Dakelh (Carrier) | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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Columbia. The Carrier name derives from the former custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her deceased husband in a bag during a period of mourning,\r\nat which time a ceremonial distribution of goods released her of the obligation. The name is also an English translation of Aghele, the Sekani name for Dakelh people. They call themselves Dakelh (people who \u201ctravel upon water\u201d), and add the suffixes -xwoten,\r\n\u201cpeople of\u201d or -t\u2019en, \u201cpeople\u201d to village names or locations to refer to specific groups (e.g., Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en). In the 2021 census, 4,730 people claimed to be of Dakelh ancestry.","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz first nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg\" title=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\" alt=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz First Nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz First Nation\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Population and Territory<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh territory comprises approximately 76,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> in the Interior Plateau region of <a href=\"British%20Columbia\">British Columbia<\/a>, bounded on the east by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rocky-mountains\">Rocky Mountains<\/a>,\r\n\tin the north by the Omineca Mountains, and to the west by the Pacific Coast. In the 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 4,730 people claimed to have Dakelh ancestry. (<em>See also<\/em>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-plateau\">Plateau Indigenous Peoples in Canada<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">Indigenous Territory<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Pre-contact Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh winter villages were mainly located at the outlets of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lake\">lakes<\/a> or the confluences of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/river\">rivers<\/a>, or adjacent to\r\n\tstrategic river canyons. The traditional economy of the Dakelh was based on fishing, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and lake <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fishes\">fish<\/a>.\r\n\tSalmon fishing was carried out by using weirs (enclosures) across river mouths or by spearing salmon along rivers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh also hunted large and small game, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bear-animal\">bear<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marmot\">marmots<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver\">beaver<\/a>.\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\">Caribou<\/a> was particularly important to traditional ways of life until the mid-1800s; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\">moose<\/a> became similarly important\r\n\tafter 1900. They gathered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/wild-berries\">berries<\/a> and plants to supplement their diet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh used coastal trade routes to exchange hides, dried berries and meats; the routes were known as \u201cGrease Trails\u201d because many of the products traded along these routes were created using fish oils or grease. The Dakelh also had extensive trade\r\n\tties with neighbouring groups, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/nuxalk-bella-coola\/\">Nuxalk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/gitksan\/\">Gitxsan<\/a> and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/sekani\/\">Sekani<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society and Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lower Dakelh social organization was based on bilateral kinship groups centred on extended families consisting of brothers, their wives and children, and married sons\u2019 families. Each group (known as a <em>sedeku<\/em>) was associated with a hunting territory\r\n\tand fishing and gathering sites.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Upper and Central Dakelh had matrilineal descent groups or clans associated with resource-use areas (known as <em>keyoh<\/em>) and fishing sites. Heads of kinship groups and clans were known as <em>deneza<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatches<\/a>, the ceremonial distribution of goods and food, were held by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/clan\">Clans<\/a> to commemorate deaths, the inheritance\r\n\tof names and other special occasions. Members of each community were connected by extensive kinship ties which served as a framework for the inheritance of traplines and the exchange of goods and services. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/oblates-of-mary-immaculate\">Oblate<\/a>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\">missionaries<\/a> established a mission at Stuart Lake in 1873 and discouraged Potlatches and other customs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Linguistically, the Dakelh are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene\">Dene<\/a> and comprise three major subgroupings based on differences in dialect and culture: Upper Dakelh or Babine, located along the Bulkley River and Babine\r\n\tLake in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a> watershed; Central Dakelh in the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake basins in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a>\twatershed; and Lower Dakelh in the Blackwater River region. The Canadian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a> does not separate Babine, Central Dakelh, and Southern Dakelh speakers. In 2016,\r\n\tit reported 990 people claimed Dakelh (Carrier) as their mother tongue and 1,530 people claimed knowledge of the language. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">Indigenous Languages in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-alexander-mackenzie-explorer\" target=\"_blank\">Alexander Mackenzie<\/a> and other fur traders of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-north-west-company-17791821-feature\">Northwest Company<\/a>\twere the first Europeans to enter Dakelh territory in 1793. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trade\">Fur Trade<\/a>.) In order to get to this area however, they had to pass through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\">Sekani<\/a>\tlands, and therefore learned about the Dakelh from the Sekani. It is for this reason that the Sekani name for Dakelh \u2014 <em>Aghele<\/em> \u2014 is the name Europeans translated and used to refer to the Dakelh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the establishment of fur trade posts in the Dakelh area in the early 1800s (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/fort-st-james\/\">Fort St. James<\/a> at Stuart Lake in 1806), the Dakelh traded\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and furs to fur-trading companies (North West Company until 1821; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/hudsons-bay-company\/\">Hudson\u2019s Bay Company<\/a>\tafter 1821). Because of a mission and trading post located at Stuart Lake, Fort St. James became an important centre for seasonal gatherings of Dakelh from throughout the region.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/disease\">Diseases<\/a> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">smallpox<\/a> and measles in the 1800s and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/influenza\">influenza<\/a>\tin 1918 reduced the Dakelh populations, which reached a low point in the late 1920s. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">Reserves<\/a> were allocated in 1871 and in the 1890s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the completion of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/railway-history\">railway<\/a> line in the Northern Interior in 1914, the Dakelh became involved in logging and seasonal wage labour while maintaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunting<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trapping\">trapping<\/a> and fishing activities. This pattern remains important in some Dakelh communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By 1911, weirs (enclosures) had been banned from use on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> streams in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a>\twatersheds; in 1913\u201314 rock slides in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hells-gate\">Hells Gate<\/a> section of the Fraser River severely reduced the amount of salmon reaching the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake area, resulting\r\n\tin increased use of lakefish, hunting and trapping.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Activism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 1980s, the westernmost Dakelh groups, the Wet'suwet'en, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gitksan\">Gitxsan<\/a> of the Skeena River, went to court for recognition of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-title\">Aboriginal title<\/a>\tin what is known as the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/delgamuukw-case\">Delgamuukw case<\/a><\/em> (1997). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>\tobserved that Aboriginal title constituted an ancestral right protected by section 35 (1) of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\"><em>Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>. Influenced by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/calder-case\"><em>Calder <\/em>case<\/a>\t(1973), the ruling in the <em>Delgamuukw<\/em> case had an impact on other court cases about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada<\/a> and Aboriginal title, including in\r\n\tthe <em>Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/em> case (2014). (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-political-organization-and-activism\">Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) is a political organization that represents seven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>: Ts\u2019il Kaz Koh (Burns Lake Band), Nadleh Whut\u2019en, Saik\u2019uz, Stellat\u2019en, Takla\r\n\tLake, Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, and Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. According to the CSTC, the organization also offers \u201ctechnical and professional services to its member-nations in the areas of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fisheries\">fisheries<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a> development, community and infrastructure\r\n\tplanning, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/forestry\">forestry<\/a>, financial management and negotiations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council (CCTC) has four member communities: Lhoosk\u2019uz Den\u00e9 Nation, Lhtako Den\u00e9 Nation, Tl\u2019esqox of the Tsilhqot\u2019in, and Ulkatcho First Nation. The council describes itself as \u201can effective and progressive organization that contributes\r\n\tto the unity and well-being of the CCTC communities and citizens through the delivery of quality programs and services which respect our aboriginal culture, traditions and values.\u201d<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"translations":[{"id":"f522802a-a903-4e01-8743-30aa242e7d6e","article_id":"72287","title":"Dakelh (Carrier)","summary":"Dakelh, also known as Carrier, are Dene people traditionally occupying areas in north-central British Columbia. The Carrier name derives from the former custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her deceased husband in a bag during a period of mourning,\r\nat which time a ceremonial distribution of goods released her of the obligation. The name is also an English translation of Aghele, the Sekani name for Dakelh people. They call themselves Dakelh (people who \u201ctravel upon water\u201d), and add the suffixes -xwoten,\r\n\u201cpeople of\u201d or -t\u2019en, \u201cpeople\u201d to village names or locations to refer to specific groups (e.g., Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en). In the 2021 census, 4,730 people claimed to be of Dakelh ancestry.","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz first nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg\" title=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\" alt=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz First Nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz First Nation\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Population and Territory<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh territory comprises approximately 76,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> in the Interior Plateau region of <a href=\"British%20Columbia\">British Columbia<\/a>, bounded on the east by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rocky-mountains\">Rocky Mountains<\/a>,\r\n\tin the north by the Omineca Mountains, and to the west by the Pacific Coast. In the 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 4,730 people claimed to have Dakelh ancestry. (<em>See also<\/em>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-plateau\">Plateau Indigenous Peoples in Canada<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">Indigenous Territory<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Pre-contact Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh winter villages were mainly located at the outlets of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lake\">lakes<\/a> or the confluences of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/river\">rivers<\/a>, or adjacent to\r\n\tstrategic river canyons. The traditional economy of the Dakelh was based on fishing, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and lake <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fishes\">fish<\/a>.\r\n\tSalmon fishing was carried out by using weirs (enclosures) across river mouths or by spearing salmon along rivers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh also hunted large and small game, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bear-animal\">bear<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marmot\">marmots<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver\">beaver<\/a>.\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\">Caribou<\/a> was particularly important to traditional ways of life until the mid-1800s; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\">moose<\/a> became similarly important\r\n\tafter 1900. They gathered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/wild-berries\">berries<\/a> and plants to supplement their diet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh used coastal trade routes to exchange hides, dried berries and meats; the routes were known as \u201cGrease Trails\u201d because many of the products traded along these routes were created using fish oils or grease. The Dakelh also had extensive trade\r\n\tties with neighbouring groups, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/nuxalk-bella-coola\/\">Nuxalk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/gitksan\/\">Gitxsan<\/a> and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/sekani\/\">Sekani<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society and Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lower Dakelh social organization was based on bilateral kinship groups centred on extended families consisting of brothers, their wives and children, and married sons\u2019 families. Each group (known as a <em>sedeku<\/em>) was associated with a hunting territory\r\n\tand fishing and gathering sites.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Upper and Central Dakelh had matrilineal descent groups or clans associated with resource-use areas (known as <em>keyoh<\/em>) and fishing sites. Heads of kinship groups and clans were known as <em>deneza<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatches<\/a>, the ceremonial distribution of goods and food, were held by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/clan\">Clans<\/a> to commemorate deaths, the inheritance\r\n\tof names and other special occasions. Members of each community were connected by extensive kinship ties which served as a framework for the inheritance of traplines and the exchange of goods and services. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/oblates-of-mary-immaculate\">Oblate<\/a>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\">missionaries<\/a> established a mission at Stuart Lake in 1873 and discouraged Potlatches and other customs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Linguistically, the Dakelh are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene\">Dene<\/a> and comprise three major subgroupings based on differences in dialect and culture: Upper Dakelh or Babine, located along the Bulkley River and Babine\r\n\tLake in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a> watershed; Central Dakelh in the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake basins in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a>\twatershed; and Lower Dakelh in the Blackwater River region. The Canadian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a> does not separate Babine, Central Dakelh, and Southern Dakelh speakers. In 2016,\r\n\tit reported 990 people claimed Dakelh (Carrier) as their mother tongue and 1,530 people claimed knowledge of the language. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">Indigenous Languages in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-alexander-mackenzie-explorer\" target=\"_blank\">Alexander Mackenzie<\/a> and other fur traders of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-north-west-company-17791821-feature\">Northwest Company<\/a>\twere the first Europeans to enter Dakelh territory in 1793. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trade\">Fur Trade<\/a>.) In order to get to this area however, they had to pass through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\">Sekani<\/a>\tlands, and therefore learned about the Dakelh from the Sekani. It is for this reason that the Sekani name for Dakelh \u2014 <em>Aghele<\/em> \u2014 is the name Europeans translated and used to refer to the Dakelh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the establishment of fur trade posts in the Dakelh area in the early 1800s (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/fort-st-james\/\">Fort St. James<\/a> at Stuart Lake in 1806), the Dakelh traded\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and furs to fur-trading companies (North West Company until 1821; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/hudsons-bay-company\/\">Hudson\u2019s Bay Company<\/a>\tafter 1821). Because of a mission and trading post located at Stuart Lake, Fort St. James became an important centre for seasonal gatherings of Dakelh from throughout the region.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/disease\">Diseases<\/a> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">smallpox<\/a> and measles in the 1800s and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/influenza\">influenza<\/a>\tin 1918 reduced the Dakelh populations, which reached a low point in the late 1920s. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">Reserves<\/a> were allocated in 1871 and in the 1890s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the completion of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/railway-history\">railway<\/a> line in the Northern Interior in 1914, the Dakelh became involved in logging and seasonal wage labour while maintaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunting<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trapping\">trapping<\/a> and fishing activities. This pattern remains important in some Dakelh communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By 1911, weirs (enclosures) had been banned from use on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> streams in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a>\twatersheds; in 1913\u201314 rock slides in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hells-gate\">Hells Gate<\/a> section of the Fraser River severely reduced the amount of salmon reaching the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake area, resulting\r\n\tin increased use of lakefish, hunting and trapping.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Activism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 1980s, the westernmost Dakelh groups, the Wet'suwet'en, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gitksan\">Gitxsan<\/a> of the Skeena River, went to court for recognition of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-title\">Aboriginal title<\/a>\tin what is known as the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/delgamuukw-case\">Delgamuukw case<\/a><\/em> (1997). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>\tobserved that Aboriginal title constituted an ancestral right protected by section 35 (1) of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\"><em>Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>. Influenced by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/calder-case\"><em>Calder <\/em>case<\/a>\t(1973), the ruling in the <em>Delgamuukw<\/em> case had an impact on other court cases about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada<\/a> and Aboriginal title, including in\r\n\tthe <em>Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/em> case (2014). (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-political-organization-and-activism\">Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) is a political organization that represents seven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>: Ts\u2019il Kaz Koh (Burns Lake Band), Nadleh Whut\u2019en, Saik\u2019uz, Stellat\u2019en, Takla\r\n\tLake, Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, and Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. According to the CSTC, the organization also offers \u201ctechnical and professional services to its member-nations in the areas of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fisheries\">fisheries<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a> development, community and infrastructure\r\n\tplanning, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/forestry\">forestry<\/a>, financial management and negotiations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council (CCTC) has four member communities: Lhoosk\u2019uz Den\u00e9 Nation, Lhtako Den\u00e9 Nation, Tl\u2019esqox of the Tsilhqot\u2019in, and Ulkatcho First Nation. The council describes itself as \u201can effective and progressive organization that contributes\r\n\tto the unity and well-being of the CCTC communities and citizens through the delivery of quality programs and services which respect our aboriginal culture, traditions and values.\u201d<\/p>","slug":"carrier","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2010-08-26T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-21T19:22:23.000000Z"},{"id":"5a10ea5c-8e07-41e5-a8f2-b69194610211","article_id":"72287","title":"Dakelh (Porteurs ou Carrier)","summary":"<p>Les Dakelh, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s Porteurs ou Carriers, sont des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/dene\">D\u00e9n\u00e9s<\/a> qui occupent traditionnellement les r\u00e9gions du centre-nord de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/colombie-britannique\">Colombie\u2011Britannique<\/a>.\r\n Le nom Porteurs provient de l\u2019ancienne coutume voulant qu\u2019une veuve porte un sac contenant les cendres de son mari d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 pendant une p\u00e9riode de deuil, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019une distribution c\u00e9r\u00e9monielle de ses biens la lib\u00e8re de cette obligation. Ce nom est\r\n \u00e9galement une traduction du mot <em>Aghele<\/em>, le nom des Dakelh en s\u00e9kani. Ils s\u2019appellent eux\u2011m\u00eames Dakelh (personnes qui \u00ab&nbsp;se d\u00e9placent sur l\u2019eau&nbsp;\u00bb) et ils ajoutent les suffixes <em>xwoten<\/em>, signifiant \u00ab&nbsp;peuple de&nbsp;\u00bb,\r\n ou<em> t\u2019en <\/em>signifiant \u00ab&nbsp;peuple&nbsp;\u00bb, \u00e0 des noms de villages ou de lieux pour d\u00e9signer des groupes sp\u00e9cifiques (par exemple Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en, etc.) Lors du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/donnees-demographiques-collecte-des\">recensement<\/a> de 2021,\r\n 4730 personnes ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 \u00eatre d\u2019ascendance dakelh.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg\" title=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz\" alt=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg\" title=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en\" alt=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div>\r\n\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg\" title=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz\" alt=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Population et territoire<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Le territoire dakelh couvre environ 76 000 km<sup>2<\/sup> dans la r\u00e9gion du plateau int\u00e9rieur de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/colombie-britannique\">Colombie\u2011Britannique<\/a>. Il est d\u00e9limit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019est\r\n par les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/rocheuses\">Rocheuses<\/a>, au nord par les monts Omineca et \u00e0 l\u2019ouest par la c\u00f4te du Pacifique. Lors du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/donnees-demographiques-collecte-des\">recensement<\/a> de 2021,\r\n 4730 personnes d\u00e9clarent \u00eatre d\u2019ascendance dakelh (<em>voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/autochtones-le-plateau\">Peuples autochtones du Plateau au Canada<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-territory\">Territoire autochtone<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vie avant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des Europ\u00e9ens<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Les villages d\u2019hiver des Dakelh sont principalement situ\u00e9s aux d\u00e9charges des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/lac-66\">lacs<\/a> ou aux confluences de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/cours-deau-1\">cours d\u2019eau<\/a>,\r\n ou le long de canyons de rivi\u00e8re strat\u00e9giques. L\u2019\u00e9conomie traditionnelle des Dakelh est bas\u00e9e sur la p\u00eache, en particulier la p\u00eache au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/saumon-1\">saumon<\/a> et aux <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/poisson-3\">poissons<\/a> des\r\n lacs. La p\u00eache au saumon s\u2019effectue en utilisant des barrages (enclos) plac\u00e9s aux embouchures des rivi\u00e8res ou en harponnant le saumon le long des rivi\u00e8res.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les Dakelh chassent \u00e9galement le gros et le petit gibier, notamment les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/ours-3\">ours<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/marmotte\">marmottes<\/a> et\r\n les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/castor-5\">castors<\/a>. Jusqu\u2019au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1800, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/caribou-1\">caribou<\/a> joue un r\u00f4le particuli\u00e8rement\r\n important pour leur mode de vie traditionnel. L\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/orignal\">orignal<\/a> devient tout aussi important apr\u00e8s 1900. Les Dakelh cueillent des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/baies-sauvages\">baies sauvages<\/a> et\r\n des plantes pour compl\u00e9ter leur r\u00e9gime alimentaire.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les Dakelh empruntent les routes commerciales c\u00f4ti\u00e8res pour \u00e9changer des peaux, des baies s\u00e9ch\u00e9es et de la viande. Ces routes sont connues sous le nom de \u00ab&nbsp;Grease trails&nbsp;\u00bb (sentiers de graisse), car de nombreux produits qui sont \u00e9chang\u00e9s le long de ces\r\n routes sont fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d\u2019huiles ou de graisses de poisson. Les Dakelh entretiennent \u00e9galement des liens commerciaux \u00e9troits avec d\u2019autres groupes autochtones voisins, notamment les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/nuxalks-bella-coolas\">Nuxalks<\/a>,\r\n les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gitksans\">Gitksans<\/a> et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sekani\/\">S\u00e9kanis<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>L\u2019organisation sociale des Dakelh du Sud est fond\u00e9e sur des groupes de parent\u00e9 bilat\u00e9raux centr\u00e9s sur des familles \u00e9largies compos\u00e9es des fr\u00e8res, de leurs \u00e9pouses et de leurs enfants, ainsi que des familles des fils mari\u00e9s. Chaque groupe (appel\u00e9 <em>sedeku<\/em>)\r\n est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un territoire de chasse et des sites de p\u00eache et de cueillette.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les Dakelh du Nord et du Centre sont organis\u00e9s en groupes d\u2019ascendance matrilin\u00e9aire ou des clans associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des zones d\u2019utilisation des ressources (appel\u00e9es <em>keyoh<\/em>) et \u00e0 des sites de p\u00eache. Les chefs de groupes de parent\u00e9 et de clans sont\r\n connus sous le nom de <em>deneza<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/potlatch-1\">potlatchs<\/a>, c\u00e9r\u00e9monies de distribution de biens et de nourriture, sont organis\u00e9s par les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/clan\">clans<\/a> pour\r\n comm\u00e9morer les d\u00e9c\u00e8s, l\u2019h\u00e9ritage des noms et d\u2019autres occasions sp\u00e9ciales. Les membres de chaque communaut\u00e9 sont reli\u00e9s par des liens de parent\u00e9 \u00e9tendus qui servent de cadre \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9ritage des territoires de pi\u00e9geage et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9change de biens et de services.\r\n Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/missions-et-missionnaires\">missionnaires<\/a> oblats \u00e9tablissent une mission \u00e0 Stuart Lake en 1873 et d\u00e9couragent la tenue de potlatchs et les autres coutumes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Langue<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Linguistiquement, les Dakelh sont des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/dene\">D\u00e9n\u00e9s<\/a> et comprennent trois grands sous\u2011groupes bas\u00e9s sur des diff\u00e9rences de dialectes et de culture&nbsp;: les Dakelh du Nord ou Babines,\r\n vivant le long de la rivi\u00e8re Bulkley et du lac Babine dans le bassin versant de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/riviere-skeena\">rivi\u00e8re Skeena<\/a>; les Dakelh du Centre, install\u00e9s dans les bassins des lacs Stuart et\r\n Fraser, dans le bassin du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/fleuve-fraser\">fleuve Fraser<\/a>; et les Dakelh du Sud dans la r\u00e9gion de la rivi\u00e8re Blackwater. Le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/donnees-demographiques-collecte-des\">recensement<\/a> canadien\r\n ne s\u00e9pare pas les locuteurs de la langue babine, de la langue dakelh du Centre et de la langue dakelh du Sud. En 2021, le recensement indique que 990 personnes d\u00e9clarent la langue dakelh comme \u00e9tant leur langue maternelle, et 1530 personnes\r\n affirment avoir une connaissance de la langue. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/langues-autochtones-au-canada\">Langues autochtones au Canada<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Histoire coloniale<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sir-alexander-mackenzie-explorateur\">Alexander Mackenzie<\/a> et d\u2019autres marchands de fourrures de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/compagnie-du-nord-ouest\">Compagnie du Nord\u2011Ouest<\/a> sont\r\n les premiers Europ\u00e9ens \u00e0 entrer dans le territoire dakelh en 1793 (v<em>oir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/traite-des-fourrures\">Traite des fourrures<\/a>). Cependant, pour atteindre cette r\u00e9gion, ils doivent\r\n traverser les terres des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sekani\">S\u00e9kanis<\/a> et c\u2019est par ces derniers qu\u2019ils apprennent l\u2019existence des Dakelh. C\u2019est pour cette raison que le nom donn\u00e9 par les S\u00e9kani aux Dakelh, <em>Aghele<\/em>,\r\n est le nom que les Europ\u00e9ens traduisent et utilisent pour d\u00e9signer les Dakelh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de postes de traite des fourrures dans la r\u00e9gion des Dakelh au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1800 (par exemple <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/fort-st-james\/\">Fort St. James<\/a> au lac Stuart en 1806),\r\n les Dakelh font la traite des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/saumon-1\">saumons<\/a> et des fourrures (avec la Compagnie du Nord\u2011Ouest jusqu\u2019en 1821 et avec la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/compagnie-de-la-baie-dhudson\">Compagnie de la Baie d\u2019Hudson<\/a> apr\u00e8s\r\n 1821). En raison de la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une mission et d\u2019un poste de traite situ\u00e9s au lac Stuart, Fort St. James devient un centre important pour les rassemblements saisonniers des Dakelh de toute la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/maladie-2\">maladies<\/a> comme la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/variole\">variole<\/a> et la rougeole dans les ann\u00e9es 1800, et la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/grippe-1\">grippe<\/a> en 1918,\r\n r\u00e9duisent les populations dakelh, qui atteignent un point bas \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1920. Des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/reserves-2\">r\u00e9serves<\/a> sont attribu\u00e9es aux Dakelh en 1871 et dans les ann\u00e9es 1890.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Apr\u00e8s l\u2019ach\u00e8vement d\u2019une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/histoire-du-chemin-de-fer\">ligne de chemin de fer<\/a> dans l\u2019int\u00e9rieur nord en 1914, les Dakelh deviennent impliqu\u00e9s dans l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re et le\r\n travail saisonnier salari\u00e9, tout en maintenant leurs activit\u00e9s de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chasse-1\">chasse<\/a>, de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/trappage-danimaux-a-fourrure\">pi\u00e9geage<\/a> et de p\u00eache. Ce mode de vie demeure important dans plusieurs communaut\u00e9s dakelh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>D\u00e8s 1911, les barrages (enclos) dans les rivi\u00e8res \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/saumon-1\">saumons<\/a> sont interdits dans les bassins versants du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/fleuve-fraser\">fleuve Fraser<\/a> et\r\n de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/riviere-skeena\">rivi\u00e8re Skeena<\/a>. En 1913\u20111914, des \u00e9boulements de rochers dans la gorge <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/hells-gate\">Hells Gate<\/a> du\r\n canyon du fleuve Fraser r\u00e9duisent consid\u00e9rablement les populations de saumons atteignant la r\u00e9gion des lacs Stuart et Fraser, ce qui entraine une augmentation de la p\u00eache aux poissons de lac, de la chasse et du trappage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Activisme<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, les groupes de Dakelh les plus \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, soit les Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gitksans\">Gitksans<\/a> de la rivi\u00e8re Skeena, intentent une action en justice pour\r\n la reconnaissance de leur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/titre-autochtone\">titre autochtone<\/a> dans ce qui devient connu comme l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/cherchez?search=Delgamuukw\"><em>affaire Delgamuukw<\/em><\/a> (1997).\r\n La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/cour-supreme-du-canada\">Cour supr\u00eame du Canada<\/a> fait observer que le titre autochtone constitue un droit ancestral prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par l\u2019article 35(1) de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-constitutionnelle-de-1982\"><em>Loi constitutionnelle de 1982<\/em><\/a>.\r\n La d\u00e9cision de la Cour dans l\u2019affaire <em>Delgamuukw<\/em>, influenc\u00e9e par l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/calder-affaire\"><em>affaire Calder<\/em><\/a> (1973), a une incidence sur d\u2019autres affaires judiciaires concernant\r\n les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droits-ancestraux\">droits des peuples autochtones<\/a> au Canada et sur les titres autochtones, notamment l\u2019affaire <em>Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/em> (2014). (<em>Voir aussi<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/organisations-et-activisme-politiques-des-autochtones\">Organisation politique des Autochtones et activisme au Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vie contemporaine<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Le Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) est une organisation politique qui repr\u00e9sente sept <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/premieres-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a>&nbsp;: les Ts\u2019il Kaz Koh (bande de Burns Lake), les Nadleh\r\n Whut\u2019en, les Saik\u2019uz, les Stellat\u2019en, les Takla Lake, les Tl\u2019azt\u2019en et les Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. Selon le CSTC, l\u2019organisation offre \u00e9galement \u00ab&nbsp;des services techniques et professionnels \u00e0 ses nations membres dans les domaines des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/peche-industrie-de-la\">p\u00eacheries<\/a>,\r\n de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/education-des-autochtones\">\u00e9ducation<\/a>, du d\u00e9veloppement <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/conditions-economiques-des-autochtones\">\u00e9conomique<\/a>, de la planification\r\n et des infrastructures communautaires, de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/foresterie\">foresterie<\/a>, de la gestion financi\u00e8re et des n\u00e9gociations&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Le Conseil tribal Carrier Chilcotin compte quatre communaut\u00e9s membres&nbsp;: la nation Lhoosk\u2019uz Den\u00e9, la nation Lhtako Den\u00e9, les Tl\u2019esqox des Tsilhqot\u2019in et la Premi\u00e8re Nation Ulkatcho. Il se d\u00e9crit comme \u00ab&nbsp;une organisation efficace et progressiste qui\r\n contribue \u00e0 l\u2019unit\u00e9 et au bien\u2011\u00eatre des communaut\u00e9s et des citoyens du Conseil gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la prestation de programmes et de services de qualit\u00e9 qui respectent notre culture, nos traditions et nos valeurs autochtones&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>","slug":"porteurs","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2010-08-26T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-21T19:22:23.000000Z"}],"widgets":[{"id":"1037","user_id":"4293","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2018-03-21T16:01:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-03-21T16:01:01.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/english\/indigenous-perspectives\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20EN%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","pivot":{"article_id":"72287","widget_id":"1037","position":1},"translations":[{"id":"6bb7fac8-818d-45b5-834b-cd9c70f4806e","widget_id":"1037","title":"Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/english\/indigenous-perspectives\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20EN%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"cc01ca9b-9a5c-42ea-a444-593a93d2f14a","widget_id":"1037","title":"Guide p\u00e9dagogique perspectives autochtones","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/francais\/perspectives-autochtones\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20FR%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"fr"}]},{"id":"875","user_id":"3c92085a-ea4b-4cba-b2ae-07943d12bfe0","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2016-11-02T19:36:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-02T18:48:55.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Peoples Collection","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/collection\/aboriginal-peoples\/\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","pivot":{"article_id":"72287","widget_id":"875","position":2},"translations":[{"id":"dda66719-fc40-4b15-9e66-dc6019df2694","widget_id":"875","title":"Indigenous Peoples Collection","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/collection\/aboriginal-peoples\/\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"bc384258-2d8f-4a21-aed1-9c575735f5c0","widget_id":"875","title":"Collection des peuples autochtones","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/collection\/les-peuples-autochtones\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20FR.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"fr"}]}],"links":[{"id":"9e060798-3bf6-45dc-a47c-b19bf2837919","article_id":"72287","body":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span class=\"MsoHyperlink\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/carrierchilcotin.org\/\">CARRIER CHILCOTIN TRIBAL COUNCIL\r\n<span style=\"font-weight:normal\">Learn more about the CCTC on this site.<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"9e060798-3edd-4747-beee-353a1d83242c","article_id":"72287","body":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span class=\"MsoHyperlink\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.carriersekani.ca\/\">CARRIER SEKANI TRIBAL COUNCIL<span style=\"font-weight:normal\"> Explore their official website to learn more about\r\nthis organization.<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span> <o:p><\/o:p><\/p>","locale":"en"}],"recommended_readings":[{"id":"9e060798-312c-4bd3-b227-587c049f6977","article_id":"72287","body":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">A. Mills,\u00a0<i>Eagle Down is Our Law: Witsuwit'en Law,\r\nFeasts, and Land Claims<\/i>\u00a0(1994).<o:p><\/o:p><\/p>","locale":"en"}],"tags":[{"id":"78fa913a-6cc6-4a13-9290-7b28bc7eb885","created_at":"2018-10-04T18:58:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-04T18:58:12.000000Z","title":"First Nations","slug":"first-nations","pivot":{"taggable_id":"72287","tag_id":"78fa913a-6cc6-4a13-9290-7b28bc7eb885","taggable_type":"App\\Models\\Article"},"translations":[{"id":"b3a54c2c-0966-40d8-b0be-fd3b6653c027","tag_id":"78fa913a-6cc6-4a13-9290-7b28bc7eb885","title":"First Nations","slug":"first-nations","locale":"en"},{"id":"d45ad193-d895-4ad8-a3ef-bac236b9812e","tag_id":"78fa913a-6cc6-4a13-9290-7b28bc7eb885","title":"Premi\u00e8res Nations","slug":"premi\u00e8res-nations","locale":"fr"}]},{"id":"efd058c8-3a72-48e4-86d7-e6c657801875","created_at":"2018-09-14T18:08:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-09-14T18:08:00.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Peoples","slug":"indigenous-peoples","pivot":{"taggable_id":"72287","tag_id":"efd058c8-3a72-48e4-86d7-e6c657801875","taggable_type":"App\\Models\\Article"},"translations":[{"id":"2d96435f-7141-4a18-8892-c32a1e033d56","tag_id":"efd058c8-3a72-48e4-86d7-e6c657801875","title":"Indigenous Peoples","slug":"indigenous-peoples","locale":"en"},{"id":"b3bc5a02-e42b-4202-93ae-06e93d2dc4c0","tag_id":"efd058c8-3a72-48e4-86d7-e6c657801875","title":"Peuples autochtones","slug":"peuples-autochtones","locale":"fr"}]}],"sponsors":[],"translation":{"id":"f522802a-a903-4e01-8743-30aa242e7d6e","article_id":"72287","title":"Dakelh (Carrier)","summary":"Dakelh, also known as Carrier, are Dene people traditionally occupying areas in north-central British Columbia. The Carrier name derives from the former custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her deceased husband in a bag during a period of mourning,\r\nat which time a ceremonial distribution of goods released her of the obligation. The name is also an English translation of Aghele, the Sekani name for Dakelh people. They call themselves Dakelh (people who \u201ctravel upon water\u201d), and add the suffixes -xwoten,\r\n\u201cpeople of\u201d or -t\u2019en, \u201cpeople\u201d to village names or locations to refer to specific groups (e.g., Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en). In the 2021 census, 4,730 people claimed to be of Dakelh ancestry.","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz first nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg\" title=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\" alt=\"Nadleh Whut'en first nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg\" title=\"Saik'uz First Nation\" alt=\"Saik'uz First Nation\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Population and Territory<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh territory comprises approximately 76,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> in the Interior Plateau region of <a href=\"British%20Columbia\">British Columbia<\/a>, bounded on the east by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rocky-mountains\">Rocky Mountains<\/a>,\r\n\tin the north by the Omineca Mountains, and to the west by the Pacific Coast. In the 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 4,730 people claimed to have Dakelh ancestry. (<em>See also<\/em>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-plateau\">Plateau Indigenous Peoples in Canada<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">Indigenous Territory<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Pre-contact Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dakelh winter villages were mainly located at the outlets of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lake\">lakes<\/a> or the confluences of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/river\">rivers<\/a>, or adjacent to\r\n\tstrategic river canyons. The traditional economy of the Dakelh was based on fishing, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and lake <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fishes\">fish<\/a>.