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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mission highlights </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_highlights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mission highlights subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Launch and testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_splashdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_splashdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Conflict and splashdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_splashdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assessment and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mission insignia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Spacecraft location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Depiction in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apollo 7</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_7" title="أبولو 7 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبولو 7" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_7" title="Аполо 7 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо 7" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_7" title="Απόλλων 7 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόλλων 7" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_7" title="Apolo 7 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apolo 7" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B7" title="آپولو ۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولو ۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_7%ED%98%B8" title="아폴로 7호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로 7호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_7" title="अपोलो 7 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपोलो 7" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_7" title="אפולו 7 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולו 7" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%937" title="Apollo–7 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollo–7" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_7" title="അപ്പോളോ 7 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോളോ 7" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%87" title="အပိုလို ၇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပိုလို ၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD7%E5%8F%B7" title="アポロ7号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ7号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B-%E0%AD%AD_(%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ଆପୋଲୋ-୭ (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଅଭିଯାନ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆପୋଲୋ-୭ (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଅଭିଯାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B_7" title="ਅਪੋਲੋ 7 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪੋਲੋ 7" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_7" title="اپولو 7 – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپولو 7" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-7" title="Аполлон-7 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлон-7" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D_7" title="ඇපලෝ 7 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇපලෝ 7" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_7" title="Аполо 7 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аполо 7" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollo 7" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First crewed flight of the Apollo space program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo 7</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg/260px-Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg/390px-Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg/520px-Apollo_7_during_the_first_live_television_transmission_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="3714" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Apollo 7 transmitted the first live television broadcast aboard a crewed American spacecraft.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed Earth orbital CSM flight (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_mission_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo mission types">C</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><a href="#cite_note-Orloff-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1968-089A (craft), 1968-089B (S-IVB)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006173-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">3486<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">10 days, 20 hours, 9 minutes, 3 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits completed</th><td class="infobox-data">163<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo CSM-101</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">36,419 pounds (16,519 kg)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">11,409 pounds (5,175 kg)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006180-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. Schirra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">R. Walter Cunningham</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Callsign</th><td class="infobox-data">Apollo 7</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 11, 1968, 15:02:45 (1968-10-11UTC15:02:45Z) UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> SA-205</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Kennedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">LC-34</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS Essex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 1968, 11:11:48 (1968-10-22UTC11:11:49Z) UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">North Atlantic Ocean <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_7&params=27_32_N_64_04_W_type:event&title=Apollo+7+splashdown">27°32′N 64°04′W / 27.533°N 64.067°W / 27.533; -64.067 (Apollo 7 splashdown)</a><a href="#cite_note-facts-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">227 kilometers (123 nmi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006173-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">301 kilometers (163 nmi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006173-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31.6 degrees<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006173-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">89.55 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006173-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">October 13, 1968<a href="#cite_note-satcat-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo7.png/180px-Apollo7.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo7.png/270px-Apollo7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo7.png/360px-Apollo7.png 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1665" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg/220px-The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg/330px-The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg/440px-The_Apollo_7_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8250" data-file-height="6600" /></a> Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Eisele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Apollo 7 (October 11–22, 1968) was the first crewed flight in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, and saw the resumption of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> by the agency after the fire that had killed the three <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> astronauts during a launch rehearsal test on January 27, 1967. The Apollo 7 crew <a href="/wiki/Commander_(Apollo_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander (Apollo program)">was commanded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. Schirra</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Command_module_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Command module pilot">command module pilot</a> <a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module pilot">Lunar Module pilot</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">R. Walter Cunningham</a> (so designated even though Apollo 7 did not carry a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a>). The three astronauts were originally designated for the second crewed Apollo flight, and then as backups for Apollo 1. After the Apollo 1 fire, crewed flights were suspended while the cause of the accident was investigated and improvements made to the spacecraft and safety procedures, and uncrewed test flights made. Determined to prevent a repetition of the fire, the crew spent long periods monitoring the construction of their <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service modules</a> (CSM). Training continued over much of the 21-month pause that followed the Apollo 1 disaster. Apollo 7 was launched on October 11, 1968, from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kennedy_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Kennedy Air Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a>, Florida, and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean eleven days later. Extensive testing of the CSM took place, and also the first live television broadcast from an American spacecraft. Despite tension between the crew and ground controllers, the mission was a complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to send <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> into orbit around the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> two months later. In part because of these tensions, none of the crew flew in space again, though Schirra had already announced he would retire from NASA after the flight. Apollo 7 fulfilled Apollo 1's mission of testing the CSM in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, and was a significant step towards NASA's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_personnel">Background and personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and personnel">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut<a href="#cite_note-crew-9">[9]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. Schirra</a> Third and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a> Only spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">R. Walter Cunningham</a> Only spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> Schirra, one of the original "<a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a>" astronauts, graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in 1945. He flew <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Mercury-Atlas 8</a> in 1962, the fifth crewed flight of <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> and the third to reach orbit, and in 1965 was the command pilot for <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a>. He was a 45-year-old captain in the Navy at the time of Apollo 7. Eisele graduated from the Naval Academy in 1952 with a B.S. in aeronautics. He elected to be commissioned in the Air Force, and was a 38-year-old major at the time of Apollo 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006171-11">[10]</a> Cunningham joined the U.S. Navy in 1951, began flight training the following year, and served in a Marine flight squadron from 1953 to 1956, and was a civilian, aged 36, serving in the Marine Corps reserves with a rank of major, at the time of Apollo 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006171-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit68-12">[11]</a> He received degrees in physics from <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, a B.A. in 1960 and an M.A. in 1961. Both Eisele and Cunningham were selected as part of the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">third group of astronauts</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006171-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS-205_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AS-205_crew.jpg/220px-AS-205_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AS-205_crew.jpg/330px-AS-205_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AS-205_crew.jpg/440px-AS-205_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Schirra's crew in training for Apollo 2, 1966</figcaption></figure> Eisele was originally slotted for a position on <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> crew along with <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, but days prior to the official announcement on March 25, 1966, Eisele sustained a shoulder injury that would require surgery. