSA</a> unit, defected to the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a></li> <li>Around 10 September, dozens of militiamen of the pro-government <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_the_Fighters_of_the_Tribes" title="Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes">Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes</a> joined the SDF. These militiamen had previously been overrun by ISIL during the <a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign_(July_2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Syria campaign (July 2017–present)">Central Syria campaign</a> and retreated into SDF-held areas in order to avoid being captured by the Islamist militants. Feeling abandoned by their old commander, they eventually decided to stay with the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></li> <li>At some point during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa (2017)</a>, the "Elite Forces" fell out with the SDF, and officially left the alliance. Thereafter, the group reportedly disintegrated.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></li> <li>On 15 November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Talal_Silo" title="Talal Silo">Talal Silo</a> defected or surrendered to the Turkish Army, the nature of his leaving the SDF being up for dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2017-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDF_Press-2017-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw-2017-186">[179]</a></li> <li>On 27 November 2017, the Martyr Adnan Abu Amjad Regiment, consisting of 250 fighters was established and joined the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a></li> <li>On 20 December 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hussam_Awak" title="Hussam Awak">Hussam Awak</a> announced his resignation from the SDF on his <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> page without providing any reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Sultan-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/220px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/330px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/440px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>SDF-controlled territory (green), claimed territory (red), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-occupied territory</a> (red) in October 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg/300px-Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg/450px-Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg/600px-Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes_22_janvier_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Press conference of the SDF on 22 January 2018, involving <a href="/wiki/Kino_Gabriel" title="Kino Gabriel">Kino Gabriel</a> (center), spokesman of the SDF.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 13 January 2018, it was announced that the US-led Coalition would train a group called the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Border_Security_Force" title="Syrian Border Security Force">Syrian Border Security Force</a> (BSF), and would aim to reach 30,000 fighters, half of those being composed by current SDF members.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a></li> <li>On 20 January 2018, Kino Gabriel, the spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a>, was also made the spokesman for the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-SDF_Press-2018-2">[2]</a></li> <li>In early June 2018, the Brigade For The Liberation of Idlib and Afrin, and the Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade where established.</li> <li>In July 2018, the first <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">Sapper</a> unit was established.<a href="#cite_note-DVIDS-7">[7]</a></li> <li>On 1 August 2018, the first Special Forces Regiment was formed.<a href="#cite_note-ANHA-2018-6">[6]</a></li> <li>On 24 September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Democratic Party (Syria)">Assyrian Democratic Party</a> announced the creation of a united military leadership for <a href="/wiki/Nattoreh" title="Nattoreh">Nattoreh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a>. The united force will known as the "Ashur Forces".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019">2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 23 March 2019, the SDF announced the seizure of the last of ISIL territory in Syria after capturing the Syrian city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Al-Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a></li> <li>On 24 April 2019, the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Martyr_Nubar_Ozanyan_Brigade" title="Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade">Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade</a> was founded in the Marziya Church in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Goran" title="Tell Goran">Tell Goran</a> on the 104th <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" title="Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day">Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ANF_News-2019-11">[11]</a></li> <li>On 6 July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">MFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a> announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council#Syriac-Assyrian_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac-Assyrian Military Council</a> in order to unify the Assyrian-Syriac military organizations within the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabour region</a>. The declaration said the military council would work within the political ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a></li> <li>In June & July 2019, ten military councils were formed.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a></li> <li>On 9 October 2019, Turkey started bombardment on SDF territory. It followed with <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">an offensive that Turkey called "Operation Peace Spring"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> US troops withdrew from the Syrian-Turkish border, leading to international condemnation of the invasion, with only <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the Central Asian countries excluding <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> supporting the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_by_the_U.S.-led_coalition">Support by the U.S.-led coalition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support by the U.S.-led coalition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>On 12 October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Pentagon</a> confirmed U.S. <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> transport aircraft dropped 100 pallets with 45 tons of arms and ammunition over SDF-controlled territory in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polat_Can" title="Polat Can">Polat Can</a>, spokesman of the SDF component militia People's Protection Units (YPG), identified the freight as being "assault rifles, mortars and ammunition, but no <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> anti-tank missiles nor anti-aircraft weapons".<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> The airdrop came only days after the Pentagon had officially abandoned its failed $500 million <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Syrian Train and Equip Program">train-and-equip program</a> that armed mainstream opposition groups who were also opposed to ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a></li> <li>During the SDF's February 2016 <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">al-Shaddadi offensive</a>, there were <a href="/wiki/US_special_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US special forces">US special forces</a> embedded with the SDF forces who coordinated airstrikes against ISIL with the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a></li> <li>On 17 March 2016, the day after the declaration of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter praised the SDF component militia People's Protection Units (YPG) as having "proven to be excellent partners of ours on the ground in fighting ISIL. We are grateful for that, and we intend to continue to do that, recognizing the complexities of their regional role."<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a></li> <li>During the SDF's May 2016 offensive against ISIL in Northern Raqqa, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">U.S. Special Forces</a> was widely reported, and several photographs of them wearing badges of the YPG and YPJ on their uniforms circulated.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png/300px-SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png/450px-SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png/600px-SDF_Guardian_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>An SDF IAG Guardian <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carrier</a> in February 2017, one of several APCs that were supplied by the United States to the SDF.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 21 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Votel" title="Joseph Votel">General Joseph Votel</a>, commanding general of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a>, completed a secret several-hour-long trip to northern Syria to visit several locations where there were U.S. special operations forces and meet with local forces the U.S. was helping train to fight <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>. The visit came as the first of 250 additional U.S. special operations forces were beginning to arrive in Syria to work with local forces.<a href="#cite_note-Starr-2016-52">[52]</a> The commander overseeing the war in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, at the end of a long Saturday spent touring SDF bases, said "We do, absolutely, have to go with what we've got".<a href="#cite_note-Ignatius-2016-53">[53]</a></li> <li>During the SDF's summer 2016 <a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive</a> against ISIL, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> as well as the special operations forces of several Western nations supported the SDF advance. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> stated that besides US special forces, <a href="/wiki/German_special_forces" title="German special forces">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Command_(France)" title="Special Operations Command (France)">French</a> forces were participating.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> France later confirmed that it had sent its own troops into Syria in an advisory capacity to train the Syrian Democratic Forces to fight against ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-2016-74">[70]</a></li> <li>After two <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">SU-24s</a> started air strikes in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, on 19 August 2016,<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2016-54">[54]</a> near where <a href="/wiki/US_special_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US special forces">coalition forces</a> were conducting operations on the ground, <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">coalition aircraft arrived</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> said that "It troubles us when we see regime air strikes in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Hasakah</a> in an area where it is well known by everybody, to include the <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Assad</a> regime, that the coalition is actively engaged in operations against Isis",<a href="#cite_note-Dearden-2016-55">[55]</a> implicitly recognizing that <a href="/wiki/US_special_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US special forces">elite troops</a> are training and supporting the YPG and the Syrian Democratic Forces in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Dearden-2016-55">[55]</a></li> <li>During the late summer 2016 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a> in the Manbij Region, U.S. Special Operations Forces embedded themselves with SDF forces to successfully deter Turkish-backed jihadi rebels from attacking SDF forces south of the Sajur river.