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Xiphoid process - Wikipedia

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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xiphoid process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiforme_kraakbeen" title="Ensiforme kraakbeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ensiforme kraakbeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A6_%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ناتئ رهابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناتئ رهابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99nc%C9%99r%C9%99b%C9%99nz%C9%99r_%C3%A7%C4%B1x%C4%B1nt%C4%B1" title="Xəncərəbənzər çıxıntı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəncərəbənzər çıxıntı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ҡылыс һымаҡ үҫенте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡылыс һымаҡ үҫенте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B2fisi_xifoide" title="Apòfisi xifoide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apòfisi xifoide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B3fisis_xifoides" title="Apófisis xifoides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apófisis xifoides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xifoides_apofisi" title="Xifoides apofisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xifoides apofisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زائده خنجری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زائده خنجری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_xipho%C3%AFde" title="Processus xiphoïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus xiphoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ith%C3%ADn" title="Cléithín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cléithín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%80%EC%83%81%EB%8F%8C%EA%B8%B0" title="검상돌기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검상돌기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_xiphoideus" title="Processus xiphoideus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Processus xiphoideus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%A3%E7%8A%B6%E7%AA%81%E8%B5%B7" title="剣状突起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="剣状突起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrostek_mieczykowaty" title="Wyrostek mieczykowaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyrostek mieczykowaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_xifoide" title="Processo xifoide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Processo xifoide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мечевидный отросток – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мечевидный отросток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_%C3%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1nt%C4%B1" title="Xiphoid çıkıntı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Xiphoid çıkıntı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мечоподібний відросток – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мечоподібний відросток" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%8Fm_m%C5%A9i_ki%E1%BA%BFm" title="Mỏm mũi kiếm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mỏm mũi kiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Xiphoid process</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphoid_process_frontal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Xiphoid_process_frontal.png/250px-Xiphoid_process_frontal.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Xiphoid_process_frontal.png/375px-Xiphoid_process_frontal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Xiphoid_process_frontal.png/500px-Xiphoid_process_frontal.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Position of the xiphoid process (shown in red)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray116.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray116.png/250px-Gray116.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray116.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="579" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Posterior surface of sternum. (Xiphoid process labeled at bottom.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>processus xiphoideus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014989">D014989</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.3.03.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.3.03.007</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1135">1135</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&amp;conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7488">7488</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">&#91;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16359" class="extiw" title="d:Q16359">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>xiphoid process</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;z&#39; in &#39;zoom&#39;">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: &#39;i&#39; in &#39;kit&#39;">ɪ</span><span title="&#39;f&#39; in &#39;find&#39;">f</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: &#39;oi&#39; in &#39;choice&#39;">ɔɪ</span><span title="&#39;d&#39; in &#39;dye&#39;">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also referred to as the <b>ensiform process</b>, <b>xiphisternum</b>, or <b>metasternum</b>, constitutes a small <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a> (extension) located in the inferior segment of the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> in adult humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both the Greek-derived term <i>xiphoid</i> and its Latin equivalent, <i>ensiform</i>, connote a "swordlike" or "sword-shaped" morphology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The xiphoid process is anatomically situated at the level of the 9th <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebra</a> (T9) and corresponds to the T7 <a href="/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In neonates and young infants, particularly smaller infants, the tip of the xiphoid process may be seen as a palpable lump situated just below the sternal notch. Between the ages of 15 and 29, the xiphoid process typically undergoes fusion with the body of the sternum through a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">fibrous joint</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial articulation</a> of major joints, this joint does not permit movement. Ossification of the xiphoid process typically occurs around the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The xiphoid process may exhibit natural <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bifurcation" class="extiw" title="wikt:bifurcation">bifurcation</a> or, in some instances, perforation (referred to as a xiphoidal foramen).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These morphological variations are <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> which can facilitate the categorization of family members when addressing burial remains. These morphological differences carry no health implications; they simply represent variances in form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In birds, the xiphoid process is an elongated structure, often following the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to how the first seven <a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">ribs</a> articulate with the sternum, the cartilage within the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_plexus" title="Celiac plexus">celiac plexus</a> attaches to the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly connecting the <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">costal cartilage</a> to the sternum. The xiphoid process plays a role in the attachment of many muscles, including the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal diaphragm">abdominal diaphragm</a>, a muscle necessary for normal breathing. Additionally, it serves as an attachment point for the <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle" title="Rectus abdominis muscle">rectus abdominis muscles</a>, commonly known as the "abs." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During chest compressions in <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR), it is possible to fracture or dislodge the xiphoid process, potentially leading to punctures or lacerations of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. Furthermore, inadvertent liver puncture resulting in life-threatening internal bleeding can occur. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xiphodynia" title="Xiphodynia">Xiphoidalgia</a> (xiphodynia) represents a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> characterized by sternum-related pain and tenderness. While some sources categorize this disorder as uncommon, others suggest it may be relatively prevalent but overlooked by medical professionals. Xiphoidalgia is a musculoskeletal ailment capable of producing an array of symptoms that may mimic various common abdominal and thoracic disorders and diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symptoms associated with xiphoidalgia may include abdominal pain, chest discomfort, nausea, and radiating pain extending to the back, neck, and shoulders. Activities such as lifting heavy objects or chest trauma may precipitate this musculoskeletal ailment, and symptoms may intensify with bending or twisting. Common therapeutic approaches include anesthetic and steroid injections.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The earliest documented case dates back to 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC2045657_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC2045657-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond age 40, individuals may become aware of their partially ossified xiphoid process and potentially misinterpret it as an abnormality.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the context of <a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">pericardiocentesis</a>, a medical procedure involving the aspiration of fluid from the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> of the heart, the xiphoid process often serves as an <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical landmark">anatomical landmark</a> for guiding the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_CD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Final_CD.jpg/85px-Final_CD.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Final_CD.jpg/128px-Final_CD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Final_CD.jpg/170px-Final_CD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Substernal</a> fossa as superficial pendant of xiphoid process</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>xiphoid</i> originates from the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">xiphos</a></i>, which means 'straight sword', bearing a resemblance to the process's tip. The Latin equivalent, <i>processus xiphoides</i>, translates to the xiphoid process.