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a> was given the position and Eisele was reassigned to Schirra's crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_2007689–691-13">[12]</a> Schirra, Eisele, and Cunningham were first named as an Apollo crew on September 29, 1966. They were to fly a second Earth orbital test of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Command_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo Command Module</a> (CM).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_2007955–957-14">[13]</a> Although delighted as a rookie to be assigned to a prime crew without having served as a backup, Cunningham was troubled by the fact that a second Earth orbital test flight, dubbed Apollo 2, seemed unnecessary if Apollo 1 was successful. He learned later that Director of Flight Crew Operations <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, another of the Mercury Seven who had been grounded for medical reasons and supervised the astronauts, planned, with Schirra's support, to command the mission if he gained medical clearance. When this was not forthcoming, Schirra remained in command of the crew, and in November 1966, Apollo 2 was cancelled and Schirra's crew assigned as backup to Grissom's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_200388–91-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a>—assigned at that point as the backup commander of the second orbital test—stated that the cancellation followed Schirra and his crew submitting a list of demands to NASA management (Schirra wanted the mission to include a lunar module and a CM capable of docking with it), and that the assignment as backups left Schirra complaining that Slayton and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Astronaut">Chief Astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> had destroyed his career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford_2002552–556-16">[15]</a> On January 27, 1967, Grissom's crew was conducting a launch-pad test for their planned February 21 mission, when a fire broke out in the cabin, killing all three men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_199512–18-17">[16]</a> A complete safety review of the Apollo program followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott_&_Leonov193–195-18">[17]</a> Soon after the fire, Slayton asked Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham to fly the first mission after the pause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_2003113-19">[18]</a> Apollo 7 would use the Block II spacecraft designed for the lunar missions, as opposed to the Block I CSM used for Apollo 1, which was intended only to be used for the early Earth-orbit missions, as it lacked the capability of docking with a lunar module. The CM and astronauts' spacesuits had been extensively redesigned, to reduce any chance of a repeat of the accident which killed the first crew.<a href="#cite_note-Schirra's_Obituary-20">[19]</a> Schirra's crew would test the <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a>, guidance and control systems during this "open-ended" mission (meaning it would be extended as it passed each test). The duration was limited to 11 days, reduced from the original 14-day limit for Apollo 1.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The backup crew consisted of Stafford as commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John W. Young</a> as command module pilot, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene A. Cernan</a> as lunar module pilot. They became the prime crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006568-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald E. Evans">Ronald E. Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Swigert" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Swigert">John L. 'Jack' Swigert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Givens" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward G. Givens">Edward G. Givens</a> were assigned to the support crew for the mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess_&_Doolan_2003296–301-23">[22]</a> Givens died in a car accident on June 6, 1967, and <a href="/wiki/William_R._Pogue" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Pogue">William R. Pogue</a> was assigned as his replacement. Evans was involved in hardware testing at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC). Swigert was the launch <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) and worked on the mission's operational aspects. Pogue spent time modifying procedures. The support crew also filled in when the primary and backup crews were unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> CAPCOMs, the person in Mission Control responsible for communicating with the spacecraft (then always an astronaut) were Evans, Pogue, Stafford, Swigert, Young and Cernan. Flight directors were <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Lunney" title="Glynn Lunney">Glynn Lunney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Gene Kranz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Griffin">Gerry Griffin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006171–172-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> According to Cunningham, Schirra originally had limited interest in making a third spaceflight, beginning to focus on his post-NASA career. Flying the first mission after the fire changed things: "Wally Schirra was being pictured as the man chosen to rescue the manned space program. And that was a task worthy of Wally's interest."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_2003115–116-26">[25]</a> Eisele noted, "coming on the heels of the fire, we knew the fate and future of the entire manned space program—not to mention our own skins—was riding on the success or failure of Apollo 7."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisele_201738-27">[26]</a> Given the circumstances of the fire, the crew initially had little confidence in the staff at <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>'s plant at <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a>, who built the Apollo command modules, and they were determined to follow their craft every step of the way through construction and testing. This interfered with training, but the simulators of the CM were not yet ready, and they knew it would be a long time until they launched. They spent long periods at Downey. Simulators were constructed at Houston's <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> and at KSC in Florida. Once these were available for use, the crew had difficulty finding enough time to do everything, even with the help of the backup and support crews; the crew often worked 12 or 14 hours per day. After the CM was completed and shipped to KSC, the focus of the crew's training shifted to Florida, though they went to Houston for planning and technical meetings. Rather than return to their Houston homes for the weekend, they often had to remain at KSC in order to participate in training or spacecraft testing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisele_201735–39-28">[27]</a> According to former astronaut <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Jones (astronaut)">Tom Jones</a> in a 2018 article, Schirra, "with indisputable evidence of the risks his crew would be taking, now had immense leverage with management at NASA and North American, and he used it. In conference rooms or on the spacecraft assembly line, Schirra got his way."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg/220px-Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg/330px-Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg/440px-Apollo_7_crew_during_water_egress_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6724" data-file-height="4776" /></a><figcaption>The crew during water egress training</figcaption></figure> The Apollo 7 crew spent five hours in training for every hour they could expect to remain aboard if the mission went its full eleven days. In addition, they attended technical briefings and pilots' meetings, and studied on their own. They undertook launch pad evacuation training, water egress training to exit the vehicle after splashdown, and learned to use firefighting equipment. They trained on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. Each crew member spent 160 hours in CM simulations, in some of which Mission Control in Houston participated live.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit55–57-30">[29]</a> The "plugs out" test—the test that had killed the Apollo 1 crew—was conducted with the prime crew in the spacecraft, but with the hatch open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit37,_41-31">[30]</a> One reason the Apollo 1 crew had died was because it was impossible to open the inward-opening hatch before the fire raced through the cabin; this was changed for Apollo 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006110–115-32">[31]</a> Command modules similar to that used on Apollo 7 were subjected to tests in the run-up to the mission. A three-astronaut crew (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph P. Kerwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_H._Engle" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe H. Engle">Joe H. Engle</a>) was inside a CM that was placed in a vacuum chamber at the Manned Spaceflight Center in Houston for eight days in June 1968 to test spacecraft systems. Another crew (<a href="/wiki/James_Lovell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lovell">James Lovell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles M. Duke">Charles M. Duke</a>) spent 48 hours at sea aboard a CM lowered into the Gulf of Mexico from a naval vessel in April 1968, to test how systems would respond to seawater. Further tests were conducted the following month in a tank at Houston. Fires were set aboard a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> CM using various atmospheric compositions and pressures. The results led to the decision to use 60 percent oxygen and 40 percent nitrogen within the CM at launch, which would be replaced with a lower pressure of pure oxygen within four hours, as providing adequate fire protection. Other boilerplate spacecraft were subjected to drops to test parachutes, and to simulate the likely damage if a CM came down on land. All results were satisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit70–75-33">[32]</a> During the run-up to the mission, the Soviets sent uncrewed probes <a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> (Zond 5 carried two tortoises<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>) around the Moon, seeming to foreshadow a circumlunar crewed mission. NASA's <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> (LM) was suffering delays, and Apollo Program Spacecraft Manager <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a> proposed that if Apollo 7 was a success, that <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> go to lunar orbit without a LM. The acceptance of Low's proposal raised the stakes for Apollo 7.