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-2016-25">[25]</a> Further, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> confirmed that U.S. Special Operation Forces were flying U.S. flags in the town of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> to deter Turkish harassment shelling or attacks against SDF forces there.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a></li> <li>During the SDF's late summer 2016 <a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western al-Bab offensive (2016)">Western al-Bab offensive</a> against ISIL, the U.S. Air Force provided close combat support for SDF forces.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></li> <li>In late September 2016, the U.S. spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve</a> (CJTF–OIR) confirmed that the SDF, including the YPG, is also part of the "vetted forces" in the train and equip program and will be supplied with weapons. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, condemned this and stated that the SDF are "endangering our future".<a href="#cite_note-CJTF-2016-112">[105]</a></li> <li>Early October 2016, media reports highlighted construction work on another military airfield in SDF controlled territory for operations of U.S. air assets, in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> in addition to the two airfields the U.S. is widely reported to already co-operate there: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hajar_Airport" title="Abu Hajar Airport">Abu Hajar Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rmelan" title="Rmelan">Rmelan</a> in the Jazira Region and one airfield at the village of Septe south of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/300px--US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv/US_armoured_vehicles_pass_through_Qamishli.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Stryker" title="Stryker">Stryker</a> armoured vehicles drive through <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and head to the Syria–Turkey border after <a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">Turkish–YPG April 2017 border clashes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In late October 2016, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Townsend" title="Stephen J. Townsend">Stephen J. Townsend</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL#3_December_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">international coalition against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>, said that the SDF would lead the impending assault on <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, ISIL's stronghold and capital, and that SDF commanders would plan the operation with advice from American and coalition troops.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> From November, more than 300 U.S. Special Operations Forces were embedded to train and advise SDF fighters in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive_(November_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Raqqa offensive (November 2016)">Raqqa offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a></li> <li>In January 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Syriac_Union" title="European Syriac Union">European Syriac Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> requested the US to provide more support for the Assyrian and Kurdish components of the Syrian Democratic Forces. The US reportedly favoured the Arab components in the SDF,<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> in April the MFS and the HSNB reaffirming the request for more support from the US.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a></li> <li>In late January 2017, the SDF received a number of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/ArmorGroup" title="ArmorGroup">ArmorGroup</a> and supplied by the US.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></li> <li>In February 2017, Stephen Townsend visited <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>. On 25 February, the US Central Command stated that it would continue to train and equip forces of the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aleppo offensive (February–March 2017)">East Aleppo offensive (February–March 2017)</a>, the US deployed troops and armored vehicles to villages near Manbij in an attempt to "deter" the skirmishes between the SDF and Turkey-backed forces west and north of Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a></li> <li>In late March 2017, the US delivered 30 more Guardian armoured vehicles to the SDF for use in the Raqqa offensive.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a></li> <li>In late April 2017, the U.S. just as in the summer 2016 once again deployed U.S. troops embedded with the SDF to the border between the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, in order to deter Turkish aggressions against the SDF, which this time coincided with the SDF's breakthrough advances against ISIL in the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–present)">Raqqa campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/300px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/450px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg/600px-Raqqa_Syrian_Democratic_Forces_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>SDF fighters celebrating their victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a> against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> with a portrait of PKK founder <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ocalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ocalan">Abdullah Ocalan</a> in the background, mid-October 2017</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 9 May 2017, it was announced by the Pentagon that U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> approved of a plan that would have the United States directly provide heavy armaments to the major SDF component group, the YPG; the plan comes before a planned final offensive to capture Raqqa from ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a></li> <li>By July 2017, more than 8,500 members of the SDF have been trained by the US-led coalition and in the first half of 2017, more than 400 vehicles and other equipment have been delivered to over 40,000 SDF troops.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a></li> <li>According to a report from the Kurdish news network <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_24" title="Kurdistan 24">Kurdistan 24</a>, the major SDF component group, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> forces, received about 800 truckloads of military supplies from the Pentagon from early June to the end of July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a></li> <li>In a joint report published on 12 September 2017, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (<a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">OCCRP</a>) and the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_Investigative_Reporting_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Investigative Reporting Network">BIRN</a>) reported that the Pentagon had so far delivered up to $2.2 billion worth of weapons to the Syrian Democratic Forces.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a></li> <li>In late November 2017, Turkish officials stated that Trump told Erdoğan during their 24 November phone conversation that the U.S. would end arms supplies to the SDF. Erdoğan said: "For the first time in a long while, a common wavelength was reached."<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> But Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) denied on 28 November that there was a halt in the Washington armament, saying they were provided with weapons by the U.S. the day before.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> Kurdish officials also said on 27 November that the United States would only "adjust" its delivery of weapons to the SDF. U.S. officials also stated that they would continue to work with their Kurdish and Arab partners of SDF but will only review and adjust its delivery of weapons which is being done regularly.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> The International Coalition also confirmed its support for SDF is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a></li> <li>On 12 February 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> released a budget blueprint for 2019 which with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, including $300 million for the SDF and $250 million for border security.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a></li> <li>On 29 March 2018, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> vowed to send troops to Syria's <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> in a bid to assist local SDF militias in preventing Turkish forces from advancing on the town.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/300px--DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Soldiers_Train_SDF_Commandos_on_Stress-Fire.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>U.S. soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/CJTF%E2%80%93OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF–OIR">CJTF–OIR</a> coalition train SDF <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> in live stress-fire, mid-July 2019</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In December 2018, U.S. Kurdish allies in Syria discussed the release of 3,200 ISIS prisoners, a prominent monitoring group and a Western official of the anti-Islamic State coalition said, a day after President Trump ordered the withdrawal of all American troops from the country. The SDF denied that such talks have taken place.<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a></li> <li>On 7 October 2019, in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>, Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw its troops that had been cooperating with the SDF and were stationed just south of the border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> This led to fears of a possible re-emergence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> due to SDF-controlled ISIS prisons<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> and possible restoration of fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> in contrast to the limited level of fighting at the time.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a></li> <li>On 21 October 2019, while the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria#21_October_2019" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive was still ongoing</a>, President Trump announced that US troops would remain in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> Earlier, on 5 March 2019, Trump had stated that US troops would not leave Syria.<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a></li> <li>As of 2023 the U.S. military and international coalition remain in Northeast Syria partnered with the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> annually provides the SDF hundreds of millions of dollars in weapons, equipment, training and stipends.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a></li> <li>Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in December 2024, Kurdish-controlled city of Manbij in northern Syria, near the border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, after reaching a ceasefire agreement through US mediation. However, SDF fighters continued their “resistance” in the city.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-248">[241]</a> The Kurds control much of Syria’s northeast under an autonomous civil administration. About 900 U.S. troops are deployed to Syria to support the Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-auto-249">[242]</a> On 8 December, the United States announced it had conducted one of the largest strikes against Islamic State targets in months.