\r\n\tSalmon fishing was carried out by using weirs (enclosures) across river mouths or by spearing salmon along rivers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh also hunted large and small game, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bear-animal\">bear<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marmot\">marmots<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver\">beaver<\/a>.\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\">Caribou<\/a> was particularly important to traditional ways of life until the mid-1800s; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\">moose<\/a> became similarly important\r\n\tafter 1900. They gathered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/wild-berries\">berries<\/a> and plants to supplement their diet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Dakelh used coastal trade routes to exchange hides, dried berries and meats; the routes were known as \u201cGrease Trails\u201d because many of the products traded along these routes were created using fish oils or grease. The Dakelh also had extensive trade\r\n\tties with neighbouring groups, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/nuxalk-bella-coola\/\">Nuxalk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/gitksan\/\">Gitxsan<\/a> and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/sekani\/\">Sekani<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society and Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lower Dakelh social organization was based on bilateral kinship groups centred on extended families consisting of brothers, their wives and children, and married sons\u2019 families. Each group (known as a <em>sedeku<\/em>) was associated with a hunting territory\r\n\tand fishing and gathering sites.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Upper and Central Dakelh had matrilineal descent groups or clans associated with resource-use areas (known as <em>keyoh<\/em>) and fishing sites. Heads of kinship groups and clans were known as <em>deneza<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatches<\/a>, the ceremonial distribution of goods and food, were held by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/clan\">Clans<\/a> to commemorate deaths, the inheritance\r\n\tof names and other special occasions. Members of each community were connected by extensive kinship ties which served as a framework for the inheritance of traplines and the exchange of goods and services. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/oblates-of-mary-immaculate\">Oblate<\/a>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\">missionaries<\/a> established a mission at Stuart Lake in 1873 and discouraged Potlatches and other customs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Linguistically, the Dakelh are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene\">Dene<\/a> and comprise three major subgroupings based on differences in dialect and culture: Upper Dakelh or Babine, located along the Bulkley River and Babine\r\n\tLake in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a> watershed; Central Dakelh in the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake basins in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a>\twatershed; and Lower Dakelh in the Blackwater River region. The Canadian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a> does not separate Babine, Central Dakelh, and Southern Dakelh speakers. In 2016,\r\n\tit reported 990 people claimed Dakelh (Carrier) as their mother tongue and 1,530 people claimed knowledge of the language. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">Indigenous Languages in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-alexander-mackenzie-explorer\" target=\"_blank\">Alexander Mackenzie<\/a> and other fur traders of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-north-west-company-17791821-feature\">Northwest Company<\/a>\twere the first Europeans to enter Dakelh territory in 1793. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trade\">Fur Trade<\/a>.) In order to get to this area however, they had to pass through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\">Sekani<\/a>\tlands, and therefore learned about the Dakelh from the Sekani. It is for this reason that the Sekani name for Dakelh \u2014 <em>Aghele<\/em> \u2014 is the name Europeans translated and used to refer to the Dakelh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the establishment of fur trade posts in the Dakelh area in the early 1800s (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/fort-st-james\/\">Fort St. James<\/a> at Stuart Lake in 1806), the Dakelh traded\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> and furs to fur-trading companies (North West Company until 1821; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/hudsons-bay-company\/\">Hudson\u2019s Bay Company<\/a>\tafter 1821). Because of a mission and trading post located at Stuart Lake, Fort St. James became an important centre for seasonal gatherings of Dakelh from throughout the region.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/disease\">Diseases<\/a> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">smallpox<\/a> and measles in the 1800s and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/influenza\">influenza<\/a>\tin 1918 reduced the Dakelh populations, which reached a low point in the late 1920s. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">Reserves<\/a> were allocated in 1871 and in the 1890s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After the completion of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/railway-history\">railway<\/a> line in the Northern Interior in 1914, the Dakelh became involved in logging and seasonal wage labour while maintaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunting<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fur-trapping\">trapping<\/a> and fishing activities. This pattern remains important in some Dakelh communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By 1911, weirs (enclosures) had been banned from use on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\">salmon<\/a> streams in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fraser-river\">Fraser River<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/skeena-river\">Skeena River<\/a>\twatersheds; in 1913\u201314 rock slides in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hells-gate\">Hells Gate<\/a> section of the Fraser River severely reduced the amount of salmon reaching the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake area, resulting\r\n\tin increased use of lakefish, hunting and trapping.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Activism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 1980s, the westernmost Dakelh groups, the Wet'suwet'en, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gitksan\">Gitxsan<\/a> of the Skeena River, went to court for recognition of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-title\">Aboriginal title<\/a>\tin what is known as the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/delgamuukw-case\">Delgamuukw case<\/a><\/em> (1997). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>\tobserved that Aboriginal title constituted an ancestral right protected by section 35 (1) of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\"><em>Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>. Influenced by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/calder-case\"><em>Calder <\/em>case<\/a>\t(1973), the ruling in the <em>Delgamuukw<\/em> case had an impact on other court cases about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada<\/a> and Aboriginal title, including in\r\n\tthe <em>Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/em> case (2014). (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-political-organization-and-activism\">Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) is a political organization that represents seven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>: Ts\u2019il Kaz Koh (Burns Lake Band), Nadleh Whut\u2019en, Saik\u2019uz, Stellat\u2019en, Takla\r\n\tLake, Tl\u2019azt\u2019en, and Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. According to the CSTC, the organization also offers \u201ctechnical and professional services to its member-nations in the areas of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fisheries\">fisheries<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a> development, community and infrastructure\r\n\tplanning, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/forestry\">forestry<\/a>, financial management and negotiations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council (CCTC) has four member communities: Lhoosk\u2019uz Den\u00e9 Nation, Lhtako Den\u00e9 Nation, Tl\u2019esqox of the Tsilhqot\u2019in, and Ulkatcho First Nation. The council describes itself as \u201can effective and progressive organization that contributes\r\n\tto the unity and well-being of the CCTC communities and citizens through the delivery of quality programs and services which respect our aboriginal culture, traditions and values.\u201d<\/p>","slug":"carrier","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2010-08-26T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-21T19:22:23.000000Z"},"media":[{"id":"13759","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/media","filename":"46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57","extension":"jpg","mime_type":"image\/jpeg","aggregate_type":"image","size":100000,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2016-06-28T18:42:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-28T18:42:27.000000Z","title":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","alt":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","caption":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (part of the larger Yinka Dene (Carrier) Nation) and Fraser Lake, view from Mt. Fraser, 2006.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"13759","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"feature","order":1},"translations":[{"id":"8145f596-c97d-462b-87d5-7b3c3afe7523","media_id":"13759","title":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","alt":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","caption":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (part of the larger Yinka Dene (Carrier) Nation) and Fraser Lake, view from Mt. Fraser, 2006.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"en","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"},{"id":"f0c05e09-eeb6-4262-97b7-736815863688","media_id":"13759","title":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en","alt":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en","caption":"<p><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n11.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:\r\nFR-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">Premi\u00e8re Nation\r\nNadleh Whut\u2019en, partie de la nation Yinka Den\u00e9 (Porteurs), et lac Fraser; vue\r\ndepuis le mont Fraser, 2006.<\/span><br><\/p>","creator":"","source":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"fr","credit":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"}]},{"id":"13759","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/media","filename":"46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57","extension":"jpg","mime_type":"image\/jpeg","aggregate_type":"image","size":100000,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2016-06-28T18:42:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-28T18:42:27.000000Z","title":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","alt":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","caption":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (part of the larger Yinka Dene (Carrier) Nation) and Fraser Lake, view from Mt. Fraser, 2006.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"13759","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"gallery","order":1},"translations":[{"id":"8145f596-c97d-462b-87d5-7b3c3afe7523","media_id":"13759","title":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","alt":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","caption":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (part of the larger Yinka Dene (Carrier) Nation) and Fraser Lake, view from Mt. Fraser, 2006.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"en","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"},{"id":"f0c05e09-eeb6-4262-97b7-736815863688","media_id":"13759","title":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en","alt":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Nadleh Whut\u2019en","caption":"<p><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n11.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:\r\nFR-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">Premi\u00e8re Nation\r\nNadleh Whut\u2019en, partie de la nation Yinka Den\u00e9 (Porteurs), et lac Fraser; vue\r\ndepuis le mont Fraser, 2006.<\/span><br><\/p>","creator":"","source":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"fr","credit":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"}]},{"id":"be940804-c229-4add-957d-6c806c3f9bf7","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018_FR","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":34279,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2018-12-05T16:17:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-12-05T16:17:55.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018_FR.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018_FR.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"be940804-c229-4add-957d-6c806c3f9bf7","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"translator","order":1},"translations":[]},{"id":"d289ba65-3f80-4441-b966-c0d4c3a5c0c2","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh Carrier original EN entry","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":18009,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2018-10-05T13:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-05T13:35:51.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier original EN entry.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier original EN entry.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"d289ba65-3f80-4441-b966-c0d4c3a5c0c2","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"copyeditor","order":1},"translations":[]},{"id":"13760","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/media","filename":"98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd","extension":"jpg","mime_type":"image\/jpeg","aggregate_type":"image","size":100000,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2016-06-28T18:25:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-28T18:25:49.000000Z","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","caption":"Cabins on Saik'uz First Nation, along Nulki Lake, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"13760","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"gallery","order":2},"translations":[{"id":"b690b81c-648e-43cd-9108-775e2e494f4d","media_id":"13760","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","caption":"Cabins on Saik'uz First Nation, along Nulki Lake, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"en","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"},{"id":"9c3be3b4-0509-4ecd-8c11-1f0e4ad87a4c","media_id":"13760","title":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz","alt":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz","caption":"<p><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:\r\nFR-CA;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\">Cabanes de la Premi\u00e8re\r\nNation Saik\u2019uz, au bord du lac Nulki, 2006. La Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz est une\r\ncommunaut\u00e9 dakelh (Porteurs\/D\u00e9n\u00e9s).<\/span><br><\/p>","creator":"","source":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"fr","credit":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"}]},{"id":"9df42ece-2d7f-48b6-afe7-7e83e8f09666","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh Carrier update 2018 Aug","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":35171,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2018-10-05T13:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-05T13:36:01.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier update 2018 Aug.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier update 2018 Aug.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"9df42ece-2d7f-48b6-afe7-7e83e8f09666","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"copyeditor","order":2},"translations":[]},{"id":"9e060743-aae9-4307-9017-7a3663dace68","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_FR_Final_20241119","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":42860,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2025-01-21T19:21:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-21T19:21:28.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_FR_Final_20241119.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_FR_Final_20241119.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"9e060743-aae9-4307-9017-7a3663dace68","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"translator","order":2},"translations":[]},{"id":"13761","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/media","filename":"3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957","extension":"jpg","mime_type":"image\/jpeg","aggregate_type":"image","size":100000,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2016-06-28T18:45:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-28T18:45:55.000000Z","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","caption":"Small totem outside Saik'uz First Nation Potlatch House, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"13761","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"gallery","order":3},"translations":[{"id":"3c863c0c-6689-46bd-b8fb-284401ca9fdf","media_id":"13761","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","caption":"Small totem outside Saik'uz First Nation Potlatch House, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community.","creator":"","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"en","credit":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"},{"id":"e6cfc09f-6536-4b31-8bad-22a04ced12d4","media_id":"13761","title":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz","alt":"Premi\u00e8re Nation Saik\u2019uz","caption":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Petit totem\r\n\u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur de Potlatch House, Premi\u00e8re nation Saik\u2019uz, 2006. La Premi\u00e8re\r\nNation Saik\u2019uz est une communaut\u00e9 dakelh (Porteurs\/D\u00e9n\u00e9s).<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>","creator":"","source":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","locale":"fr","credit":"(avec la permission de Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)"}]},{"id":"990ab8a7-6c67-4694-a6e6-828bfa619bdd","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":25992,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2018-10-05T13:36:07.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-05T13:36:07.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh Carrier A EN 2018.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"990ab8a7-6c67-4694-a6e6-828bfa619bdd","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"copyeditor","order":3},"translations":[]},{"id":"9d86f3fd-e883-469c-973b-a66b9cdffe75","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_EN_Final_20241119","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":34317,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2024-11-19T15:17:26.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-11-19T15:17:26.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_EN_Final_20241119.docx"},"url":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Dakelh-Carrier-_Update_MUS_EN_Final_20241119.docx","credit":null,"pivot":{"mediable_id":"72287","media_id":"9d86f3fd-e883-469c-973b-a66b9cdffe75","mediable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","tag":"copyeditor","order":4},"translations":[]}],"related_collections":[]},"related_articles":[{"id":"89357","author_text":"Alain Beaulieu","revisor":"","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2012-12-04T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-11-16T16:28:24.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Huron-Wendat of Wendake","slug":"hurons-wendat-of-wendake","alt_slug":"","summary":"<p>In 1697, several <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat<\/a> settled in what became known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Wendake<\/a>. One of the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">Seven Nations<\/a>,\r\n\tthe Huron-Wendat were allies of the French until 1760, then of the British. Today, the Huron-Wendat of Wendake are among the most urbanised and most prosperous <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> communities\r\n\tin <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/dbcf9b74-90d5-42a2-8f3c-9e38996ea0b7.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat Chiefs\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat Chiefs\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Three Huron-Wyandot (Wendat) chiefs from the Huron reserve (Lorette) now called Wendake in Quebec, Canada. At far left is Michel Tsioui (Teachendale), war chief. Center is Stanislas Coska (Aharathaha), second chief of the council. At far light is Andre\r\n\t\t\t\tRomain (Tsouhahissen), first chief of the council.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f17d7da-74d5-4ac2-bd62-148f29f3880a.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat People\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat People\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Huron-Wendat group from Wendake (Lorette) at Spencerwood, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, 1880.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/a43e1780-4228-4ae0-9f38-d3b41d7d0a69.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>M\u00e9lanie Savard, a member of the Huron-Wendat First Nation, performs a traditional dance for Canadian and American sailors during celebrations of the Bicentennial of the War of 1812 (Qu\u00e9bec City, 26 July 2012).<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Settling at Wendake<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the destruction of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Huronia<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/iroquois\">Haudenosaunee<\/a>, in 1649-50, about 500 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat<\/a>\tleft <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/georgian-bay\">Georgian Bay<\/a> to seek refuge close to the French, in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec-city\">Quebec City<\/a> region. These Huron-Wendat,\r\n\twho quickly converted to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/catholicism\">Catholicism<\/a>, initially settled on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/ile-d-orleans\">Ile d'Orl\u00e9ans<\/a> (1650-56), but moved their\r\n\tvillages several times before finally settling some kilometres north of Quebec, at Jeune-Lorette (now Wendake), in 1697.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the decades that followed, the Huron-Wendat population slowly declined. It reached its lowest level of about 100 people in 1760 before gradually increasing to attain a level of approximately 300 in the mid-19th century.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>One of the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">Seven Nations<\/a> of Canada, the Huron-Wendat were allies of the French until 1760, then of the British. Due to their small numbers however, they played only a modest role\r\n\tin the North American conflicts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After establishing themselves in the Quebec region, the Huron-Wendat would progressively attach greater importance to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunting<\/a> to ensure their subsistence. This was done to the detriment\r\n\tof the cultivation of light crops that in the 19th century occupied only a marginal place in their way of life. The Huron-Wendat hunting territories were found north of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/st-lawrence-river\">St Lawrence<\/a>,\r\n\tbetween <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/saguenay-river\">Saguenay<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/riviere-saint-maurice\">Saint-Maurice<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Changes to Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In the second half of the 19th century, several factors however, rapidly forced the Huron-Wendat to abandon their traditional hunting activities: the opening of new regions of colonization, the formation of numerous private hunting and fishing clubs and\r\n\tthe creation of Parc des Laurentides. From this time on, making and selling crafts articles, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\">snowshoes<\/a>, baskets and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/birchbark-canoe\">canoes<\/a>,\r\n\toccupied a dominant place in the Huron-Wendat economy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The Huron-Wendat of Wendake today are among the most urbanised and most prosperous <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> communities in <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>.\r\n\tAs of April 2024, there are 5,155 members of the Huron-Wendat Nation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some well-known Huron-Wendat from Wendake include <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">Chief<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/max-gros-louis\">Max Gros-Louis<\/a> (1931-2020), artist \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/zacharie-vincent\">Zacharie Vincent<\/a> (1815-86), and the Sioui brothers (Georges, R\u00e9gent, Konrad and Hugues) who were at the centre of an <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Indigenous rights<\/a> case at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>\tin 1990, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sioui-case\">R. v. Sioui<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"72287","relatable_id":"89357","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":1},"translations":[{"id":"5f96e7f3-e71a-4516-80ca-22ffc7bf3664","article_id":"89357","title":"Huron-Wendat of Wendake","summary":"<p>In 1697, several <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat<\/a> settled in what became known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Wendake<\/a>. One of the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">Seven Nations<\/a>,\r\n\tthe Huron-Wendat were allies of the French until 1760, then of the British. Today, the Huron-Wendat of Wendake are among the most urbanised and most prosperous <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> communities\r\n\tin <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/dbcf9b74-90d5-42a2-8f3c-9e38996ea0b7.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat Chiefs\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat Chiefs\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Three Huron-Wyandot (Wendat) chiefs from the Huron reserve (Lorette) now called Wendake in Quebec, Canada. At far left is Michel Tsioui (Teachendale), war chief. Center is Stanislas Coska (Aharathaha), second chief of the council. At far light is Andre\r\n\t\t\t\tRomain (Tsouhahissen), first chief of the council.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f17d7da-74d5-4ac2-bd62-148f29f3880a.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat People\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat People\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Huron-Wendat group from Wendake (Lorette) at Spencerwood, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, 1880.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/a43e1780-4228-4ae0-9f38-d3b41d7d0a69.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>M\u00e9lanie Savard, a member of the Huron-Wendat First Nation, performs a traditional dance for Canadian and American sailors during celebrations of the Bicentennial of the War of 1812 (Qu\u00e9bec City, 26 July 2012).<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Settling at Wendake<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>At the time of the destruction of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Huronia<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/iroquois\">Haudenosaunee<\/a>, in 1649-50, about 500 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat<\/a>\tleft <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/georgian-bay\">Georgian Bay<\/a> to seek refuge close to the French, in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec-city\">Quebec City<\/a> region. These Huron-Wendat,\r\n\twho quickly converted to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/catholicism\">Catholicism<\/a>, initially settled on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/ile-d-orleans\">Ile d'Orl\u00e9ans<\/a> (1650-56), but moved their\r\n\tvillages several times before finally settling some kilometres north of Quebec, at Jeune-Lorette (now Wendake), in 1697.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the decades that followed, the Huron-Wendat population slowly declined. It reached its lowest level of about 100 people in 1760 before gradually increasing to attain a level of approximately 300 in the mid-19th century.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>One of the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">Seven Nations<\/a> of Canada, the Huron-Wendat were allies of the French until 1760, then of the British. Due to their small numbers however, they played only a modest role\r\n\tin the North American conflicts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After establishing themselves in the Quebec region, the Huron-Wendat would progressively attach greater importance to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunting<\/a> to ensure their subsistence. This was done to the detriment\r\n\tof the cultivation of light crops that in the 19th century occupied only a marginal place in their way of life. The Huron-Wendat hunting territories were found north of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/st-lawrence-river\">St Lawrence<\/a>,\r\n\tbetween <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/saguenay-river\">Saguenay<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/riviere-saint-maurice\">Saint-Maurice<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Changes to Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In the second half of the 19th century, several factors however, rapidly forced the Huron-Wendat to abandon their traditional hunting activities: the opening of new regions of colonization, the formation of numerous private hunting and fishing clubs and\r\n\tthe creation of Parc des Laurentides. From this time on, making and selling crafts articles, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\">snowshoes<\/a>, baskets and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/birchbark-canoe\">canoes<\/a>,\r\n\toccupied a dominant place in the Huron-Wendat economy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The Huron-Wendat of Wendake today are among the most urbanised and most prosperous <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> communities in <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>.\r\n\tAs of April 2024, there are 5,155 members of the Huron-Wendat Nation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Some well-known Huron-Wendat from Wendake include <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">Chief<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/max-gros-louis\">Max Gros-Louis<\/a> (1931-2020), artist \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/zacharie-vincent\">Zacharie Vincent<\/a> (1815-86), and the Sioui brothers (Georges, R\u00e9gent, Konrad and Hugues) who were at the centre of an <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Indigenous rights<\/a> case at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>\tin 1990, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sioui-case\">R. v. Sioui<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>","slug":"hurons-wendat-of-wendake","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2012-12-04T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-11-16T16:28:24.000000Z"},{"id":"7d37f926-fce5-41dd-a25d-b706e4e83c93","article_id":"89357","title":"Hurons-Wendat de Wendake","summary":"<p>En 1697,\r\nplusieurs Hurons-Wendats se sont install\u00e9s dans ce qui est devenu par la suite\r\nWendake. L\u2019une des Sept Nations du Canada, les Hurons-Wendats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 alli\u00e9s\r\ndes Fran\u00e7ais jusqu\u2019en 1760, et ensuite alli\u00e9s des Britanniques. De nos jours,\r\nles Hurons-Wendats de Wendake comptent parmi les communaut\u00e9s autochtones les plus\r\nurbanis\u00e9es et les plus prosp\u00e8res du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/dbcf9b74-90d5-42a2-8f3c-9e38996ea0b7.jpg\" title=\"Chefs Hurons-Wendat\" alt=\"Chefs Hurons-Wendat\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u00c9tablissement \u00e0 Wendake<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Au moment de\r\nla destruction de la Huronie par les Haudenosaunee en 1649-1650, environ 500 Hurons-Wendats\r\nquittent la baie G\u00e9orgienne pour chercher refuge pr\u00e8s des Fran\u00e7ais, dans la\r\nr\u00e9gion de la ville de Qu\u00e9bec. Ces Hurons-Wendats, qui se convertissent\r\nrapidement au catholicisme, s\u2019installent d\u2019abord sur l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans\r\n(1650-1656), puis ils d\u00e9placent ensuite leurs villages \u00e0 plusieurs reprises,\r\navant de s\u2019\u00e9tablir \u00e0 quelques kilom\u00e8tres au nord de Qu\u00e9bec, \u00e0 Jeune-Lorette\r\n(aujourd\u2019hui Wendake), en 1697.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Au cours\r\ndes d\u00e9cennies qui suivent, la population des Hurons-Wendats diminue lentement.\r\nElle atteint son plus bas niveau d\u2019environ cent personnes en 1760, avant de\r\nremonter progressivement, pour atteindre environ 300 personnes au milieu\r\ndu 19<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L\u2019une des\r\nSept-Nations du Canada, les Hurons-Wendats sont les alli\u00e9s des Fran\u00e7ais jusqu\u2019en\r\n1760, puis des Britanniques. En raison de leur petit nombre, ils jouent un r\u00f4le\r\ntr\u00e8s modeste dans les conflits nord-am\u00e9ricains.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre\r\ninstall\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9gion de Qu\u00e9bec, les Hurons-Wendats accordent progressivement\r\nune importance plus grande \u00e0 la chasse pour assurer leur subsistance. Cela se\r\nfait au d\u00e9triment de la culture de l\u2019agriculture l\u00e9g\u00e8re qui, au 19<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle,\r\nn\u2019occupe qu\u2019une place marginale dans leur mode de vie. Les territoires de\r\nchasse des Hurons-Wendats se trouvent au nord du Saint-Laurent, entre le\r\nSaguenay et le Saint-Maurice.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Changements dans la vie\r\ntraditionnelle<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Durant la\r\nseconde moiti\u00e9 du 19<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, plusieurs facteurs forcent\r\ntoutefois rapidement les Hurons-Wendats \u00e0 abandonner leurs activit\u00e9s\r\ntraditionnelles de chasse&nbsp;: ouverture de nouvelles r\u00e9gions de colonisation,\r\nformation de nombreux clubs priv\u00e9s de chasse et de p\u00eache, et cr\u00e9ation du Parc\r\ndes Laurentides. Depuis lors, la fabrication et la vente d\u2019objets artisanaux,\r\ncomme des raquettes, des paniers, et des canots, occupent une place\r\npr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie des Hurons-Wendats.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f17d7da-74d5-4ac2-bd62-148f29f3880a.jpg\" title=\"Groupe de Hurons-Wendats\" alt=\"Groupe de Hurons-Wendats\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vie contemporaine<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>De nos\r\njours, les Hurons-Wendats de Wendake comptent parmi les communaut\u00e9s autochtones les plus\r\nurbanis\u00e9es et les plus prosp\u00e8res du Qu\u00e9bec. En avril 2024, la Nation Huron-Wendat compte 5 155 membres.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Parmi\r\ncertains Hurons-Wendats bien connus de Wendake, on trouve le chef Max Gros\r\nLouis (1931-2020), l\u2019artiste Zacharie Vincent (1815-1886), et les fr\u00e8res Sioui\r\n(Georges, R\u00e9gent, Konrad et Hugues) qui \u00e9taient au c\u0153ur d\u2019une affaire sur les\r\ndroits des Autochtones \u00e0 la Cour Supr\u00eame du Canada en 1990, R.c. Sioui.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/a43e1780-4228-4ae0-9f38-d3b41d7d0a69.jpg\" title=\"Danse Huron-Wendat\" alt=\"Danse Huron-Wendat\"><\/div>","slug":"hurons-wendat-de-wendake","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2012-12-04T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-11-16T16:28:24.000000Z"},{"id":"9d4e8aab-f5a2-4821-92ee-016cb248192b","article_id":"89357","title":"Huron-Wendat of Wendake","summary":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Sannadkii 1697, dhowr <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat ayaa ku deegtay waxa<\/a> loo yaqaano Wendake.<\/a> Mid ka mid ah Todo <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">badii Qaran<\/a> kii, \r\n Huron-Wendat ayaa ahaa xulaafada Faransiiska illaa 1760, kadibna Ingiriiska. <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Maanta, Huron-Wendat ee Wendake ayaa ka mid yahay bulshada ugu badan magaalada iyo ugu barwaaqsan ee guud ee Quebec. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/dbcf9b74-90d5-42a2-8f3c-9e38996ea0b7.jpg\" title=\"Madaxda Huron-Wendat\" alt=\"Madaxda Huron-Wendat\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Saddex madax Huron-Wyandot (Wendat) oo kasoo jeeda reerka Huron (Lorette) ayaa hadda lagu magacaabo Wendake ee magaalada Quebec ee dalka Canada. Waxaa ka baxsan waxa uu yahay Michel Tsioui (Teachendale), madax dagaalka. Xarunta waa Stanislas Coska (Aharathaha) oo madaxa labaad ee golaha. Iftii far waa Andre \r\n Romain (Tsouhahissen) oo madaxda ugu horreeyay ee golaha.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f17d7da-74d5-4ac2-bd62-148f29f3880a.jpg\" title=\"Shacabka Huron-Wendat\" alt=\"Shacabka Huron-Wendat\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Kooxda Huron-Wendat oo ka socda Wendake (Lorette) ee Spencerwood, Magaalada Qu\u00e9bec, QC, 1880.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/a43e1780-4228-4ae0-9f38-d3b41d7d0a69.jpg\" title=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\" alt=\"Huron-Wendat Dance\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>M\u00e9lanie Savard oo ah xubin ka tirsan Huron-Wendat First Nation, ayaa waxaa ku sameeysa dankaas dhaqanka u qaaday badbaadaha Canada iyo Mareykanka xilliga dabaalada Bicentennial ee Dagaalkii 1812 (Magaalada Qu\u00e9bec, 26 Luulyo 2012).<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Hore X<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">iga<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Deegaanka Wendake<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec-city\">Xilligii burburkii <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huronia\">Huronia<\/a> ay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/iroquois\">Haudenosaunee<\/a>, sanadkii 1649-50, ku dhawaad 500 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/huron\">Huron-Wendat<\/a> ayaa ka baxay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/georgian-bay\">Baay Geor<\/a> gia, si ay u raadinaan ilaa magaalada Faransiiska, ee gobolka Magaalada Quebec.<\/a> Huron-Wendat oo si deg deg ah u bedeeyey C <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/catholicism\">atholici<\/a> yga ayaa mar \r\n kii hore ku deegay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/ile-d-orleans\">Ile d&#39;Orl\u00e9ans<\/a> (1650-56), balse tuuladooda dhowr jeer u dhaqaaqday ka hor inta ugu dambeyn ay deegaan qaar kilomeeter wa \r\n qooyi ee Quebec, ku jira Jeune-Lorette (hadda Wendake), sanadkii 1697.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tobanadii soo socday, shacabka Huron-Wendat ayaa si dar-darab u dhacay. Waxay gaaray heerkeeda ugu hoose oo ku yaabsan 100 qof sanadkii 1760 ka hor inta si si si si uu gaaray heer qiyaastii 300 ee dhexe qarnihii 19aad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mid ka mid ah Todo <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seven-nations\">badii Qaran<\/a> ee Canada, Huron-Wendat ayaa ahaa xulaafada Faransiiska illaa 1760, kadibna ka mid ah Ingiriiska. Sababta tiradooda yar hase ahaatee, waxay kaalin daaran ah oo kaliya ku ciyaare \r\n en khilaafada Waqooyiga Mare<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kadib ka dib ay isaga sameeyaan gobolka Quebec, Huron-Wendat ayaa si horjoogta si horjeedo muhiimad weyn u qaban lahaa ahaanta si ay u xaqi <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">iji<\/a> yaan Tani ayaa waxaa lagu sameeyey dhin \r\n aca beelaha fiif ah oo qarnihii 19aad ay ku qabsadeen meel xayn oo kaliya qaabkooda nolosha. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/riviere-saint-maurice\">Gobolka huron-Wendat oo la helay waqooyiga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/st-lawrence-river\">St Lawrence<\/a>, oo u dhaxeeya S <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/saguenay-river\">agu<\/a> enay iyo \r\n Saint-Maurice.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Isbedelka Nolosha Dhaqanka<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Qeybtii labaad ee qarnihii 19aad, dhawr sababo hase yeeshee, si dardar ah u qasbay Huron-Wendat inay ka baxaan howlahooda dhaqanka dhaqanka ah: furitaanka gobollada cusub ee gumeysiga, sameynta kooxaha gaar badan oo gaar ah iyo abuurka Parc des Laurentides. \r\n Waqtigan laga bilaayo, sameynta iyo iibinta qodobo shaqaalka ah, sida koob <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\">aha barafka<\/a>, kubadaha iyo caaw <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/birchbark-canoe\">o, ayaa me<\/a> el ugu badan \r\n ku qaatay dhaqaalaha Huron-Wendat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Nolosha casri<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Huron-Wendat ee Wendake maanta waxa uu ka mid yahay bulshada ugu badan magaalada iyo ugu barwaaqay ee Quebec.<\/a><\/a> \r\nIlaa bishii April 2024 waxaa jira 5,155 xubno oo ka tirsan Qaranka Huron-Wendat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sioui-case\">Qaar ka mid ah Huron-Wendat oo ka mid ah Wendake ayaa waxaa ka mid ah <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">Chi<\/a> ef <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/max-gros-louis\">Max Gros-Louis<\/a> (1931-2020), fanaanka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/zacharie-vincent\">Zacharie Vincent<\/a> (1815-86), iyo walaalaha Sioui (Georges, R\u00e9gent, Konrad iyo Hugues) oo xarunta kiis xuquuqda ah ee Maxkamadda sare ee Canada sanadkii 1990, R. v. Sioui.<\/a><\/em><\/a><\/a><\/p>","slug":"hursonsowendatsofsowendake","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"so","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2024-10-22T14:16:35.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-10-22T14:16:35.000000Z"}]},{"id":"91107","author_text":"","revisor":"","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2017-04-06T15:02:04.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-16T15:13:34.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Huu-ay-aht","slug":"huu-ay-aht","alt_slug":"","summary":"<p>The Huu-ay-aht First Nation, located along the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, numbers 725 registered members, as of December 2021. The Huu-ay-aht are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation and are self-governing under the Maa-nulth Treaty.