<sup id="cite_ref-Siebenhaar1850_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebenhaar1850-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Triepel1910b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triepel1910b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The writings of the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> refer to <i>Os xyphoides</i>, a translation of the Greek phrase ξιφοειδές ὀστοῦν.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&amp;_Scott_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&amp;_Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In this context, <i>os</i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> and ὀστοῦν in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> both denote 'bone', while ξιφοειδές signifies 'sword-shaped'.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&amp;_Scott_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&amp;_Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphoid_process_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of xiphoid process (shown in red)"><img alt="Position of xiphoid process (shown in red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xiphoid_process_animation.gif/120px-Xiphoid_process_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xiphoid_process_animation.gif/180px-Xiphoid_process_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xiphoid_process_animation.gif/240px-Xiphoid_process_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of xiphoid process (shown in red)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphoid_process_below2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up."><img alt="Close up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xiphoid_process_below2.png/120px-Xiphoid_process_below2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xiphoid_process_below2.png/180px-Xiphoid_process_below2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xiphoid_process_below2.png/240px-Xiphoid_process_below2.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Shape of a xiphoid process (animation)"><img alt="Shape of a xiphoid process (animation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/120px-Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/180px-Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif/240px-Xiphoid_process_-_close-up_-_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shape of a xiphoid process (animation)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuscolino2008" class="citation book cs1">Muscolino, Joseph E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-C07_fNiYsC&amp;q=Xiphoid+process"><i>The Muscle and Bone Palpation Manual with Trigger Points, Referral Patterns and Stretching</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.&#160;104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323051712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323051712"><bdi>978-0323051712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Muscle+and+Bone+Palpation+Manual+with+Trigger+Points%2C+Referral+Patterns+and+Stretching&amp;rft.pages=104&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0323051712&amp;rft.aulast=Muscolino&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-C07_fNiYsC%26q%3DXiphoid%2Bprocess&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiphoid+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/uptodate/coronary%20heart%20disease/evaluation/major%20causes%20of%20musculoskeletal%20chest%20pain.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn&amp;rft.atitle=Major+causes+of+musculoskeletal+chest+pain&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmbi.bjmu.edu.cn%2Fuptodate%2Fcoronary%2520heart%2520disease%2Fevaluation%2Fmajor%2520causes%2520of%2520musculoskeletal%2520chest%2520pain.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiphoid+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC2045657-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMC2045657_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonHawken2007" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, JK; Hawken, E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045657">"Xiphodynia: a diagnostic conundrum"</a>. <i>Chiropr Osteopat</i>. <b>15</b>: 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-1340-15-13">10.1186/1746-1340-15-13</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045657">2045657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17868466">17868466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chiropr+Osteopat&amp;rft.atitle=Xiphodynia%3A+a+diagnostic+conundrum&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=13&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2045657%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17868466&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-1340-15-13&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson&amp;rft.aufirst=JK&amp;rft.au=Hawken%2C+E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2045657&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiphoid+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamJames_T.H._Teo2010" class="citation book cs1">Sam, Amir H.; James T.H. 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Roderick McKenzie.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphoid_process&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_torso" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_torso" title="Template talk:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_torso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of vertebra">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral arch">Arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicle of vertebral arch">pedicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral notch">notch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">Vertebral foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_foramen" title="Intervertebral foramen">Intervertebral foramen</a></li> <li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular processes">articular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">Spinal canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_foramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse foramen">Transverse foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Anterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid tubercle">Carotid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Posterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_mass_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral mass of atlas">lateral mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior arch of atlas">anterior arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior arch of atlas">posterior arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">Axis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dens (anatomy)">dens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebra_prominens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra prominens">Vertebra prominens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">Thoracic vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costal_facet" title="Costal facet">Costal facets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_costal_facet" title="Superior costal facet">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_costal_facet" title="Inferior costal facet">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory process">accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammillary_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammillary process">mammillary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the sacrum">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">sacral promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of sacrum">Ala of sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral surface of sacrum">Lateral surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral tuberosity">sacral tuberosity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic surface of sacrum">Pelvic surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior sacral foramina">anterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal surface of sacrum">Dorsal surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior sacral foramina">posterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Median sacral crest">Median sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sacral crest">Medial sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral sacral crest">Lateral sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral canal">Sacral canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_hiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral hiatus">sacral hiatus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">Rib cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Ribs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="True ribs">true ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="False ribs">false ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating ribs">floating ribs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Parts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (rib)">angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (rib)">tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal groove">costal groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of rib">neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of rib">head</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">Sternum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">Suprasternal notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">Manubrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">Sternal angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of sternum">Body of sternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphisternal_joint" title="Xiphisternal joint">Xiphisternal joint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiphoid process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic cage">Thoracic cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thoracic_aperture" title="Superior thoracic aperture">Superior thoracic aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_space" title="Intercostal space">Intercostal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_margin" title="Costal margin">Costal margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasternal_angle" title="Infrasternal angle">Infrasternal angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16359#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&amp;url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&amp;url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&amp;id=A02.3.03.007">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐78d9ddc6fb‐szkv5 Cached time: 20241228155011 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.665 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1872/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 56475/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2224/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47185/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.293/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6993305/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time 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