<a href="#cite_note-auto-249">[242]</a> According to US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a>, the main priority is protecting American troops and preventing the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-248">[241]</a> The SDF was not part of the initial deal to consolidate rebel forces after the fall of Assad.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions">Reported internal conflict between SDF factions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reported internal conflict between SDF factions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a> merged with the Tribal Army to form <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa">Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa</a> to become part of the SDF. After some tensions between the group and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG), on 6 January 2016 the group reportedly issued a statement stating it was disbanding.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> Later the same month, some sources stated that the Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa reappeared, announcing it had decided to rejoin the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a></li> <li>Turkey has at various times tried and failed to incite tensions along ethnic lines within the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-2016-25">[25]</a> At the height of one such attempts after the start of the summer 2016 <a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive</a>, Sheikh Farouk al-Mashi, an ethnic Arab former member of the Syrian parliament and designated co-chairman of the Manbij City Council, stated: "I have a Syrian ID, and Kurds have a Syrian ID. Let those people who talk against us in Turkey and Europe come here and fight ISIS. Why this distortion in media about problems between Kurds and Arabs?" Ethnic Kurdish fellow co-chairman Salih Haji Mohammed stated: "In our social contract, we say we want to have good relations with neighboring countries like Turkey. Any country that does not interfere in Manbij and our areas, we will have good relations with."<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> A fighter gave his perspective as "we have Arabs, Kurds, nobody knows how many exactly, we all work under the SDF-forces".<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a></li> <li>In September 2016, during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a>, the leader of small SDF component group <a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Tahrir" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwa al-Tahrir">Liwa al-Tahrir</a>, Abdul Karim Obeid, defected to the camp of Turkish-backed rebels with 20 to 100 of his men, citing opposition to reported YPG domination of the SDF, while SDF sources suggested he was displeased with the civil administration of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria replacing warlordist political rule in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> style. The remaining fighters stayed with the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-2016-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Also, in September 2016, during the Turkish military intervention, some Arab sources reported that Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa clashed with the YPG,<a href="#cite_note-Jarabulus-26">[26]</a> however two days later the Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa's commander said that news about the clashes and defections were false, he denied that such clashes had ever happened.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a></li> <li>In mid-November 2016, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's political bureau, which has strong connections with Turkey, condemned the SDF's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive_(November_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Raqqa offensive (November 2016)">Raqqa offensive</a> led by the YPG. This caused tensions between the group's political bureau, who opposes the YPG, and the overall leader and military commander of Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa, Abu Issa, who is allied with the YPG. Some members of Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa left the group and joined the SDF's <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ahrar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa">Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa</a>, in response to the tensions.</li> <li>Infighting occurred between two SDF groups during the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a> in December 2016, as several <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa</a> military commanders were captured by and forced to announce their defection to the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Hawks_Brigade" title="Raqqa Hawks Brigade">Raqqa Hawks Brigade</a>. These commanders later announced in a video that they remained loyal to Thuwar al-Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a></li> <li>On 20 February 2017, one sub-commander of the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Hawks_Brigade" title="Raqqa Hawks Brigade">Raqqa Hawks Brigade</a>, Abu Yamen al-Meko, who reportedly had strong links to the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a>, declared his loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and formed the pro-government unit "Tajamou al-Shamal". His followers consequently raised the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria#Flag_used_by_the_Assad_government" title="Flag of Syria">Ba'athist flag</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] at their headquarters in the village of al-Fares. These actions, however, provoked the ire of Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa, which launched a surprise attack on al-Fares two days later and destroyed al-Meko's faction, killing or capturing its members. Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa went on to declare that it "would never allow the regime and its supporting militia to re-enter the city [of Raqqa] by any means".<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a></li> <li>On 26 August 2017, the YPG raided the headquarters of the Raqqa Hawks Brigade and captured Fayyad al-Ghanim, who led one of the group's factions. He was accused of coordinating with Syrian government forces but later escaped to regime-held areas.<a href="#cite_note-Crackdown-259">[252]</a></li> <li>On 28 September 2017, Yasser al-Dahla, commander of the Gathering of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">al-Baggara</a> Youth, part of the SDF's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils#Deir_ez-Zor" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Deir ez-Zor Military Council</a>, was arrested by SDF <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a>, which said Dahla was effectively participating in the SDF's <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September_2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017–present)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a> and the "lack of <a href="/wiki/Military_discipline" title="Military discipline">military discipline</a>". The Gathering of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baggara" title="Al-Baggara">al-Baggara</a> Youth denied these charges, and said the Deir ez-Zor Military Council was denying <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">Euphrates Shield</a> fighters who defected to the SDF to join the Gathering. Dahla reportedly threatened to cease his group's participation in the Deir ez-Zor offensive.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a></li> <li>On 15 November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Talal_Silo" title="Talal Silo">Talal Silo</a>, who held the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>, surrendered or defected to the Turkish Army. His reasons for leaving the SDF are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2017-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDF_Press-2017-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudaw-2017-186">[179]</a></li> <li>On 20 December 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hussam_Awak" title="Hussam Awak">Hussam Awak</a>, another brigadier general, announced his resignation from the SDF on his <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> page without providing any reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Sultan-17">[17]</a></li> <li>In May 2018, tensions began to build up between members of Arab tribes, including Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa (formerly Jahbat Thuwar al-Raqqa), and the rest of the SDF and the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Internal_Security_Forces" title="Raqqa Internal Security Forces">Raqqa Internal Security Forces</a> over recruitment issues in Raqqa. A curfew was put in place in both Raqqa city and the rest of the governorate on 23 June, as the SDF and RISF besieged Thuwar al-Raqqa's headquarters and arrested between 90<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a> and 200 of its members the next day.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> By 25 June, the SDF and RISF captured all of Thuwar al-Raqqa fighters and their weapons in Raqqa, completely defeating the group, and the curfew was ended.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> Following Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's defeat by the SDF and RISF, Abu Issa met with tribal leaders and SDF officials to discuss surrender and reconciliation. He was reportedly offered a position in the SDF general command.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> Abu Issa would later go on to deny he was ever arrested by the SDF or the RISF.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a></li> <li>On 27 August 2023, the SDF arrested Ahmad Al Khubail, also known as Abu Khawla, who headed its Deir al Zor Council. This led to widespread unrest by various Arab tribal clans, fueled by poor living conditions and perceived favouritism towards the Kurdish population by the SDF. Tens of civilians and fighters died in the resulting fighting.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-113">[106]</a></li> <li>On 7 August 2024, a Syrian Arab tribal coalition backed by Iran and the Syrian government launched an offensive against SDF positions in the Deir ez-Zor countryside,<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> briefly capturing a number of villages on the eastern side of the Euphrates river before being pushed back.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria#DFNS-associated_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">Human rights in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria § DFNS-associated militias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units#Allegations_concerning_violations_of_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units § Allegations concerning violations of international law</a></div> On 15 March 2017, a video surfaced that showed members of the Northern Sun Battalion reportedly torturing an ISIL fighter, who had been captured while planting mines. One of these mines had reportedly killed nine fighters of the battalion, leading five others to take revenge on the ISIL militant. The Manbij Military Council condemned the act, and announced that the involved Northern Sun Battalion fighters would be held for trial for violating the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> The five accused were arrested on 17 March.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> On 24 April 2024, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that there is a large-scale human rights violation of more than 56,000 people including 30,000 children and 14,500 women held indefinitely in at least 27 detention facilities for those with "perceived IS affiliation". According to the report among those held in this detention system are hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a>, and foreign citizens from nearly 74 other countries. The report described the trials as "flawed", and many of the people in these camps were detained without charges. Detainees are held in inhumane conditions and subjected to torture including severe beatings, <a href="/wiki/Stress_position" title="Stress position">stress positions</a>, and electric shocks with thousands having been forcibly disappeared. Women were also subjected to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_based_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender based violence">gender based violence</a> by SDF security members as well as attacks by other prisoners for perceived "moral" infractions.