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/f07f2140-fd64-4f4f-9239-f09637112c65.jpg\" title=\"Huu-ay-aht First Nation\" alt=\"Huu-ay-aht First Nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/4013e0fd-5d11-404f-9758-747fc9757c55.jpg\" title=\"Return of Huu-ay-aht Cultural Treasures\" alt=\"Return of Huu-ay-aht Cultural Treasures\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f6d76c8-5f05-476c-ba1a-ada93bbef2da.jpg\" title=\"Huu-ay-aht Forestry Worker\" alt=\"Huu-ay-aht Forestry Worker\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territory and Population<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d552383.5852723655!2d-125.28687749481522!3d49.27007583121624!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0%3A0x6a9d31fb37ca7a23!2sHuu-ay-aht+Government+Office!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sca!4v1491396046528\"\r\nwidth=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">traditional territories<\/a> of the Huu-ay-aht are located between Bamfield and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/port-alberni\/\">Port Alberni<\/a>.\r\n\tThe main community, Ancala (Pachena Bay), is situated on Pachena Beach, at the head of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/west-coast-trail\/\">West Coast Trail<\/a>, close to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pacific-rim-national-park-reserve\/\">Pacific Rim National Park Reserve<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe site of the ancient capital of the Huu-ay-aht is Kiix\u0294in. Located on the southeast shore of Barkley Sound, Kiix\u0294in houses the standing remains of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/longhouse\/\">longhouses<\/a> and other archeological\r\n\tartifacts. The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated Kiix\u0294in a National Historic Site in 1999.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht nation claims that their population was in the thousands before colonization; however, a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/epidemic\/\">epidemics<\/a> and conflicts in the late 1700s and early 1800s reduced\r\n\ttheir population by an estimated 90 per cent. As of December 2021, the total registered population of the Huu-ay-aht is 725, the majority of which (594) live off <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserve<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht hunted and travelled according to the seasons and to the migratory patterns of certain animals. They caught and ate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/herring\/\">herring<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/cod\/\">cod<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\/\">salmon<\/a>, halibut and other fish, including shellfish. The Huu-ay-aht hunted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/whale\/\">whales<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seal\/\">seals<\/a>\tand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sea-lion\/\">sea lions<\/a>, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">deer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elk\/\">elk<\/a> and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bear-animal\/\">bear<\/a>. These animals provided food as well as skins and furs for clothing and to make certain tools. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/wild-berries\/\">Berries<\/a>\tand vegetation supplemented their diet.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHuu-ay-aht society was (and still is) composed of various family groups who are governed by a hereditary chief (<em>ha\u2019wiih<\/em>).These chiefs own the rights to certain ceremonies, songs, stories and territories. Together, they are referred to as the\r\n\tHa\u2019wiih Council. While the council has great importance in Huu-ay-aht society and culture, it governs in association with elected leaders.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHistorically, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/\">Nuu-chah-nulth<\/a> have had a strong ceremonial culture, characterised by feasting and entertainment with song, dance, contests and theatricals (<em>see<\/em>\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatch<\/a>). In Huu-ay-aht tradition, sacred members of society known as \u201cwolves\u201d (defined by the nation as \u201cyoung people with a special talent for ceremonies\u201d) play important roles\r\n\tin certain cultural rituals.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Nuu-chah-nulth have also been known for their stunning woodwork, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canoeing\/\">canoes<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/totem-pole\/\">totem poles<\/a>,\r\n\tmultifamily houses and other products hand-crafted out of fine cedar (<em>see <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/northwest-coast-aboriginal-art\/\">Northwest Coast Indigenous Art<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht speak Nuu-chah-nulth (Nuu\u010daan\u0313u\u026b). More specifically, they speak a dialect known as Barkley. Although the language has suffered at the hands of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a>\tand other assimilationist policies, the Huu-ay-aht have worked towards preserving and reviving it. The nation has implemented a program for children called Paawats, which is designed to produce bilingual speakers (<em>see <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/#h3_jump_4\">Nuu-chah-nulth: Language<\/a>\tand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-coast-language-families\/\">Northwest Coast Language Families<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion and Spirituality<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Nuu-chah-nulth belief system centres on a Creator being as well as spirits whose powers can be used to bring peace and fortune. In Huu-ay-aht tradition, natural formations, such as the mountains, seas and forests, are said to contain the spirits of\r\n\tsupernatural beings, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>. The Nuu-chah-nulth believe that all life forms have a spirit, and should therefore be respected and appreciated. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/shaman\/\">Shamans<\/a>\tensured the spiritual health of the people by practising ancient medicines and healing rituals to cure illness and restore balance to the soul (<em>see<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Indigenous People: Religion and Spirituality<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Origin Stories<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht have different stories to explain the origin of their people. According to one tale, the first ancestors descended from the heavens and founded the current Huu-ay-aht community. Another says that in the beginning there were only spirits\r\n\tand animals who could remove their furs and skins to become <em>Kuu-us<\/em> (\"human\"). One day, the animals decided to remain human. These were the first Huu-ay-aht people.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe origin stories explain that the ancestors lived in balance with nature and with animals (referred to as <em>Hi\u0161uk ma c\u0315awak<\/em>, \u201call is one\u201d). Nutchkoa was the first man, and Ho-miniki was the first woman; both were deities. The history and traditional\r\n\tstories of the Huu-ay-aht come from their ancestors, and have been continuously passed down to new generations. In the 19th century, carvings of Nutchkoa and Ho-miniki were erected in Kiix\u0294in to welcome guests. The carvings remain there to this day.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tBy the 1900s, the increased presence of European settlers on Nuu-chah-nulth lands forced them onto government-created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserves<\/a>. Assimilationist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">federal<\/a>\tpolicies \u2014 including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a> \u2014 eroded Nuu-chah-nulth\r\n\tculture and traditional ways of life. Nuu-chah-nulth peoples continue to work towards revitalizing and preserving their language, culture and spirituality.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Rights and Land Claims<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn February 2016, the Huu-ay-aht at Bamfield received close to $14 million from the federal government in compensation for its breaches of duty over an unlawful timber licence. This was the first award granted by the Specific Claims Tribunal, established\r\n\tin 2008 (<em>see<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Indigenous Land Claims<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht, along with several other Nuu-chah-nulth nations, have signed the Maa-nulth treaty, which has provided them with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-governance<\/a> since 1 April\r\n\t2011. Self-governance gives these nations certain powers over citizenship and lawmaking in their traditional territories. The Huu-ay-aht now manage their own <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/forestry\/\">forestry<\/a> operations\r\n\tas well as other development projects.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht are part of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, an association founded in 1958 that provides various services to approximately 9,500 registered members, including child welfare, education, employment training and other socio-economic programs\r\n\tthat support health and development.\r\n<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"72287","relatable_id":"91107","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":2},"translations":[{"id":"503ba6e7-1397-4c0f-970f-99e0a174d2e6","article_id":"91107","title":"Huu-ay-aht","summary":"<p>The Huu-ay-aht First Nation, located along the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, numbers 725 registered members, as of December 2021. The Huu-ay-aht are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation and are self-governing under the Maa-nulth Treaty.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/f07f2140-fd64-4f4f-9239-f09637112c65.jpg\" title=\"Huu-ay-aht First Nation\" alt=\"Huu-ay-aht First Nation\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/4013e0fd-5d11-404f-9758-747fc9757c55.jpg\" title=\"Return of Huu-ay-aht Cultural Treasures\" alt=\"Return of Huu-ay-aht Cultural Treasures\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f6d76c8-5f05-476c-ba1a-ada93bbef2da.jpg\" title=\"Huu-ay-aht Forestry Worker\" alt=\"Huu-ay-aht Forestry Worker\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territory and Population<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d552383.5852723655!2d-125.28687749481522!3d49.27007583121624!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0%3A0x6a9d31fb37ca7a23!2sHuu-ay-aht+Government+Office!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sca!4v1491396046528\"\r\nwidth=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">traditional territories<\/a> of the Huu-ay-aht are located between Bamfield and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/port-alberni\/\">Port Alberni<\/a>.\r\n\tThe main community, Ancala (Pachena Bay), is situated on Pachena Beach, at the head of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/west-coast-trail\/\">West Coast Trail<\/a>, close to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pacific-rim-national-park-reserve\/\">Pacific Rim National Park Reserve<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe site of the ancient capital of the Huu-ay-aht is Kiix\u0294in. Located on the southeast shore of Barkley Sound, Kiix\u0294in houses the standing remains of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/longhouse\/\">longhouses<\/a> and other archeological\r\n\tartifacts. The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated Kiix\u0294in a National Historic Site in 1999.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht nation claims that their population was in the thousands before colonization; however, a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/epidemic\/\">epidemics<\/a> and conflicts in the late 1700s and early 1800s reduced\r\n\ttheir population by an estimated 90 per cent. As of December 2021, the total registered population of the Huu-ay-aht is 725, the majority of which (594) live off <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserve<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht hunted and travelled according to the seasons and to the migratory patterns of certain animals. They caught and ate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/herring\/\">herring<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/cod\/\">cod<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/salmon\/\">salmon<\/a>, halibut and other fish, including shellfish. The Huu-ay-aht hunted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/whale\/\">whales<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/seal\/\">seals<\/a>\tand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sea-lion\/\">sea lions<\/a>, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">deer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elk\/\">elk<\/a> and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bear-animal\/\">bear<\/a>. These animals provided food as well as skins and furs for clothing and to make certain tools. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/wild-berries\/\">Berries<\/a>\tand vegetation supplemented their diet.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHuu-ay-aht society was (and still is) composed of various family groups who are governed by a hereditary chief (<em>ha\u2019wiih<\/em>).These chiefs own the rights to certain ceremonies, songs, stories and territories. Together, they are referred to as the\r\n\tHa\u2019wiih Council. While the council has great importance in Huu-ay-aht society and culture, it governs in association with elected leaders.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHistorically, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/\">Nuu-chah-nulth<\/a> have had a strong ceremonial culture, characterised by feasting and entertainment with song, dance, contests and theatricals (<em>see<\/em>\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatch<\/a>). In Huu-ay-aht tradition, sacred members of society known as \u201cwolves\u201d (defined by the nation as \u201cyoung people with a special talent for ceremonies\u201d) play important roles\r\n\tin certain cultural rituals.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Nuu-chah-nulth have also been known for their stunning woodwork, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canoeing\/\">canoes<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/totem-pole\/\">totem poles<\/a>,\r\n\tmultifamily houses and other products hand-crafted out of fine cedar (<em>see <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/northwest-coast-aboriginal-art\/\">Northwest Coast Indigenous Art<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht speak Nuu-chah-nulth (Nuu\u010daan\u0313u\u026b). More specifically, they speak a dialect known as Barkley. Although the language has suffered at the hands of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a>\tand other assimilationist policies, the Huu-ay-aht have worked towards preserving and reviving it. The nation has implemented a program for children called Paawats, which is designed to produce bilingual speakers (<em>see <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/#h3_jump_4\">Nuu-chah-nulth: Language<\/a>\tand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-coast-language-families\/\">Northwest Coast Language Families<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion and Spirituality<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Nuu-chah-nulth belief system centres on a Creator being as well as spirits whose powers can be used to bring peace and fortune. In Huu-ay-aht tradition, natural formations, such as the mountains, seas and forests, are said to contain the spirits of\r\n\tsupernatural beings, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>. The Nuu-chah-nulth believe that all life forms have a spirit, and should therefore be respected and appreciated. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/shaman\/\">Shamans<\/a>\tensured the spiritual health of the people by practising ancient medicines and healing rituals to cure illness and restore balance to the soul (<em>see<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Indigenous People: Religion and Spirituality<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Origin Stories<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht have different stories to explain the origin of their people. According to one tale, the first ancestors descended from the heavens and founded the current Huu-ay-aht community. Another says that in the beginning there were only spirits\r\n\tand animals who could remove their furs and skins to become <em>Kuu-us<\/em> (\"human\"). One day, the animals decided to remain human. These were the first Huu-ay-aht people.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe origin stories explain that the ancestors lived in balance with nature and with animals (referred to as <em>Hi\u0161uk ma c\u0315awak<\/em>, \u201call is one\u201d). Nutchkoa was the first man, and Ho-miniki was the first woman; both were deities. The history and traditional\r\n\tstories of the Huu-ay-aht come from their ancestors, and have been continuously passed down to new generations. In the 19th century, carvings of Nutchkoa and Ho-miniki were erected in Kiix\u0294in to welcome guests. The carvings remain there to this day.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tBy the 1900s, the increased presence of European settlers on Nuu-chah-nulth lands forced them onto government-created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserves<\/a>. Assimilationist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">federal<\/a>\tpolicies \u2014 including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a> \u2014 eroded Nuu-chah-nulth\r\n\tculture and traditional ways of life. Nuu-chah-nulth peoples continue to work towards revitalizing and preserving their language, culture and spirituality.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Rights and Land Claims<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn February 2016, the Huu-ay-aht at Bamfield received close to $14 million from the federal government in compensation for its breaches of duty over an unlawful timber licence. This was the first award granted by the Specific Claims Tribunal, established\r\n\tin 2008 (<em>see<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Indigenous Land Claims<\/a>).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht, along with several other Nuu-chah-nulth nations, have signed the Maa-nulth treaty, which has provided them with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-governance<\/a> since 1 April\r\n\t2011. Self-governance gives these nations certain powers over citizenship and lawmaking in their traditional territories. The Huu-ay-aht now manage their own <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/forestry\/\">forestry<\/a> operations\r\n\tas well as other development projects.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Huu-ay-aht are part of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, an association founded in 1958 that provides various services to approximately 9,500 registered members, including child welfare, education, employment training and other socio-economic programs\r\n\tthat support health and development.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"huu-ay-aht","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2017-04-06T15:02:04.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-16T15:13:34.000000Z"},{"id":"b1839fe5-18f8-4d0c-82ce-99dde1110ff7","article_id":"91107","title":"Huu-ay-aht","summary":"<p>La Premi\u00e8re Nation des Huu-ay-aht, situ\u00e9e sur la c\u00f4te ouest de l\u2019\u00eele de Vancouver, en Colombie-Britannique, comptait 725 membres inscrits en d\u00e9cembre 2021. Les Huu-ay-aht sont de la nation Nuu-chah-nulth et b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de l\u2019autonomie gouvernementale en vertu du trait\u00e9 Maa-nulth.<\/p>","body":"<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/f07f2140-fd64-4f4f-9239-f09637112c65.jpg\" title=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation des Huu-ay-aht \" alt=\"Premi\u00e8re Nation des Huu-ay-aht \">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/4013e0fd-5d11-404f-9758-747fc9757c55.jpg\" title=\"Retour de tr\u00e9sors culturels huu-ay-aht\" alt=\"Retour de tr\u00e9sors culturels huu-ay-aht\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/3f6d76c8-5f05-476c-ba1a-ada93bbef2da.jpg\" title=\"Travailleur forestier huu-ay-aht\" alt=\"Travailleur forestier huu-ay-aht\"><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Suivant<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<h3>Territoire et population<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d552383.5852723655!2d-125.28687749481522!3d49.27007583121624!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0%3A0x6a9d31fb37ca7a23!2sHuu-ay-aht+Government+Office!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sca!4v1491396046528\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n<p>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">territoires traditionnels<\/a> des Huu-ay-aht sont situ\u00e9s entre Bamfield et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/port-alberni\/\">Port Alberni<\/a>. La principale communaut\u00e9, Ancala (baie Pachena), est situ\u00e9e sur la plage Pachena, au d\u00e9but de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/west-coast-trail\/\">piste West Coast<\/a>, pr\u00e8s de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/pacific-rim-national-park-reserve\/\">r\u00e9serve du parc national Pacific Rim<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le site de l\u2019ancienne capitale des Huu-ay-aht se nomme <em>Kiix\u0294in<\/em>. Situ\u00e9 sur la rive sud-est de la baie Barkley, <em>Kiix\u0294in<\/em> abrite les vestiges toujours debout de plusieurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/longhouse\/\">maisons longues<\/a> et d\u2019autres artefacts arch\u00e9ologiques. La Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 <em>Kiix\u0294in<\/em> lieu historique national en 1999.<\/p>\r\n<p>La nation huu-ay-aht affirme que sa population se comptait par milliers avant la colonisation; cependant, une s\u00e9rie d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/epidemic\/\">\u00e9pid\u00e9mies<\/a> et de conflits, \u00e0 la fin du 18<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle et au d\u00e9but du 19<sup>e<\/sup>, a r\u00e9duit leur population d\u2019environ 90 %. En d\u00e9cembre 2021, la population inscrite des Huu-ay-aht s\u2019\u00e9levait \u00e0 725 personnes, dont la majorit\u00e9 (594) vit \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">r\u00e9serves<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Vie traditionnelle<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les Huu-ay-aht chassent et se d\u00e9placent en fonction des saisons et des mouvements migratoires de certains animaux. Ils capturent et mangent du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/herring\/\">hareng<\/a>, de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/cod\/\">morue<\/a>, du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/salmon\/\">saumon<\/a>, du fl\u00e9tan et d\u2019autres poissons, incluant des crustac\u00e9s. Les Huu-ay-aht chassent les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/whale\/\">baleines<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/seal\/\">phoques<\/a> et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sea-lion\/\">lions de mer<\/a>, ainsi que les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/deer\/\">cerfs<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/elk\/\">wapitis<\/a> et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bear-animal\/\">ours<\/a>. Ils tirent de ces animaux de la nourriture ainsi que des peaux et des fourrures pour leurs v\u00eatements et la fabrication de certains outils. Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/wild-berries\/\">baies<\/a> et la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation compl\u00e8tent leur alimentation.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/h3>\r\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Huu-ay-aht est toujours compos\u00e9e de divers groupes familiaux gouvern\u00e9s par un chef h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire (<em>ha\u2019wiih<\/em>). Ces chefs d\u00e9tiennent les droits associ\u00e9s \u00e0 un certain nombre de c\u00e9r\u00e9monies, de chants, de r\u00e9cits et de territoires. Ensemble, ils forment le Conseil des <em>Ha\u2019wiih<\/em>. Ce conseil a une importance consid\u00e9rable dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et la culture huu-ay-aht, mais il gouverne conjointement avec des chefs \u00e9lus.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Culture<\/h3>\r\n<p>Historiquement, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/\">Nuu-chah-nulth<\/a> ont une culture c\u00e9r\u00e9monielle forte, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par des festins et des divertissements comme des chants, des danses, des concours et des repr\u00e9sentations th\u00e9\u00e2trales (<em>voir<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatch<\/a>). Dans la tradition huu-ay-aht, des membres sacr\u00e9s de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u2009loups\u2009\u00bb (d\u00e9finis par la nation comme \u00e9tant de \u00ab\u2009jeunes gens ayant un talent particulier pour les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies\u2009\u00bb) jouent des r\u00f4les importants lors de certains rituels culturels.<\/p>\r\n<p>Les Nuu-chah-nulth sont \u00e9galement r\u00e9put\u00e9s pour leurs magnifiques ouvrages en bois, incluant leurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/canoeing\/\">canots<\/a>, leurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/totem-pole\/\">m\u00e2ts tot\u00e9miques<\/a>, leurs maisons multifamiliales et d\u2019autres produits qu\u2019ils fabriquent \u00e0 la main \u00e0 partir du bois de c\u00e8dre (<em>voir <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/northwest-coast-aboriginal-art\/\">Art autochtone de la c\u00f4te nord-ouest<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<h3>Langue<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les Huu-ay-aht parlent le nuu-chah-nulth (<em>nuu\u010daan\u0313u\u026b<\/em>). Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, ils parlent un dialecte connu sous le nom de barkley. Bien que cette langue ait souffert du r\u00e9gime des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/residential-schools\/\">pensionnats indiens<\/a> et d\u2019autres politiques d\u2019assimilation, les Huu-ay-aht s\u2019efforcent de la pr\u00e9server et de la faire revivre. La nation a mis sur pied un programme pour enfants appel\u00e9 Paawats qui est con\u00e7u pour former des locuteurs bilingues (<em>voir <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth\/#h3_jump_4\">Nuu-chah-nulth : Langue<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/northwest-coast-language-families\/\">Familles des langues autochtones de la c\u00f4te du nord-ouest<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<h3>Religion et spiritualit\u00e9<\/h3>\r\n<p>Le syst\u00e8me de croyances nuu-chah-nulth est centr\u00e9 sur l\u2019existence d\u2019un cr\u00e9ateur et d\u2019esprits dont les pouvoirs peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour apporter paix et prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. Dans la tradition huu-ay-aht, les formations naturelles, comme les montagnes, les mers et les for\u00eats, sont cens\u00e9es contenir les esprits d\u2019\u00eatres surnaturels, notamment celui de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/thunderbird\/\">oiseau-tonnerre<\/a>. Les Nuu-chah-nulth croient que toutes les formes de vie ont un esprit, et qu\u2019elles doivent donc \u00eatre respect\u00e9es et appr\u00e9ci\u00e9es. Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/shaman\/\">chamans<\/a> assurent la sant\u00e9 spirituelle des gens en pratiquant la m\u00e9decine traditionnelle et des rituels de gu\u00e9rison pour gu\u00e9rir les maladies et r\u00e9tablir l\u2019\u00e9quilibre de l\u2019\u00e2me (<em>voir<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Autochtones : religion et spiritualit\u00e9<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>R\u00e9cits de l\u2019origine<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Les Huu-ay-aht ont des diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9cits pour expliquer l\u2019origine de leur peuple. Selon un de ces r\u00e9cits, les premiers anc\u00eatres sont descendus des cieux et ont fond\u00e9 la communaut\u00e9 actuelle des Huu-ay-aht. Un autre r\u00e9cit raconte qu\u2019au d\u00e9but, il n\u2019y avait que des esprits et des animaux qui pouvaient enlever leur fourrure et leur peau pour devenir des <em>Kuu-us<\/em> (humains). Un jour, les animaux ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de rester humains. Ceux-ci sont les premiers Huu-ay-aht.<\/p>\r\n<p>Les r\u00e9cits de l\u2019origine expliquent que les anc\u00eatres vivaient en harmonie avec la nature et avec les animaux (un concept appel\u00e9 <em>Hi\u0161uk ma c\u0315awak<\/em>, \u00ab\u2009tout est un\u2009\u00bb). Nutchkoa est le premier homme, et Ho-miniki est la premi\u00e8re femme; tous deux sont des divinit\u00e9s. L\u2019histoire et les r\u00e9cits traditionnels des Huu-ay-aht proviennent de leurs anc\u00eatres et sont continuellement transmis aux nouvelles g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Au 19<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, des sculptures repr\u00e9sentant Nutchkoa et Ho-miniki ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9rig\u00e9es \u00e0 <em>Kiix\u0294in<\/em> pour accueillir les invit\u00e9s. Elles sont toujours en place aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Histoire coloniale<\/h3>\r\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1900, la pr\u00e9sence accrue de colons europ\u00e9ens sur les terres des Nuu-chah-nulth force ceux-ci \u00e0 s\u2019installer dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">r\u00e9serves<\/a> cr\u00e9\u00e9es par le gouvernement. Les politiques <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\/\">f\u00e9d\u00e9rales<\/a> assimilatrices, y compris la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a> et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/residential-schools\/\">pensionnats indiens<\/a>, \u00e9rodent la culture et les modes de vie traditionnels des Nuu-chah-nulth. Les peuples nuu-chah-nulth continuent d\u2019\u0153uvrer \u00e0 pr\u00e9server et revitaliser leur langue, leur culture et leur spiritualit\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Droits et revendications territoriales<\/h3>\r\n<p>En f\u00e9vrier 2016, les Huu-ay-aht de Bamfield re\u00e7oivent pr\u00e8s de 14 millions de dollars du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en compensation de leur manquement \u00e0 leurs devoirs concernant un permis de coupe foresti\u00e8re ill\u00e9gale. Il s\u2019agit de la premi\u00e8re compensation accord\u00e9e par le Tribunal des revendications particuli\u00e8res mis sur pied en 2008 (<em>voir<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/land-claims\/\">Revendications territoriales des Autochtones<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<h3>Vie contemporaine<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les Huu-ay-aht, ainsi que plusieurs autres nations nuu-chah-nulth, ont sign\u00e9 le trait\u00e9 Maa-nulth, qui leur conf\u00e8re l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a> depuis le 1<sup>er<\/sup> avril 2011. Cette autonomie donne \u00e0 ces nations certains pouvoirs en mati\u00e8re de citoyennet\u00e9 et de l\u00e9gislation dans leurs territoires traditionnels. Les Huu-ay-aht g\u00e8rent maintenant leurs propres exploitations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/forestry\/\">foresti\u00e8res<\/a> ainsi que d\u2019autres projets de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\r\n<p>Les Huu-ay-aht font partie du Conseil tribal des Nuu-chah-nulth, une association fond\u00e9e en 1958 qui offre divers services \u00e0 environ 9\u2009500 membres inscrits, comme des services de protection \u00e0 l\u2019enfance, de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, de la formation professionnelle, et d\u2019autres programmes socio-\u00e9conomiques visant \u00e0 soutenir la sant\u00e9 et le d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>","slug":"huu-ay-aht","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2017-04-06T15:02:04.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-16T15:13:34.000000Z"}]},{"id":"91119","author_text":"","revisor":"Michelle Filice","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2017-05-11T13:43:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-12T15:20:47.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Dene","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","summary":"<p>Dene comprise a far-reaching cultural and linguistic family, stretching from the Canadian North and Alaska to the American southwest. In Canada, Dene, which means \u201cthe people\u201d in their language, comprise a variety of First Nations, some of which include\r\n\tthe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) and Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>).\r\n\tDene are also known as Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan or Athapaskan peoples. In the 2021 census, 45,895 people identified as having ancestry of Dene origins, which includes Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a>, Denesuline, Dene Tha\u2019, Gwich\u2019in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">Sahtu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">Tahltan<\/a>, Tlicho, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\">Tlingit<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tse\u2019khene (Sekani)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut\u2019ina (Sarcee)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a>\tand Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. In that census, there were 18,360 people who identified as Dene without specifying further.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Dene Peoples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>As part of the largest linguistic group in North America, a number of peoples in Canada identify as Dene. Some of these include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (also known as Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>, Kutchin or Loucheux)<\/li>\r\n <li>South <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavey<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho and Deh Gah Got\u2019ine)<\/li>\r\n <li>North Slavey (Saht\u00fa), including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K\u2019ashot\u2019ine<\/a> (K\u2019asho Got\u2019ine or Hare\/Hareskin), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\">Saht\u00faot\u2019ine<\/a> (Bear Lake)\r\n and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Shuta Got\u2019ine<\/a> (Mountain)<\/li>\r\n <li>Northern and Southern <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Beaver)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T\u2019atsaot\u2019ine<\/a> (Yellowknives)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut\u2019ina<\/a> (Tsuu T\u2019ina or Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek\u2019ehne<\/a> (Sekani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a> (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a> (Carrier)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 2021 census, the total number of people who claimed Dene origin ancestry was 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Territory<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene have historically inhabited central and northwestern Canada in an area known as <em>Denendeh<\/em>, meaning \u201cthe Creator\u2019s Spirit flows through this Land\u201d or \u201cLand of the People.\u201d This region includes the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Mackenzie River Valley<\/a> and the Barren Grounds in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Northwest Territories<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Did you know?<\/strong> <br>In the 2021 census, 405 people claimed Apache ancestry, while another 445 claimed Navajo ancestry. The ancestors of the Apache and Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) are said to have originated in northwestern Canada and migrated to the southwestern\r\n United States by about 1400 BCE. Like Dene in Canada, the Apache and Navajo are generally referred to in some literature as the \u201cAthabascans.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Curing Hides\" alt=\"Curing Hides\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) people preparing a moose hide, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut'ina Travois and Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut'ina Travois and Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) and wife, Tsuut'ina Indigenous people.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Moccasins\" alt=\"Moccasins\">\r\n <figcaption>Moccasins made by Dene artist, Sarah Hardisty. Materials used include moose hide, porcupine quill, beaver hide, wool and thread.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene men hunted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">caribou<\/a> \u2014 the mainstay of their economy \u2014 as well as other game, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">rabbit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">deer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">moose<\/a>, in areas around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great Slave Lake<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a> and along the Mackenzie River. Fishing supplemented their diet, especially among Dene peoples who lived close to the coast.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Women would often be responsible for cooking meals, gathering food and taking care of children. They made clothes out of natural resources, such as furs and hides from animals. Sewing tools also came from animals, including bone needles and sinew for\r\n thread.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Depending on their geographic location, Dene families lived in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis<\/a>, pit houses or lodges. (S<em>ee also<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Architectural History: Indigenous Peoples<\/a>.)\r\n They generally travelled often for hunting purposes, either on foot or in canoes, except during the winter when some Dene travelled using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">snowshoes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">toboggans<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society and Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drummers\" alt=\"Dene Drummers\">\r\n <figcaption>The Tlicho Drummers and the Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers performing together during an outreach event about traditional knowledge (21 October 2014).\\r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Dene Games\" alt=\"Dene Games\">\r\n <figcaption>Youth in D\u00e9line, NWT, playing Dene games (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene lived and travelled together with immediate and extended family members. These family units were self-sufficient, providing one another with food, shelter and education.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n During the spring and summer months, Dene family groups often came together to discuss land use and trade and to resolve any intergroup disputes. They also performed cultural ceremonies and celebrations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene are known for their traditional games, which were originally used to encourage healthy lifestyles, especially among hunters, and to provide entertainment. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene games<\/a> are\r\n still played today in schools and communities. Many of these games are also official competitions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Arctic Winter Games<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion and Spirituality<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene oral traditions are records of history, known as <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, as well as spiritual legends, called <em>\u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>. Every Dene nation has its own creation story about how the Earth came to be, and how Dene people and language\r\n were created. All of these tales often feature a Creator who forms the waters and lands of Denendeh. They also feature common characters such as Raven and Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha. Raven is a trickster figure who can transform into different forms. Raven\u2019s behaviours\r\n and errors are meant to teach Dene right from wrong. (S<em>ee also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">Raven Symbolism<\/a>.) Another well-known shape-shifter is Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha (also known as Yamo\u0328\u0301ria to some\r\n people; for others, Yamo\u0328\u0301ria is a different being). Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha is a medicine man who transforms from human to animal, and helps Dene solve problems. In some tales, Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha is half-animal\/half-human. These legends are significant to Dene culture and\r\n spirituality, as they transmit lore and lessons to younger generations. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Indigenous Peoples: Religion and Spirituality<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene language is known as Dene or Na-Den\u00e9 (also called Athabascan). There are about 28 Athabascan languages spoken in northern Canada, although there are many more spoken in Alaska and in the American southwest. The language is made up of three distinct\r\n groups: Pacific Coast Athabascan, Apachean and Northern Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 2021 census, 11,370 people reported the knowledge of Dene. With thousands of speakers across parts of Canada and the United States, Dene is one of the biggest language families in North America. However, some Dene languages are considered endangered,\r\n such as Danez\u0101g\u00e9\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), with 225 people claiming knowledge of the language in the 2021 census.. Wetalh, the language of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal<\/a>,\r\n is considered extinct. In recent years, schools and cultural centres have made efforts to revitalize many of these endangered languages (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">Indigenous Languages in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n The Dene encountered European traders, explorers and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">missionaries<\/a> as early as the 1700s. By the 1900s, the discovery of oil and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">gold<\/a> in northern Canada further encouraged white settlement and commercial development in Dene lands. From 1871 to 1921, the Government of Canada signed a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">treaties<\/a> with various Indigenous peoples as a means of gaining access to lands north and west of Ontario. (S<em>ee also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Numbered Treaties<\/a>.) This forced many Dene peoples onto\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserves<\/a> and eroded (if not eradicated) traditional ways of life. Other instruments of cultural assimilation, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, also negatively impacted Dene society, economy and ways of life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n <strong>Forced Relocation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In the 1950s, about 250 Sayisi Dene were forcibly relocated from their home in Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba<\/a> to an area near <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>,\r\n partly because the Manitoba government believed they were causing a steep decline in the caribou herd \u2014 an idea later proven untrue. In the new location, food was scarce and housing inadequate. The Dene were forced to scavenge the dump and were assaulted\r\n by Churchill residents. The forcible relocation caused years of trauma in Dene communities. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">federal government<\/a> formally apologized for the relocation in August 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Rights, Organization and Activism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Dene Nation\" alt=\"Dene Nation\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation at the Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n As a means of protecting and asserting their rights to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">traditional territories<\/a> (specifically to the lands of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Treaties 8<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a> and the natural resources on their lands, some Dene nations\r\n joined to form the Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories in 1969-70 (renamed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene Nation<\/a> in 1978).