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_199576-35">[34]</a> According to Stafford, Schirra "clearly felt the full weight of the program riding on a successful mission and as a result became more openly critical and more sarcastic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford_2002616-36">[35]</a> Throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Wendt" class="mw-redirect" title="Guenter Wendt">Guenter Wendt</a> led the spacecraft launch pad teams, with ultimate responsibility for condition of the spacecraft at launch. He earned the astronauts' respect and admiration, including Schirra's.<a href="#cite_note-Guenter_Wendt_Obit-37">[36]</a> However, the spacecraft contractor had changed from McDonnell (Mercury and Gemini) to North American (Apollo), so Wendt was not the pad leader for Apollo 1.<a href="#cite_note-FirstOnTheMoon-38">[37]</a> So adamant was Schirra in his desire to have Wendt back as pad leader for his Apollo flight, that he got his boss Slayton to persuade North American management to hire Wendt away from McDonnell, and Schirra personally lobbied North American's launch operations manager to change Wendt's shift from midnight to day so he could be pad leader for Apollo 7. Wendt remained as pad leader for the entire Apollo program.<a href="#cite_note-FirstOnTheMoon-38">[37]</a> When he departed the spacecraft area as the pad was evacuated prior to launch, after Cunningham said, "I think Guenter's going", Eisele responded "Yes, I think Guenter went."<a href="#cite_note-39">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-launch-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-separation-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_2007913-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirra_1988200-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S68-42513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S68-42513.jpg/220px-S68-42513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S68-42513.jpg/330px-S68-42513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S68-42513.jpg/440px-S68-42513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3741" data-file-height="4743" /></a><figcaption>CSM-101 pre-launch</figcaption></figure> The Apollo 7 spacecraft included Command and Service Module 101 (CSM-101), the first Block II CSM to be flown. The Block II craft had the capability of docking with a LM,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006172-44">[42]</a> though none was flown on Apollo 7. The spacecraft also included the <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape system</a> and a spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA, numbered as SLA-5), though the latter included no LM and instead provided a mating structure between the SM and the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>'s Instrument Unit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit25–26-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardware-46">[44]</a> with a structural stiffener substituted for the LM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_ReportA-43-47">[45]</a> The launch escape system was jettisoned after S-IVB ignition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_ReportA-41-48">[46]</a> while the SLA was left behind on the spent S-IVB when the CSM separated from it in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_ReportA-43-47">[45]</a> Following the Apollo 1 fire, the Block II CSM was extensively redesigned—more than 1,800 changes were recommended, of which 1,300 were implemented for Apollo 7.<a href="#cite_note-launch-40">[38]</a> Prominent among these was the new aluminum and <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> outward-opening hatch, which the crew could open in seven seconds from within, and the pad crew in ten seconds from outside. Other changes included replacement of aluminum tubing in the high-pressure oxygen system with stainless steel, replacement of flammable materials with non-flammable (including changing plastic switches for metal ones) and, for crew protection in the event of a fire, an emergency oxygen system to shield them from toxic fumes, as well as firefighting equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit29-49">[47]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a> craft was dubbed <a href="/wiki/Molly_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Molly Brown">Molly Brown</a> by Grissom, NASA forbade naming spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard,_Slayton,_&_Barbree_1994227–228-50">[48]</a> Despite this prohibition, Schirra wanted to name his ship "Phoenix," but NASA refused him permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006172-44">[42]</a> The first CM to be given a call sign other than the mission designation would be that of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a>, which carried a LM that would separate from it and then re-dock, necessitating distinct call signs for the two vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_2007340-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_vehicle">Launch vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg/220px-Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg/330px-Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg/440px-Saturn_IB_at_launch_complex_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 7's Saturn IB, SA-205, at Launch Complex 34</figcaption></figure> Since it flew in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> and did not include a LM, Apollo 7 was launched with the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> booster rather than the much larger and more powerful <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_IB_history-52">[50]</a> That Saturn IB was designated SA-205,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006172-44">[42]</a> and was the fifth Saturn IB to be flown—the earlier ones did not carry crews into space. It differed from its predecessors in that stronger propellant lines to the augmented spark igniter in the J-2 engines had been installed, so as to prevent a repetition of the early shutdown that had occurred on the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a> flight; postflight analysis had shown that the propellant lines to the J-2 engines, also used in the Saturn V tested on Apollo 6, had leaked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit3,_33-53">[51]</a> The Saturn IB was a two-stage rocket, with the second stage an <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> similar to the third stage of the Saturn V,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit31-54">[52]</a> the rocket used by all later Apollo missions.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_IB_history-52">[50]</a> The Saturn IB was used after the close of the Apollo Program to bring crews in Apollo CSMs to <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, and for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Apollo 7 was the only crewed Apollo mission to launch from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a>. All subsequent Apollo and Skylab spacecraft flights (including Apollo–Soyuz) were launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> at the nearby Kennedy Space Center.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_IB_history-52">[50]</a> Launch Complex 34 was declared redundant and decommissioned in 1969, making Apollo 7 the last human spaceflight mission to launch from the Cape Air Force Station in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Saturn_IB_history-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_highlights">Mission highlights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mission highlights">edit</a>]</div> The main purposes of the Apollo 7 flight were to show that the Block II CM would be habitable and reliable over the length of time required for a lunar mission, to show that the <a href="/wiki/Service_propulsion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Service propulsion system">service propulsion system</a> (SPS, the spacecraft's main engine) and the CM's guidance systems could perform a rendezvous in orbit, and later make a precision reentry and splashdown.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> In addition, there were a number of specific objectives, including evaluating the communications systems and the accuracy of onboard systems such as the propellant tank gauges. Many of the activities aimed at gathering these data were scheduled for early in the mission, so that if the mission was terminated prematurely, they would already have been completed, allowing for fixes to be made prior to the next Apollo flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit6-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_testing">Launch and testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Launch and testing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg/170px-Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg/255px-Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg/340px-Apollo_7_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 7's liftoff</figcaption></figure> Apollo 7, the first crewed American space flight in 22 months, launched from Launch Complex 34 at 11:02:45 am <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a> (15:02:45 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>) on Friday, October 11, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-launch-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> During the countdown, the wind was blowing in from the east. Launching under these weather conditions was in violation of safety rules, since in the event of a launch vehicle malfunction and abort, the CM might be blown back over land instead of making the usual water landing. Apollo 7 was equipped with the old Apollo 1-style crew couches, which provided less protection than later ones. Schirra later related that he felt the launch should have been scrubbed, but managers waived the rule and he yielded under pressure.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Liftoff proceeded flawlessly; the Saturn IB performed well on its first crewed launch and there were no significant anomalies during the boost phase. The astronauts described it as very smooth.