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2024-271">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a> accused the US government of playing a central role in the creation and maintenance of this system. <a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2024-271">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_cleansing_and_forced_displacement_allegations">Ethnic cleansing and forced displacement allegations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnic cleansing and forced displacement allegations">edit</a>]</div> In June 2015, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a report accusing the YPG of forcibly displacing and destroying the homes of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2015-272">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> reacted by stating they would 'scrutinise' Amnesty International's accusations. The U.S. State Department stated it had to determine if there was "any veracity to the claims", but showed concern by calling for any administrator in the area to rule "with respect for all groups regardless of ethnicity".<a href="#cite_note-:0-273">[266]</a> The report makes accusations of looting, coercing civilians to join their armed forces and the forced targeted displacement of 1400 families in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen#By_the_YPG" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkman villages of Hammam al-Turkman</a>, 800 Turkmen from Mela Berho and <a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a> residents. The report offers unnamed witness testimony from reported victims, cross referenced with photo and video evidence, media reports, and satellite imagery to substantiate these reports.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2015-272">[265]</a> The Turkish government claimed that the YPG was carrying out <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of non-Kurdish populations as part of a plan to join the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a> regions into a single territory.<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> In a report published by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic</a> on 10 March 2017, the Commission refuted Amnesty International's reports of ethnic cleansing, stating that "'though allegations of 'ethnic cleansing' continued to be received during the period under review, the Commission found no evidence to substantiate reports that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity".<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> In interviews, YPG spokespersons acknowledged that a number of families were in fact displaced. However, they placed the number at no more than 25,<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> and stated military necessity. They stated that the family members of terrorists maintained communications with them, and therefore had to be removed from areas where they might pose a danger.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2015-272">[265]</a> They further reported that ISIL was using civilians in those areas to plant car bombs or carry out other attacks on the YPG.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-2015-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Child soldiers">edit</a>]</div> In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> criticized the YPG for accepting minors into their ranks,<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> picking up on multiple earlier reports of teenage fighters serving in the YPG, with a report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary General</a> stating that 24 minors under age of 18 had been recruited by YPG, with 124 having been recruited by the Free Syrian Army and 5 by the Syrian Arab Army.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> In response, the YPG and YPJ signed the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Call" title="Geneva Call">Geneva Call</a> Deed of Commitment protecting children in armed conflict, prohibiting sexual violence and against gender discrimination in July 2014,<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> and Kurdish security forces (YPG and <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Syria)">Asayish</a>) began receiving human rights training from <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Call" title="Geneva Call">Geneva Call</a> and other international organisations with the YPG pledging publicly to demobilize all fighters under 18 within a month and began to enact disciplinary measures against commanders of the units that had involved in corruption and accepting recruit under age of 18 to their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> In October 2015 the YPG demobilized 21 minors from the military service in its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> In response to reports issued by international organisations such as Human Rights Watch,<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> the general command of the SDF issued a military order prohibiting the recruitment of children.<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> On 29 June 2019, Abdi, as representative of the SDF, signed the action plan of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> aiming to prevent the enlistment of child soldiers in the armed forces. The action plan was signed to address the inclusion of the YPG in the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> In 2020, United Nations reported SDF as the largest faction in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> by the number recruited child soldiers, with 283 child soldiers followed by <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> with 245 child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting_of_protesters">Shooting of protesters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shooting of protesters">edit</a>]</div> On 2 April 2016, SDF members and local police fired at a protest march from Umm Hajira to <a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a>, killing a 15-year-old and injuring over a dozen others.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> On 9 May 2019, SDF troops allegedly opened fire on protesters in the village of Al-Shheell, killing one person.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="List of military equipment used by Syrian Democratic Forces">List of military equipment used by Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of North and East Syria">Foreign relations of North and East Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFNS%E2%80%93Syrian_government_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="DFNS–Syrian government relations">Relations with the Syrian government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPG%E2%80%93FSA_relations" title="YPG–FSA relations">YPG–FSA relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Democratic_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Starr-2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ignatius-2016-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2016-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dearden-2016-55">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-2018-65">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-2018-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: حێزێن سوریا دەمۆکراتیک, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">[heːzeːn suːɾja: de:mo:kɾa:tiːk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/SDFkurdi.ogg\/SDFkurdi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SDFkurdi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/SDFkurdi.ogg/SDFkurdi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:SDFkurdi.ogg" title="File:SDFkurdi.ogg">ⓘ</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: قوات سوريا الديمقراطية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: quwwāt sūriyyā ad-dīmuqrāṭiyya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[quwːaːt suːrijːaː adːiːmuqraːtˤijːa]</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܚܝ̈ܠܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Syriac">romanized</a>: Ḥaylawotho d'Suriya Demoqraṭoyto.</li></ul> </div> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-remains-to-be-done-in-the-final-phase-of-america-war-on-isis-60-minutes/">"What remains to be done in the final phase of America's war on ISIS – 60 Minutes"</a>. CBS News. 28 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107080419/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-remains-to-be-done-in-the-final-phase-of-america-war-on-isis-60-minutes/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=What+remains+to+be+done+in+the+final+phase+of+America%27s+war+on+ISIS+%E2%80%93+60+Minutes&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-remains-to-be-done-in-the-final-phase-of-america-war-on-isis-60-minutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDF_Press-2018-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDF_Press-2018_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDF_Press-2018_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114944/http://sdf-press.com/2018/01/%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%88-%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%85/">"Kino Gabriel assigned as SDF spokesman"</a>. SDF press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdf-press.com/2018/01/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85/">the original</a> on 13 September 2018. 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Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baladi-news.com&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9+%22%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC+%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%22..+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83+%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86+%22%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF%22+%E2%80%93+%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.aulast=Sultan&rft.aufirst=Kanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baladi-news.com%2Far%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F25944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miste-2016-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miste-2016_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miste-2016_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209220325/http://aranews.net/2016/10/hundreds-syrian-rebels-join-kurdish-arab-alliance-sdf/">"Hundreds of Syrian rebels join the pro-Kurdish SDF alliance"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/07/sdf-creates-female-arab-battalion-eastern-syria-fight-patriarchy-isis/">the original</a> on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF+creates+female+Arab+battalion+in+eastern+Syria+to+fight+patriarchy+and+ISIS+%E2%80%93+ARA+News&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2017%2F07%2Fsdf-creates-female-arab-battalion-eastern-syria-fight-patriarchy-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Monitor-2016-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Monitor-2016_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Monitor-2016_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Monitor-2016_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Monitor-2016_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909181341/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html">"US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive"</a>. 