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In 1973, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Chief Fran\u00e7ois Paulette and other Dene chiefs filed a caveat (a legal warning to third parties), concerning the continued Dene interests in lands of Treaties\r\n 8 and 11. While the government maintained that the Dene surrendered their rights to the land by signing the treaty, the Dene argued that their ancestors never intended to do so. After conducting research and reaching out to Dene communities in the Northwest\r\n Territories, the presiding judge, Justice W.G. Morrow, determined that the Dene did in fact have rights to the land and its resources. However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a> overturned the case \u2014 known as the Paulette caveat \u2014 based on a technicality. Nevertheless, Justice Morrow\u2019s findings about Indigenous rights remained valid and led the federal government to accept that further negotiations on the Dene interests were\r\n necessary.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In 1976, the Dene Nation released the Dene Declaration and Manifesto. This document called for Dene self-government in the Mackenzie Valley. It was in this area that the proposed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline<\/a> was to be laid. Incompatibility between the Dene position and that of the federal government regarding rights and title to the lands and resources of the Mackenzie Valley has been an ongoing concern.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Since 1992, however, there have been land claim settlements in Denendeh, some of which include the Gwich\u2019in (1992), Sahtu (1994) and Tlicho (2003). (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Indigenous Land Claims<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Indigenous Peoples: Treaties<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene First Nations across Canada have been actively engaged in programs concerning Indigenous health, education, community development, and land and resource issues. As a community, they have reached some important milestones. For example, in 1990, Dene\r\n languages become official languages of the Northwest Territories. On 1 September 2016, the D\u00e9l\u012fn\u0119 Got\u2019\u012fn\u0119 Government achieved the right to self-government.<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"72287","relatable_id":"91119","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":3},"translations":[{"id":"9df9f973-eb55-42f1-9495-239eb71f862d","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0648 (\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">) \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0647 (\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646<\/a>).<\/a> \r\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f 45,895 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0632\u0627<\/a>\u060c \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u062b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0646 (\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u064a. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 18360 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Dene. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0648 (\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0647 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0634\u0648)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/a> (\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a (\u0633\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0648)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\/\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/a> (\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0634\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0646-\u0632\u0627 (\u0628\u064a\u0641\u0631)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0634\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647 (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <em>Denendeh<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u00bb. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0632\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061f<\/strong> <br>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 405 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 445 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0648. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0648 (\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a) \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1400 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f\" alt=\"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646) \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u060c 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\" alt=\"\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a (\u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628) \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u0623\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0628\" alt=\"\u0623\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0628\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0623\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0637\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648<\/a> - \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 - \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0628<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638<\/a><\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631<\/a> \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 Dene \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0647\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0628 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a Dene \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0633<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0644. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0623\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0632\" alt=\"\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0632\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0641\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (21 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2014). \\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\" alt=\"\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0632\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 Dene \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 Dene \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 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Raven \u0647\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \r\n \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 Raven \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 Dene \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/a>.) \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0647\u0648 Yamzha (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Yamoria \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Yamoria \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627). Yamzha \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Yamzha \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\/\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \r\n \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Dene \u0623\u0648 Na-Den\u00e9 (\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 Athabascan). \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 28 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \r\n \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629: \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a 11370 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f Dene \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a Dene \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \r\n \u0645\u062b\u0644 Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 225 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021.. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0629 Wetalh\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal\u060c \r\n \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0629<\/a>. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1871 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0629<\/a>.) \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627) \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em><\/a>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644. \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0634\u0646\" alt=\"\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0634\u0646\">\r\n <figcaption>\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0634\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0634\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a> (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 8<\/a> \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1969-70 (\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u0628\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1978).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1973\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b<\/a> \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \r\n 8 \u0648 11. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a - \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0634\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0640 Dene \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a Mackenzie. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0632\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 (1992) \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0648 (1994) \u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0648 (2003). (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a Dene First Nations \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \r\n \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a Dene \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a 1 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2016\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 D\u00e9lnoji Got&#39;nn\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>","slug":"dyny","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ar","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:55.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f86b-2329-48ae-9ba5-91a8d564f953","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene \u010dine dalekose\u017enu kulturnu i jezi\u010dku porodicu, koja se prote\u017ee od kanadskog sjevera i Aljaske do ameri\u010dkog jugozapada. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">U Kanadi, Dene, \u0161to na njihovom jeziku zna\u010di \u201cnarod\u201d, obuhva\u0107a niz prvih nacija, od kojih neki uklju\u010duju \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dog<\/a> rib) i Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in).<\/a> \r\nDene su poznati i kao athabaskanski, athabaskanski, athapaskanski ili athapaskanski narodi. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Na popisu stanovni\u0161tva 2021. godine, 45.895 ljudi identificirano je da imaju porijeklo Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, D<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">ene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, Sahtu, Tahltan, T<\/a> licho, Tlingit, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina (Sarcee), Tutchcee, One i Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> Na tom popisu bilo je 18.360 ljudi koji su se identificirali kao Dene bez daljnjeg navo\u0111enja.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Narodi Dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Kao dio najve\u0107e jezi\u010dke grupe u Sjevernoj Americi, odre\u0111eni broj naroda u Kanadi identificira se kao Dene. Neki od njih uklju\u010duju:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (poznata i kao Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin ili Loucheux<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Ju\u017eni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavej<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho i Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Sjeverni Slavey (Saht\u00fa), uklju\u010duju\u0107i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine ili Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (Medvje\u0111e jezero) i Shuta Got&#39;ine (planina) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>Sjeverni i ju\u017eni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (dabr)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot<\/a> &#39;ine (\u017duti no\u017eevi)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina ili<\/a> Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sek<\/a> ani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhq<\/a> ot&#39;in (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (prijevoznik<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Na popisu stanovni\u0161tva 2021. godine, ukupan broj ljudi koji su tvrdili da poti\u010du iz Dena bio je 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tradicionalni teritorij<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene su povijesno naseljavali centralnu i sjeverozapadnu Kanadu na podru\u010dju poznatom kao <em>Denendeh<\/em>, \u0161to zna\u010di da \u201cDuh Stvoritelja te\u010de kroz ovu zemlju\u201d ili \u201cZemlju naroda\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Ova regija uklju\u010duje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">dolinu rijeke Mackenzie<\/a> i neplodna podru\u010dja na sjeverozapadnim teritorijama.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Jeste li znali?<\/strong> <br>Na popisu stanovni\u0161tva 2021. godine, 405 ljudi je tvrdilo da je porijeklo Apa\u010de, dok je jo\u0161 445 tvrdilo porijeklo Navajo. Ka\u017ee se da su preci Apa\u010da i Navaja (Tinn\u00eb) potje\u010du iz sjeverozapadne Kanade i migrirali su na jugozapad \r\n Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava oko 1400. godine prije nove ere. Poput Denea u Kanadi, Apa\u010di i Navajo se u nekoj literaturi op\u0107enito nazivaju \u201cAthabascans\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tradicionalni \u017eivot<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Stvrdnjavanje ko\u017ee\" alt=\"Stvrdnjavanje ko\u017ee\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) ljudi koji pripremaju losovu ko\u017eu, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois i Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois i Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (ogrlica vrana) i supruga, autohtoni narod Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mokasine\" alt=\"Mokasine\">\r\n <figcaption>Mokasine koje je napravila umjetnica Dene, Sarah Hardisty. Kori\u0161teni materijali uklju\u010duju losovu ko\u017eu, prepelicu dikobraza, dabrova ko\u017ea, vunu i konac.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Prethod<\/a> na Slje <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">de<\/a> \u0107a<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Mu\u0161karci Dene lovili su <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">kari<\/a> bu - oslonac njihove ekonomije - kao i drugu divlja\u010d, poput <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">zeca<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">jelena<\/a> i losa, u podru\u010djima oko Velikog <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">jezera robova, jezera Great<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Bear<\/a> i du\u017e rijeke <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">M<\/a> ackenzie. Ribolov je nadopunjavao njihovu prehranu, posebno me\u0111u narodima Dene koji su \u017eivjeli blizu obale.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u017dene bi \u010desto bile odgovorne za kuhanje obroka, prikupljanje hrane i brigu o djeci. Izra\u0111ivali su odje\u0107u od prirodnih resursa, poput krzna i ko\u017ee od \u017eivotinja. Alati za \u0161ivanje tako\u0111er su dolazili od \u017eivotinja, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ko\u0161tane igle i sinew za \r\n konac.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ovisno o njihovom geografskom polo\u017eaju, porodice Dene \u017eivjele su u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipisima, jam<\/a> skim ku\u0107ama ili lo\u017eama. (<em>Tako\u0111er je povijest<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">arhitekture: autohtoni narodi<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Obi\u010dno su \u010desto putovali u lova\u010dke svrhe, bilo pje\u0161ice ili u kanuima, osim tokom zime kada su neki Dene putovali koriste\u0107i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">snje\u017ene cipele<\/a> i sanjkalice.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dru\u0161tvo i kultura<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene bubnjari\" alt=\"Dene bubnjari\">\r\n <figcaption>Bubnjari Tlicho i bubnjari Yellowknife Dene First Nation zajedno nastupaju tokom informativnog doga\u0111aja o tradicionalnom znanju (21. oktobar 2014.). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Dene igre\" alt=\"Dene igre\">\r\n <figcaption>Mladi u D\u00e9lineu, NWT, igraju\u0107i igre Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Prethod<\/a> na Slje <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">de<\/a> \u0107a<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene je \u017eivio i putovao zajedno sa \u010dlanovima u\u017ee i \u0161ire porodice. Ove porodi\u010dne jedinice bile su samodostatne, pru\u017eaju\u0107i jedna drugoj hranu, skloni\u0161te i obrazovanje.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nTokom proljetnih i ljetnih mjeseci, porodi\u010dne grupe Dene \u010desto su se okupljale kako bi razgovarale o kori\u0161tenju zemlji\u0161ta i trgovini i rje\u0161avale sve me\u0111ugrupne sporove. Izvodili su i kulturne ceremonije i proslave.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene su poznati po svojim tradicionalnim igrama, koje su prvobitno kori\u0161tene za poticanje zdravog na\u010dina \u017eivota, posebno me\u0111u lovcima, i za pru\u017eanje zabave. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene igre<\/a> se i \r\n danas igraju u \u0161kolama i zajednicama. Mnoge od ovih igara su ujedno i slu\u017ebena takmi\u010denja <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Arkti\u010dkih zimskih igara<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religija i duhovnost<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Dene usmene tradicije su zapisi istorije, poznati kao <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, kao i duhovne legende, nazvane \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> Svaka nacija Dene ima svoju pri\u010du o stvaranju o tome kako je Zemlja nastala i kako \r\n su stvoreni ljudi i jezik Dene. Sve ove pri\u010de \u010desto prikazuju Stvoritelja koji formira vode i zemlje Denendeha. Tako\u0111er sadr\u017ee zajedni\u010dke likove kao \u0161to su Raven i Yam\u01ebzha. Gavran je varalica koja se mo\u017ee transformirati u razli\u010dite oblike. Ravenovo pona\u0161anje \r\n i gre\u0161ke imaju za cilj da nau\u010de Denea ispravno od pogre\u0161nog. (<em>Tako\u0111er je simbolika<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">gavrana<\/a>.) Jo\u0161 jedan poznati promjenjiva\u010d oblika je Yam\u016dzha (nekima poznat i kao Yamo\u0301ria; za druge je Yamo\u0301ria druga\u010dije bi\u0107e). \r\n Yam\u01ebzha je medicinski \u010dovjek koji se pretvara iz \u010dovjeka u \u017eivotinju i poma\u017ee Deneu da rije\u0161i probleme. U nekim pri\u010dama, Yam\u00e5zha je polu-\u017eivotinja\/polu-\u010dovjek. Ove legende su zna\u010dajne za kulturu i \r\n duhovnost Dene, jer prenose predanje i pouke mla\u0111im generacijama. (V <em>idi tako\u0111er Auto<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">htoni narodi: religija i duhovnost<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Jezik<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene jezik je poznat kao Dene ili Na-Den\u00e9 (naziva se i athabascan). Postoji oko 28 athabaskanskih jezika koji se govore u sjevernoj Kanadi, iako ih se mnogo vi\u0161e govori na Aljasci i na ameri\u010dkom jugozapadu. Jezik se sastoji od tri razli\u010dite \r\n grupe: Pacifi\u010dke obale Athabascan, Apachean i Sjeverni Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na popisu stanovni\u0161tva 2021. godine, 11.370 ljudi prijavilo je znanje o Deneu. Sa hiljadama govornika \u0161irom dijelova Kanade i Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava, Dene je jedna od najve\u0107ih jezi\u010dnih porodica u Sjevernoj Americi. Me\u0111utim, neki denski jezici smatraju se ugro\u017eenim, kao \r\n \u0161to je Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), s 225 ljudi koje tvrde da znaju jezik na popisu stanovni\u0161tva 2021. Wetalh, jezik Wetala, smatra <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\r\nse izumr<\/a> lim. Posljednjih godina \u0161kole i kulturni centri ulo\u017eili su napore da o\u017eive mnoge od ovih ugro\u017eenih jezika (V <em>idi tako\u0111er<\/em> Auto <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">htoni jezici u Kanadi<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Kolonijalna povijest<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene su se susreli s evropskim trgovcima, istra\u017eiva\u010dima i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">misionarima<\/a> ve\u0107 1700-ih. Do 1900-ih, otkri\u0107e nafte i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">zlata<\/a> u sjevernoj Kanadi dodatno je potaknulo naseljavanje bijelih i komercijalni razvoj u zemljama Dene. Od 1871. do 1921. vlada Kanade potpisala je niz <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">u<\/a> govora s razli\u010ditim starosjedila\u010dkim narodima kao sredstvo za dobivanje pristupa zemljama sjeverno i zapadno od Ontarija. (<em>Tako\u0111er su numerirani<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">ugovori<\/a>.) To je prisililo mnoge narode Dena na \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">rezerve<\/a> i erodiralo (ako ne i iskorijenjeno) tradicionalne na\u010dine \u017eivota. Drugi instrumenti kulturne asimilacije, poput <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">rezidencijalnih \u0161kola<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>indijskog zakona<\/em><\/a>, tako\u0111er su negativno utjecali na dru\u0161tvo Dene, ekonomiju i na\u010dine \u017eivota.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Prisilno preseljenje<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nPedesetih godina pro\u0161log stolje\u0107a oko 250 Sayisi Dene prisilno je preseljeno iz svog doma u Duck Lakeu u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manit<\/a> obi u podru\u010dje blizu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchilla<\/a>, \r\n dijelom zato \u0161to je vlada Manitobe vjerovala da uzrokuju nagli pad stada karibua - ideja koja se kasnije pokazala neistinitom. Na novoj lokaciji hrane je bilo oskudno, a stanovanje neadekvatno. Dene su bili prisiljeni o\u010distiti deponiju i napali su ih stanovnici Churchilla. \r\n Prisilno preseljenje uzrokovalo je vi\u0161egodi\u0161nje traume u zajednicama Dene. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">Savezna vlada zvani<\/a> \u010dno se izvinila zbog preseljenja u avgustu 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Prava, organizacija i aktivizam<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Dene Nation\" alt=\"Dene Nation\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation na \u0161etnji za iscjeljivanje Tar Sands, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nKao sredstvo za\u0161tite i utvr\u0111ivanja svojih prava na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">tradicionalne teritori<\/a> je (posebno na zemlje iz Ugovora <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">samou<\/a> pravu i prirodne resurse na svojim zemljama, neke zemlje Dene \r\n pridru\u017eile su se da formiraju Indijsko bratstvo sjeverozapadnih teritorija 1969-70 (preimenovano u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene Nation 1978.).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nGodine 1973., na\u010delnik <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smitha<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Paulette i drugi \u0161efovi Denea podnijeli su upozorenje (pravno upozorenje tre\u0107im licima), u vezi s kontinuiranim Deneovim interesima u zemljama iz Ugovora 8 i 11. \r\n Dok je vlada tvrdila da su Dene predali svoja prava na zemlju potpisivanjem ugovora, Dene su tvrdili da njihovi preci to nikada nisu namjeravali u\u010diniti. Nakon \u0161to je sproveo istra\u017eivanje i kontaktirao zajednice Dene na sjeverozapadnim \r\n teritorijama, predsjedavaju\u0107i sudija, sudija WG Morrow, utvrdio je da Dene zapravo imaju prava na zemlju i njene resurse. Me\u0111utim, Vr <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">hovni sud Kanade pon<\/a> i\u0161tio je slu\u010daj - poznat kao Paulette upozorenje - na osnovu tehni\u010dke detalje. Ipak, nalazi sudije Morrow o pravima starosjedilaca ostali su \r\n valjani i naveli su saveznu vladu da prihvati da su potrebni daljnji pregovori o interesima Dene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nGodine 1976., Dene Nation objavila je Deneovu deklaraciju i manifest. Ovaj dokument pozivao je na samoupravu Dene u dolini Mackenzie. Upravo je na ovom podru\u010dju trebao biti postavljen predlo\u017eeni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">cjevovod doline Mackenzie<\/a>. Nespojivost izme\u0111u polo\u017eaja Denea i stava savezne vlade u pogledu prava i vlasni\u0161tva nad zemlji\u0161tima i resursima doline Mackenzie bila je stalna briga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nMe\u0111utim, od 1992. godine u Denendehu postoje naselja za potra\u017eivanje zemlji\u0161ta, od kojih neka uklju\u010duju Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) i Tlicho (2003). (V <em>idi tako\u0111er Zaht<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">jevi za autohtone zemlji\u0161<\/a> te i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">autohtoni narodi: U<\/a> govori.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Savremeni \u017eivot<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene First Nations \u0161irom Kanade aktivno su uklju\u010dene u programe koji se ti\u010du domoroda\u010dkog zdravlja, obrazovanja, razvoja zajednice i pitanja zemlji\u0161ta i resursa. Kao zajednica postigli su neke va\u017ene prekretnice. Na primjer, 1990. godine denski \r\n jezici postaju slu\u017ebeni jezici sjeverozapadnih teritorija. Dana 1. septembra 2016. vlada D\u00e9lyn\u0119 Got&#39;\u012fn\u0119 ostvarila je pravo na samoupravu.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"bs","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:01.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f91d-fcf7-48ef-baef-25971f3e10d5","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene bilden eine weitreichende kulturelle und sprachliche Familie, die sich vom kanadischen Norden und Alaska bis zum amerikanischen S\u00fcdwesten erstreckt. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">In Kanada geh\u00f6ren zu Dene, was in ihrer Sprache \u201edas Volk\u201c bedeutet, eine Vielzahl von First Nations, zu denen einige die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) und Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in) geh\u00f6ren\r\n.<\/a> \r\nDene sind auch als athabaskanische, athabaskische, athapaskanische oder athapaskanische V\u00f6lker bekannt. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Bei der Volksz\u00e4hlung 2021 wurden 45.895 Personen als Vorfahren Dene-Abstammung identifiziert, darunter Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">Sahtu<\/a>, Tahltan<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">, Tlicho, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\">Tlingit<\/a>, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina<\/a> (Sarcee), Tutche Eins und wir sind Uwet&#39;en. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a> Bei dieser Volksz\u00e4hlung gab es 18.360 Personen, die sich ohne weitere Angabe als Dene identifizierten.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Dene-V\u00f6lker<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Als Teil der gr\u00f6\u00dften Sprachgruppe Nordamerikas identifizieren sich eine Reihe von V\u00f6lkern in Kanada als Dene. Einige davon beinhalten:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesulin<\/a> (auch bekannt als Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin oder Loucheux)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">S\u00fcdsklavei (Dehcho, Deh Cho und Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">North Slavey (Saht\u00fa), einschlie\u00dflich <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine oder Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine (B\u00e4rensee) und Shuta Got&#39;ine<\/a> (Berg) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">N\u00f6rdliches<\/a> und s\u00fcdliches Tutchone<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Biber)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;at Sao T&#39;ine (Gelbe Messer)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina oder Sarcee)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sekani<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in<\/a> (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a> (Tr\u00e4ger)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Bei der Volksz\u00e4hlung 2021 betrug die Gesamtzahl der Personen, die angaben, aus Dene abzustammen, 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditionelles Gebiet<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene haben in der Vergangenheit das Zentrum und den Nordwesten Kanadas in einem Gebiet bewohnt, das als <em>Denendeh<\/em> bekannt ist, was so viel bedeutet wie \u201eder Geist des Sch\u00f6pfers flie\u00dft durch dieses Land\u201c oder \u201eLand der Menschen\u201c. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Zu dieser Region geh\u00f6ren das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Mackenzie River Valley<\/a> und die Barren Grounds in den Northwest Territories.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Wussten Sie das?<\/strong> <br>Bei der Volksz\u00e4hlung 2021 gaben 405 Personen an, von Apachen abzustammen, w\u00e4hrend weitere 445 angaben, Navajo-Vorfahren zu sein. Die Vorfahren der Apachen und Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) sollen aus dem Nordwesten Kanadas stammen und etwa 1400 v. Chr. in den S\u00fcdwesten der Vereinigten Staaten ausgewandert sein. \r\n Wie Dene in Kanada werden die Apachen und die Navajo in einigen Literaturen allgemein als \u201eAthabaskaner\u201c bezeichnet.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditionelles Leben<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"H\u00e4ute aush\u00e4rten\" alt=\"H\u00e4ute aush\u00e4rten\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) bereiten eine Elchhaut vor, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois und Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois und Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Kr\u00e4henhalsband) und Ehefrau, Tsuut&#39;ina-Indigene.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mokassins\" alt=\"Mokassins\">\r\n <figcaption>Mokassins, hergestellt von der Dene-K\u00fcnstlerin Sarah Hardisty. Zu den verwendeten Materialien geh\u00f6ren Elchfell, Stachelschweinfeder, Biberfell, Wolle und Garn.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Zur\u00fcck Weiter<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>In den Gebieten um den Great <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Slave Lake, den <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a><\/a> und entlang des Mackenzie River jagten die M\u00e4nner von Dene <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">Karibus<\/a> \u2014 die Hauptst\u00fctze ihrer Wirtschaft \u2014 sowie anderes Wild wie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">Hasen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">Hirsche<\/a> und <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">Elche<\/a>. Der Fischfang erg\u00e4nzte ihre Ern\u00e4hrung, vor allem bei den in K\u00fcstenn\u00e4he lebenden Dene-V\u00f6lkern.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Frauen waren oft f\u00fcr das Kochen von Mahlzeiten, das Sammeln von Lebensmitteln und die Betreuung von Kindern verantwortlich. Sie stellten Kleidung aus nat\u00fcrlichen Ressourcen wie Pelzen und Tierfellen her. Auch N\u00e4hwerkzeuge stammten von Tieren, darunter Knochennadeln und Sehnen als Garn. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Je nach geografischer Lage lebten die Familien der Dene in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">Tipis<\/a>, Grubenh\u00e4usern oder Lodges. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Architekturgeschichte: Indigene V\u00f6lker<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Sie reisten im Allgemeinen oft zu Jagdzwecken, entweder zu Fu\u00df oder in Kanus, au\u00dfer im Winter, als einige Dene mit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">Schneeschuhen<\/a> und Schlitten reisten.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Gesellschaft und Kultur<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Schlagzeuger\" alt=\"Dene Schlagzeuger\">\r\n <figcaption>Die Tlicho Drummers und die Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers treten gemeinsam w\u00e4hrend einer Informationsveranstaltung zum Thema traditionelles Wissen auf (21. Oktober 2014). \\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Spiele von Dene\" alt=\"Dene Spiele\">\r\n <figcaption>Jugend in D\u00e9line, NWT, spielt Dene-Spiele (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Zur\u00fcck Weiter<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene lebte und reiste zusammen mit unmittelbaren und erweiterten Familienmitgliedern. Diese Familieneinheiten waren autark und versorgten sich gegenseitig mit Nahrung, Unterkunft und Bildung.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nIn den Fr\u00fchlings- und Sommermonaten kamen Gruppen der Familie Dene oft zusammen, um \u00fcber Landnutzung und Handel zu diskutieren und alle gruppen\u00fcbergreifenden Streitigkeiten zu l\u00f6sen. Sie f\u00fchrten auch kulturelle Zeremonien und Feierlichkeiten durch.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene sind bekannt f\u00fcr ihre traditionellen Spiele, die urspr\u00fcnglich zur F\u00f6rderung eines gesunden Lebensstils, insbesondere unter J\u00e4gern, und zur Unterhaltung verwendet wurden. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene-Spiele<\/a> werden \r\n noch heute in Schulen und Gemeinden gespielt. Viele dieser Spiele sind auch offizielle Wettbewerbe der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Arktischen Winterspiele<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion und Spiritualit\u00e4t<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Bei den m\u00fcndlichen \u00dcberlieferungen handelt es sich um Aufzeichnungen der Geschichte, bekannt als <em>\u00feat\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc, sowie um spirituelle Legenden, die \u00dc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em> genannt werden.<\/em> Jede Dene-Nation hat ihre eigene Sch\u00f6pfungsgeschichte dar\u00fcber, wie die Erde entstanden ist und wie das Volk und die Sprache der Dene geschaffen wurden. \r\n In all diesen Geschichten geht es oft um einen Sch\u00f6pfer, der die Gew\u00e4sser und L\u00e4nder von Denendeh formt. Sie enthalten auch h\u00e4ufig vorkommende Charaktere wie Raven und Yam. Raven ist eine Tricksterfigur, die sich in verschiedene Formen verwandeln kann. Ravens Verhalten \r\n und Fehler sollen Dene beibringen, richtig von falsch zu unterscheiden. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">Raben-Symbolik<\/a>.) Ein weiterer bekannter Gestaltwandler ist Yamo\u0301\u0301ria (f\u00fcr manche Menschen auch als Yamo\u0301ria bekannt; f\u00fcr andere ist Yamo\u0301ria ein anderes Wesen). \r\n Yam Khaka ist ein Medizinmann, der sich von Mensch zu Tier verwandelt und Dene hilft, Probleme zu l\u00f6sen. In manchen Geschichten ist Yam zha halb Tier\/halb Mensch. Diese Legenden sind f\u00fcr die Kultur und \r\n Spiritualit\u00e4t der Dene von Bedeutung, da sie Geschichten und Lehren an j\u00fcngere Generationen weitergeben. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Indigene V\u00f6lker: Religion und Spiritualit\u00e4t<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sprache<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Die Dene-Sprache ist bekannt als Dene oder Na-Den\u00e9 (auch Athabascan genannt). In Nordkanada werden etwa 28 athabaskische Sprachen gesprochen, obwohl in Alaska und im amerikanischen S\u00fcdwesten noch viele weitere gesprochen werden. Die Sprache besteht aus drei verschiedenen \r\n Gruppen: Athabaskisch an der Pazifikk\u00fcste, Apachen und Nord-Athabaskisch.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bei der Volksz\u00e4hlung 2021 gaben 11.370 Personen an, Dene zu kennen. Mit Tausenden von Sprechern in Teilen Kanadas und der Vereinigten Staaten ist Dene eine der gr\u00f6\u00dften Sprachfamilien Nordamerikas. Einige Dene-Sprachen gelten jedoch als gef\u00e4hrdet, \r\n wie beispielsweise Danez\u0101g\u00e9 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>). Bei der Volksz\u00e4hlung 2021 gaben 225 Personen an, die Sprache zu beherrschen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetalh, die Sprache des Wetals, gilt als ausgestorben.<\/a> \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">In den letzten Jahren haben Schulen und Kulturzentren Anstrengungen unternommen, um viele dieser gef\u00e4hrdeten Sprachen wiederzubeleben (<em>siehe auch<\/em> Indigene Sprachen in Kanada).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Geschichte der Kolonialzeit<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDie Dene begegneten bereits im 18. Jahrhundert europ\u00e4ischen H\u00e4ndlern, Entdeckern und <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">Missionaren<\/a>. In den 1900er Jahren f\u00f6rderte die Entdeckung von \u00d6l und <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">Gold<\/a> im Norden Kanadas die Besiedlung der Wei\u00dfen und die kommerzielle Entwicklung in den Gebieten von Dene weiter. Von 1871 bis 1921 unterzeichnete die kanadische Regierung eine Reihe von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Vertr\u00e4gen<\/a> mit verschiedenen indigenen V\u00f6lkern, um Zugang zu Gebieten n\u00f6rdlich und westlich von Ontario zu erhalten. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Nummerierte Vertr\u00e4ge<\/a>.) Dies zwang viele Dene-V\u00f6lker in \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">Reservate<\/a> und untergrub (wenn nicht sogar ausgerottet) traditionelle Lebensweisen. Andere Instrumente der kulturellen Assimilation, wie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">Internatsschulen<\/a> und der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, wirkten sich ebenfalls negativ auf die Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Lebensweise der Dene aus.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Erzwungene Umsiedlung<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nIn den 1950er Jahren wurden etwa 250 Sayisi Dene gewaltsam von ihrem Zuhause in Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba, in ein Gebiet in der N\u00e4he von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a> umgesiedelt, \r\n auch weil die Regierung von Manitoba<\/a> glaubte, sie w\u00fcrden einen starken R\u00fcckgang der Karibuherde verursachen \u2014 eine Idee, die sich sp\u00e4ter als falsch herausstellte. An dem neuen Standort waren Lebensmittel knapp und die Unterbringung unzureichend. Die Dene waren gezwungen, die M\u00fcllkippe zu pl\u00fcndern und wurden von Bewohnern Churchills angegriffen\r\n. Die gewaltsame Umsiedlung verursachte jahrelange Traumata in den Gemeinden von Dene. Die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">Bundesregierung<\/a> entschuldigte sich im August 2016 offiziell f\u00fcr die Umsiedlung.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Rechte, Organisation und Aktivismus<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Denene Nation\" alt=\"Dene-Nation\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation auf dem Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Um ihre Rechte an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">traditionellen Territorien<\/a> (insbesondere an den Gebieten der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Vertr\u00e4ge 8<\/a> und <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">Selbstverwaltung<\/a> und der nat\u00fcrlichen Ressourcen auf ihrem Land zu sch\u00fctzen und geltend zu machen, \r\n schlossen sich einige Dene-Nationen 1969-70 zur Indischen Bruderschaft der Nordwest-Territorien zusammen (1978 in Dene-Nation umbenannt).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973 reichten der Chef von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a>, Fran\u00e7ois Paulette, und andere H\u00e4uptlinge von Dene einen Vorbehalt ein (eine rechtliche Warnung an Dritte), in Bezug auf die anhaltenden Interessen Denes an den L\u00e4ndern der Vertr\u00e4ge \r\n 8 und 11. W\u00e4hrend die Regierung behauptete, die Dene h\u00e4tten mit der Unterzeichnung des Vertrags ihre Rechte an dem Land aufgegeben, argumentierten die Dene, dass ihre Vorfahren dies nie beabsichtigt hatten. Nach Recherchen und Gespr\u00e4chen mit den Gemeinden der Dene in den \r\n Nordwest-Territorien stellte der Vorsitzende Richter, Richter W.G. Morrow, fest, dass die Dene tats\u00e4chlich Rechte an dem Land und seinen Ressourcen besa\u00dfen. Der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Oberste Gerichtshof von Kanada<\/a> hob den Fall \u2014 bekannt als Paulette-Vorbehalt \u2014 jedoch aufgrund einer Formalit\u00e4t auf. Dennoch blieben die Feststellungen von Justice Morrow zu den Rechten der Ureinwohner g\u00fcltig und veranlassten die Bundesregierung zu der Annahme, dass weitere Verhandlungen \u00fcber die Interessen der Dene notwendig waren. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976 ver\u00f6ffentlichte die Dene-Nation die Erkl\u00e4rung und das Manifest von Dene. In diesem Dokument wurde die Selbstverwaltung von Dene im Mackenzie Valley gefordert. In diesem Gebiet sollte die geplante <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie Valley-Pipeline verlegt<\/a> werden. Die Unvereinbarkeit zwischen der Position von Dene und der der Bundesregierung in Bezug auf Rechte und Eigentumsrechte an den Grundst\u00fccken und Ressourcen des Mackenzie Valley gibt seit langem Anlass zur Sorge.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nSeit 1992 gibt es jedoch in Denendeh Siedlungen mit Landanspr\u00fcchen, zu denen auch die Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) und Tlicho (2003) geh\u00f6ren. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">(<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Indigene Landanspr\u00fcche und indigene V\u00f6lker<\/a>: Vertr\u00e4ge.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Zeitgen\u00f6ssisches Leben<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDie Dene First Nations in ganz Kanada haben sich aktiv an Programmen in den Bereichen indigene Gesundheit, Bildung, Gemeindeentwicklung sowie Land- und Ressourcenfragen beteiligt. Als Gemeinschaft haben sie einige wichtige Meilensteine erreicht. Zum Beispiel wurden die Dene-Sprachen 1990 zu offiziellen \r\n Sprachen der Nordwest-Territorien. Am 1. September 2016 erlangte die Regierung D\u00e9l\u00fen\u0119 Got&#39;\u0113n\u0119 das Recht auf Selbstverwaltung.<\/p>","slug":"n","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"de","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:31:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:31:59.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f862-6d8c-456f-8467-4a04681b4db2","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>\u03a4\u03bf Dene \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0392\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf Dene, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u00ab\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \r\n \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Dinjii Zuh (Gwich&#39;in).<\/a> \r\n\u039f\u03b9 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021, 45.895 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 Dene, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1<\/a> \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a3\u03b1\u03c7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03a4<\/a> \u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd, \u03a4\u03bb\u03af\u03c7\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c4, \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5&#39;\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 (\u03a3\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9), \u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4&#39;\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad), \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5 \u0392\u03ad\u03c4&#39;\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4<\/a>. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd 18.360 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 Dene \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 Dene. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b7<\/a> (\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u03a4\u03bb\u03af\u03c7\u03bf (\u039d\u03c4\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc<\/a> \u03c0)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u039d\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03af \u0396\u03bf\u03c5 (\u0393\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03c3\u03af\u03bd, \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u03af\u03bd \u03ae \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03ad)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u03a3\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03ca<\/a> (\u039d\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc, \u039d\u03c4\u03b5 \u03a4\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039d\u03c4\u03b5 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03c7 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a3\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03ca (\u03a3\u03b1\u03c7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd), \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine \u03ae Hare\/Hareskin), Sahtuot&#39;ine<\/a> (\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Shuta Got&#39;ine (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u039d\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd-\u03b6\u03b1\u03b1 (\u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u03a4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd (\u039a\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4&#39;\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4&#39;\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1<\/a> \u03ae \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03ad\u03ba&#39;\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5 (\u03a3\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd (\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u039d\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03c7 (\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1<\/a> \u03ad\u03b1\u03c2)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf Dene \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u039f\u03b9 Dene \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 <em>Denendeh<\/em>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd \u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7\u00bb \u03ae \u00ab\u0393\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039b\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd Mackenzie<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Barren Grounds \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/a> \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2;<\/strong> <br>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021, 405 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 445 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf (Tinn\u00eb) \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4 \r\n \u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf 1400 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Dene \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac, \u03bf\u03b9 \u0391\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u039d\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00abAthabascans\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u0396\u03c9\u03ae<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\" alt=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0386\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 Denesuline (Chipewyan) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u0391\u03bb\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4&#39;\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03b9\u03c0\u03af\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4&#39;\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03b9\u03c0\u03af\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9 (\u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u039c\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\" alt=\"\u039c\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\">\r\n <figcaption>\u039c\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 Dene, Sarah Hardisty. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u0395\u03c0<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> - \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 - \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great Slave, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 Great<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Bear \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">M<\/a> ackenzie. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd Dene \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0388\u03c6\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \r\n \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03af <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2<\/a>, \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1. (\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 <em>\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1: \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03af<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 Dene \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u03ad\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\" alt=\"\u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\">\r\n <figcaption>\u039f\u03b9 Tlicho Drummers \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 Yellowknife Dene First Nation Drummers \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 (21 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2014). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 Dene\" alt=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>\u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf D\u00e9line, NWT, \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u0395\u03c0<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u039f Dene \u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a4\u03b1 Dene \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 Dene<\/a> \r\n \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u0391\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 Dene \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b8\u03c1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Dene \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3 \r\n \u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene. \u038c\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Denendeh. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Raven \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Yam\u0300zha. \u039f Raven \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Raven \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Dene \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. (\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 <em>\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Raven<\/a>.) \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03b6\u03b1 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03bd). \r\n \u039f Yam\u0300zha \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Dene \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf Yam\u0300zha \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bf\u03c2\/\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \r\n \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2. (<em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c5\u03c4<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03af: \u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0393\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0397 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Dene \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 Dene \u03ae Na-Den\u00e9 (\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 Athabascan). \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 28 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \r\n \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2: Athabascan Coast Pacific Coast, Apachean \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 North Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021, 11.370 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b7 Dene \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \r\n \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 Danez\u0101g\u00e9 &#39;(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), \u03bc\u03b5 225 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021.. \u0397 Wetalh, \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal, \r\n \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/a> \u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03c9\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 (<em>\u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c5\u03c4<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u0393\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u039f\u03b9 Dene \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf<\/a> \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1700. \u039c\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1900, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3<\/a> \u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 Dene. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1871 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1921, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039f\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. (\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <em>\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>.) \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 Dene \u03c3\u03b5 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 (\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b5) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2. \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em><\/a>, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1950, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 250 Sayisi Dene \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Duck Lake \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb<\/a>, \r\n \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1<\/a> \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd - \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 Dene \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03c3\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb. \u0397 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 Dene. \u0397 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b6\u03ae<\/a> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\" alt=\"\u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\">\r\n <figcaption>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Dene \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf Tar Sands, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7<\/a> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd 8<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba<\/a> \u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 Dene \u03b5\u03bd \r\n \u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1969-70 (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u0388\u03b8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Dene \u03c4\u03bf 1978<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a4\u03bf 1973, \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Paulette \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2), \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \r\n 8 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 11. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 Dene \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 Dene \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0392\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \r\n \u0395\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 W.G. Morrow, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 Dene \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/a> \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 - \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 Paulette - \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1 &#39;\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae Morrow \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a4\u03bf 1976, \u03c4\u03bf \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Dene \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dene \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 Mackenzie. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 Mackenzie Valley<\/a>. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 Dene \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 Mackenzie \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1992, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Denendeh, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Tlicho (2003). (<em>\u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03b9<\/a> \u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af: \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u0396\u03c9\u03ae<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Dene \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf 1990, \u03bf\u03b9 \r\n \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 Dene \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 1\u03b7 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2016, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 D\u00e9l\u013an\u0119 Got&#39;n\u0119 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>","slug":"deln","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"el","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:29:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:29:56.000000Z"},{"id":"b0a09d0f-ee0e-404e-81c8-448b97a0c033","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene comprise a far-reaching cultural and linguistic family, stretching from the Canadian North and Alaska to the American southwest. In Canada, Dene, which means \u201cthe people\u201d in their language, comprise a variety of First Nations, some of which include\r\n\tthe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) and Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>).\r\n\tDene are also known as Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan or Athapaskan peoples. In the 2021 census, 45,895 people identified as having ancestry of Dene origins, which includes Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a>, Denesuline, Dene Tha\u2019, Gwich\u2019in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">Sahtu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">Tahltan<\/a>, Tlicho, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\">Tlingit<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tse\u2019khene (Sekani)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut\u2019ina (Sarcee)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a>\tand Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. In that census, there were 18,360 people who identified as Dene without specifying further.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Dene Peoples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>As part of the largest linguistic group in North America, a number of peoples in Canada identify as Dene. Some of these include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (also known as Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>, Kutchin or Loucheux)<\/li>\r\n <li>South <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavey<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho and Deh Gah Got\u2019ine)<\/li>\r\n <li>North Slavey (Saht\u00fa), including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K\u2019ashot\u2019ine<\/a> (K\u2019asho Got\u2019ine or Hare\/Hareskin), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\">Saht\u00faot\u2019ine<\/a> (Bear Lake)\r\n and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Shuta Got\u2019ine<\/a> (Mountain)<\/li>\r\n <li>Northern and Southern <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Beaver)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T\u2019atsaot\u2019ine<\/a> (Yellowknives)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut\u2019ina<\/a> (Tsuu T\u2019ina or Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek\u2019ehne<\/a> (Sekani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a> (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a> (Carrier)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 2021 census, the total number of people who claimed Dene origin ancestry was 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Territory<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene have historically inhabited central and northwestern Canada in an area known as <em>Denendeh<\/em>, meaning \u201cthe Creator\u2019s Spirit flows through this Land\u201d or \u201cLand of the People.\u201d This region includes the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Mackenzie River Valley<\/a> and the Barren Grounds in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Northwest Territories<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Did you know?<\/strong> <br>In the 2021 census, 405 people claimed Apache ancestry, while another 445 claimed Navajo ancestry. The ancestors of the Apache and Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) are said to have originated in northwestern Canada and migrated to the southwestern\r\n United States by about 1400 BCE. Like Dene in Canada, the Apache and Navajo are generally referred to in some literature as the \u201cAthabascans.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Traditional Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Curing Hides\" alt=\"Curing Hides\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) people preparing a moose hide, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut'ina Travois and Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut'ina Travois and Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) and wife, Tsuut'ina Indigenous people.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Moccasins\" alt=\"Moccasins\">\r\n <figcaption>Moccasins made by Dene artist, Sarah Hardisty. Materials used include moose hide, porcupine quill, beaver hide, wool and thread.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene men hunted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">caribou<\/a> \u2014 the mainstay of their economy \u2014 as well as other game, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">rabbit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">deer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">moose<\/a>, in areas around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great Slave Lake<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a> and along the Mackenzie River. Fishing supplemented their diet, especially among Dene peoples who lived close to the coast.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Women would often be responsible for cooking meals, gathering food and taking care of children. They made clothes out of natural resources, such as furs and hides from animals. Sewing tools also came from animals, including bone needles and sinew for\r\n thread.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Depending on their geographic location, Dene families lived in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis<\/a>, pit houses or lodges. (S<em>ee also<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Architectural History: Indigenous Peoples<\/a>.)\r\n They generally travelled often for hunting purposes, either on foot or in canoes, except during the winter when some Dene travelled using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">snowshoes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">toboggans<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Society and Culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drummers\" alt=\"Dene Drummers\">\r\n <figcaption>The Tlicho Drummers and the Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers performing together during an outreach event about traditional knowledge (21 October 2014).\\r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Dene Games\" alt=\"Dene Games\">\r\n <figcaption>Youth in D\u00e9line, NWT, playing Dene games (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene lived and travelled together with immediate and extended family members. These family units were self-sufficient, providing one another with food, shelter and education.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n During the spring and summer months, Dene family groups often came together to discuss land use and trade and to resolve any intergroup disputes. They also performed cultural ceremonies and celebrations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene are known for their traditional games, which were originally used to encourage healthy lifestyles, especially among hunters, and to provide entertainment. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene games<\/a> are\r\n still played today in schools and communities. Many of these games are also official competitions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Arctic Winter Games<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion and Spirituality<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene oral traditions are records of history, known as <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, as well as spiritual legends, called <em>\u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>. Every Dene nation has its own creation story about how the Earth came to be, and how Dene people and language\r\n were created. All of these tales often feature a Creator who forms the waters and lands of Denendeh. They also feature common characters such as Raven and Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha. Raven is a trickster figure who can transform into different forms. Raven\u2019s behaviours\r\n and errors are meant to teach Dene right from wrong. (S<em>ee also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">Raven Symbolism<\/a>.) Another well-known shape-shifter is Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha (also known as Yamo\u0328\u0301ria to some\r\n people; for others, Yamo\u0328\u0301ria is a different being). Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha is a medicine man who transforms from human to animal, and helps Dene solve problems. In some tales, Yam\u01eb\u01eb\u0300zha is half-animal\/half-human. These legends are significant to Dene culture and\r\n spirituality, as they transmit lore and lessons to younger generations. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Indigenous Peoples: Religion and Spirituality<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Language<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene language is known as Dene or Na-Den\u00e9 (also called Athabascan). There are about 28 Athabascan languages spoken in northern Canada, although there are many more spoken in Alaska and in the American southwest. The language is made up of three distinct\r\n groups: Pacific Coast Athabascan, Apachean and Northern Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the 2021 census, 11,370 people reported the knowledge of Dene. With thousands of speakers across parts of Canada and the United States, Dene is one of the biggest language families in North America. However, some Dene languages are considered endangered,\r\n such as Danez\u0101g\u00e9\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), with 225 people claiming knowledge of the language in the 2021 census.. Wetalh, the language of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal<\/a>,\r\n is considered extinct. In recent years, schools and cultural centres have made efforts to revitalize many of these endangered languages (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">Indigenous Languages in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Colonial History<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n The Dene encountered European traders, explorers and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">missionaries<\/a> as early as the 1700s. By the 1900s, the discovery of oil and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">gold<\/a> in northern Canada further encouraged white settlement and commercial development in Dene lands. From 1871 to 1921, the Government of Canada signed a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">treaties<\/a> with various Indigenous peoples as a means of gaining access to lands north and west of Ontario. (S<em>ee also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Numbered Treaties<\/a>.) This forced many Dene peoples onto\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reserves<\/a> and eroded (if not eradicated) traditional ways of life. Other instruments of cultural assimilation, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, also negatively impacted Dene society, economy and ways of life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n <strong>Forced Relocation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In the 1950s, about 250 Sayisi Dene were forcibly relocated from their home in Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba<\/a> to an area near <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>,\r\n partly because the Manitoba government believed they were causing a steep decline in the caribou herd \u2014 an idea later proven untrue. In the new location, food was scarce and housing inadequate. The Dene were forced to scavenge the dump and were assaulted\r\n by Churchill residents. The forcible relocation caused years of trauma in Dene communities. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">federal government<\/a> formally apologized for the relocation in August 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Rights, Organization and Activism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Dene Nation\" alt=\"Dene Nation\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation at the Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n As a means of protecting and asserting their rights to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">traditional territories<\/a> (specifically to the lands of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Treaties 8<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a> and the natural resources on their lands, some Dene nations\r\n joined to form the Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories in 1969-70 (renamed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene Nation<\/a> in 1978).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In 1973, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Chief Fran\u00e7ois Paulette and other Dene chiefs filed a caveat (a legal warning to third parties), concerning the continued Dene interests in lands of Treaties\r\n 8 and 11. While the government maintained that the Dene surrendered their rights to the land by signing the treaty, the Dene argued that their ancestors never intended to do so. After conducting research and reaching out to Dene communities in the Northwest\r\n Territories, the presiding judge, Justice W.G. Morrow, determined that the Dene did in fact have rights to the land and its resources. However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a> overturned the case \u2014 known as the Paulette caveat \u2014 based on a technicality. Nevertheless, Justice Morrow\u2019s findings about Indigenous rights remained valid and led the federal government to accept that further negotiations on the Dene interests were\r\n necessary.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n In 1976, the Dene Nation released the Dene Declaration and Manifesto. This document called for Dene self-government in the Mackenzie Valley. It was in this area that the proposed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline<\/a> was to be laid. Incompatibility between the Dene position and that of the federal government regarding rights and title to the lands and resources of the Mackenzie Valley has been an ongoing concern.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Since 1992, however, there have been land claim settlements in Denendeh, some of which include the Gwich\u2019in (1992), Sahtu (1994) and Tlicho (2003). (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Indigenous Land Claims<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Indigenous Peoples: Treaties<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contemporary Life<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n Dene First Nations across Canada have been actively engaged in programs concerning Indigenous health, education, community development, and land and resource issues. As a community, they have reached some important milestones. For example, in 1990, Dene\r\n languages become official languages of the Northwest Territories. On 1 September 2016, the D\u00e9l\u012fn\u0119 Got\u2019\u012fn\u0119 Government achieved the right to self-government.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2017-05-11T13:43:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-09T19:57:58.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f96d-8893-4d6b-a256-69e80c9c7f37","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Los dene comprenden una familia cultural y ling\u00fc\u00edstica de gran alcance, que se extiende desde el norte de Canad\u00e1 y Alaska hasta el suroeste de Estados Unidos. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">En Canad\u00e1, los dene, que en su idioma significa \u00abel pueblo\u00bb, comprenden una variedad de Primeras Naciones, algunas de las cuales incluyen a los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">denesulinos<\/a> (chipewyan), \r\n los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">tlicho<\/a> (dogrib) y los dinjii zhuh (gwich&#39;in).<\/a> \r\nLos dene tambi\u00e9n son conocidos como pueblos atabascanos, atabasquinos, atapascanos o atapasquinos. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">En el censo de 2021, 45.895 personas se identificaron como descendientes de origen dene, que incluyen a Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh, Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">Sahtu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">Tahtan<\/a>, Tlicho, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\">Tlingit<\/a>, Tse&#39;khene<\/a> (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina (sarcee), Tchone y Wet&#39;Uwet&#39;en. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a> En ese censo, hab\u00eda 18.360 personas que se identificaron como dene sin especificar m\u00e1s.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Pueblos dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Como parte del grupo ling\u00fc\u00edstico m\u00e1s grande de Am\u00e9rica del Norte, varios pueblos de Canad\u00e1 se identifican como dene. Algunos de estos incluyen:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesulina<\/a> (tambi\u00e9n conocida como Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin o Loucheux)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Esclavitud del Sur (Dehcho, Deh Cho y Deh Gah Got&#39;ine<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Eslav\u00eda del Norte (Saht\u00fa), que incluye <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine o Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine (Lago del Oso) y Shuta Got&#39;ine<\/a> (Monta\u00f1a) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone septentrional y meridional<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Castor)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;at SaoT&#39;ine (cuchillos amarillos)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina o sarcee)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sekani<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in<\/a> (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (transportista<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>En el censo de 2021, el n\u00famero total de personas que afirmaron tener ascendencia de origen dene fue de 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territorio tradicional<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nHist\u00f3ricamente, los dene han habitado el centro y noroeste de Canad\u00e1 en una zona conocida como <em>Denendeh<\/em>, que significa \u00abel Esp\u00edritu del Creador fluye por esta tierra\u00bb o \u00abtierra del pueblo\u00bb. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Esta regi\u00f3n incluye el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">valle del r\u00edo Mackenzie<\/a> y las Tierras Bald\u00edas de los Territorios del Noroeste.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u00bfLo sab\u00edas?<\/strong> <br>En el censo de 2021, 405 personas afirmaron tener ascendencia apache, mientras que otras 445 afirmaron tener ascendencia navajo. Se dice que los antepasados de los apaches y navajos (Tinn\u00eb) se originaron en el noroeste de Canad\u00e1 y emigraron al suroeste \r\n de los Estados Unidos alrededor del 1400 a. C. Al igual que Dene en Canad\u00e1, los apaches y los navajos suelen denominarse \u00abatabascos\u00bb en algunas publicaciones.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vida tradicional<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Curando pieles\" alt=\"Curaci\u00f3n de pieles\">\r\n <figcaption>Gente denesulina (chipewyana) preparando una piel de alce, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois y Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois y Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (collar de cuervo) y su esposa, del pueblo ind\u00edgena Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mocasines\" alt=\"Mocasines\">\r\n <figcaption>Mocasines hechos por la artista de Dene, Sarah Hardisty. Los materiales utilizados incluyen piel de alce, pluma de puercoesp\u00edn, piel de castor, lana e hilo.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Anterior Siguiente<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Los hombres dene cazaban <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">carib\u00faes<\/a> \u2014el pilar de su econom\u00eda\u2014 y otros animales de caza, como <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">conejos<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">ciervos<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">alces<\/a>, en las \u00e1reas alrededor de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great Slave Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a><\/a> y a lo largo del r\u00edo Mackenzie. La pesca complementaba su dieta, especialmente entre los pueblos dene que viv\u00edan cerca de la costa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Las mujeres sol\u00edan ser responsables de cocinar, recolectar alimentos y cuidar a los ni\u00f1os. Confeccionaban ropa con recursos naturales, como pieles y pieles de animales. Las herramientas de costura tambi\u00e9n proced\u00edan de animales, como agujas de hueso y tend\u00f3n en lugar de \r\n hilo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Seg\u00fan su ubicaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica, las familias dene viv\u00edan en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis<\/a>, casas de foso o caba\u00f1as. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Historia de la arquitectura: pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/a>). \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Por lo general, viajaban con fines de caza, ya sea a pie o en canoas, excepto durante el invierno, cuando algunos dene viajaban con <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">raquetas de nieve<\/a> y trineos.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sociedad y cultura<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Bateristas de Dene\" alt=\"Bateristas de Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Los tambores de Tlicho y los bateristas de las Primeras Naciones de Yellowknives Dene act\u00faan juntos durante un acto de divulgaci\u00f3n sobre los conocimientos tradicionales (21 de octubre de 2014). \\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Juegos Dene\" alt=\"Juegos Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>J\u00f3venes de D\u00e9line, NWT, jugando juegos de Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Anterior Siguiente<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene vivi\u00f3 y viaj\u00f3 junto con familiares cercanos y lejanos. Estas unidades familiares eran autosuficientes y se proporcionaban comida, refugio y educaci\u00f3n unas a otras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDurante los meses de primavera y verano, los grupos familiares dene a menudo se reun\u00edan para hablar sobre el uso de la tierra y el comercio y para resolver cualquier disputa intergrupal. Tambi\u00e9n realizaban ceremonias y celebraciones culturales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nLos dene son conocidos por sus juegos tradicionales, que originalmente se utilizaban para fomentar estilos de vida saludables, especialmente entre los cazadores, y para proporcionar entretenimiento. Los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">juegos del dene<\/a> \r\n todav\u00eda se juegan hoy en d\u00eda en las escuelas y comunidades. Muchos de estos juegos tambi\u00e9n son competiciones oficiales de los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Juegos de Invierno del \u00c1rtico<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religi\u00f3n y espiritualidad<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Las tradiciones orales dene son registros de la historia, conocidos como <em>thqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc, as\u00ed como leyendas espirituales, llamadas \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>.<\/em> Cada naci\u00f3n dene tiene su propia historia de creaci\u00f3n sobre c\u00f3mo surgi\u00f3 la Tierra y c\u00f3mo se crearon el pueblo y el idioma dene. \r\n Todas estas historias suelen presentar a un Creador que forma las aguas y las tierras de Denendeh. Tambi\u00e9n cuentan con personajes comunes como Raven y Yam\u0308zha. Raven es una figura tramposa que puede transformarse en diferentes formas. Los comportamientos \r\n y errores de Raven est\u00e1n destinados a ense\u00f1arle a Dene el bien del mal. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> Simbolismo de los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">cuervos<\/a>). Otro cambiaformas muy conocido es Yam\u00f3zha (tambi\u00e9n conocido como Yam\u00f3ria para algunas personas; para otras, Yam\u00f3ria es un ser diferente). \r\n Yam\u0300zha es un curandero que se transforma de humano a animal y ayuda a Dene a resolver problemas. En algunos cuentos, Yamzha es mitad animal y mitad humano. Estas leyendas son importantes para la cultura y la \r\n espiritualidad dene, ya que transmiten conocimientos y lecciones a las generaciones m\u00e1s j\u00f3venes. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Pueblos ind\u00edgenas: religi\u00f3n y espiritualidad<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lenguaje<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>El idioma dene se conoce como dene o na-den\u00e9 (tambi\u00e9n llamado atabascano). Se hablan alrededor de 28 lenguas atabascas en el norte de Canad\u00e1, aunque hay muchas m\u00e1s en Alaska y en el suroeste de Estados Unidos. El idioma se compone de tres \r\n grupos distintos: los atabascos de la costa del Pac\u00edfico, los apaches y los atabascos del norte.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En el censo de 2021, 11.370 personas informaron que conoc\u00edan el dene. Con miles de hablantes en partes de Canad\u00e1 y los Estados Unidos, el dene es una de las familias ling\u00fc\u00edsticas m\u00e1s numerosas de Norteam\u00e9rica. Sin embargo, algunas lenguas dene se consideran en peligro de extinci\u00f3n, \r\n como el danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">kaska dena<\/a>). Seg\u00fan el censo de 2021, 225 personas afirmaron conocerla. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">El wetalh, el idioma de los wetal, se considera extinto.<\/a> \r\n En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, las escuelas y los centros culturales se han esforzado por revitalizar muchas de estas lenguas en peligro de extinci\u00f3n (<em>v\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">lenguas ind\u00edgenas<\/a> en Canad\u00e1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historia colonial<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nLos dene se encontraron con comerciantes, exploradores y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">misioneros<\/a> europeos ya en el siglo XVIII. En la d\u00e9cada de 1900, el descubrimiento de petr\u00f3leo y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">oro<\/a> en el norte de Canad\u00e1 alent\u00f3 a\u00fan m\u00e1s los asentamientos blancos y el desarrollo comercial en las tierras de los dene. De 1871 a 1921, el Gobierno de Canad\u00e1 firm\u00f3 una serie de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">tratados<\/a> con varios pueblos ind\u00edgenas como medio de acceder a las tierras del norte y oeste de Ontario. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Tratados numerados<\/a>). Esto oblig\u00f3 a muchos pueblos dene a refugiarse en \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reservas<\/a> y erosion\u00f3 (si no erradic\u00f3) las formas de vida tradicionales. Otros instrumentos de asimilaci\u00f3n cultural, como los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">internados<\/a> y la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Ley de la India<\/em><\/a>, tambi\u00e9n tuvieron un impacto negativo en la sociedad, la econom\u00eda y los modos de vida de los denes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Reubicaci\u00f3n forzosa<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nEn la d\u00e9cada de 1950, unos 250 sayisi dene fueron trasladados por la fuerza de su hogar en Duck Lake (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba) a una zona cercana a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, en \r\n parte porque el gobierno de Manitoba<\/a> cre\u00eda que estaban provocando una fuerte disminuci\u00f3n de la manada de carib\u00faes, una idea que m\u00e1s tarde se demostr\u00f3 falsa. En la nueva ubicaci\u00f3n, la comida escaseaba y las viviendas eran inadecuadas. Los dene se vieron obligados a hurgar en el basurero y fueron asaltados \r\n por los residentes de Churchill. La reubicaci\u00f3n forzosa caus\u00f3 a\u00f1os de trauma en las comunidades dene. El <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">gobierno federal<\/a> se disculp\u00f3 formalmente por la reubicaci\u00f3n en agosto de 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Derechos, organizaci\u00f3n y activismo<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Naci\u00f3n densa\" alt=\"Naci\u00f3n Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation en la Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Con el fin de proteger y hacer valer sus derechos sobre los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">territorios tradicionales<\/a> (espec\u00edficamente sobre las tierras contempladas en los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Tratados 8<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autogobierno<\/a> y los recursos naturales de sus tierras, algunas naciones dene \r\n se unieron para formar la Hermandad India de los Territorios del Noroeste (que pas\u00f3 a llamarse Naci\u00f3n Dene en 1978).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nEn 1973, el jefe de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a>, Fran\u00e7ois Paulette, y otros jefes de Dene presentaron una advertencia (una advertencia legal a terceros) en relaci\u00f3n con los intereses continuos de Dene en las tierras de los Tratados \r\n 8 y 11. Si bien el gobierno sostuvo que los dene renunciaron a sus derechos sobre la tierra al firmar el tratado, los dene sostuvieron que sus antepasados nunca tuvieron la intenci\u00f3n de hacerlo. Tras realizar una investigaci\u00f3n y llegar a las comunidades dene de \r\n los Territorios del Noroeste, el juez presidente, el juez W.G. Morrow, determin\u00f3 que los dene s\u00ed ten\u00edan derechos sobre la tierra y sus recursos. Sin embargo, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Tribunal Supremo de Canad\u00e1<\/a> desestim\u00f3 el caso \u2014conocido como la advertencia de Paulette\u2014 bas\u00e1ndose en un tecnicismo. Sin embargo, las conclusiones del juez Morrow sobre los derechos de los ind\u00edgenas segu\u00edan siendo v\u00e1lidas y llevaron al gobierno federal a aceptar que era necesario seguir negociando sobre los intereses de los dene. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nEn 1976, la naci\u00f3n dene public\u00f3 la Declaraci\u00f3n y el Manifiesto de Dene. Este documento abogaba por el autogobierno de los dene en el valle de Mackenzie. Fue en esta zona donde se construir\u00eda el propuesto <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">oleoducto del valle de Mackenzie<\/a>. La incompatibilidad entre la posici\u00f3n de Dene y la del gobierno federal con respecto a los derechos y t\u00edtulos de propiedad sobre las tierras y los recursos del valle de Mackenzie ha sido una preocupaci\u00f3n constante.