<a href="#cite_note-launch-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-orbit-58">[56]</a> The ascent made the 45-year-old Schirra the oldest person to that point to enter space,<a href="#cite_note-nyt1012-59">[57]</a> and, as it proved, the only astronaut to fly Mercury, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> and Apollo missions.<a href="#cite_note-Schirra's_Obituary-20">[19]</a> Within the first three hours of flight, the astronauts performed two actions which simulated what would be required on a lunar mission. First, they maneuvered the craft with the S-IVB still attached, as would be required for <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">the burn</a> that would take lunar missions to the Moon. Then, after separation from the S-IVB, Schirra turned the CSM around and approached a docking target painted on the S-IVB, simulating the docking maneuver with the lunar module on Moon-bound missions prior to extracting the combined craft.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1012-59">[57]</a> Cunningham reported that the hinged SLA panels on the S-IVB had not fully opened, which CAPCOM Tom Stafford likened to the "<a href="/wiki/Agena_Target_Vehicle#Augmented_Target_Docking_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Agena Target Vehicle">angry alligator</a>" from his <a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a> flight.<a href="#cite_note-Astronautix-60">[58]</a> Partially open panels would have presented a collision hazard on flights with an LM, so on subsequent missions the SLA panels were jettisoned after the CSM had separated.<a href="#cite_note-Astronautix-60">[58]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">station keeping</a> with the S-IVB for 20 minutes, Schirra let it drift away, putting 76 miles (122 km) between the CSM and it in preparation for the following day's rendezvous attempt.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS07-3-1545.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AS07-3-1545.jpg/220px-AS07-3-1545.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AS07-3-1545.jpg/330px-AS07-3-1545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AS07-3-1545.jpg/440px-AS07-3-1545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="4170" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 7 S-IVB rocket stage in orbit</figcaption></figure> The astronauts also enjoyed a hot lunch, the first hot meal prepared on an American spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1012-59">[57]</a> Schirra had brought instant coffee along over the opposition of NASA doctors, who argued it added nothing nutritionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirra_1988192–193-61">[59]</a> Five hours after launch, he reported having, and enjoying, his first plastic bag full of coffee.<a href="#cite_note-coffee-62">[60]</a> The purpose of the rendezvous was to demonstrate the CSM's ability to match orbits with and rescue a LM after an aborted lunar landing attempt, or following liftoff from the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress_Kit14-63">[61]</a> This was to occur on the second day; but by the end of the first, Schirra had reported he had a cold, and, despite Slayton coming on the loop to argue in favor, declined Mission Control's request that the crew power up and test the onboard television camera prior to the rendezvous, citing the cold, that the crew had not eaten, and that there was already a very full schedule.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> The rendezvous was complicated by the fact that the Apollo 7 spacecraft lacked a rendezvous radar, something the Moon-bound missions would have. The SPS, the engine that would be needed to send later Apollo CSMs into and out of lunar orbit, had been fired only on a test stand. Although the astronauts were confident it would work, they were concerned it might fire in an unexpected manner, necessitating an early end to the mission. The burns would be computed from the ground but the final work in maneuvering up to the S-IVB would require Eisele to use the telescope and <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> to compute the final burns, with Schirra applying the ship's <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) thrusters. Eisele was startled by the violent jolt caused by activating the SPS. The thrust caused Schirra to yell, "Yabba dabba doo!" in reference to <a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a> cartoon. Schirra eased the craft close to the S-IVB, which was tumbling out of control, successfully completing the rendezvous.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisele_201763–68-64">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg/220px-Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg/330px-Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg/440px-Apollo_7_Cunningham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="4176" /></a><figcaption>Cunningham during the mission</figcaption></figure> The first television broadcast took place on October 14. It began with a view of a card reading "From the Lovely Apollo Room high atop everything", recalling tag lines used by band leaders on 1930s radio broadcasts. Cunningham served as camera operator with Eisele as emcee. During the seven-minute broadcast, the crew showed off the spacecraft and gave the audience views of the southern United States. Before the close, Schirra held another sign, "Keep those cards and letters coming in folks", another old-time radio tag line that had been used recently by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1015-65">[63]</a> This was the first <a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">live television</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> from an American spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a> had transmitted <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow scan television</a> pictures from <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Faith 7</a> in 1963, but the pictures were of poor quality and were never broadcast).<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_video_camera-66">[64]</a> According to Jones, "these apparently amiable astronauts delivered to NASA a solid public relations coup."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Daily television broadcasts of about 10 minutes each followed, during which the crew held up more signs and educated their audience about spaceflight; after the return to Earth, they were awarded a special <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> for the telecasts.<a href="#cite_note-Eisele_obit-67">[65]</a> Later on October 14, the craft's onboard radar receiver was able to lock onto a ground-based transmitter, again showing a CSM in lunar orbit could keep contact with a LM returning from the Moon's surface.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1015-65">[63]</a> Throughout the remainder of the mission, the crew continued to run tests on the CSM, including of the propulsion, navigation, environmental, electrical and thermal control systems. All checked out well; according to authors <a href="/wiki/Francis_French_(author)" title="Francis French (author)">Francis French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Colin Burgess</a>, "The redesigned Apollo spacecraft was better than anyone had dared to hope."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071011–1012-68">[66]</a> Eisele found that navigation was not as easy as anticipated; he found it difficult to use Earth's horizon in sighting stars due to the fuzziness of the atmosphere, and water dumps made it difficult to discern which glistening points were stars and which ice particles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071012–1014-69">[67]</a> By the end of the mission, the SPS engine had been fired eight times without any problems.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> One difficulty that was encountered was with the sleep schedule, which called for one crew member to remain awake at all times; Eisele was to remain awake while the others slept, and sleep during part of the time the others were awake. This did not work well, as it was hard for crew members to work without making a disturbance. Cunningham later remembered waking up to find Eisele dozing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071015–1018-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_splashdown">Conflict and splashdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflict and splashdown">edit</a>]</div> Schirra was angered by NASA managers allowing the launch to proceed despite the winds, saying "The mission pushed us to the wall in terms of risk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirra_1988200-43">[41]</a> Jones said, "This prelaunch dispute was the prelude to a tug of war over command decisions for the rest of the mission."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Lack of sleep and Schirra's cold probably contributed to the conflict between the astronauts and Mission Control that surfaced from time to time during the flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071021–1022-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg/220px-Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg/330px-Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg/440px-Apollo_7_recovery_with_SH-3_Sea_King_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5675" data-file-height="4702" /></a><figcaption>A crewmember being hoisted into the recovery helicopter</figcaption></figure> The testing of the television resulted in a disagreement between the crew and Houston. Schirra stated at the time, "You've added two burns to this flight schedule, and you've added a urine water dump; and we have a new vehicle up here, and I can tell you at this point, TV will be delayed without any further discussion until after the rendezvous."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Schirra later wrote, "we'd resist anything that interfered with our main mission objectives. On this particular Saturday morning a TV program clearly interfered."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirra_1988202-72">[70]</a> Eisele agreed in his memoirs, "We were preoccupied with preparations for that critical exercise and didn't want to divert our attention with what seemed to be trivialities at the time. ... Evidently the earth people felt differently; there was a real stink about the hotheaded, recalcitrant Apollo 7 crew who wouldn't take orders."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisele_201771–72-73">[71]</a> French and Burgess wrote, "When this point is considered objectively—that in a front-loaded mission the rendezvous, alignment, and engine tests should be done before television shows—it is hard to argue with him [Schirra]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071026-74">[72]</a> Although Slayton gave in to Schirra, the commander's attitude surprised flight controllers.