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Baladi News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905163100/http://baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/9855/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/fursan-al-jazira-brigades-join-sdf-ranks/">the original</a> on 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.hawarnews.com&rft.atitle=Fursan+al-Jaz%C3%AEra+Brigades+join+SDF+ranks+%E2%80%93+ANHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Ffursan-al-jazira-brigades-join-sdf-ranks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181616/http://www.hawarnews.com/%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4/"><bdi lang="ar">تشكيل أول كتيبة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء</bdi></a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4/">the original</a> on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft.pub=Hawar+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045629/http://en.hawarnews.com/kurds-front-we-will-resist-to-the-last-gasp/">"Kurds Front: we will resist to the last gasp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 24 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/kurds-front-we-will-resist-to-the-last-gasp/">the original</a> on 25 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kurds+Front%3A+we+will+resist+to+the+last+gasp&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Fkurds-front-we-will-resist-to-the-last-gasp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeshalthowar.com/?p=673">"إعلان قوات سوريا الديمقراطية في حلب وإدلب"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195632/http://jeshalthowar.com/?p=673">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeshalthowar.com%2F%3Fp%3D673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdiscat.blogspot.com/2016/11/3-membres-de-jabhat-al-akrad-i-quwat-al.html">"KurdisCat: 3 membres de Jabhat al Akrad i Quwat al-Ashair moren en combat contra l'IS al front d'al Bab"</a>. 4 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081942/http://kurdiscat.blogspot.com/2016/11/3-membres-de-jabhat-al-akrad-i-quwat-al.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KurdisCat%3A+3+membres+de+Jabhat+al+Akrad+i+Quwat+al-Ashair+moren+en+combat+contra+l%27IS+al+front+d%27al+Bab&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurdiscat.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F11%2F3-membres-de-jabhat-al-akrad-i-quwat-al.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009202008/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%82/">"Democratic Brigade North: Turkey impede our progress in coordination with Daesh"</a>. Hawar News Agency. 8 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%82/">the original</a> on 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Democratic+Brigade+North%3A+Turkey+impede+our+progress+in+coordination+with+Daesh&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D9%2584-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX078qIGIcs">"Shahba forces"</a>. RUMAF. 1 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528085942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX078qIGIcs">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RUMAF&rft.atitle=Shahba+forces&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhX078qIGIcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/rojava/first-ycr-battalion-formed-in-efrin-20928">"First YCR battalion formed in Efrîn"</a>. ANF News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009202837/https://anfenglish.com/rojava/first-ycr-battalion-formed-in-efrin-20928">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANF+News&rft.atitle=First+YCR+battalion+formed+in+Efr%C3%AEn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglish.com%2Frojava%2Ffirst-ycr-battalion-formed-in-efrin-20928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Shamia-2017-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shamia-2017_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shamia-2017_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023140432/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1120">"Objectives of New SDF-Led militias in the city of Afrin"</a>. Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 15 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1120">the original</a> on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Dorar+al-Shamia&rft.atitle=Objectives+of+New+SDF-Led+militias+in+the+city+of+Afrin&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldorars.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F1120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.html">"بعد "لواء ثوار إدلب" "قسد" تشكل "لواء تحرير إدلب وعفرين" ...!!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213017/http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%22%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%22+%22%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF%22+%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84+%22%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%22+...%21%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaam.org%2Fnews%2Fsyria-news%2F%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2583%25D9%2584-%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdstreet.com/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1/">"A leader in the "Idlib revolutionaries" to Kurd Street network: the problems of tenderness behind Turkey .. The arrival of the Arab delegation to Kobani is to support border guards"</a>. Kurd Street. 2 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606160107/http://www.kurdstreet.com/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurd+Street&rft.atitle=A+leader+in+the+%22Idlib+revolutionaries%22+to+Kurd+Street+network%3A+the+problems+of+tenderness+behind+Turkey+..+The+arrival+of+the+Arab+delegation+to+Kobani+is+to+support+border+guards&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdstreet.com%2F%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/afrin-liberation-forces-carried-out-2-operations-in-afrin-h5687.html">"Afrin Liberation Forces carried out 2 operations in Afrin – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231150509/http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/afrin-liberation-forces-carried-out-2-operations-in-afrin-h5687.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afrin+Liberation+Forces+carried+out+2+operations+in+Afrin+%E2%80%93+ANHA+%26%23124%3B+HAWARNEWS+%26%23124%3B+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2Fen%2Fhaber%2Fafrin-liberation-forces-carried-out-2-operations-in-afrin-h5687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105234328/http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/">"Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion – ARA News"</a>. 1 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/">the original</a> on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inspired+by+Kurdish+units%2C+al-Bab+Military+Council+creates+all-female+battalion+%E2%80%93+ARA+News&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F11%2Finspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/jarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state">"ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan ar Firatê"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824201310/http://www.anfenglish.com/kurdistan/jarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANF+%E2%80%93+Ajansa+N%C3%BB%C3%A7eyan+ar+Firat%C3%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglish.com%2Fkurdistan%2Fjarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHNA-2016-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHNA-2016_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHNA-2016_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109061439/http://en.hawarnews.com/who-is-taking-part-in-ghadab-al-firat-campaign/">"Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign ?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/who-is-taking-part-in-ghadab-al-firat-campaign/">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+taking+part+in+Ghadab+al-Firat+campaign+%3F&rft.pub=Hawar+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Fwho-is-taking-part-in-ghadab-al-firat-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> en.hawarnews.com/wrath-of-euphrates-fighters-head-for-al-sokeri/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175418/http://en.hawarnews.com/fighters-from-all-al-raqqa-clans-participate-in-the-liberation-camiagn/#prettyPhoto">"Fighters from all al-Raqqa clans participate in the liberation camiagn – ANHA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/fighters-from-all-al-raqqa-clans-participate-in-the-liberation-camiagn/#prettyPhoto">the original</a> on 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighters+from+all+al-Raqqa+clans+participate+in+the+liberation+camiagn+%E2%80%93+ANHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Ffighters-from-all-al-raqqa-clans-participate-in-the-liberation-camiagn%2F%23prettyPhoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/syriaraqqa-suspicious-factions-with-the-pyd/">"#Syria-Raqqa suspicious factions with the PYD"</a>. 7 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063050/https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/syriaraqqa-suspicious-factions-with-the-pyd/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23Syria-Raqqa+suspicious+factions+with+the+PYD&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyallasouriya.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F09%2F07%2Fsyriaraqqa-suspicious-factions-with-the-pyd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyria_Rebel_Obs2016" class="citation web cs1">@Syria_Rebel_Obs (6 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/795521792412647425">"EXCLUSIVE SRO – Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXCLUSIVE+SRO+%E2%80%93+Former+leader+of+the+main+%23Tabqa+%23FSA+factions%2C+Liwa+Owais+al-Qarni%2C+entered+Northern+Federation+days+ago&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft.au=Syria_Rebel_Obs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FSyria_Rebel_Obs%2Fstatus%2F795521792412647425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151904/http://www.hawarnews.com/%d8%b9%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af-%d9%82%d9%88/">"The Ajeel tribe in Raqqa announces its support for the SDF, sends hundreds of fighters to join SDF ranks, and denies allegations that it is opposed to the SDF"</a>. Hawar News Agency. 31 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%82%D9%88/">the original</a> on 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=The+Ajeel+tribe+in+Raqqa+announces+its+support+for+the+SDF%2C+sends+hundreds+of+fighters+to+join+SDF+ranks%2C+and+denies+allegations+that+it+is+opposed+to+the+SDF&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25AE%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813173209/http://en.hawarnews.com/what-platoons-are-participating-in-freeing-raqqa-campaign/">"What platoons are participating in freeing Raqqa campaign? – ANHA"</a>. en.hawarnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/what-platoons-are-participating-in-freeing-raqqa-campaign/">the original</a> on 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.hawarnews.com&rft.atitle=What+platoons+are+participating+in+freeing+Raqqa+campaign%3F+%E2%80%93+ANHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Fwhat-platoons-are-participating-in-freeing-raqqa-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2016/1-july-ypg-declared-the-qamishli-as-the-capital-of-the-rojavanorthern">"YPG declared the Qamishli as the capital of the Rojava-Northern Syria, part of Federation"</a>. 