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nSin embargo, desde 1992, ha habido acuerdos de reclamaci\u00f3n de tierras en Denendeh, algunos de los cuales incluyen los Gwich&#39;in (1992), los Sahtu (1994) y los Tlicho (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">(<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> Reclamaciones de tierras ind\u00edgenas y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/a>: tratados).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vida contempor\u00e1nea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nLas Primeras Naciones dene de todo Canad\u00e1 han participado activamente en programas relacionados con la salud, la educaci\u00f3n, el desarrollo comunitario y las cuestiones relacionadas con la tierra y los recursos de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas. Como comunidad, han alcanzado algunos hitos importantes. Por ejemplo, en 1990, los idiomas dene se convirtieron en \r\n idiomas oficiales de los Territorios del Noroeste. El 1 de septiembre de 2016, el Gobierno de D\u00e9l&#39;n Got&#39;n logr\u00f3 el derecho al autogobierno.<\/p>","slug":"desn","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"es","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:51.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f95c-1f07-4634-81ad-f915f04abe9b","article_id":"91119","title":"\u062f\u0646","summary":"<p>\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u00bb \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646<\/a> (\u0686\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u0648 (\u062f\u0648\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0628) \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0698\u0648\u062d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Gwich&#39;in<\/a>) \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/a> \r\n\u062f\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u062a\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 2021\u060c 45,895 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0647\u200c\u0632\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u06a9\u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0627\u060c \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0627<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0644\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0646 (\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc)\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627 (\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/a> \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u066c\u06f3\u06f6\u06f0 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0644\u0632<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Chipe<\/a> wyan \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u0648 (\u062f\u0648\u06af\u0631\u06cc<\/a> \u0628)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0698\u0648\u0647 (\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0686\u0647)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0648\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/a> (\u062f\u0647\u0686\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u0648 \u0648 \u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc (\u0633\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0648)\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine \u06cc\u0627 Hare\/Hareskin)\u060c Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0633) \u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06af\u0648\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0646 (\u06a9\u0648\u0647) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0632\u0627 (\u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0631)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646 (\u0632\u0631\u062f\u0686\u0627\u0642\u0648)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627 (Tsuu T&#39;ina<\/a> \u06cc\u0627 Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u062a\u0633\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0647 (\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u062a\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0642\u0637\u06cc\u0646 (\u0686\u06cc\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u062f\u06a9\u0644\u0647 (\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 2021\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f 45,895 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 <em>\u062f\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647<\/em> \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u00bb \u06cc\u0627 \u00ab\u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u00bb \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0628\u064f\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/strong> <br>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 2021\u060c 405 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0686\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 445 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0686\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0648 (Tinn\u00eb) \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644 1400 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \r\n \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0686\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0622\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u067e\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0646\" alt=\"\u067e\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0646\">\r\n <figcaption>\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 (\u0686\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f8.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u067e\u06cc\" alt=\"\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u067e\u06cc\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u06cc (\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u063a) \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0646\" alt=\"\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0646\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u06a9\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0633\u06af\u060c \u067e\u0634\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u062e.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u0648 - \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647<\/a> \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f - \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0622\u0647\u0648 \u0648 \u06af\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u0632\u0646<\/a> \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u062e\u0631<\/a> \u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062f<\/a> \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/a> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/a> \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0698\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0634\u067e\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0632 \u0648 \u067e\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0637\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646 \r\n \u062e.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u06cc\u067e\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u062e\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0698 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e <em>\u0645\u0639\u0645<\/em> \u0627\u0631\u06cc: \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0641\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u06af <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\" alt=\"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\">\r\n <figcaption>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc Tlicho \u0648 Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc (21 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0631 2014) \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0633 \u06af\u06cc\u0645\u0632\" alt=\"\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0633 \u06af\u06cc\u0645\u0632\">\r\n <figcaption>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 D\u00e9line\u060c NWT\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u067e\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u06af\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648 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\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/a> \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \r\n \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u0633\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0647 <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em> \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/em> \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u062f 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\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0648 Yam\u0300zha \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \r\n \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u062f. 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(<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc: \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647<\/a> \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627-\u062f\u0646\u0647 (Athabascan \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f) \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f2\u06f8 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \r\n \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0686\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f1\u060c \u06f1\u06f1\u066c\u06f3\u06f7\u06f0 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648 \r\n \u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>)\u060c \u06a9\u0647 225 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 2021 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.. \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\u0634\u0645\u0631<\/a> \u062f\u0647 \r\n \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 <em>\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1700 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a<\/a> \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1900\u060c \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0637\u0644\u0627<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f1 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f1\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0645\u0631\u062f<\/a> \u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639 <em>\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a.) \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0630\u062e \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627<\/a> \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f). \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0642<\/a> \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em><\/a> \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f0\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f2\u06f5\u06f0 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/a> \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u0686\u0631<\/a> \u0686\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0648 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\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u062a 2016 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0639\u0630\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u062f\u0646\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u062a\" alt=\"\u062f\u0646\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u062a\">\r\n <figcaption>\u062f\u0646\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0632\u060c 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc (\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc<\/a> \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">\u06f8<\/a> \u0648 \u06f1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">\u06f1<\/a>)\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u062e\u0648\u062f\u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a<\/a> \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u0646 \r\n \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f9\u2014\u06f7\u06f0 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f (\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f8 \u0628\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f3\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/a> \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u06f8 \u0648 \u06f1\u06f1 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \r\n \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \r\n \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u0648 \u062c\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/a> - \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f - \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0646 \r\n \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f6\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0641\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u062e\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0632\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/a> \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f2 \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f2)\u060c \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0648 (\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f4) \u0648 \u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u0648 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f3). (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 <em>\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062f<\/a> \u0645\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647<\/a> \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene First Nations \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f0\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \r\n \u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u06f1 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f6\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a D\u00e9l\u013an\u0119 Got&#39;n\u0119 \u062d\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>","slug":"dnh","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:32:39.000000Z"},{"id":"c9843a97-3565-476c-9c52-b590bdf30bfc","article_id":"91119","title":"D\u00e9n\u00e9","summary":"<p>Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s forment une famille culturelle et linguistique tr\u00e8s \u00e9tendue, qui s\u2019\u00e9tend du nord du Canada et de l\u2019Alaska jusqu\u2019au sud-ouest des \u00c9tats-Unis. Au Canada, les D\u00e9n\u00e9s, un terme qui signifie \u00ab&nbsp;les peuples&nbsp;\u00bb dans leur langue, comprennent diverses Premi\u00e8res \r\n Nations, certaines incluant les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chipewyans\">D\u00e9n\u00e9sulines<\/a> (Chipewyans), les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/plats-cotes-de-chien\">Tlichos<\/a> (Dogrib) et les Dinjii \r\n Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gwichin\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>). Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s sont \u00e9galement appel\u00e9s peuples athapascans ou athabascans. Selon le recensement de 2021, 45 895 personnes se sont identifi\u00e9es comme ayant des anc\u00eatres \r\n d\u2019origine d\u00e9n\u00e9e, ce qui comprend les D\u00e9n\u00e9s, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/castors-groupe-autochtone\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/porteurs\">Dakelh<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chilcotins\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a>, \r\n les D\u00e9n\u00e9sulines, les Dene Tha\u2019, les Gwich\u2019in, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/kaska\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bearlake\">Sahtu<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tahltan\">Tahltan<\/a>, \r\n les Tlicho, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tlingits\">Tlingits<\/a>, les Tse\u2019khene (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sekani\">S\u00e9kanis<\/a>), les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sarsis\">Tsuut\u2019ina (Sarsis)<\/a>, \r\n les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tutchonis\">Tutchonis<\/a> et les Wet\u2019suwet\u2019en. Lors de ce recensement, 18 360 personnes se sont identifi\u00e9es comme \u00e9tant D\u00e9n\u00e9es sans autre pr\u00e9cision.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Peuples d\u00e9n\u00e9s<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Au Canada, un certain nombre de peuples s\u2019identifient comme \u00e9tant D\u00e9n\u00e9s, et ils font partie du plus grand groupe linguistique d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord. Ils comprennent&nbsp;:<\/p> \r\n<ul> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chipewyan\/\">D\u00e9n\u00e9sulines<\/a> (ou Chipewyans)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlichos<\/a> (Dogrib)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich\u2019in<\/a>, Kutchins ou Loucheux)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Esclaves <\/a>du Sud (Dehcho, Deh Cho et Deh Gah Got\u2019ine)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les Esclaves du Nord (Saht\u00fa), qui comprennent les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/hare-band\/\">K\u2019ashot\u2019ine<\/a> (K\u2019asho Got\u2019ine ou Li\u00e8vres), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bearlake\/\">Saht\u00faot\u2019ine<\/a> (Bear \r\n Lake) et les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Shuta Got\u2019ine<\/a> (Montagnards)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchonis<\/a> du Nord et du Sud<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Castors)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T\u2019atsaot\u2019ine<\/a> (Couteaux-jaunes)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut\u2019ina<\/a> (ou Tsuu T\u2019ina ou Sarsis)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek\u2019ehne<\/a> (S\u00e9kanis)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot\u2019in<\/a> (Chilcotins)<\/li> \r\n <li>Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a> (Porteurs)<\/li> \r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Selon le recensement de 2021, le total du nombre de personnes d\u00e9clarant avoir une ascendance d\u00e9n\u00e9e est de 45 895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territoire traditionnel<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Historiquement, les D\u00e9n\u00e9s habitent le centre et le nord-ouest du Canada dans une r\u00e9gion connue sous le nom de <em>Denendeh<\/em>, qui signifie \u00ab&nbsp;l\u2019esprit du Cr\u00e9ateur coule \u00e0 travers ces terres&nbsp;\u00bb ou \u00ab&nbsp;terre des peuples&nbsp;\u00bb. Cette r\u00e9gion comprend la vall\u00e9e \r\n du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">fleuve Mackenzie<\/a> et les Barren Grounds dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Territoires du Nord-Ouest<\/a>.<\/p> \r\n \r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p><strong>Le saviez-vous?<\/strong><br>\r\nLors du recensement de 2021, 405 personnes ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 \u00eatre d\u2019origine apache, tandis que 445 autres ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 \u00eatre d\u2019origine navajo. Les anc\u00eatres des Apaches et des Navajos (Tinn\u00eb) seraient originaires du nord-ouest du Canada et auraient \r\n migr\u00e9 vers le sud-ouest des \u00c9tats-Unis vers 1400 avant notre \u00e8re. Comme les D\u00e9n\u00e9s au Canada, les Apaches et les Navajos sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme des \u00ab&nbsp;Athabascans&nbsp;\u00bb dans certains ouvrages.<\/p> \r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vie traditionnelle<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Traitement des peaux\" alt=\"Traitement des peaux\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Des D\u00e9n\u00e9sulines (Chipewyans) pr\u00e9parent une peau d'orignal, \u00e0 Christina Lake, en Alberta, en 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut'ina travois et tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut'ina travois et tipi\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar), du peuple autochtone tsuut'ina, en compagnie de sa femme,<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mocassins\" alt=\"Mocassins\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Mocassins fabriqu\u00e9s par l'artiste d\u00e9n\u00e9e Sarah Hardisty. Mat\u00e9riaux&nbsp;: peau d'orignal, \u00e9pines de porc-\u00e9pic, peau de castor, laine et fil.<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Suivant<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Les hommes d\u00e9n\u00e9s chassent le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/caribou\/\">caribou<\/a>, pilier de leur \u00e9conomie, ainsi que d\u2019autres gibiers comme le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/rabbit\/\">lapin<\/a>, \r\n le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/deer\/\">cerf<\/a> et l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/moose\/\">original<\/a> dans les r\u00e9gions autour du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Grand lac des Esclaves<\/a>, \r\n du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Grand lac de l\u2019Ours<\/a> et le long du fleuve Mackenzie. La p\u00eache compl\u00e8te leur alimentation, en particulier chez les D\u00e9n\u00e9s qui vivent pr\u00e8s de la c\u00f4te.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les femmes sont souvent responsables de la pr\u00e9paration des repas, de rassembler la nourriture et de prendre soin des enfants. Elles confectionnent des v\u00eatements avec des ressources naturelles comme des fourrures et des peaux d\u2019animaux. Les outils de couture \r\n proviennent \u00e9galement des animaux, notamment les aiguilles faites d\u2019os et le fil fait \u00e0 partir de tendons.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Selon leur situation g\u00e9ographique, les familles d\u00e9n\u00e9es vivent dans des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis<\/a>, des maisons semi-souterraines ou des huttes (<em>voir aussi<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Histoire de l\u2019architecture des peuples autochtones au Canada<\/a>). \r\n Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s se d\u00e9placent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement et souvent pour chasser, soit \u00e0 pied ou en canot, sauf en hiver o\u00f9 certains se d\u00e9placent en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/snowshoes\/\">raquettes<\/a> et en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/toboggan\/\">toboggans<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et culture<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Joueurs de tambour d\u00e9n\u00e9s\" alt=\"Joueurs de tambour d\u00e9n\u00e9s\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Des joueurs de tambour des Tlichos et de la Premi\u00e8re Nation des D\u00e9n\u00e9s Yellowknives jouent ensemble \u00e0 l'occasion d'un \u00e9v\u00e9nement ax\u00e9 sur les connaissances traditionnelles (21 octobre 2014). <\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Jeux d\u00e9n\u00e9s\" alt=\"Jeux d\u00e9n\u00e9s\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Jeunes s'adonnant aux jeux d\u00e9n\u00e9s \u00e0 D\u00e9line, T. N.-O. (2011)<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Suivant<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s vivent et se d\u00e9placent ensemble avec les membres de leur famille proche et \u00e9largie. Ces unit\u00e9s familiales sont autosuffisantes et elles se fournissent mutuellement de la nourriture, des abris et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Durant les mois de printemps et d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, les groupes familiaux d\u00e9n\u00e9s se rassemblent souvent pour discuter de l\u2019utilisation des terres et du commerce, ainsi que pour r\u00e9gler les diff\u00e9rends entre les groupes. Ils organisent \u00e9galement des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies et des \r\n c\u00e9l\u00e9brations culturelles.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s sont reconnus pour leurs jeux traditionnels, qui \u00e9taient \u00e0 l\u2019origine utilis\u00e9s pour encourager un style de vie sain, en particulier chez les chasseurs, et pour se divertir. Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/dene-games\/\">jeux d\u00e9n\u00e9s<\/a> sont \r\n encore pratiqu\u00e9s de nos jours dans les \u00e9coles et dans les communaut\u00e9s. Un grand nombre de ces jeux font \u00e9galement partie des comp\u00e9titions officielles des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Jeux d\u2019hiver de l\u2019Arctique<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religion et spiritualit\u00e9<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Les traditions orales d\u00e9n\u00e9es sont des archives de l\u2019histoire, connus sous le nom de <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, tout comme les l\u00e9gendes spirituelles, qui sont appel\u00e9es les <em>\u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>. Chaque nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e a sa propre version de \r\n la cr\u00e9ation de la Terre, du peuple d\u00e9n\u00e9 et de sa langue. Tous ces r\u00e9cits mettent souvent en sc\u00e8ne un Cr\u00e9ateur qui forme les eaux et les terres de Denendeh. Ils pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement des personnages communs comme le Corbeau et Yamoo`zha. Le Corbeau est \r\n un filou qui peut se transformer sous diff\u00e9rentes formes. Le comportement et les erreurs du Corbeau sont cens\u00e9s apprendre aux D\u00e9n\u00e9s \u00e0 distinguer le bien du mal (<em>voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">Symbolisme du Corbeau<\/a>). \r\n Un autre m\u00e9tamorphe bien connu est Yamoo`zha (ou Yamo?\u00b4ria pour certains peuples; mais pour d\u2019autres, Yamo?\u00b4ria est un \u00eatre diff\u00e9rent). Yamoo`zha est un homme gu\u00e9risseur qui se transforme d\u2019humain en animal et qui aide les D\u00e9n\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre leurs probl\u00e8mes. \r\n Dans certains r\u00e9cits, Yamoo`zha est moiti\u00e9 animal, moiti\u00e9 humain. Ces l\u00e9gendes sont importantes pour la culture et la spiritualit\u00e9 d\u00e9n\u00e9es, car elles permettent de transmettre les coutumes et les le\u00e7ons aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations plus jeunes. (<em>Voir aussi<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">Religion et spiritualit\u00e9 des Autochtones au Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Langue<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La langue d\u00e9n\u00e9e est connue sous le nom de Dene ou Na-Den\u00e9 (\u00e9galement appel\u00e9e langue athapascane). On compte environ 28 langues athapascanes parl\u00e9es dans le nord du Canada, bien qu\u2019il y en ait beaucoup plus en Alaska et dans le sud-ouest des \u00c9tats-Unis. \r\n La langue est compos\u00e9e de trois groupes distincts&nbsp;: l\u2019athapascan de la c\u00f4te pacifique, l\u2019apache et l\u2019athapascan septentrional.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lors du recensement de 2021, 11 370 personnes ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir une connaissance de la langue d\u00e9n\u00e9e. Avec des milliers de locuteurs dans certaines r\u00e9gions du Canada et des \u00c9tats-Unis, le d\u00e9n\u00e9 est l\u2019une des plus grandes familles linguistiques d\u2019Am\u00e9rique \r\n du Nord. Toutefois, certaines langues d\u00e9n\u00e9es sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme \u00e9tant en voie de disparition, comme le danezag\u00e9\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/kaska\">Kaska Dena<\/a>) avec 225 personnes d\u00e9clarant avoir une connaissance \r\n de cette langue lors du recensement de 2021. Le Wetalh, la langue des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/tsetsaut\">Wetal<\/a>, est une langue consid\u00e9r\u00e9e disparue. Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les \u00e9coles et les centres culturels font \r\n des efforts pour revitaliser plusieurs de ces langues menac\u00e9es. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">Langues autochtones au Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Histoire coloniale<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s rencontrent des marchands, des explorateurs et des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">missionnaires<\/a> europ\u00e9ens d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1700. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1900, la \r\n d\u00e9couverte de gisements de p\u00e9trole et d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gold\/\">or<\/a> dans le nord du Canada encourage la colonisation blanche et le d\u00e9veloppement commercial sur les terres d\u00e9n\u00e9es. Entre 1871 et 1921, le \r\n gouvernement du Canada signe une s\u00e9rie de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">trait\u00e9s<\/a> avec divers peuples autochtones dans le but d\u2019avoir acc\u00e8s aux terres situ\u00e9es dans le nord et l\u2019ouest de l\u2019Ontario \r\n (<em>voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Trait\u00e9 num\u00e9rot\u00e9s<\/a>). Ces trait\u00e9s forcent de nombreux D\u00e9n\u00e9s \u00e0 vivre sur les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">r\u00e9serves<\/a> et \r\n \u00e9rode (voire \u00e9radique) leur mode de vie traditionnel. D\u2019autres moyens d\u2019assimilation culturelle, comme les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/residential-schools\/\">pensionnats indiens<\/a> et la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>, \r\n ont \u00e9galement un impact n\u00e9gatif sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9conomie et le mode de vie des D\u00e9n\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>D\u00e9placement forc\u00e9<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1950, pr\u00e8s de 250 D\u00e9n\u00e9s Sayisi sont d\u00e9plac\u00e9s de force de leur communaut\u00e9 de Duck Lake au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba<\/a> dans une r\u00e9gion pr\u00e8s de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, \r\n en partie parce que le gouvernement du Manitoba croit qu\u2019ils sont responsables d\u2019une forte diminution des troupeaux de caribous, ce qui s\u2019av\u00e8re faux par la suite. Dans ce nouvel endroit, la nourriture est rare et les logements sont inad\u00e9quats. Les D\u00e9n\u00e9s \r\n sont oblig\u00e9s de fouiller les poubelles et ils sont agress\u00e9s par les r\u00e9sidents de Churchill. Ce d\u00e9placement forc\u00e9 engendre des ann\u00e9es de traumatismes dans les communaut\u00e9s d\u00e9n\u00e9es. Le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\/\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> pr\u00e9sente \r\n des excuses officielles pour ce d\u00e9placement en ao\u00fbt 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Droits, organisation et activisme<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e\" alt=\"Nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e\">\r\n\t<figcaption>La Nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e \\u00e0 la Marche de la gu\u00e9rison (Healing Walk) des sables bitumineux.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Afin de prot\u00e9ger et de faire valoir leurs droits sur leurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">territoires traditionnels<\/a> (en particulier sur les terres vis\u00e9es par les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/treaty-8\/\">trait\u00e9s 8<\/a> et \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), leur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a> et les ressources naturelles pr\u00e9sentes sur leurs terres, certaines nations d\u00e9n\u00e9es se regroupent entre 1969 et \r\n 1970 pour former le Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories (renomm\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e<\/a> en 1978).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1973, le chef Fran\u00e7ois Paulette de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> et d\u2019autres chefs d\u00e9n\u00e9s d\u00e9posent officiellement une opposition concernant les int\u00e9r\u00eats continus des D\u00e9n\u00e9s sur les territoires \r\n vis\u00e9s par les trait\u00e9s 8 et 11. Alors que le gouvernement maintient que les D\u00e9n\u00e9s ont c\u00e9d\u00e9 leurs droits fonciers en signant le trait\u00e9, les D\u00e9n\u00e9s font valoir que leurs anc\u00eatres n\u2019ont jamais eu une telle intention. Apr\u00e8s avoir effectu\u00e9 des recherches \r\n et communiqu\u00e9 avec les communaut\u00e9s d\u00e9n\u00e9es des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, le pr\u00e9sident du tribunal, le juge W.G. Morrow, d\u00e9termine que les D\u00e9n\u00e9s d\u00e9tiennent effectivement un droit foncier sur ces terres et ses ressources. Cependant, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Cour supr\u00eame du Canada<\/a> annule \r\n l\u2019affaire, connue sous le nom de \u00ab&nbsp;Paulette caveat&nbsp;\u00bb sur la base d\u2019un vice de proc\u00e9dure. N\u00e9anmoins, les conclusions du juge Morrow sur les droits autochtones restent valables et m\u00e8nent le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e0 accepter la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de poursuivre des \r\n n\u00e9gociations sur les int\u00e9r\u00eats des D\u00e9n\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1976, la Nation d\u00e9n\u00e9e publie le document Dene Declaration and Manifesto. Ce document r\u00e9clame l\u2019autonomie gouvernementale des D\u00e9n\u00e9s dans la vall\u00e9e du Mackenzie. C\u2019est dans cette r\u00e9gion que le projet de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">pipeline de la vall\u00e9e du Mackenzie<\/a> doit \r\n \u00eatre mis en place. L\u2019incompatibilit\u00e9 entre la position des D\u00e9n\u00e9s et celle du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral concernant les droits et les titres sur les terres et les ressources de la vall\u00e9e du Mackenzie est un sujet de pr\u00e9occupation constant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toutefois, depuis 1992, des r\u00e8glements de revendications territoriales ont lieu en territoire d\u00e9n\u00e9, notamment avec les Gwich\u2019in (1992), les Sahtu (1994) et les Tlichos (2003). (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/land-claims\/\">Revendications territoriales des Autochtones<\/a>; \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Trait\u00e9s autochtones<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vie contemporaine<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Les Premi\u00e8res Nations D\u00e9n\u00e9es du Canada participent activement \u00e0 des programmes concernant la sant\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9ducation, le d\u00e9veloppement communautaire des Autochtones, et aux questions relatives aux terres et aux ressources. En tant que communaut\u00e9, les D\u00e9n\u00e9s \r\n franchissent quelques \u00e9tapes importantes. Par exemple, en 1990, les langues d\u00e9n\u00e9es deviennent les langues officielles des Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Le 1<sup>er<\/sup> septembre 2016, le gouvernement D\u00e9line Got\u2019ine obtient le droit \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie \r\n gouvernementale.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2017-05-11T13:43:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-21T19:26:36.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f97b-394b-4313-8840-fbec5f3f2afe","article_id":"91119","title":"\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4","summary":"<p>\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d4 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05ea, \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e8\u05e2\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d0\u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd-\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4, \u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05d5 &quot;\u05d4\u05e2\u05dd&quot; \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea\u05dd, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05df \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05df (\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05df), \u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e6&#39;<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u05d5 (\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1) \u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d2&#39;\u05d9 \u05d2&#39;\u05d5 (\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e6&#39;<\/a> \u05d9\u05df).<\/a> \r\n\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea\u05d0\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05ea\u05d0\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05ea\u05d0\u05e4\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea\u05d0\u05e4\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc 2021, 45,895 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05d5\u05d4\u05d5 \u05db\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05de\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d3\u05d0\u05e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u05d4-\u05d6\u05d0\u05d0, \u05d3\u05e7\u05dc\u05d4, \u05e6\u05d9\u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df, \u05d3\u05e0<\/a> \u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05df, \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d4&#39;, \r\n \u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05df, \u05e7\u05d0\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4<\/a> \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4, \u05e1\u05d0\u05d8 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u05d8\u05d5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u05d8<\/a> \u05dc\u05d8\u05d0\u05df, \u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d5, \u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e0\u05d2\u05d9\u05d8, \u05d8\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e1\u05e7\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9), \u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9), \u05d8\u05d5\u05e6&#39;\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05e6&#39;\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d5\u05d8&#39;\u05e1\u05d5\u05d5<\/a> \u05d8\u05df. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 18,360 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d6\u05d3\u05d4\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u05e2\u05de\u05de\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05db\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4, \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05de\u05d6\u05d3\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4. \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u05d3\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05df<\/a> (\u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd \u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05df)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d5 (\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9<\/a> \u05d1)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d2&#39;\u05d9 \u05d2&#39;\u05d5 (\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05df, \u05e7\u05d5\u05e6&#39; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d5\u05e6&#39;\u05d5)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9<\/a> (\u05d3\u05e6&#39;\u05d5, \u05d3\u05d4 \u05e6&#39;\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05df)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05e1\u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9 (\u05e1\u05d4\u05d0\u05d8\u05d5), \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e7\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e7\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u05d8&#39;\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d7\u05e8\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05df), \u05e1\u05d0\u05d4\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4<\/a> (\u05d0\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd) \u05d5\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d5\u05d8&#39;\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05d4\u05e8) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u05d8\u05d5\u05d8\u05e6&#39;\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u05de\u05d9<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u05d3\u05df-\u05d6\u05d0\u05d0 (\u05d1\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u05d8\u05d0\u05d8\u05e1\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05df (\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e6\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4<\/a> \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u05e7\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u05e6\u05e7\u05d0\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u05e6\u05d9\u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df (\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u05d3\u05e7\u05dc (\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc 2021, \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05d5\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 <em>\u05d3\u05e0\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4,<\/em> \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 &quot;\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5&quot; \u05d0\u05d5 &quot;\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd&quot;. \u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u05e2\u05de\u05e7 \u05e0\u05d4\u05e8 \u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d6\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05d8<\/a> \u05d7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2\u05ea?<\/strong> <br>\u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc 2021, 405 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e4\u05d0\u05e6&#39;\u05d9, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 445 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d1\u05d0\u05d7\u05d5. \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e4\u05d0\u05e6&#39;\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d0\u05d7\u05d5 (\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4) \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \r\n \u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1400 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4. \u05d1\u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d0\u05e4\u05d0\u05e6&#39;\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d7\u05d5 \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05ea &quot;\u05d4\u05d0\u05d8\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd&quot;.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u05e8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\" alt=\"\u05e8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05df (\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05df) \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d1\u05e8\u05d8\u05d4, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\" alt=\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 (\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1) \u05d5\u05d0\u05e9\u05ea\u05d5, \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\" alt=\"\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4, \u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9. \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05df, \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4, \u05e6\u05de\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05d8.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05dd<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u05d4\u05d1\u05d0<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e6\u05d3\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5 -<\/a> \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05ea\u05dd - \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e6\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9<\/a> \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u05d0\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc, \u05d0\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05e0\u05d4\u05e8 \u05de\u05e7<\/a> \u05e0\u05d6\u05d9.<\/a> \u05d3\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05d6\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05dd, \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d1 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d1\u05e2, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05d7\u05d8\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e6\u05dd \u05d5 \r\n \u05d7\u05d5\u05d8 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05d8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e8\u05e4\u05d9, \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9<\/a> \u05e4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e7\u05ea\u05d5\u05ea. (\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 <em>\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u05d0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea: \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05dd \u05e0\u05e1\u05e2\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e6\u05d9\u05d3, \u05d1\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5, \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e3 \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05e1\u05e2\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u05e0\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d2<\/a> \u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05d2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\" alt=\"\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc Yellowknives Dene First Nation \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9 (21 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 2014). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\" alt=\"\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05df, NWT, \u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05dd<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u05d4\u05d1\u05d0<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d9 \u05d5\u05e0\u05e1\u05e2 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d4 \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d6\u05d5 \u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05df, \u05de\u05d7\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05da.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05e5, \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05d2\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd, \u05e9\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0, \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d1 \u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05dc\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4<\/a> \u05de\u05e9\u05d5 \r\n \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea. \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05ea\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d3\u05ea \u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05df \u05ea\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e9 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05db\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8, \u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \r\n \u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4. \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4. \u05d4\u05dd \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05df \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d6\u05d4\u05d4. \u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d2\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \r\n \u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05df \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e0\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05e8\u05e2. (\u05db\u05de\u05d5 <em>\u05d2\u05dd \u05e1\u05de<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1<\/a>.) \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d6&#39;\u05d4 (\u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd; \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea). \r\n \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d6&#39;\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05da \u05de\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05d6\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d6&#39;\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05e6\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\/\u05d7\u05e6\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9. \u05d0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc \r\n \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4, \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd: \u05d3\u05ea \u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d4-\u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 (\u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05d0\u05df). \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05df \u05db -28 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05df \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e9 \r\n \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea: \u05d0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05d0\u05df \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e7\u05d8, \u05d0\u05e4\u05d0\u05e6&#39;\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e7\u05df \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc 2021 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d5 11,370 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05db\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d7\u05d3\u05d4, \r\n \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena), \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8<\/a> 225 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3 2021.. Wetalh, \u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d8\u05dc, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\r\n\u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u05e0\u05db<\/a> \u05d7\u05d3\u05ea. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e1\u05db\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d7\u05d3\u05d4 (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d4\u05d3\u05df \u05e0\u05ea\u05e7\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d1\u05e8<\/a> \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4 -1700. \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d5\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u05d6\u05d4\u05d1<\/a> \u05d1\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05de\u05e1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd 1871 \u05e2\u05d3 1921 \u05d7\u05ea\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u05d4\u05e1\u05db<\/a> \u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05d2\u05ea \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05de\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5. (\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc <em>\u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d9\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u05de\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/a>.) \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05e5 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u05dc\u05e9<\/a> \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7 (\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05d9\u05d2\u05e8) \u05d0\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05de\u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05e2\u05d4 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05d5\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em><\/a>, \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e8\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4, \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u05e8\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05df \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db -250 \u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d1\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d2\u05dd \u05d3\u05d0\u05e7, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u05de\u05e0\u05d9<\/a> \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u05e6&#39;\u05e8\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05dc<\/a>, \r\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05ea\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5 - \u05e8\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05d7 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05db\u05d5\u05df. \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7. \u05d4\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d0\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05d1\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \r\n \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e6&#39;\u05e8\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05dc. \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d2\u05e8\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05e6\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05d0\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\" alt=\"\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4\">\r\n <figcaption>\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05d0\u05e8, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u05e9\u05d8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8<\/a> \u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> \u05d5 - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u05d8\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9<\/a> \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d8\u05d1\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \r\n \u05d4\u05e6\u05d8\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd 1969-70 (\u05e9\u05e9\u05de\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1978)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1973 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d8 \u05e1\u05de\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 (\u05d0\u05d6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd), \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \r\n 8 \u05d5 -11. \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05df \u05d5\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d3\u05df \u05d8\u05e2\u05df \u05db\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea. \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9 \r\n \u05d8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9, \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d5.\u05d2. \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5, \u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05db\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d3\u05df \u05d0\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/a> \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7 - \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d6\u05d4\u05e8\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8 - \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d0\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05df, \u05de\u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e4\u05d8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5 \u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc \u05db\u05d9 \r\n \u05d9\u05e9 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1976 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05e4\u05e1\u05d8. \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05da \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05de\u05e7 \u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d6\u05d9. \u05d1\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u05e6\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05de\u05e7 \u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d6\u05d9<\/a> \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2. \u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05de\u05e7 \u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d6\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05ea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05d6 1992 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e0\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05df \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d9\u05df (1992), \u05e1\u05d0\u05d4\u05d8\u05d5 (1994) \u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e6&#39;\u05d5 (2003). (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd:<\/a> \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05db\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05da, \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd. \u05db\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1990, \r\n \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1 -1 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05d8\u05de\u05d1\u05e8 2016 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d2\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea D\u00e9l\u00f5n\u0119 Got&#39;\u013an\u0119 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"he","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:33:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:33:00.000000Z"},{"id":"9e2e5ff1-8779-46c2-a69e-9ecb1e56a33a","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene konpoze yon fanmi byen lwen-rive kiltir\u00e8l ak lengwistik, etann soti nan N\u00f2 Kanadyen an ak Alaska nan sidw\u00e8s Ameriken an. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Nan Kanada, Dene, ki vle di \u201cp\u00e8p la\u201d nan lang yo, konprime yon varyete de Premye Nasyon, k\u00e8k nan yo ki gen ladan \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> a (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) ak Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in).<\/a> \r\nDene yo konnen tou k\u00f2m Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan oswa Athapaskan p\u00e8p. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Nan resansman 2021 la, 45,895 moun idantifye k\u00f2m gen zans\u00e8t nan orijin Dene, ki gen ladan Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-za<\/a> a, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, Sahtu, Tahltan, T<\/a> licho, Tlingit, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina (Sarcee), Tutchcee One ak Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> Nan resansman sa, te gen 18,360 moun ki idantifye k\u00f2m Dene san yo pa espesifye pi lwen.<\/p>","body":"<h3>P\u00e8p Dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>K\u00f2m yon pati nan pi gwo gwoup lengwistik nan Amerik di N\u00f2, yon kantite p\u00e8p nan Kanada idantifye k\u00f2m Dene. Gen k\u00e8k nan sa yo gen ladan:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline (ke yo<\/a> rele tou Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin oswa Loucheux<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavey di sid<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho ak Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">N\u00f2 Slavey (Saht\u00fa), ki gen ladan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine<\/a> oswa Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine (Bear Lake) ak Shuta Got&#39;ine (Mountain) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone N\u00f2 ak Sid<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Beaver)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot<\/a> &#39;ine (Yellowknife)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina oswa<\/a> Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;eh<\/a> ne (Sekani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhq<\/a> ot&#39;in (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (Carrier<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Nan resansman 2021 la, kantite total moun ki te reklame zans\u00e8t orijin Dene te 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Teritwa tradisyon\u00e8l<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene yo te istorikman abite santral ak n\u00f2dw\u00e8s Kanada nan yon z\u00f2n li te ye k\u00f2m <em>Denendeh<\/em>, sa vle di \u201cLespri Kreyat\u00e8 a ap koule nan T\u00e8 sa a\u201d oswa \u201cT\u00e8 nan P\u00e8p la.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Rejyon sa a gen ladan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Mackenzie River Valley<\/a> a ak teren yo Barren nan Teritwa yo N\u00f2dw\u00e8s.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u00c8ske ou te konnen?<\/strong> <br>Nan resansman 2021 la, 405 moun te reklame zans\u00e8t Apache, pandan y ap yon l\u00f2t 445 te reklame zans\u00e8t Navajo. Zans\u00e8t yo nan Apache a ak Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) yo di ke yo te orijin nan n\u00f2dw\u00e8s Kanada ak imigre nan sidw\u00e8s Eta \r\n zini pa apepr\u00e8 1400 anvan ep\u00f2k nou an. Tankou Dene nan Kanada, Apache a ak Navajo yo jeneralman refere yo nan k\u00e8k literati k\u00f2m \u201cAthabascans yo.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lavi tradisyon\u00e8l<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Geri kache\" alt=\"Geri kache\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) moun ki prepare yon kache moose, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois ak Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois ak Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) ak madanm, Tsuut&#39;ina moun endij\u00e8n.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"mokasin\" alt=\"mokasin\">\r\n <figcaption>Moccasins te f\u00e8 pa atis Dene, Sara Hardisty. Matery\u00e8l yo itilize gen ladan moose kache, porcupine quill, beaver kache, lenn mouton ak fil.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>D <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">ene<\/a> gason te lachas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">caribou<\/a> - sist\u00e8m nan ekonomi yo - osi byen ke l\u00f2t jw\u00e8t, tankou lapen, s\u00e8f ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">moose<\/a>, nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">z<\/a> \u00f2n alantou Great Sklav Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a> ak ansanm larivy\u00e8<\/a> Lefrat la Mackenzie. Lap\u00e8ch compl\u00e9t\u00e9 rejim alimant\u00e8 yo, espesyalman nan mitan p\u00e8p Dene ki te viv f\u00e8men nan k\u00f2t la.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Fanm yo ta souvan responsab pou kwit manje manje, rasanble manje ak pran swen timoun yo. Yo te f\u00e8 rad soti nan resous natir\u00e8l, tankou foul ak kache soti nan b\u00e8t yo. Zouti koud tou te soti nan b\u00e8t yo, ki gen ladan zegwi zo ak sinew pou \r\n fil.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tou depan de kote jeyografik yo, fanmi Dene te viv nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis, kay twou<\/a> san fon oswa lodj. (S <em>ee tou Istwa ach<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">itekti: p\u00e8p endij<\/a> \u00e8n.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Yo jeneralman vwayaje souvan pou rezon lachas, swa sou pye oswa nan kanou, eksepte pandan sezon fredi a l\u00e8 k\u00e8k Dene te vwayaje l\u00e8 l s\u00e8vi av\u00e8k <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">snowshoes<\/a> ak toboggans.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sosyete ak Kilti<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drummers\" alt=\"Dene Drummers\">\r\n <figcaption>Tlicho Drummers yo ak Yellowknife Dene Premye Nasyon Drummers yo f\u00e8 ansanm pandan yon ev\u00e8nman outreach sou konesans tradisyon\u00e8l (21 Okt\u00f2b 2014). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Jw\u00e8t Dene\" alt=\"Jw\u00e8t Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>J\u00e8n nan D\u00e9line, NWT, jwe jw\u00e8t Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Previous<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Next<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene te viv ak te vwayaje ansanm ak manm fanmi imedya ak pwolonje. Inite fanmi sa yo te pw\u00f2p t\u00e8t ou-ase, bay youn ak l\u00f2t ak manje, abri ak edikasyon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nPandan mwa sezon prentan ak ete yo, gwoup fanmi Dene souvan te vini ansanm pou diskite sou itilizasyon peyi ak kom\u00e8s ak pou rezoud nenp\u00f2t dispit ent\u00e8rgwoup. Yo menm tou yo te f\u00e8 seremoni kiltir\u00e8l ak selebrasyon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene yo li te ye pou jw\u00e8t tradisyon\u00e8l yo, ki te orijinal itilize ankouraje vi ki an sante, espesyalman nan mitan chas\u00e8, ak bay amizman. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Jw\u00e8t dene yo \r\n tou<\/a> jou jwe jodi a nan lek\u00f2l yo ak kominote yo. Anpil nan jw\u00e8t sa yo se tou konpetisyon ofisy\u00e8l nan Jw\u00e8t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">yo sezon fredi Arctic<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Relijyon ak espirityalite<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Dene tradisyon oral yo se dosye nan istwa, ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, osi byen ke lejand espirity\u00e8l, yo rele \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> Chak nasyon Dene gen istwa kreyasyon pw\u00f2p li yo sou ki jan Lat\u00e8 a te vin dwe, ak ki jan moun Dene ak lang \r\n yo te kreye. Tout istwa sa yo souvan prezante yon Kreyat\u00e8 ki f\u00f2me dlo yo ak t\u00e8 nan Denendeh. Yo menm tou yo prezante karakt\u00e8 komen tankou Raven ak Yam\u01eb\u0300zha. Raven se yon figi trickster ki moun ki ka transf\u00f2me nan diferan f\u00f2m. Konp\u00f2tman Raven \r\n a ak er\u00e8 yo vle di yo anseye Dene dwa soti nan sa ki mal. (Se <em>tou R<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">aven Symbolism<\/a>.) Yon l\u00f2t byen li te ye f\u00f2m-chanjman se Yam\u01eb\u0301zha (ke yo rekon\u00e8t tou k\u00f2m Yamo\u0301ria nan k\u00e8k moun; pou l\u00f2t moun, Yamo\u0301ria se yon ke yo te diferan). \r\n Yam\u01eb\u0301zha se yon nonm medikaman ki transf\u00f2me soti nan moun nan b\u00e8t, epi li ede Dene rezoud pwobl\u00e8m. Nan k\u00e8k istwa, Yam\u01eb\u0300zha se mwatye-banim\/mwatye moun. Lejand sa yo siyifikatif nan kilti Dene ak \r\n espirityalite, menm jan yo transm\u00e8t lore ak leson nan jenerasyon pi piti. (Gade <em>tou P\u00e8p<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Endij\u00e8n: Relijyon ak espirityal<\/a> ite.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lang<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lang Dene ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m Dene oswa Na-Den\u00e9 (yo rele tou Athabascan). Gen sou 28 lang Athabascan pale nan n\u00f2 Kanada, byenke gen anpil plis pale nan Alaska ak nan sidw\u00e8s Ameriken an. Se lang lan te f\u00e8 leve nan twa gwoup distenk: Pasi \r\n fik K\u00f2t Athabascan, Apachean ak N\u00f2 Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nan resansman 2021 la, 11,370 moun rap\u00f2te konesans nan Dene. Av\u00e8k d\u00e8 milye de moun ki pale atrav\u00e8 pati nan Kanada ak Etazini, Dene se youn nan pi gwo fanmi lang nan Amerik di N\u00f2. Sepandan, k\u00e8k lang Dene yo konsidere k\u00f2m an danje, \r\n tankou Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), ak 225 moun ki reklame konesans sou lang lan nan resansman 2021 la.. Wetalh, lang lan nan Wetal la, konsid <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">ere k\u00f2m disp<\/a> ar\u00e8t\r\n. Nan d\u00e8nye ane yo, lek\u00f2l ak sant kiltir\u00e8l yo te f\u00e8 ef\u00f2 pou revitalize anpil nan lang sa yo an danje (Gade <em>tou<\/em> Lang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">Endij\u00e8n nan Kanada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Istwa kolonyal<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene a rankontre kom\u00e8san Ewopeyen an, eksplorat\u00e8 ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">misyon\u00e8 osi<\/a> bon\u00e8 ke 1700 yo. Pa ane 1900 yo, dekouv\u00e8t la nan lwil oliv ak l\u00f2 nan n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u00f2<\/a> Kanada plis ankouraje r\u00e8gleman blan ak devlopman kom\u00e8syal nan t\u00e8 Dene. Soti nan 1871 rive 1921, Gouv\u00e8nman an nan Kanada te siyen yon seri de trete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">ak<\/a> div\u00e8s kalite p\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n k\u00f2m yon mwayen pou pran aks\u00e8 nan t\u00e8 nan n\u00f2 ak lw\u00e8s Ontario. (Se <em>tou Trete<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Nimewo<\/a>.) Sa a f\u00f2se anpil p\u00e8p Dene sou rez\u00e8 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">v<\/a> ak erode (si se pa eradike) fason tradisyon\u00e8l lavi. L\u00f2t enstriman mizik nan asimilasyon kiltir\u00e8l, tankou lek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u00f2l rezi<\/a> dansy\u00e8l ak L <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>wa<\/em><\/a> Endyen an, tou negatif afekte Dene sosyete, ekonomi ak fason nan lavi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>F\u00f2k delokasyon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNan ane 1950 yo, sou 250 Sayisi Dene yo te f\u00f2sman relokalize soti nan kay yo nan Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba<\/a> nan yon z\u00f2n tou pre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, an pati paske gouv\u00e8n \r\n man an Manitoba te kw\u00e8 yo te lak\u00f2z yon b\u00e8s apik nan b\u00e8t la caribou - yon lide pita pwouve san vre. Nan nouvo kote a, manje te ras ak lojman inadekwat. Dene yo te f\u00f2se yo scavenge pil fatra a epi yo te atase pa rezidan Churchill. \r\n Remajman f\u00f2se a te lak\u00f2z ane nan ch\u00f2k nan kominote Dene yo. Gouv <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u00e8nman federal<\/a> la f\u00f2m\u00e8lman eskize pou demenajman an nan mwa Out 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dwa, \u00d2ganizasyon ak Aktivism<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Nasyon Dene\" alt=\"Nasyon Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation nan Tar Sands Healing Walk la, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">K\u00f2m yon mwayen pou pwoteje ak afime dwa yo nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">teritwa tradi<\/a> syon\u00e8l yo (espesyalman nan t\u00e8 yo nan Trete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), gouv\u00e8nman gouv\u00e8nman ak resous natir\u00e8l yo sou t\u00e8 yo, k\u00e8k nasyon Dene ansanm nan f\u00f2me Brotherhood Endyen an Teritwa yo N \r\n \u00f2dw\u00e8s nan 1969-70 (chanje non Nasyon an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene nan 1978).<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nAn 1973, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Ch\u00e8f Fran\u00e7ois Paulette ak l\u00f2t ch\u00e8f Dene depoze yon caveat (yon av\u00e8tisman legal bay twazy\u00e8m pati), kons\u00e8nan enter\u00e8 yo kontinye Dene nan t\u00e8 nan Trete 8 ak 11. \r\n Pandan ke gouv\u00e8nman an kenbe ke Dene a rem\u00e8t dwa yo nan peyi a pa siyen trete a, Dene a te diskite ke zans\u00e8t yo pa janm gen entansyon f\u00e8 sa. Apre f\u00e8 rech\u00e8ch ak rive soti nan kominote Dene nan Teritwa N\u00f2dw \r\n \u00e8s yo, jij la prezide, Jistis WG Morrow, det\u00e8mine ke Dene a te f\u00e8 an reyalite gen dwa sou peyi a ak resous li yo. Sepandan, Tribin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">al Sipr\u00e8m lan nan Kanada<\/a> ranv\u00e8se ka a - li te ye k\u00f2m caveat a Paulette - ki baze sou yon teknikalite. Malgre sa, konklizyon Jistis Morrow a sou dwa Endij\u00e8n yo te rete valab epi li te mennen gouv\u00e8nman federal la aksepte ke negosyasyon plis sou enter\u00e8 yo Dene te neses\u00e8. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNan lane 1976, Nasyon Dene a lage Deklarasyon Dene ak Manif\u00e8s la. Dokiman sa a te rele pou pw\u00f2p t\u00e8t ou-gouv\u00e8nman Dene nan fon Mackenzie a. Li te nan z\u00f2n sa a ki te pwopoze <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline<\/a> a yo dwe mete. Enkonpatibilite ant pozisyon an Dene ak sa yo ki nan gouv\u00e8nman federal la kons\u00e8nan dwa ak tit nan t\u00e8 yo ak resous nan Mackenzie Valley a te yon enkyetid kontiny\u00e8l.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDepi 1992, sepandan, te gen koloni reklamasyon peyi nan Denendeh, k\u00e8k nan yo ki gen ladan Gwich&#39;in a (1992), Sahtu (1994) ak Tlicho (2003). (Gade <em>tou Reklamasyon<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">T\u00e8 Endij\u00e8n ak<\/a> P\u00e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">p Endij\u00e8n yo: Trete<\/a> yo.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lavi kontanporen<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene Premye Nasyon atrav\u00e8 Kanada yo te aktivman angaje nan pwogram kons\u00e8nan sante endij\u00e8n, edikasyon, devlopman kominote a, ak pwobl\u00e8m peyi ak resous. K\u00f2m yon kominote, yo te rive jwenn k\u00e8k etap enp\u00f2tan. Pa egzanp, nan lane 1990, lang Dene vin \r\n lang ofisy\u00e8l nan Teritwa N\u00f2dw\u00e8s yo. Sou 1 septanm 2016, Gouv\u00e8nman D\u00e9l\u012fn\u0119 Got&#39;\u012fn\u0119 la reyalize dwa pou gouv\u00e8nman gouv\u00e8nman an.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ht","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-02-10T20:42:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-02-10T20:42:33.000000Z"},{"id":"9e0be9ba-3fbc-476f-bc45-2987b21a921a","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>I Dene sono una famiglia culturale e linguistica di vasta portata, che si estende dal nord canadese e dall&#39;Alaska al sud-ovest americano. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">In Canada, i Dene, che significa \u00abil popolo\u00bb nella loro lingua, comprendono una variet\u00e0 di Prime Nazioni, alcune delle quali includono <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), Tlicho (Dogrib) e \r\n Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in).<\/a><\/a> \r\nI Dene sono anche conosciuti come popoli Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan o Athapaskan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Nel censimento del 2021, 45.895 persone identificate come aventi antenati di origine Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, Kaska Dena, \r\n Sahtu<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">, Tahltan, Tlicho, Tlingit<\/a>, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">), Tsuut&#39;an<\/a> Ina (Sarcee), Tutchone e Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> In quel censimento, c&#39;erano 18.360 persone che si identificavano come Dene senza specificare ulteriormente.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Popoli Dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Come parte del pi\u00f9 grande gruppo linguistico del Nord America, un certo numero di popoli in Canada si identificano come Dene. Alcuni di questi includono:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesulina<\/a> (nota anche come Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin o Loucheux)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavia del Sud (Dehcho, Deh Cho e Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">North Slavey (Saht\u00fa), compresi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine o Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine (Bear Lake) e Shuta Got&#39;ine<\/a> (Mountain) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a> settentrionale e meridionale<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa (castoro)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot&#39;ine (coltelli gialli)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina o Sarcee<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sekani<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in (Chilcotin<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (corriere<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel censimento del 2021, il numero totale di persone che affermavano di avere antenati di origine dene era di 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territorio tradizionale<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nI Dene hanno storicamente abitato il Canada centrale e nordoccidentale in un&#39;area nota come <em>Denendeh<\/em>, che significa \u00ablo Spirito del Creatore fluisce attraverso questa Terra\u00bb o \u00abTerra del Popolo\u00bb. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Questa regione comprende la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">valle del fiume Mackenzie e i Barren Grounds<\/a> nei Territori del Nord-Ovest.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Lo sapevi?<\/strong> <br>Nel censimento del 2021, 405 persone rivendicavano antenati Apache, mentre altre 445 affermavano antenati Navajo. Si dice che gli antenati degli Apache e dei Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) siano originari del Canada nordoccidentale e siano emigrati negli Stati Uniti sudoccidentali intorno al 1400 a.C. \r\n Come i Dene in Canada, gli Apache e i Navajo sono generalmente indicati in alcune pubblicazioni come \u00abAthabascan\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vita tradizionale<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Indurimento delle pelli\" alt=\"Indurimento delle pelli\">\r\n <figcaption>Persone di Denesuline (Chipewyan) che preparano una pelle di alce, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois e Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois e Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) e moglie, indigeni Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mocassini\" alt=\"Mocassini\">\r\n <figcaption>Mocassini realizzati dall&#39;artista Dene, Sarah Hardisty. I materiali utilizzati includono pelle di alce, piuma di porcospino, pelle di castoro, lana e filo.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Precedente Successivo<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Gli uomini Dene cacciavano i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">carib\u00f9<\/a>, il pilastro della loro economia, cos\u00ec come altra selvaggina, come <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">conigli, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">cervi<\/a> e alci<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">, nelle aree intorno a Great Slave Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great<\/a> Bear<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Lake<\/a> e lungo il fiume Mackenzie. La pesca integrava la loro dieta, soprattutto tra i popoli Dene che vivevano vicino alla costa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Le donne erano spesso responsabili della cottura dei pasti, della raccolta del cibo e della cura dei bambini. Realizzavano abiti con risorse naturali, come pellicce e pelli di animali. Anche gli strumenti per cucire provenivano da animali, tra cui aghi ossei e tendini per il filo. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A seconda della loro posizione geografica, le famiglie Dene vivevano in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipi, case a fossa o lodge<\/a>. (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Storia dell&#39;architettura: popoli indigeni<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">In genere viaggiavano spesso per scopi di caccia, a piedi o in canoa, tranne durante l&#39;inverno, quando alcuni Dene viaggiavano usando racchette da neve e slittini.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Societ\u00e0 e cultura<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drummers\" alt=\"Batteristi Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>I Tlicho Drummers e gli Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers si esibiscono insieme durante un evento di sensibilizzazione sulla conoscenza tradizionale (21 ottobre 2014). \\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Giochi Dene\" alt=\"Giochi Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Giovani a D\u00e9line, NWT, giocando ai giochi di Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Precedente Successivo<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene ha vissuto e viaggiato insieme a familiari stretti e allargati. Questi nuclei familiari erano autosufficienti e si fornivano vicendevolmente cibo, alloggio e istruzione.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDurante i mesi primaverili ed estivi, i gruppi familiari Dene si riunivano spesso per discutere dell&#39;uso del suolo e del commercio e per risolvere eventuali controversie tra i gruppi. Hanno anche celebrato cerimonie e celebrazioni culturali.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nI Dene sono noti per i loro giochi tradizionali, originariamente usati per incoraggiare uno stile di vita sano, soprattutto tra i cacciatori, e per offrire intrattenimento. I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">giochi Dene si giocano<\/a> \r\n ancora oggi nelle scuole e nelle comunit\u00e0. Molti di questi giochi sono anche competizioni ufficiali dei Giochi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">invernali artici<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religione e spiritualit\u00e0<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Le tradizioni orali dene sono testimonianze storiche, note come <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc, cos\u00ec come leggende spirituali, chiamate \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>.<\/em> Ogni nazione Dene ha la sua storia di creazione su come \u00e8 nata la Terra e su come sono state create le persone e la lingua Dene. \r\n Tutti questi racconti spesso presentano un Creatore che forma le acque e le terre di Denendeh. Includono anche personaggi comuni come Raven e Yamhassocrat\u0300zha. Raven \u00e8 una figura imbrogliona che pu\u00f2 trasformarsi in diverse forme. I comportamenti \r\n e gli errori di Raven hanno lo scopo di insegnare a Dene il bene dal male. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">(<em>Vedi anche<\/em> Simbolismo dei corvi).<\/a> Un altro mutaforma ben noto \u00e8 Yamwhich (noto anche come Yamo\u0301ria per alcuni; per altri, Yamo\u0301ria \u00e8 un essere diverso). \r\n Yam\u0308r\u00fczha \u00e8 uno stregone che si trasforma da uomo a animale e aiuta Dene a risolvere i problemi. In alcuni racconti, Yamship \u00e8 mezzo animale\/mezzo umano. Queste leggende sono importanti per la cultura e la spiritualit\u00e0 dene, poich\u00e9 trasmettono tradizioni e lezioni alle giovani generazioni. \r\n (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Popoli indigeni: religione e<\/a> spiritualit\u00e0.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lingua<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La lingua Dene \u00e8 conosciuta come Dene o Na-Den\u00e9 (chiamata anche Athabascan). Ci sono circa 28 lingue athabascan parlate nel nord del Canada, anche se ce ne sono molte altre parlate in Alaska e nel sud-ovest americano. La lingua \u00e8 composta da tre \r\n gruppi distinti: l&#39;Athabascan della costa del Pacifico, l&#39;Apacheano e l&#39;Athabascan settentrionale.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel censimento del 2021, 11.370 persone hanno riferito di conoscere Dene. Con migliaia di parlanti in alcune parti del Canada e degli Stati Uniti, il Dene \u00e8 una delle pi\u00f9 grandi famiglie linguistiche del Nord America. Tuttavia, alcune lingue dene sono considerate in pericolo, \r\n come Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), con 225 persone che dichiarano di conoscere la lingua nel censimento del 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Il wetalh, la lingua dei Wetal, \u00e8 considerato estinto.<\/a> \r\n <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">Negli ultimi anni, scuole e centri culturali hanno compiuto sforzi per rivitalizzare molte di queste lingue in via di estinzione (vedi anche Lingue indigene in Canada).<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Storia coloniale<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nI Dene incontrarono commercianti, esploratori e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">missionari<\/a> europei gi\u00e0 nel 1700. Nel 1900, la scoperta del petrolio e dell&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">oro<\/a> nel Canada settentrionale incoraggi\u00f2 ulteriormente l&#39;insediamento dei bianchi e lo sviluppo commerciale nelle terre dei Dene. Dal 1871 al 1921, il governo del Canada firm\u00f2 una serie di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">trattati<\/a> con varie popolazioni indigene come mezzo per ottenere l&#39;accesso alle terre a nord e ad ovest dell&#39;Ontario. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">(<em>Vedi anche Trattati numerati.)<\/em><\/a> Ci\u00f2 ha costretto molti popoli danesi a rifugiarsi nelle \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">riserve<\/a> e ha eroso (se non sradicato) gli stili di vita tradizionali. Anche altri strumenti di assimilazione culturale, come le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">scuole residenziali<\/a> e l&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, hanno avuto un impatto negativo sulla societ\u00e0, sull&#39;economia e sugli stili di vita dei Deni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Trasferimento forzato<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNegli anni &#39;50, circa 250 Sayisi Dene furono trasferiti con la forza dalla loro casa di Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba, in un&#39;area vicino a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, in \r\n parte perch\u00e9 il governo del Manitoba<\/a> riteneva che stessero provocando un forte calo della mandria di carib\u00f9, idea poi rivelata falsa. Nella nuova sede, il cibo era scarso e gli alloggi inadeguati. I Dene furono costretti a ripulire la discarica e furono aggrediti dai residenti di Churchill. \r\n Il trasferimento forzato ha causato anni di traumi nelle comunit\u00e0 di Dene. Il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">governo federale<\/a> si \u00e8 scusato formalmente per il trasferimento nell&#39;agosto 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Diritti, organizzazione e attivismo<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Nazione Dene\" alt=\"Nazione Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation al Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Per proteggere e far valere i loro diritti sui <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">territori tradizionali<\/a> (in particolare sulle terre dei <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Trattati 8<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), sull&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autogoverno<\/a> e sulle risorse naturali presenti sulle loro terre, alcune nazioni dene \r\n si unirono per formare la Confraternita indiana dei Territori del Nord-Ovest nel 1969-70 (ribattezzata Dene Nation nel 1978).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNel 1973, il capo di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Paulette e altri capi di Dene presentarono un avvertimento (un avvertimento legale a terzi), riguardante i continui interessi dei Dene nelle terre dei Trattati \r\n 8 e 11. Mentre il governo sosteneva che i Dene avevano ceduto i loro diritti sulla terra firmando il trattato, i Dene sostenevano che i loro antenati non avevano mai avuto intenzione di farlo. Dopo aver condotto delle ricerche e aver contattato le comunit\u00e0 Dene nei Territori del \r\n Nord-Ovest, il presidente del giudice, il giudice W.G. Morrow, ha stabilito che i Dene avevano effettivamente dei diritti sulla terra e sulle sue risorse. Tuttavia, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Corte Suprema del Canada<\/a> ha ribaltato il caso, noto come Paulette caveat, basandosi su un caveat tecnico. Tuttavia, le conclusioni del giudice Morrow sui diritti degli indigeni sono rimaste valide e hanno portato il governo federale ad accettare la necessit\u00e0 di ulteriori negoziati sugli interessi dei Dene. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNel 1976, la Dene Nation pubblic\u00f2 la Dichiarazione e il Manifesto di Dene. Questo documento richiedeva l&#39;autogoverno di Dene nella Mackenzie Valley. Fu in quest&#39;area che doveva essere posato il progetto di oleodotto <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie Valley<\/a>. L&#39;incompatibilit\u00e0 tra la posizione di Dene e quella del governo federale in merito ai diritti e al titolo delle terre e delle risorse della valle di Mackenzie \u00e8 stata una preoccupazione costante.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDal 1992, tuttavia, ci sono stati accordi di rivendicazione fondiaria a Denendeh, alcuni dei quali includono Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) e Tlicho (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">(<em>Vedi<\/em> anche Rivendicazioni fondiarie indigene e Popoli indigeni: trattati).<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vita contemporanea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nLe Dene First Nations in tutto il Canada sono state attivamente impegnate in programmi riguardanti la salute, l&#39;istruzione, lo sviluppo della comunit\u00e0 e le questioni relative alla terra e alle risorse. Come comunit\u00e0, hanno raggiunto alcuni traguardi importanti. Ad esempio, nel 1990, le lingue dene diventano \r\n lingue ufficiali dei Territori del Nord-Ovest. Il 1\u00b0 settembre 2016, il governo del D\u00e9l\u010bn\u0119 got&#39;n\u0119 ha ottenuto il diritto all&#39;autogoverno.