<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg/220px-The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg/330px-The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg/440px-The_Apollo_7_crew_is_welcomed_aboard_the_USS_Essex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6771" data-file-height="6771" /></a><figcaption>The crew is welcomed aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS Essex</a></figcaption></figure> On Day 8, after being asked to follow a new procedure passed up from the ground that caused the computer to freeze, Eisele radioed, "We didn't get the results that you were after. We didn't get a damn thing, in fact ... you bet your ass ... as far as we're concerned, somebody down there screwed up royally when he laid that one on us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071032-75">[73]</a> Schirra later stated his belief that this was the one main occasion when Eisele upset Mission Control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071032-75">[73]</a> The next day saw more conflict, with Schirra telling Mission Control after having to make repeated firings of the RCS system to keep the spacecraft stable during a test, "I wish you would find out the idiot's name who thought up this test. I want to find out, and I want to talk to him personally when I get back down."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Eisele joined in, "While you are at it, find out who dreamed up 'P22 horizon test'; that is a beauty also."<a href="#cite_note-77">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> A further source of tension between Mission Control and the crew was that Schirra repeatedly expressed the view that the reentry should be conducted with their helmets off. He perceived a risk that their eardrums might burst due to the sinus pressure from their colds, and they wanted to be able to <a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">pinch their noses and blow</a> to equalize the pressure as it increased during reentry. This would have been impossible wearing the helmets. Over several days, Schirra refused advice from the ground that the helmets should be worn, stating it was his prerogative as commander to decide this, though Slayton warned him he would have to answer for it after the flight. Schirra stated in 1994, "In this case I had a cold, and I'd had enough discussion with the ground, and I didn't have much more time to talk about whether we would put the helmet on or off. I said, essentially, I'm on board, I'm commanding. They could wear all the black armbands they wanted if I was lost or if I lost my hearing. But I had the responsibility for getting through the mission."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> No helmets were worn during the entry. Director of Flight Operations <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Kraft">Christopher C. Kraft</a> demanded an explanation for what he believed was Schirra's insubordination from the CAPCOM, Stafford. Kraft later said, "Schirra was exercising his commander’s right to have the last word, and that was that."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Apollo 7 splashed down without incident at 11:11:48 UTC on October 22, 1968, 200 nautical miles (230 mi; 370 km) SSW of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and 7 nautical miles (8 mi; 13 km) north of the recovery ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS Essex</a>. The mission's duration was 10 days, 20 hours, 9 minutes and 3 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006180-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_aftermath">Assessment and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg/220px-Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg/330px-Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg/440px-Apollo_7_and_8_Crew_in_the_White_House._-_GPN-2000-001686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 7 and 8 astronauts at the White House with President Lyndon and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, Vice President Humphrey, NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></figcaption></figure> After the mission, NASA awarded Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham its <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal" title="NASA Exceptional Service Medal">Exceptional Service Medal</a> in recognition of their success. On November 2, 1968, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> held a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Ranch">LBJ Ranch</a> in Johnson City, Texas, to present the astronauts with the medals. He also presented NASA's highest honor, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">Distinguished Service Medal</a>, to recently retired NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>, for his "outstanding leadership of America's space program" since the beginning of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Johnson also invited the crew to the White House, and they went there in December 1968.<a href="#cite_note-acc-79">[76]</a> Despite the difficulties between the crew and Mission Control, the mission successfully met its objectives to verify the Apollo command and service module's flightworthiness, allowing Apollo 8's flight to the Moon to proceed just two months later.<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_Crew_Honored_2008-80">[77]</a> John T. McQuiston wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> after Eisele's death in 1987 that Apollo 7's success brought renewed confidence to NASA's space program.<a href="#cite_note-Eisele_obit-67">[65]</a> According to Jones, "Three weeks after the Apollo 7 crew returned, NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas Paine</a> green-lighted Apollo 8 to launch in late December and orbit the Moon. Apollo 7 had delivered NASA from its trial by fire—it was the first small step down a path that would lead <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">another crew</a>, nine months later, to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tranquility">Sea of Tranquility</a>."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg/220px-Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg/330px-Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg/440px-Apollo_7_crew_debriefing.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo 7 crew is debriefed, October 23, 1968</figcaption></figure> General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Sam Phillips</a>, the Apollo Program Manager, said at the time, "Apollo 7 goes into my book as a perfect mission. We accomplished 101 percent of our objectives."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Kraft wrote, "Schirra and his crew did it all—or at least all of it that counted ... [T]hey proved to everyone's satisfaction that the SPS engine was one of the most reliable we'd ever sent into space. They operated the Command and Service Modules with true professionalism."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Eisele wrote, "We were insolent, high-handed, and Machiavellian at times. Call it paranoia, call it smart—it got the job done. We had a great flight."<a href="#cite_note-fight-29">[28]</a> Kranz stated in 1998, "we all look back now with a longer perspective. Schirra really wasn't on us as bad as it seemed at the time. ... Bottom line was, even with a grumpy commander, we got the job done as a team."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071073–1074-81">[78]</a> None of the Apollo 7 crew members flew in space again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071077–1078-82">[79]</a> According to Jim Lovell, "Apollo 7 was a very successful flight—they did an excellent job—but it was a very contentious flight. They all teed off the ground people quite considerably, and I think that kind of put a stop on future flights [for them]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071077–1078-82">[79]</a> Schirra had announced, before the flight,<a href="#cite_note-hboldst-83">[80]</a> his retirement from NASA and the Navy, effective July 1, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirra_1988189-84">[81]</a> The other two crew members had their spaceflight careers stunted by their involvement in Apollo 7; by some accounts, Kraft told Slayton he was unwilling to work in future with any member of the crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071074–1075-85">[82]</a> Cunningham heard the rumors that Kraft had said this and confronted him in early 1969; Kraft denied making the statement "but his reaction wasn't exactly outraged innocence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_2003183-86">[83]</a> Eisele's career may also have been affected by becoming the first active astronaut to divorce, followed by a quick remarriage, and an indifferent performance as backup CMP for Apollo 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_2003217–220-87">[84]</a> He resigned from the Astronaut Office in 1970 though he remained with NASA at the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in Virginia until 1972, when he was eligible for retirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071116–1121-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisele_2017121–122-89">[86]</a> Cunningham was made the leader of the Astronaut Office's <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> division. He related that he was informally offered command of the first Skylab crew, but when this instead went to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>, with Cunningham offered the position of backup commander, he resigned as an astronaut in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench_&_Burgess_20071079–1082-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham_2003291-91">[88]</a> Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham were the only crew, of all the Apollo, Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz missions, who had not been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal immediately following their missions (though Schirra had received the medal twice before, for his Mercury and Gemini missions). Therefore, NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a> decided to belatedly award the medals to the crew in October 2008, "[f]or exemplary performance in meeting all the Apollo 7 mission objectives and more on the first crewed Apollo mission, paving the way for the first flight to the Moon on Apollo 8 and the first crewed lunar landing on Apollo 11." Only Cunningham was still alive at the time as Eisele had died in 1987 and Schirra in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Schirra's_Obituary-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apollo_Crew_Honored_2008-80">[77]</a> Eisele's widow accepted his medal, and Apollo 8 crew member <a href="/wiki/Bill_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Anders">Bill Anders</a> accepted Schirra's. Other Apollo astronauts, including <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a>, were present at the award ceremony. Kraft, who had been in conflict with the crew during the mission, sent a conciliatory video message of congratulations, saying: "We gave you a hard time once but you certainly survived that and have done extremely well since ... I am frankly, very proud to call you a friend."<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_Crew_Honored_2008-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_insignia">Mission insignia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mission insignia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_(SN-186).