2 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705180807/http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2016/1-july-ypg-declared-the-qamishli-as-the-capital-of-the-rojavanorthern">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+declared+the+Qamishli+as+the+capital+of+the+Rojava-Northern+Syria%2C+part+of+Federation&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyria.liveuamap.com%2Fen%2F2016%2F1-july-ypg-declared-the-qamishli-as-the-capital-of-the-rojavanorthern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister2015" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/01/middleeast/kurds-battle-isis-syria-iraq/index.html">"New assaults on ISIS in Iraq and in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102104239/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/01/middleeast/kurds-battle-isis-syria-iraq/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=New+assaults+on+ISIS+in+Iraq+and+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F01%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkurds-battle-isis-syria-iraq%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-democratic-forces-inch-closer-deir-ezzor-al-mukmin-captured/">"Syrian Democratic Forces inch closer to Deir Ezzor: Al-Mukmin captured"</a>. Almasdar News. 7 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309032844/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-democratic-forces-inch-closer-deir-ezzor-al-mukmin-captured/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Democratic+Forces+inch+closer+to+Deir+Ezzor%3A+Al-Mukmin+captured&rft.pub=Almasdar+News&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-democratic-forces-inch-closer-deir-ezzor-al-mukmin-captured%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmud-2023-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmud-2023_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmud-2023_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.majalla.com/node/295071">"Why Arabs are increasingly joining the SDF in Syria's northeast"</a>. en.majalla.com. 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Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+U.S.+commander+completes+day-long+secret+visit+to+Syria+%28CNN%29&rft.date=2016-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F05%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Ftop-u-s-commander-completes-day-long-secret-visit-to-syria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignatius-2016-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius-2016_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius-2016_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009202759/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-new-coalition-to-destroy-the-islamic-state/2016/05/22/54d9b466-2036-11e6-aa84-42391ba52c91_story.html?postshare=2361463990501453&tid=ss_tw">"The new coalition to destroy the Islamic State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 22 May 2016. 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Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+fighter+jets+hit+Kurd-held+areas+for+first+time+%28Aljazeera%29&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2Fsyrian-warplanes-hit-kurdish-held-areas-time-160818173939424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dearden-2016-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dearden-2016_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dearden-2016_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dearden-2016_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-war-news-latest-air-strikes-us-fighter-jets-scrambled-hasakah-stop-syrian-planes-bombing-a7200956.html">"Syria war: US fighter jets scrambled to stop Syrian planes bombing special forces and allies in Hasakah"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+US+fighter+jets+scrambled+to+stop+Syrian+planes+bombing+special+forces+and+allies+in+Hasakah&rft.date=2016-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-war-news-latest-air-strikes-us-fighter-jets-scrambled-hasakah-stop-syrian-planes-bombing-a7200956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026072203/http://english.aawsat.com/2016/07/article55354881/u-s-backed-syrian-force-gives-isis-48-hours-leave-manbij">"Syrian Opposition Calls for Suspension of U.S.-led Air Strikes"</a>. SOHR. 21 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aawsat.com/2016/07/article55354881/u-s-backed-syrian-force-gives-isis-48-hours-leave-manbij">the original</a> on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Opposition+Calls+for+Suspension+of+U.S.-led+Air+Strikes&rft.pub=SOHR&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2F2016%2F07%2Farticle55354881%2Fu-s-backed-syrian-force-gives-isis-48-hours-leave-manbij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2016/01/22/origins-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces-a-primer/">"Origins of the Syrian Democratic Forces: A Primer"</a>. 15 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916154938/https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2016/01/22/origins-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces-a-primer/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Syrian+Democratic+Forces%3A+A+Primer&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdeeply.com%2Fsyria%2Farticles%2F2016%2F01%2F22%2Forigins-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces-a-primer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimone2019" class="citation web cs1">Simone, Daniel De (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50156963">"The British man put on trial after fighting IS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028074312/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50156963">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+British+man+put+on+trial+after+fighting+IS&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Simone&rft.aufirst=Daniel+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-50156963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826000403/http://aranews.net/2016/12/elite-forces-led-former-syrian-opposition-chief-join-sdf-fight-isis/">"Elite Forces led by former Syrian opposition chief join fight against ISIS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 11 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/12/elite-forces-led-former-syrian-opposition-chief-join-sdf-fight-isis/">the original</a> on 26 August 2017. 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Retrieved 25 July 2017. <q>Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Araby+Al-Jadeed&rft.atitle=The+UAE+has+it+in+for+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fcomment%2F2017%2F2%2F23%2Fthe-uae-has-it-in-for-the-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349">"UAE, Kurds Standing against US, Turkey in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Farsnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsnews">Farsnews</a>. 22 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105644/http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018. 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Retrieved 30 May 2018. <q>Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Seeks+Arab+Force+and+Funding+for+Syria&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-seeks-arab-force-and-funding-for-syria-1523927888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2018/05/30/saudi-arabia-in-talks-with-ypg-to-form-new-force">"Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>. 30 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530040651/https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2018/05/30/saudi-arabia-in-talks-with-ypg-to-form-new-force">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2018. 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DailySabah. 20 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102423/https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2015/04/20/assad-regime-says-it-will-continue-to-provide-weaponry-money-to-kurds">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailySabah&rft.atitle=Assad+regime+says+it+will+continue+to+provide+weaponry%2C+money+to+Kurds&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fdiplomacy%2F2015%2F04%2F20%2Fassad-regime-says-it-will-continue-to-provide-weaponry-money-to-kurds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/us-backed-syrian-forces-iraqi-army-islamic-state-key-border-town/4460720.html">"SDF, Iraqis Defend Syrian Border Town from IS"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF%2C+Iraqis+Defend+Syrian+Border+Town+from+IS&rft.pub=Voanews.com&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fus-backed-syrian-forces-iraqi-army-islamic-state-key-border-town%2F4460720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orient-news.net/ar/news_show/148907/0/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88">"تنسيق بين قسد والميليشيات العراقية على الحدود السورية (فيديو)"</a>. أورينت نت. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616115902/http://www.orient-news.net/ar/news_show/148907/0/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%28%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orient-news.net%2Far%2Fnews_show%2F148907%2F0%2F%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-02-10/gunmen-open-fire-on-syria-aid-convoy-no-casualties-reported">"Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. 10 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195313/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-02-10/gunmen-open-fire-on-syria-aid-convoy-no-casualties-reported">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Activists+and+a+rebel+commander+say+Kurdish+fighters+have+launched+an+attack+in+northern+Syria+under+the+cover+of+Russian+airstrikes+to+try+and+capture+a+military+air+base+held+by+insurgents&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2016-02-10%2Fgunmen-open-fire-on-syria-aid-convoy-no-casualties-reported&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029041050/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_russia-cooperates-with-pyd-against-isil_401118.html">"Russia cooperates with PYD against ISIL"</a>. 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Anadolu Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817162902/http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/russian-support-for-pkks-syrian-arm-pyd-/482307">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Russian+support+for+PKK%27s+Syrian+arm+PYD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fturkey%2Frussian-support-for-pkks-syrian-arm-pyd-%2F482307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/93884-151128-kurds-attack-turkish-sponsored-syrian-opposition-forces-with-russian-help">"Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help"</a>. i24 News. 28 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202181809/http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/93884-151128-kurds-attack-turkish-sponsored-syrian-opposition-forces-with-russian-help">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2015. 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Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8+%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%9F&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%259F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_Maps_of_Kurd-2016_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060558/https://ethnicmapsofkurd.wordpress.com/2016/07/08/list-of-groups-joining-syrian-democratic-forces-sdf/">"List of groups joining Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+Maps+of+Kurd&rft.atitle=List+of+groups+joining+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+%28SDF%29&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnicmapsofkurd.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F07%2F08%2Flist-of-groups-joining-syrian-democratic-forces-sdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/090320161">"Syrian-Kurdish SDF successfully absorbing non-Kurdish groups, says US"</a>. Rudaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312050842/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/090320161">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian-Kurdish+SDF+successfully+absorbing+non-Kurdish+groups%2C+says+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F090320161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033301/http://en.hawarnews.com/talal-silo-our-major-aim-founding-sdf-was-uniting-military-factions/">"Talal Silo: our major aim founding SDF was uniting military factions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 10 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/talal-silo-our-major-aim-founding-sdf-was-uniting-military-factions/">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talal+Silo%3A+our+major+aim+founding+SDF+was+uniting+military+factions&rft.pub=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Ftalal-silo-our-major-aim-founding-sdf-was-uniting-military-factions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21709967-there-less-offensive-islamic-states-capital-meets-eye-anyone">"Anyone for Raqqa? There is less to the offensive on Islamic State's capital than meets the eye"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 11 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111035800/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21709967-there-less-offensive-islamic-states-capital-meets-eye-anyone">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Anyone+for+Raqqa%3F+There+is+less+to+the+offensive+on+Islamic+State%27s+capital+than+meets+the+eye&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21709967-there-less-offensive-islamic-states-capital-meets-eye-anyone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1025099/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-col-dorrian-via-teleconference-from-bag">"Department of Defense Press Briefing by Col. Dorrian via teleconference from Baghdad, Iraq"</a>. US Department of Defense. 8 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210151710/http://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1025099/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-col-dorrian-via-teleconference-from-bag">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=Department+of+Defense+Press+Briefing+by+Col.+Dorrian+via+teleconference+from+Baghdad%2C+Iraq&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FTranscripts%2FTranscript-View%2FArticle%2F1025099%2Fdepartment-of-defense-press-briefing-by-col-dorrian-via-teleconference-from-bag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/13416.html">"400 Sheitat tribesmen joined U.S.-backed alliance to fight ISIS: sources SYRIA NEWS | ZAMAN ALWSL"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=En.zamanalwsl.net&rft.atitle=400+Sheitat+tribesmen+joined+U.S.-backed+alliance+to+fight+ISIS%3A+sources+SYRIA+NEWS+%26%23124%3B+ZAMAN+ALWSL&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.zamanalwsl.net%2Fnews%2F13416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dckurd.org/2016/02/04/martyrs-of-dam-brigade-join-syrian-democratic-forces-sdf/">"Martyrs of Dam Brigade join Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) | Washington Kurdish Institute"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dckurd.org&rft.atitle=Martyrs+of+Dam+Brigade+join+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+%28SDF%29+%26%23124%3B+Washington+Kurdish+Institute&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdckurd.org%2F2016%2F02%2F04%2Fmartyrs-of-dam-brigade-join-syrian-democratic-forces-sdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410070102/http://aranews.net/2016/03/dozens-young-men-join-western-backed-sdf-fight-isis-northeast-syria/">"Dozens of young men join western-backed SDF to fight ISIS northeast Syria"</a>. ARA News. 12 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/03/dozens-young-men-join-western-backed-sdf-fight-isis-northeast-syria/">the original</a> on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dozens+of+young+men+join+western-backed+SDF+to+fight+ISIS+northeast+Syria&rft.pub=ARA+News&rft.date=2016-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F03%2Fdozens-young-men-join-western-backed-sdf-fight-isis-northeast-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155809/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%9F/">"Who are the banner of free tenderness?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 19 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%9F/">the original</a> on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+banner+of+free+tenderness%3F&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9-%25D8%259F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913011206/http://en.firatajans.com/news/news/ypg-and-fsa-set-up-joint-action-centre.htm">"YPG and FSA set up 'Joint Action Centre'"</a>. Firat News. 11 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.firatajans.com/news/news/ypg-and-fsa-set-up-joint-action-centre.htm">the original</a> on 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+and+FSA+set+up+%27Joint+Action+Centre%27&rft.pub=Firat+News&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.firatajans.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fypg-and-fsa-set-up-joint-action-centre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/minbic-military-assembly-established/">"Minbic military assembly established"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 3 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063105/http://en.hawarnews.com/minbic-military-assembly-established/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Minbic+military+assembly+established&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Fminbic-military-assembly-established%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195637/http://aranews.org/2016/06/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89/">"The Brigades of the Irvad rebels declare their joining the Syrian Democratic Forces in Tel Rifat Brive Aleppo"</a>. ARA News. 20 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.org/2016/06/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89/">the original</a> on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Brigades+of+the+Irvad+rebels+declare+their+joining+the+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+in+Tel+Rifat+Brive+Aleppo&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.org%2F2016%2F06%2F%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B6%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629224049/http://aranews.net/2016/06/kurdish-led-sdf-attracts-arab-fighters-syrias-deir-ez-zor-amid-growing-anti-isis-campaign/">"Kurdish-led SDF attracts more Arab fighters in Syria's Deir ez-Zor amid growing anti-ISIS campaign – ARA News"</a>. 24 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/06/kurdish-led-sdf-attracts-arab-fighters-syrias-deir-ez-zor-amid-growing-anti-isis-campaign/">the original</a> on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish-led+SDF+attracts+more+Arab+fighters+in+Syria%27s+Deir+ez-Zor+amid+growing+anti-ISIS+campaign+%E2%80%93+ARA+News&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F06%2Fkurdish-led-sdf-attracts-arab-fighters-syrias-deir-ez-zor-amid-growing-anti-isis-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160627065438/http://www.hawarnews.com/158-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D9%82-%D8%B3-%D8%AF/">"158 مقاتلاً جديداً يلتحقون بـ ق.س.د"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawarnews.com/158-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D9%82-%D8%B3-%D8%AF/">the original</a> on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=158+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%80+%D9%82.%D8%B3.%D8%AF&rft.pub=Hawar+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawarnews.com%2F158-%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258B-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%258B-%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2580-%25D9%2582-%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25AF%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816114639/http://aranews.net/2016/08/syrian-democratic-forces-aim-capture-al-bab-call-coalition-support/">"Syrian Democratic Forces aim to capture al-Bab, call for coalition support"</a>. ARA News. 15 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/08/syrian-democratic-forces-aim-capture-al-bab-call-coalition-support/">the original</a> on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARA+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+Democratic+Forces+aim+to+capture+al-Bab%2C+call+for+coalition+support&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F08%2Fsyrian-democratic-forces-aim-capture-al-bab-call-coalition-support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823201903/http://aranews.net/2016/08/kurdish-backed-jarabulus-council-warns-turkey-supporting-isis-north-syria/">"Kurdish-backed Jarabulus council warns Turkey of supporting ISIS north Syria – ARA News"</a>. 22 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/08/kurdish-backed-jarabulus-council-warns-turkey-supporting-isis-north-syria/">the original</a> on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish-backed+Jarabulus+council+warns+Turkey+of+supporting+ISIS+north+Syria+%E2%80%93+ARA+News&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F08%2Fkurdish-backed-jarabulus-council-warns-turkey-supporting-isis-north-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/jarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state">"Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê"</a>. ANF. 22 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023101757/https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/jarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ajansa+N%C3%BB%C3%A7eyan+a+Firat%C3%AA&rft.pub=ANF&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglish.com%2Fkurdistan%2Fjarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isis.liveuamap.com/en/2016/22-august-jarablus-military-council-announced-by-groups-within">"Jarablus Military Council announced by groups within the Syrian Democratic Forces"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825073612/http://isis.liveuamap.com/en/2016/22-august-jarablus-military-council-announced-by-groups-within">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jarablus+Military+Council+announced+by+groups+within+the+Syrian+Democratic+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisis.liveuamap.com%2Fen%2F2016%2F22-august-jarablus-military-council-announced-by-groups-within&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102161020/http://en.hawarnews.com/assassinator-of-jader-arrested/">"Assassinator of Jader arrested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 23 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/assassinator-of-jader-arrested/">the original</a> on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Assassinator+of+Jader+arrested&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hawarnews.com%2Fassassinator-of-jader-arrested%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qasioun.net/ar/news/show/35216/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A">"Sattar Jader, commanding general of the Jarabulus Military Council, assassinated"</a>. Qasioun. 22 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195637/http://www.qasioun.net/ar/news/show/35216/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qasioun&rft.atitle=Sattar+Jader%2C+commanding+general+of+the+Jarabulus+Military+Council%2C+assassinated&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qasioun.net%2Far%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F35216%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25BA%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105234328/http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/">"Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion"</a>. 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Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195649/https://ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-raqqa-and-the-challenges-after-liberation">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Raqqa+and+the+Challenges+after+Liberation&rft.pub=Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fposts%2Fthe-battle-for-raqqa-and-the-challenges-after-liberation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrttv.com/EN/Details.aspx?Jimare=13261">"Coalition works with SDF as they are a multi-ethnic force, spokesman says"</a>. 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Townsend rebuffs Turkish reporter with 'political agenda' against SDF"</a>. KomNews. 29 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komnews.com/us-gen-townsend-rebuffs-turkish-reporter-with-political-agenda-against-sdf/">the original</a> on 30 March 2017. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=U.S.