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_7_Flown_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 7 flown <a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Robbins_medallions_of_the_Apollo_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA space-flown Robbins medallions of the Apollo missions">Robbins medallion</a></figcaption></figure> The insignia for the flight shows a command and service module with its SPS engine firing, the trail from that fire encircling a globe and extending past the edges of the patch symbolizing the Earth-orbital nature of the mission. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a> VII appears in the South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and the crew's names appear on a wide black arc at the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The patch was designed by Allen Stevens of <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_location">Spacecraft location</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spacecraft location">edit</a>]</div> In January 1969, the Apollo 7 command module was displayed on the NASA float in the inauguration parade of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a>. The Apollo 7 astronauts rode in an open car. After being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1970, the spacecraft was loaned to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Canada Science and Technology Museum">National Museum of Science and Technology</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario. It was returned to the United States in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Currently, the Apollo 7 CM is on loan to the <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_of_Flight_Museum" title="Frontiers of Flight Museum">Frontiers of Flight Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Love Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_media">Depiction in media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Depiction in media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg/220px-Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg/330px-Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg/440px-Barbara_Eden_and_Bob_Hope_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Eden" title="Barbara Eden">Barbara Eden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, Eisele, Cunningham, Schirra, and "voice of Mission Control" Paul Haney,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> on The Bob Hope Show.</figcaption></figure> On November 6, 1968, comedian <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> broadcast one of his <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_special" title="Television special">television specials</a> from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> in Houston to honor the Apollo 7 crew. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Eden" title="Barbara Eden">Barbara Eden</a>, star of the popular <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">comedy series</a> <a href="/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie" title="I Dream of Jeannie">I Dream of Jeannie</a>, which featured fictional astronauts among its regular characters, appeared with Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham.<a href="#cite_note-acc-79">[76]</a> Schirra parlayed the head cold he contracted during Apollo 7 into a television advertising contract as a spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Actifed" title="Actifed">Actifed</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> version of the medicine he took in space.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The Apollo 7 mission is dramatized in the 1998 miniseries <a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a> episode "We Have Cleared the Tower", with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a> as Schirra, <a href="/wiki/John_Mese" title="John Mese">John Mese</a> as Eisele, <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Lehne" title="Fredric Lehne">Fredric Lehne</a> as Cunningham and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Searcy" title="Nick Searcy">Nick Searcy</a> as Slayton.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_(68-HC-641).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo 7 in flight"><img alt="Apollo 7 in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg/337px-Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg/505px-Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg/674px-Apollo_7_photographed_in_flight_by_ALOTS_%2868-HC-641%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1890" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo 7 in flight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distant view of the S-IVB stage"><img alt="Distant view of the S-IVB stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg/261px-Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg/391px-Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg/522px-Saturn_IB_Second_Stage_with_open_LM_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="2262" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distant view of the S-IVB stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AS07-11-2000_(21355660044).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Sinai Peninsula from Apollo 7"><img alt="View of the Sinai Peninsula from Apollo 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg/230px-AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg/344px-AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg/459px-AS07-11-2000_%2821355660044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="4600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Sinai Peninsula from Apollo 7</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Apollo 7 command module on display"><img alt="The Apollo 7 command module on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg/341px-Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg/511px-Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg/682px-Apollo_7_Command_Module_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5452" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Apollo 7 command module on display</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_longest_spaceflights" title="Timeline of longest spaceflights">Timeline of longest spaceflights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Lunar Module Pilot" was the official title used for the third pilot position in Block II missions, regardless of whether the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_module" title="Lunar module">LM spacecraft</a> was present or not. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> A pun on his last name, Wendt (pronounced "went") </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "P22" refers to Program 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a>, a means of getting a navigational fix on the spacecraft. Earlier in the day Eisele had been asked to perform "P22 horizon sightings," to which he initially replied, "What in the world is a P22 horizon sighting?"<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Orloff-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Orloff_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrloff2004" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. 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Retrieved October 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Earth+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=Verizon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftv.verizon.com%2Fwatch%2Ftv%2Ffrom-the-earth-to-the-moon%2FS1E03%2Fwe-have-cleared-the-tower%2FHVDD0000000001317354%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMission_Report" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap07fj/pdf/a07-mission-report.pdf">Apollo 7 Mission Report</a> (PDF). Houston, Texas: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap07fj/pdf/a07-mission-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+7+Mission+Report&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fafj%2Fap07fj%2Fpdf%2Fa07-mission-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_Kit" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A07_PressKit.pdf">Apollo 7 Press Kit</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 1968. 68-168K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A07_PressKit.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+7+Press+Kit&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa410%2FA07_PressKit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess_&_Doolan_2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a>; Doolan, Kate (2003). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6212-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6212-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-6212-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Astronauts%3A+Heroes+Who+Died+Reaching+for+the+Moon&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6212-6&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Doolan%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin_1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin" title="Andrew Chaikin">Chaikin, Andrew</a> (1995) [1994]. A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024146-4"><bdi>978-0-14-024146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+on+the+Moon%3A+The+Voyages+of+the+Apollo+Astronauts&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024146-4&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham_2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham, Walter</a> (2003) [1977]. The All-American Boys (updated ed.). ibooks, inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59176-605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59176-605-6"><bdi>978-1-59176-605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+All-American+Boys&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=ibooks%2C+inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59176-605-6&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisele_2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donn_Eisele" class="mw-redirect" title="Donn Eisele">Eisele, Donn</a> (2017). Apollo Pilot: The Memoir of Astronaut Donn Eisele. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6283-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6283-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-6283-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+Pilot%3A+The+Memoir+of+Astronaut+Donn+Eisele&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6283-6&rft.aulast=Eisele&rft.aufirst=Donn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Farmer_&_Hamblin_1970" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, Gene; Hamblin, Dora Jane; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Armstrong, Neil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Collins, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Aldrin, Edwin E. Jr.</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/First_on_the_Moon_(1970_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="First on the Moon (1970 book)">First on the Moon: A Voyage with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.</a> Epilogue by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-0736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-0736-9"><bdi>978-0-7181-0736-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76103950">76103950</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71625">71625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+on+the+Moon%3A+A+Voyage+with+Neil+Armstrong%2C+Michael+Collins%2C+Edwin+E.+Aldrin+Jr.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71625&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76103950&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-0736-9&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft.au=Hamblin%2C+Dora+Jane&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Neil&rft.au=Collins%2C+Michael&rft.au=Aldrin%2C+Edwin+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench_&_Burgess_2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_French_(author)" title="Francis French (author)">French, Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a> (2007). In the Shadow of the Moon : a Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965-1969 (eBook ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-1128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Moon+%3A+a+Challenging+Journey+to+Tranquility%2C+1965-1969&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1128-5&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff_&_Harland_2006" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W.; <a href="/wiki/David_M._Harland" title="David M. Harland">Harland, David M.</a> (2006). Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30043-6"><bdi>978-0-387-30043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Definitive+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30043-6&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Harland%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirra_1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra, Wally</a>; Billings, Richard N. (1988). Schirra's Space. Bluejacket Books. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute#Publications_and_products" title="United States Naval Institute">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-792-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-792-1"><bdi>978-1-55750-792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schirra%27s+Space&rft.series=Bluejacket+Books&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-792-1&rft.aulast=Schirra&rft.aufirst=Wally&rft.au=Billings%2C+Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_&_Leonov" class="citation book cs1">Scott, David; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov, Alexei</a> (2006). Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race. with Christine Toomey (eBook ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Griffin">St. Martin's Griffin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-30866-7"><bdi>978-0-312-30866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Sides+of+the+Moon%3A+Our+Story+of+the+Cold+War+Space+Race&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-312-30866-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Leonov%2C+Alexei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard,_Slayton,_&_Barbree_1994" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Alan B.; <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jay_Barbree" title="Jay Barbree">Barbree, Jay</a>; Benedict, Howard (1994). <a href="/wiki/Moon_Shot" title="Moon Shot">Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Publishing_Company" title="Turner Publishing Company">Turner Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878685-54-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878685-54-4"><bdi>978-1-878685-54-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94003027">94003027</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29846731">29846731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Shot%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+America%27s+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29846731&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94003027&rft.isbn=978-1-878685-54-4&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rft.au=Slayton%2C+Donald+K.&rft.au=Barbree%2C+Jay&rft.au=Benedict%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford_2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cassutt" title="Michael Cassutt">Cassutt, Michael</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdqBgAAQBAJ&q=We+Have+Capture">We Have Capture</a> (eBook ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>. pp. 552–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-070-2"><bdi>978-1-58834-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Have+Capture&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=552-55&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-070-2&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Cassutt%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DWe%2BHave%2BCapture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Steven-Boniecki_2010" class="citation book cs1">Steven-Boniecki, Dwight (2010). Live TV From the Moon. <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926592-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926592-16-9"><bdi>978-1-926592-16-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489010199">489010199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+TV+From+the+Moon&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489010199&rft.isbn=978-1-926592-16-9&rft.aulast=Steven-Boniecki&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimer1985" class="citation book cs1">Lattimer, Dick (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780961122805">All We Did Was Fly to the Moon</a>. History-alive series. Vol. 1. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1st ed.). Alachua, FL: Whispering Eagle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9611228-0-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85222271">85222271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+We+Did+Was+Fly+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Alachua%2C+FL&rft.series=History-alive+series&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Whispering+Eagle+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F85222271&rft.isbn=978-0-9611228-0-5&rft.aulast=Lattimer&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780961122805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+7" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_7&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_7" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-089A">Master catalog entry</a> at NASA/NSSDC\</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm">The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209084600/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm">Archived</a> December 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA, NASA SP-4009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/apsr/apsr.htm">"Apollo Program Summary Report"</a> (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flight_of_apollo_7">The Flight of Apollo 7</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HrLdLgdhpI">The Log of Apollo 7, 1968 documentary produced by George Van Valkenburg</a> on YouTube</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program" title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a> capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol † indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1967Orbital_launches_in_19681969_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1967Orbital_launches_in_19681969_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1967_in_spaceflight" title="1967 in spaceflight">← 1967</a></div><a href="/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight" title="1968 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 1968</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">1969 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_36" title="Explorer 36">Explorer 36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_199&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 199 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 199</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1965 (page does not exist)">OPS 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5028 (page does not exist)">OPS 5028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 200 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2243 (page does not exist)">OPS 2243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6236 (page does not exist)">OPS 6236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 201 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-6LS_No.112" title="Luna E-6LS No.112">E-6LS No.112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_202" title="Kosmos 202">Kosmos 202</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_203&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 203 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 203</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7034 (page does not exist)">OPS 7034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGO-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OGO-5 (page does not exist)">OGO-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_204" title="Kosmos 204">Kosmos 204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_205" title="Kosmos 205">Kosmos 205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer 37">Explorer 37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-U1-Ya_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-U1-Ya No.1 (page does not exist)">DS-U1-Ya No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5057 (page does not exist)">OPS 5057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_206&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 206 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 206</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4849&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4849 (page does not exist)">OPS 4849</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7076&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7076 (page does not exist)">OPS 7076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_207&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 207 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 207</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 208 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 208</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_209&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 209 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 209</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 210 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-13" title="OV1-13">OV1-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-14" title="OV1-14">OV1-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">Luna 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_211" title="Kosmos 211">Kosmos 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_212" title="Kosmos 212">Kosmos 212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_213" title="Kosmos 213">Kosmos 213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5165 (page does not exist)">OPS 5165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_214" title="Kosmos 214">Kosmos 214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_215" title="Kosmos 215">Kosmos 215</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 216 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 