+Troops+18+Miles+from+ISIS+Capital&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F05%2F26%2Fu-s-troops-18-miles-from-isis-capital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=47609">"New details in the German, American and French forces support for The Syria Democratic Forces in the northeastern countryside of Aleppo (SOHR)"</a>. 15 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213727/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=47609">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. 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Retrieved 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baladi+News&rft.atitle=%22Intentionally%22+fights+Arab+allies+..+and+%22revolutionaries+tenderness%22+reveal+planned&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baladi-news.com%2Far%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F14265%2F%25D9%2582%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D9%2588%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9_%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25B4%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.eldorar.com/node/4872">""Thwar al-Raqqa" Brigade Attacks the pro-Assad regime "Tajamou' al-Shamal" north of #Raqqa"</a>. El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El-Dorar+Al-Shamia&rft.atitle=%22Thwar+al-Raqqa%22+Brigade+Attacks+the+pro-Assad+regime+%22Tajamou%27+al-Shamal%22+north+of+%23Raqqa&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.eldorar.com%2Fnode%2F4872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/syriaraqqathuwar-raqqa-faction-assaults-a-pro-assad-faction/">"#Syria – Raqqa – Thuwar Raqqa faction assaults a pro–Assad faction"</a>. Yallasouriya. 23 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314151947/https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/syriaraqqathuwar-raqqa-faction-assaults-a-pro-assad-faction/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yallasouriya&rft.atitle=%23Syria+%E2%80%93+Raqqa+%E2%80%93+Thuwar+Raqqa+faction+assaults+a+pro%E2%80%93Assad+faction&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyallasouriya.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F02%2F23%2Fsyriaraqqathuwar-raqqa-faction-assaults-a-pro-assad-faction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crackdown-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Crackdown_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031163502/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1297">"YPG Participates a US-Led Crackdown to arrest leaders of Soqour al-Raqqa Brigade"</a>. Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 27 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1297">the original</a> on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Dorar+al-Shamia&rft.atitle=YPG+Participates+a+US-Led+Crackdown+to+arrest+leaders+of+Soqour+al-Raqqa+Brigade&rft.date=2017-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aldorars.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F1297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=75395">"Military police of SDF arrest leader of al-Bakkara Youth Gathering Yasser al-Dahla, the defected of Syrian Elite Forces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>. 2 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002171131/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=75395">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Military+police+of+SDF+arrest+leader+of+al-Bakkara+Youth+Gathering+Yasser+al-Dahla%2C+the+defected+of+Syrian+Elite+Forces&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D75395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sdf-forces-impose-curfew-syria-s-raqqa-citing-instability-islamic-state-attacks-873502097">"SDF forces impose curfew in Syria's Raqqa, citing instability, Islamic State attacks"</a>. Middle East Eye. 24 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624213857/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sdf-forces-impose-curfew-syria-s-raqqa-citing-instability-islamic-state-attacks-873502097">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF+forces+impose+curfew+in+Syria%27s+Raqqa%2C+citing+instability%2C+Islamic+State+attacks&rft.pub=Middle+East+Eye&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsdf-forces-impose-curfew-syria-s-raqqa-citing-instability-islamic-state-attacks-873502097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/raqqa-city-on-lockdown-as-us-backed-forces-clash-with-local-arab-faction/">"Raqqa city on lockdown as US-backed forces clash with local Arab faction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syria_Direct" title="Syria Direct">Syria Direct</a>. 25 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706090720/http://syriadirect.org/news/raqqa-city-on-lockdown-as-us-backed-forces-clash-with-local-arab-faction/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Direct&rft.atitle=Raqqa+city+on+lockdown+as+US-backed+forces+clash+with+local+Arab+faction&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fraqqa-city-on-lockdown-as-us-backed-forces-clash-with-local-arab-faction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawarnews.com/en/haber/internal-security-ended-emergency-state-h2171.html">"Internal Security ended emergency state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency" title="Hawar News Agency">Hawar News Agency</a>. 25 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630080856/http://hawarnews.com/en/haber/internal-security-ended-emergency-state-h2171.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Internal+Security+ended+emergency+state&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawarnews.com%2Fen%2Fhaber%2Finternal-security-ended-emergency-state-h2171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raqqa-rwb.net/archives/739/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%88/">"Brigade of Raqqa Revolutionaries to where ... New and exclusive details"</a>. Reporters Without Borders in Raqqa. 27 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630104946/https://raqqa-rwb.net/archives/739/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%88/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders+in+Raqqa&rft.atitle=Brigade+of+Raqqa+Revolutionaries+to+where+...+New+and+exclusive+details&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraqqa-rwb.net%2Farchives%2F739%2F%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpuPypKj5i0">"قائد فصيل ثوار الرقة ينفي اعتقاله على يد قوات سوريا الديمقراطية"</a>. YouTube. 6 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/jpuPypKj5i0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjpuPypKj5i0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Abdo" class="citation news cs1">Al Abdo, Hogir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/07/syria-sdf-iran-deir-el-zour-tribes/0c808de8-549e-11ef-9a60-5b6e8b4da7c0_story.html">"Pro-government fighters attack areas of US-backed fighters in east Syria; 2 killed"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=SDF+signs+UN+plan+to+end+use+of+children+in+Syrian+conflict&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedefensepost.com%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Fsyria-sdf-child-soldiers-un-action-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Democratic+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/15-June-2020_Secretary-General_Report_on_CAAC_Eng.pdf">"General Assembly Security Council Seventy-fourth session Seventy-fifth year Agenda item 66 (a) Promotion and protection of the rights of children"</a> (PDF). United Nations. 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">2024 Syrian opposition offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime">Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Transitional phase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2024 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93October_2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)">Jan–Oct</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)">Nov–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">Opposition offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Aleppo_University_Hospital_airstrike" title="2024 Aleppo University Hospital airstrike">Aleppo University Hospital airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria_offensive_(2024)" title="Southern Syria offensive (2024)">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom" title="Operation Dawn of Freedom">Operation Dawn of Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2024)" title="Manbij offensive (2024)">Manbij offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Al-Mustariha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Al-Mustariha massacre">Al-Mustariha strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kobani_clashes" title="2024 Kobani clashes">Kobani clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive" title="2024 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive" title="2024 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2024)" title="Palmyra offensive (2024)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">Fall of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Syria_clashes_(December_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)">Western Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Syria_clashes_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)">Hezbollah-Syria clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)">Israeli invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="2012–2017 Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist regime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Politics of Ba'athist Syria">Politics of Ba'athist Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lions_of_Hussein" title="Lions of Hussein">Lions of Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Dawn" title="Guardians of the Dawn">Guardians of the Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Guard" title="Arab Nationalist Guard">Arab Nationalist Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sootoro" title="Sootoro">Sootoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Committees_(Syria)" title="Popular Committees (Syria)">Popular Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Regiment" title="Golan Regiment">Golan Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Islamic_Resistance_Front_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria">The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Popular_Resistance" title="Syrian Popular Resistance">Syrian Popular Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_the_Eastern_Region" title="Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region">Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Jibril_Brigades" title="Jihad Jibril Brigades">Jihad Jibril Brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Forces" title="Galilee Forces">Galilee Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Palestine_Movement" title="Free Palestine Movement">Free Palestine Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestinian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">As-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad" title="Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Jund al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_Jabal_al-Islam" title="Katibat Jabal al-Islam">Katibat Jabal al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_al-Bahra" title="Hadi al-Bahra">Hadi al-Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian mass graves">Mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations/legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Investigations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">International Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_to_Investigate_Alleged_Uses_of_Chemical_Weapons_in_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals" title="Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals">War crimes cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war,_2017–present" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Netherlands_v._Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic">Canada + Netherlands vs Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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