216</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.10 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1_No.7L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L (page does not exist)">7K-L1 No.7L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 217 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 217</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 218 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_219" title="Kosmos 219">Kosmos 219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1419&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1419 (page does not exist)">OPS 1419</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 220 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-2B (page does not exist)">ESRO-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_B" title="Nimbus B">Nimbus B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_10" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 10">SECOR 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7869&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7869 (page does not exist)">OPS 7869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_221" title="Kosmos 221">Kosmos 221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_222" title="Kosmos 222">Kosmos 222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_223&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 223 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 223</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 224 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 224</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfera_No.12L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfera No.12L (page does not exist)">Sfera No.12L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5138&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5138 (page does not exist)">OPS 5138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_225" title="Kosmos 225">Kosmos 225</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_226&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 226 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strela-2_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strela-2 No.3 (page does not exist)">Strela-2 No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_227&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 227 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5343 (page does not exist)">OPS 5343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5259&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5259 (page does not exist)">OPS 5259</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_228&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 228 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_229&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 229 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_38" title="Explorer 38">Explorer 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_230" title="Kosmos 230">Kosmos 230</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.13 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_231&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 231 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-15" title="OV1-15">OV1-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-16" title="OV1-16">OV1-16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 232 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_233" title="Kosmos 233">Kosmos 233</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 234 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 234</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2222&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2222 (page does not exist)">OPS 2222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5187&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5187 (page does not exist)">OPS 5187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5955&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5955 (page does not exist)">OPS 5955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_39" title="Explorer 39">Explorer 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_40" title="Explorer 40">Explorer 40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_235&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 235 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATS-4" title="ATS-4">ATS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-7" title="ESSA-7">ESSA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiscal_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiscal 1 (page does not exist)">Orbiscal 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV5-8" title="OV5-8">OV5-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere 1 (page does not exist)">Gridsphere 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere 2 (page does not exist)">Gridsphere 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere B (page does not exist)">Gridsphere B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere R (page does not exist)">Gridsphere R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Calibration_Sphere_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Calibration Sphere 3 (page does not exist)">LCS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Inclination_Doppler_Only_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Inclination Doppler Only Satellite (page does not exist)">LIDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_11" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 11">SECOR 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_12" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 12">SECOR 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcat">Radcat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P68-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P68-1 (page does not exist)">P68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 236 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_237&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 237 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_238" title="Kosmos 238">Kosmos 238</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 239 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5247 (page does not exist)">OPS 5247</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 240 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 241 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 241</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0165 (page does not exist)">OPS 0165</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8595&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8595 (page does not exist)">OPS 8595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-1" title="Intelsat III F-1">Intelsat III F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_242" title="Kosmos 242">Kosmos 242</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 243 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Experimental_Satellite_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Experimental Satellite 6 (page does not exist)">LES-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV2-5" title="OV2-5">OV2-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 21">ERS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_28" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 28">ERS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 244 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_245" title="Kosmos 245">Kosmos 245</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-1A (page does not exist)">ESRO-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.14 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0964 (page does not exist)">OPS 0964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_246&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 246 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 247 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 247</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_248&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 248 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 248</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_249&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 249 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 249</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4078 (page does not exist)">OPS 4078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_3" title="Soyuz 3">Soyuz 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 250 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 250</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_251&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 251 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 251</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 252 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1315 (page does not exist)">OPS 1315</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5296 (page does not exist)">OPS 5296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer 9">Pioneer 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 31">ERS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_253&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 253 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton 4">Proton 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_254&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 254 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 254</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_255&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 255 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 255</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STV-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STV-1 (page does not exist)">STV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_256&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 256 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_257" title="Kosmos 257">Kosmos 257</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6518&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6518 (page does not exist)">OPS 6518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HEOS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEOS-1 (page does not exist)">HEOS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 258 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 258</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4740&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4740 (page does not exist)">OPS 4740</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7684&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7684 (page does not exist)">OPS 7684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_259" title="Kosmos 259">Kosmos 259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-8" title="ESSA-8">ESSA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_260&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 260 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-2" title="Intelsat III F-2">Intelsat III F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_261" title="Kosmos 261">Kosmos 261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_262" title="Kosmos 262">Kosmos 262</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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