<\/p>","slug":"denso","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"it","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-24T17:33:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-24T17:33:51.000000Z"},{"id":"9da99241-938e-4096-a97f-faeabd42964a","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30b9\u30ab\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5357\u897f\u90e8\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5e83\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u6587\u5316\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3067\u300c\u4eba\u3005\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306b\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u30c7\u30cd\u30b9\u30ea\u30f3\u65cf\uff08\u30c1\u30da\u30ef\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3\uff09\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30b3\u65cf\uff08\u30c9\u30b0\u30ea\u30d6\uff09\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u30fb\u30ba\u30fc\uff08\u30b0\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c1\u30f3<\/a>\uff09\u306a\u3069\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a><\/a>\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306f\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u3001\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u3001\u30a2\u30b5\u30d1\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u3001\u30a2\u30b5\u30d1\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u306e\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">2021\u5e74\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u30c0\u30cd\u30fb\u30b6\u30a2\u3001\u30c0\u30b1\u30eb\u3001\u30c4\u30a3\u30eb\u30b3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u30b9\u30ea\u30f3\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u30fb\u30bf\u3001\u30b0\u30a6\u30a3\u30c1\u30f3\u3001\u30ab\u30b9\u30ab\u30fb\u30c7\u30ca\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u30b5\u30c4\u30a5<\/a>\u3001\u30bf\u30fc\u30eb\u30bf\u30f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30b3\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30f3\u30ae\u30c3\u30c8\u3001\u30c4\u30a7\u30b1\u30cd\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u30bb\u30ab\u30cb\uff09\u3001\u30c4\u30a5\u306a\u3069\u300145,895\u4eba\u304c\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30cd\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca<\/a>\uff08\u30b5\u30eb\u30b7\u30fc\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">\u30bf\u30c3\u30c1\u30e7\u30fc\u30cd<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30c3\u30c4\u30a6\u30a7\u30c3\u30c6\u30f3\u3002<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>\u305d\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a73\u7d30\u3092\u660e\u8a18\u305b\u305a\u306bDene\u3068\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u304c18,360\u4eba\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30d4\u30fc\u30d7\u30eb\u30ba<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5317\u7c73\u6700\u5927\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u3068\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u30c7\u30cd\u30b9\u30ea\u30f3<\/a> (\u5225\u540d\u30c1\u30da\u30ef\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u30c8\u30ea\u30b3 (\u30c9\u30b0\u30ea\u30d6<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u30c7\u30a3\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u30fb\u30ba\u30fc\uff08\u30b0\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c1\u30f3\u3001\u30af\u30c1\u30f3\u3001\u30eb\u30fc\u30b7\u30e5\u30fc\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u30fb\u30b9\u30ec\u30a4\u30d3\u30fc<\/a>\uff08\u30c7\u30fc\u30c1\u30e7\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30fb\u30c1\u30e7\u30fc\u3001\u30c7\u30fb\u30ac\u30fc\u30fb\u30b4\u30c3\u30c8\u30a4\u30f3\uff09<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u30ab\u30b7\u30e7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cd\uff08\u30ab\u30b7\u30e7\u30fb\u30b4\u30c6\u30a3\u30cd\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30cf\u30ec\/\u30cf\u30ec\u30b9\u30ad\u30f3\uff09\u3001\u30b5\u30c8\u30a5\u30aa\u30c6\u30a3\u30cd\uff08\u30d9\u30a2\u30fc\u30fb\u30ec\u30a4\u30af\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u30b7\u30e5\u30bf\u30fb\u30b4\u30c3\u30c8\u30a4\u30cd<\/a>\uff08\u5c71\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3080\u5317\u5974\u96b7\u5236\uff08\u30b5\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\uff09\r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u30c8\u30a5\u30c3\u30c1\u30e7\u30cd\u5317\u90e8\u3068\u5357\u90e8<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u30c7\u30a4\u30f3\u30b6\u30a2<\/a> (\u30d3\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u30bf\u30c3\u30bd\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3 (\u30a4\u30a8\u30ed\u30fc\u30ca\u30a4\u30d5)<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u30c4\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca (\u30c4\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30b5\u30eb\u30b7\u30fc<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u30ab\u30b9\u30ab\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u30c4\u30a7\u30b1\u30fc\u30cd (\u30bb\u30ab\u30cb)<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u30c1\u30eb\u30b3\u30c1\u30f3 (\u30c1\u30eb\u30b3\u30c1\u30f3<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u30c0\u30b1\u30ea\u30fc (<\/a>\u30ad\u30e3\u30ea\u30a2)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>2021\u5e74\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u306e\u7dcf\u6570\u306f45,895\u4eba\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u9818\u571f<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u4e2d\u90e8\u3068\u5317\u897f\u90e8\u306e\u30c7\u30cd\u30f3\u30c7\uff08<em>Denendeh\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u5730\u57df\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30c7\u30cd\u30f3\u30c7\u3068\u306f<\/em>\u300c\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u306e\u5fa1\u970a\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5730\u3092\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u571f\u5730\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u3053\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306b\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30a6\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u6e96\u5dde\u306e\u30de\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u30fb\u30ea\u30d0\u30fc\u30fb\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u3068\u30d0\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3\u30fb\u30b0\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30ba\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><b>\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\uff1f<br><\/b>2021\u5e74\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u3001405\u4eba\u304c\u30a2\u30d1\u30c3\u30c1\u65cf\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b445\u4eba\u304c\u30ca\u30d0\u30db\u65cf\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30d1\u30c3\u30c1\u65cf\u3068\u30ca\u30d0\u30db\u65cf\uff08\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30cd\uff09\u306e\u7956\u5148\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5317\u897f\u90e8\u3067\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3001\u7d00\u5143\u524d1400\u5e74\u9803\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7c73\u56fd\u5357\u897f\u90e8\u306b\u79fb\u4f4f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u30a2\u30d1\u30c3\u30c1\u65cf\u3068\u30ca\u30d0\u30db\u65cf\u306f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6587\u732e\u3067\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u300c\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u4eba\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u30c8\u30e9\u30c7\u30a3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u30e9\u30a4\u30d5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u990a\u751f\u76ae\u9769\" alt=\"\u30ad\u30e5\u30a2\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u30cf\u30a4\u30c9\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>\u30d8\u30e9\u30b8\u30ab\u306e\u76ae\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u30c7\u30cd\u30b9\u30ea\u30f3\uff08\u30c1\u30da\u30ef\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3\uff09\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30fc\u30bf\u5dde\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30ca\u6e56\u30011918\u5e74\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u30c4\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca\u30fb\u30c8\u30e9\u30f4\u30a9\u30ef\u3068\u30c6\u30a3\u30d4\u30fc\" alt=\"\u30c4\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca\u30fb\u30c8\u30e9\u30f4\u30a9\u30ef\u3068\u30c6\u30a3\u30d4\u30fc\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>\u30a2\u30b9\u30c8\u30af\u30df\uff08\u30af\u30ed\u30a6\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\uff09\u3068\u59bb\u3001\u30c4\u30a6\u30c6\u30a3\u30ca\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u30e2\u30ab\u30b7\u30f3\" alt=\"\u30e2\u30ab\u30b7\u30f3\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>Dene\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u30b5\u30e9\u30fb\u30cf\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u4f5c\u3063\u305f\u30e2\u30ab\u30b7\u30f3\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d20\u6750\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30fc\u30b9\u30cf\u30a4\u30c9\u3001\u30dd\u30fc\u30ad\u30e5\u30d1\u30a4\u30f3\u30af\u30a4\u30eb\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u30cf\u30a4\u30c9\u3001\u30a6\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u7cf8\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u524d\u3078\u6b21\u3078<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306e\u7537\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30b9\u30ec\u30fc\u30d6\u30fb\u30ec\u30a4\u30af\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30d9\u30a2\u30fc\u30fb\u30ec\u30a4\u30af\u5468\u8fba<\/a><\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u30de\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u5ddd\u6cbf\u3044\u3067\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u4e3b\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30ab\u30ea\u30d6\u30fc\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u30a6\u30b5\u30ae<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u30b7\u30ab\u3001\u30d8\u30e9\u30b8\u30ab\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u72e9\u731f\u3082\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/a>\u7279\u306b\u6d77\u5cb8\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6f01\u696d\u304c\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u98df\u4e8b\u3092\u88dc\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306f\u98df\u4e8b\u306e\u8abf\u7406\u3001\u98df\u6599\u306e\u53ce\u96c6\u3001\u5b50\u4f9b\u306e\u4e16\u8a71\u306a\u3069\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6bdb\u76ae\u3084\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u76ae\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u670d\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7e2b\u3044\u9053\u5177\u3082\u52d5\u7269\u304b\u3089\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9aa8\u306e\u91dd\u3084\u7cf8\u7528\u306e\u7b4b\r\n\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5730\u7406\u7684\u306a\u5834\u6240\u306b\u3082\u3088\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u306f\u30c6\u30a3\u30d4\u30fc\u3001\u30d4\u30c3\u30c8\u30cf\u30a6\u30b9<\/a>\u3001\u30ed\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002(\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u5efa\u7bc9\u53f2<\/a>:<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u72e9\u731f\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u5f92\u6b69\u3084\u30ab\u30cc\u30fc\u3067\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u51ac\u306e\u9593\u306f\u30b9\u30ce\u30fc\u30b7\u30e5\u30fc\u3084\u30c8\u30dc\u30ac\u30f3\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u3082\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u6587\u5316<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c9\u30e9\u30de\u30fc\u30ba\" alt=\"\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c9\u30e9\u30de\u30fc\u30ba\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>\u4f1d\u7d71\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u30c1\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\uff082014\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff09\u3067\u306f\u3001Tlicho Drummers\u3068Yellowknives Dene First Nation Drummers\u304c\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u6f14\u594f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u30c7\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u30ba\" alt=\"\u30c7\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u30ba\">\r\n\t\t\t<figcaption>\u5317\u897f\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u5dde\u30c7\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u82e5\u8005\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u306e\u8a66\u5408\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff082011\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u524d\u3078\u6b21\u3078<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u8fd1\u89aa\u8005\u3084\u89aa\u621a\u3068\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u66ae\u3089\u3057\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u5358\u4f4d\u306f\u81ea\u7d66\u81ea\u8db3\u3067\u3001\u304a\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u98df\u6599\u3001\u4f4f\u5c45\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u6625\u304b\u3089\u590f\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u65cf\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u96c6\u307e\u308a\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u3084\u8cbf\u6613\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a71\u3057\u5408\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u9593\u306e\u7d1b\u4e89\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u306a\u5100\u5f0f\u3084\u795d\u8cc0\u4f1a\u3082\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u30c7\u30cd\u306f\u6614\u306a\u304c\u3089\u306e\u904a\u3073\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5143\u3005\u306f\u30cf\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u9593\u3067\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u306a\u30e9\u30a4\u30d5\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u3092\u5968\u52b1\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5a2f\u697d\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u3067\u3082\u5b66\u6821\u3084\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u3067\u30d7\u30ec\u30a4\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5927\u4f1a\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u5317\u6975\u51ac\u5b63\u7af6\u6280\u5927\u4f1a\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u5927\u4f1a\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n<h3>\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u30b9\u30d4\u30ea\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u53e3\u627f\u4f1d\u627f\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c<em>qt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fchon\u00fc\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u30b9\u30d4\u30ea\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u30eb\u306a\u4f1d\u8aac\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/em>\u3069\u306e\u30c7\u30cd\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5730\u7403\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u751f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30c7\u30cd\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u30f3\u30c7\u306e\u6c34\u3068\u571f\u5730\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u305f\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u304c\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3088\u304f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30ec\u30a4\u30f4\u30f3\u3084\u30e4\u30e0\u30af\u30b6\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u30ad\u30e3\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3082\u767b\u5834\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ec\u30a4\u30f4\u30f3\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5f62\u306b\u5909\u8eab\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3059\u3002\r\n\u30ec\u30a4\u30f4\u30f3\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3068\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30cd\u306b\u5584\u60aa\u3092\u6559\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u30ec\u30a4\u30f4\u30f3\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/a><\/em>\u3002\uff09\u3082\u3046\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3001\u30b7\u30a7\u30a4\u30d7\u30b7\u30d5\u30bf\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u30e4\u30e2\u30a4\u30b6\uff08\u30e4\u30e2\u30ea\u30a2\u3068\u3082\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\r\n\u5225\u306e\u4eba\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306f\u30e4\u30e2\u30ea\u30a2\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u3059\uff09\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30e4\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30b6\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u304b\u3089\u52d5\u7269\u306b\u5909\u8eab\u3057\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3092\u52a9\u3051\u308b\u533b\u8005\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u7269\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30e4\u30e0\u30cf\u30f3\u30b6\u306f\u534a\u5206\u52d5\u7269\/\u534a\u5206\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac\u306f\u3001\u4f1d\u627f\u3068\u6559\u8a13\u3092\u82e5\u3044\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\r\n\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u6587\u5316\u3068\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11<\/a>:\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u30b9\u30d4\u30ea\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8a00\u8a9e<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\u306f\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30ca\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\uff08\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u3068\u3082\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5317\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u7d0428\u306e\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30b9\u30ab\u3084\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5357\u897f\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5cb8\u306e\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u8a9e\u3001\u30a2\u30d1\u30c3\u30c1\u8a9e\u3001\r\n\u5317\u30a2\u30b5\u30d0\u30b9\u30ab\u30f3\u306e3\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2021\u5e74\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u300111,370\u4eba\u304c\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3068\u7c73\u56fd\u306e\u5404\u5730\u306b\u4f55\u5343\u4eba\u3082\u306e\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3044\u308bDene\u306f\u3001\u5317\u7c73\u3067\u6700\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u65cf\u306e1\u3064\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30012021\u5e74\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306f\u3001225\u4eba\u304cDanez\u0101g\u00e9&#39;\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d76\u6ec5\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u306b\u7015\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\u30a6\u30a7\u30bf\u30eb\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a6\u30a7\u30bf\u30eb\u8a9e\u306f\u7d76\u6ec5\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u8fd1\u5e74\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3084\u6587\u5316\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d76\u6ec5\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u306b\u7015\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u591a\u304f\u3092\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u52aa\u529b\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u3082\u53c2\u7167\uff09\u3002<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u6b74\u53f2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306f\u65e9\u304f\u30821700\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u63a2\u691c\u5bb6\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u5ba3\u6559\u5e2b\u306b\u51fa\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u30021900\u5e74\u4ee3\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5317\u90e8\u3067\u77f3\u6cb9\u3068\u91d1\u304c\u767a\u898b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3067\u306e\u767d\u4eba\u306e\u5b9a\u4f4f\u3068\u5546\u696d\u958b\u767a\u304c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30021871\u5e74\u304b\u30891921\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u30aa\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30aa\u5dde\u306e\u5317\u3068\u897f\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3078\u306e\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u7de0\u7d50\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">(\u756a\u53f7\u4ed8\u304d\u6761\u7d04\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002)<\/a><\/em>\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30cd\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u3084\u3089\u308c<\/a>\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u751f\u6d3b\u69d8\u5f0f\u304c\uff08\u6839\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\uff09\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u3084\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4ed6\u306e\u6587\u5316\u540c\u5316\u624b\u6bb5\u3082<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08<\/em><\/a>\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u69d8\u5f0f\u306b\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u5f37\u5236\u79fb\u8ee2<\/strong> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u7d04250\u4eba\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30b7\u30fb\u30c7\u30cd\u304c\u30de\u30cb\u30c8\u30d0\u5dde\u30c0\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30ec\u30a4\u30af\u306e\u81ea\u5b85\u304b\u3089\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c1\u30eb\u8fd1\u90ca\u306b\u5f37\u5236\u79fb\u4f4f\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306e1\u3064\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u30de\u30cb\u30c8\u30d0\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u30ab\u30ea\u30d6\u30fc\u306e\u7fa4\u308c\u306e\u6025\u6fc0\u306a\u6e1b\u5c11\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3059<\/a>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u306f\u5f8c\u306b\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5224\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u5834\u6240\u3067\u306f\u98df\u7ce7\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3001\u4f4f\u5c45\u3082\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u65cf\u306f\u30b4\u30df\u6368\u3066\u5834\u306e\u6e05\u6383\u3092\u4f59\u5100\u306a\u304f\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c1\u30eb\u306e\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u8972\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u5f37\u5236\u79fb\u4f4f\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u4f55\u5e74\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30a6\u30de\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f2016\u5e748\u6708\u306b\u79fb\u8ee2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u8b1d\u7f6a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6a29\u5229\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6d3b\u52d5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30cd\u30fb\u30cd\u30a4\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\" alt=\"\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30cd\u30a4\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\">\r\n\t<figcaption>\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30b6\u30fb\u30bf\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30f3\u30ba\u30fb\u30d2\u30fc\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30fc\u30af\u30012013\u5e74<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u9818\u571f\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">\u7279\u306b\u6761\u7d04\u7b2c8\u6761\u3068\u7b2c11\u6761\u306e\u571f\u5730<\/a><\/a>\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u6a29\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306e\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057<\/a>\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30011969\u5e74\u304b\u308970\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\r\n\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u30c7\u30cd\u8af8\u56fd\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u308a\u3001\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30a6\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u6e96\u5dde\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u540c\u80de\u56e3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\uff081978\u5e74\u306b\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u6539\u79f0\uff09\u3092\u7d50\u6210\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n1973\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\u306e\u9996\u9577\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30bd\u30ef\u30fb\u30dd\u30fc\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u4ed6\u306e\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u9996\u9577\u305f\u3061\u306f<\/a>\u3001\u6761\u7d04\u7b2c8\u6761\u3068\u7b2c11\u6761\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30cd\u65cf\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u5229\u76ca\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b66\u544a\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u3078\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u65cf\u306f\u6761\u7d04\u306b\u7f72\u540d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u571f\u5730\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u65cf\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u7956\u5148\u304c\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u9577\u306eW\u30fbG\u30fb\u30e2\u30ed\u30fc\u5224\u4e8b\u306f\u3001\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\r\n\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30a6\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u6e96\u5dde\u306e\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30cd\u65cf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u50cd\u304d\u304b\u3051\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u65cf\u306b\u306f\u571f\u5730\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f<\/a>\uff08\u300c\u30dd\u30fc\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u8b66\u544a\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3092\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u8986\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30ed\u30fc\u5224\u4e8b\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u4ea4\u6e09\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n1976\u5e74\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u30fb\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u30c7\u30cd\u5ba3\u8a00\u3068\u30de\u30cb\u30d5\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u767a\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u6e13\u8c37\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u81ea\u6cbb\u3092\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u30de\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u30fb\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u30fb\u30d1\u30a4\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u5efa\u8a2d\u304c\u8a08\u753b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3053\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\u30de\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3\u30b8\u30fc\u30fb\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3068\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u76f8\u5bb9\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3001\u305a\u3063\u3068\u61f8\u5ff5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30011992\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u30c7\u30cd\u30f3\u30c7\u3067\u306f\u571f\u5730\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u548c\u89e3\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u30b0\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c1\u30f3\uff081992\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u30b5\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\uff081994\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30b3\uff082003\u5e74\uff09\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">(<em>\u300c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u571f\u5730\u8acb\u6c42\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11:\u6761\u7d04\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)\u3002<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3>\u73fe\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5168\u571f\u306eDene First Nations\u306f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u958b\u767a\u3001\u571f\u5730\u3068\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30de\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30011990 \r\n \u5e74\u306b\u30c7\u30cd\u8a9e\u304c\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30a6\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u6e96\u5dde\u306e\u516c\u7528\u8a9e\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30022016 \u5e74 9 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u3001\u30c7\u30eb\u30f3\u30b4\u30c3\u30c8\u30f3\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u81ea\u6cbb\u6a29\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ja","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2024-12-06T20:18:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-06T20:18:08.000000Z"},{"id":"9dfe2f85-8848-4d03-b051-f59bc940acf6","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>\ub370\ub124\ub294 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ubd81\ubd80\uc640 \uc54c\ub798\uc2a4\uce74\uc5d0\uc11c \ubbf8\uad6d \ub0a8\uc11c\ubd80\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \ubb38\ud654 \ubc0f \uc5b8\uc5b4 \uac00\uc871\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub370\ub124 (Dene) \ub294 \ubaa8\uad6d\uc5b4\ub85c \u201c\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\u201d\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uba70 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8 \uc911 \uc77c\ubd80\uc5d0\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\ub370\ub124\uc220\ub9b0 (\uce58\ud398\uc704\uc548), \ud2c0\ub9ac\ucf54 (\ub3c4\uadf8\ub9bd), \r\n \ub518\uc9c0\uc774<\/a> \uc8fc (Gwich&#39;in) \ub4f1\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><\/a>\r\n\ub370\ub124\uc871\uc740 \uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce74, \uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce78, \uc544\ud0c0\ud30c\uc2a4\uce78 \ub610\ub294 \uc544\ud0c0\ud30c\uc2a4\uce78 \ubbfc\uc871\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">2021\ub144 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c 45,895\uba85\uc774 \ub370\ub124 \ucd9c\uc2e0 \ud608\ud1b5\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ub370\ub124, \ub370\ub124 \uc790, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\ub2e4\ucf08, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\uce60\ud558\ucf54\uc778, \ub370\ub124\uc220\ub9b0, \ub370\ub124 \ud0c0&#39;, \uadc0\uce5c, \uce74\uc2a4\uce74 \ub370\ub098, \r\n \uc0ac\ud22c, \ud0c8\ud0c4, \ud2c0\ub9ac\ucd08<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">, \ud2c0\ub9c1\uae43, \uccb4\ucf04 (\uc138\uce74\ub2c8<\/a>), \uce20\uc6b0\ud2b8<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\ub4f1\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub098 (\uc0ac\ub974\uc2dc<\/a><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\">), \ud22c\uce58\ub124, \uc6e8\uce20\uc6e8\ud150<\/a> \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>\uadf8 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uba85\uc2dc\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 Dene\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub41c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 18,360\uba85\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\ub370\ub124 \ud53c\ud50c\uc2a4<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\ubd81\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud070 \uc5b8\uc5b4 \uadf8\ub8f9\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub370\ub124 (Dene) \ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub4e4 \uc911 \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\ub370\ub124\uc220\ub9b0<\/a> (\uce58\ud398\uc640\uc774\uc548\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud568)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\ud2c0\ub9ac\ucf54 (\ub3c4\uadf8\ub9bd<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\ub518\uc9c0\uc774 \uc8fc (\uadc0\uce5c, \ucfe0\uce5c, \ub8e8\uc288)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\uc0ac\uc6b0\uc2a4 \uc2ac\ub808\uc774\ube44 (\ub374\ucd08, \ub370 \ucd08, \ub370 \uac00\uace0\uc774\ub124)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\ub178\uc2a4 \uc2ac\ub808\uc774\ube44 (\uc0ac\ud22c), \uce74\uc1fc\ud2f0\ub124 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\uce74\uc1fc \uace0\ud2f0\ub124 \ub610\ub294 \ud1a0\ub07c\/\ud5e4\uc5b4\uc2a4\ud0a8), \uc0ac\ud22c\uc624\ud2f4 (\uacf0 \ud638\uc218), \uc288\ud0c0 \uace0\ud2f0\ub124<\/a> (\uc0b0) \ud3ec\ud568 \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\ud22c\uce58\ub124<\/a> \ubd81\ubd80 \ubc0f \ub0a8\ubd80<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\ub370\uc778-\uc790\uc544<\/a> (\ube44\ubc84)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\ud0c0\uc0ac\uc624\ud2f4<\/a> (\uc610\ub85c \ub098\uc774\ud504)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\uce20\uc6b0\ud2f0\ub098 (\uce20\uc6b0 \ud2f0\ub098 \ub610\ub294 \uc0ac\ub974\uc138<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\uce74\uc2a4\uce74 \ub370\ub098<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\uccb4\ucf00\ub124 (\uc138\uce74\ub2c8)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\uc2e4\ub77c\ucf54\ud2f4 (\uce60\ucf54\ud2f4<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\ub2e4\ucf08\ub9ac (\uce90\ub9ac\uc5b4<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>2021\ub144 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c \ucd9c\uc2e0 \ud608\ud1b5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c \ucd1d \uc778\uad6c\ub294 45,895\uba85\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc804\ud1b5 \uc601\ud1a0<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\ub370\ub124\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc911\ubd80\uc640 \ubd81\uc11c\ubd80\uc758 \ub370\ub128\ub370 (<em>Denendeh) \ub77c\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc8fc\ud574 \uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub370\ub128\ub370\ub77c\ub294<\/em> \uc774\ub984\uc740 \u201c\ucc3d\uc870\uc8fc\uc758 \uc601\uc774 \uc774 \ub545\uc5d0 \ud750\ub974\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\u201d \ub610\ub294 \u201c\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ub545\u201d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\ub9e4\ucf04\uc9c0 \ub9ac\ubc84 \ubc38\ub9ac\uc640 \ub178\uc2a4\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc900\uc8fc\uc758<\/a> \ubd88\ubaa8\uc758 \ub545\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\uc54c\uace0 \uacc4\uc168\ub098\uc694?<\/strong><br>2021\ub144 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c 405\uba85\uc774 \uc544\ud30c\uce58 \ud608\ud1b5\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uace0, 445\uba85\uc774 \ub098\ubc14\ud638 \ud608\ud1b5\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc544\ud30c\uce58\uc871\uacfc \ub098\ubc14\ud638\uc871 (Tinn\u00eb) \uc758 \uc870\uc0c1\uc740 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ubd81\uc11c\ubd80\uac00 \uc6d0\uc0b0\uc9c0\ub85c \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1400\ub144\uacbd\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uad6d \ub0a8\uc11c\ubd80\ub85c \uc774\uc8fc\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc758 \ub370\ub124\uc871\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uc544\ud30c\uce58\uc871\uacfc \ub098\ubc14\ud638\uc871\ub3c4 \uc77c\ubd80 \ubb38\ud5cc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \u201c\uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce78\u201d\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9bd\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\ud2b8\ub798\ub514\uc154\ub110 \ub77c\uc774\ud504<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\ud050\uc5b4\ub9c1 \ud558\uc774\ub4dc\" alt=\"\ud050\uc5b4\ub9c1 \ud558\uc774\ub4dc\">\r\n <figcaption>\ubb34\uc2a4 \uac00\uc8fd\uc744 \uc900\ube44\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ub124\uc220\ub9b0 (\uce58\ud398\uc640\uc774\uc548) \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4, \uc568\ubc84\ud0c0 \uc8fc \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2f0\ub098 \ud638\uc218, 1918\ub144<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\uce20\uc6b0\ud2f0\ub098 \ud2b8\ub77c\ubcf4\uc774\uc2a4\uc640 \ud2f0\ud53c\" alt=\"\uce20\uc6b0\ud2f0\ub098 \ud2b8\ub77c\ubcf4\uc774\uc2a4\uc640 \ud2f0\ud53c\">\r\n <figcaption>\uc544\uc2a4\ud1a0\ucfe0\ubbf8 (\ud06c\ub85c\uc6b0 \uce7c\ub77c) \uc640 \uc544\ub0b4 \uce20\uc6b0\ud2f0\ub098 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\ubaa8\uce74\uc2e0\" alt=\"\ubaa8\uce74\uc2e0\">\r\n <figcaption>\ub518 \uc544\ud2f0\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc0ac\ub77c \ud558\ub514\uc2a4\ud2f0\uac00 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \ubaa8\uce74\uc2e0.\uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c \uc7ac\ub8cc\ub85c\ub294 \ubb34\uc2a4 \uac00\uc8fd, \uace0\uc2b4\ub3c4\uce58 \ud03c, \ube44\ubc84 \uac00\uc8fd, \uc591\ubaa8 \ubc0f \uc2e4\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\uc774\uc804 \ub2e4\uc74c<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\uace0\uc694\ud55c \ub0a8\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub808\uc774\ud2b8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\uc2ac\ub808\uc774\ube0c<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\ud638\uc218, \uadf8\ub808\uc774\ud2b8 \ubca0\uc5b4 \ud638\uc218<\/a> \uc8fc\ubcc0, \ub9e4\ucf04\uc9c0 \uac15 \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc5d0\uc11c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\ud1a0\ub07c<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\uc0ac\uc2b4<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\ubb34\uc2a4\uc640<\/a> \uac19\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub0e5\uac10\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc778 \uc21c\ub85d\uc744 \uc0ac\ub0e5\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\ud2b9\ud788 \ud574\uc548 \uac00\uae4c\uc774\uc5d0 \uc0b4\ub358 \ub370\uc778 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ub09a\uc2dc\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc2dd\uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \ubcf4\ucda9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \uc2dd\uc0ac\ub97c \uc694\ub9ac\ud558\uace0, \uc74c\uc2dd\uc744 \ubaa8\uc73c\uace0, \uc544\uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \ub3cc\ubcf4\ub294 \uc77c\uc744 \ub9e1\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \ud138\uacfc \uac00\uc8fd \uac19\uc740 \ucc9c\uc5f0 \uc790\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \uc637\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ubc14\ub290\uc9c8 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub3c4 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc654\ub294\ub370, \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ubf08\ubc14\ub298\uacfc \uc2e4\uc6a9 \ud798\uc904 \ub4f1\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\ub370\ub124 \uac00\uc871\uc740 \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\ud2f0\ud53c\uc2a4, \uad6c\ub369\uc774<\/a> \uc9d1 \ub610\ub294 \uc624\ub450\ub9c9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0b4\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\uac74\ucd95 \uc5ed\uc0ac<\/a>: <em>\ud1a0\ucc29\ubbfc\ub3c4 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c4\ubcf4\ub098 \uce74\ub204\ub97c \ud0c0\uace0 \uc0ac\ub0e5\uc744 \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc790\uc8fc \uc5ec\ud589\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub2e8, \uc77c\ubd80 \ub370\ub124 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2a4\ub178\uc288\uc640 \ud130\ubcf4\uac74\uc744 \uc2e0\uace0 \uc5ec\ud589\ud588\ub358 \uaca8\uc6b8\ucca0\uc744 \uc81c\uc678\ud558\uace0\ub294 \ub9d0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc0ac\ud68c\uc640 \ubb38\ud654<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\ub518 \ub4dc\ub7ec\uba38\" alt=\"\ub518 \ub4dc\ub7ec\uba38\">\r\n <figcaption>\ud2c0\ub9ac\ucf54 \ub4dc\ub7ec\uba38\uc640 \uc610\ub85c\uc6b0\ub098\uc774\ube0c\uc2a4 \ub518 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158 \ub4dc\ub7ec\uba38\ub4e4\uc774 \uc804\ud1b5 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc544\uc6c3\ub9ac\uce58 \ud589\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ud568\uaed8 \uacf5\uc5f0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4 (2014\ub144 10\uc6d4 21\uc77c).\\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\ub370\ub124 \uac8c\uc784\" alt=\"\ub370\ub124 \uac8c\uc784\">\r\n <figcaption>\ub274\uc0ac\uc6b0\uc2a4\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub378\ub9b0\uc5d0\uc11c \ub370\ub124 \uac8c\uc784\uc744 \uc990\uae30\ub294 \uccad\uc18c\ub144 (2011)<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\uc774\uc804 \ub2e4\uc74c<\/a><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\ub518\uc740 \uc9c1\uacc4 \uac00\uc871 \ubc0f \ub300\uac00\uc871\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc0b4\uba74\uc11c \uc5ec\ud589\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub4e4 \uac00\uc871\uc740 \uc790\uae09\uc790\uc871\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \uc11c\ub85c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc2dd\ub7c9\uacfc \uc8fc\uac70\uc9c0, \uad50\uc721\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\ubd04\uacfc \uc5ec\ub984\uc5d0 Dene \uac00\uc871 \uadf8\ub8f9\uc740 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uacfc \ubb34\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub17c\uc758\ud558\uace0 \uc9d1\ub2e8 \uac04 \ubd84\uc7c1\uc744 \ud574\uacb0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc790\uc8fc \ubaa8\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub610\ud55c \ubb38\ud654 \uc758\uc2dd\uacfc \ucd95\ud558 \ud589\uc0ac\ub3c4 \uac70\ud589\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\ub370\ub124\ub294 \uc804\ud1b5 \ub180\uc774\ub85c \uc720\uba85\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc804\ud1b5 \ub180\uc774\ub294 \uc6d0\ub798 \ud2b9\ud788 \uc0ac\ub0e5\uafbc\ub4e4\uc758 \uac74\uac15\ud55c \uc0dd\ud65c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc7a5\ub824\ud558\uace0 \uc624\ub77d\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\ub370\ub124 \uac8c\uc784\uc740<\/a> \r\n \uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud559\uad50\uc640 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9ce\uc774 \ud50c\ub808\uc774\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac8c\uc784 \uc911 \uc0c1\ub2f9\uc218\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\ubd81\uadf9 \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d\uc758<\/a> \uacf5\uc2dd \ub300\ud68c\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc885\uad50\uc640 \uc601\uc131<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\uace0\ub300 \uad6c\uc804 \uc804\ud1b5\uc740 \uc4f0\ud06c\ud22c \ud638\uac8c\ub098 \ub204\uc2dc \ud638\uc4f0 \ud638\ub204 (<em>t\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc hon\u00fc) \ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc5ed\uc0ac \uae30\ub85d\uacfc \uc6b0\uc5d0\ud06c\uc81c (\u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>) \ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uc601\uc801 \uc804\uc124\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em>\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c0\uad6c\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0ac\ub294\uc9c0, \ub370\ub124 \ubbfc\uc871\uacfc \uc5b8\uc5b4\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uace0\uc720\ud55c \ucc3d\uc870 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ub370\ub128\ub370\uc758 \ubb3c\uacfc \ub545\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\uc2e0 \ucc3d\uc870\uc8fc\uac00 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub610\ud55c \ub808\uc774\ube10\uacfc \uc57c\uc790 \uac19\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uce90\ub9ad\ud130\ub3c4 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub808\uc774\ube10\uc740 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\uc2e0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud2b8\ub9ad\uc2a4\ud130 \ud53c\uaddc\uc5b4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub808\uc774\ube10\uc758 \r\n \ud589\ub3d9\uacfc \uc2e4\uc218\ub294 \ub518\uc5d0\uac8c \uc633\uace0 \uadf8\ub978 \uac83\uc744 \uac00\ub974\uce58\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\ub808\uc774\ube10<\/a> <em>\uc0c1\uc9d5\uc8fc\uc758\ub3c4 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc138\uc694<\/em>.)\ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \ubcc0\uc2e0\uc220\uac00\ub294 \uc57c\ubaa8\uc790 (Yamzha) \uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4 (\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc57c\ubaa8\ub9ac\uc544\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud558\uba70, \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc57c\ubaa8\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc874\uc7ac\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4). \r\nYamzha\ub294 \uc778\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub85c \ubcc0\uc2e0\ud558\uc5ec \ub370\ub124\uac00 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3d5\ub294 \uc8fc\uc220\uc0ac\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc58c\uc790\ub294 \ubc18\uc740 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774\uace0 \ubc18\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\uc124\uc740 \uc80a\uc740 \uc138\ub300\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \uad50\ud6c8\uc744 \uc804\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub370\ub124 \ubb38\ud654\uc640 \r\n \uc601\uc131\uc5d0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \uc9c0\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc: \uc885\uad50\uc640 \uc601\uc131\ub3c4<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc5b8\uc5b4<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\ub370\ub124 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub294 \ub370\ub124 (Dene) \ub610\ub294 \ub098-\ub370\ub124 (\uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce78\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud568) \ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ubd81\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc57d 28\uac1c\uc758 \uc560\uc11c\ubc14\uc2a4\uce78 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uac00 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc54c\ub798\uc2a4\uce74\uc640 \ubbf8\uad6d \ub0a8\uc11c\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub294 \ud0dc\ud3c9\uc591 \uc5f0\uc548 \uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce74\uc5b4, \uc544\ud30c\uce58\uc544\uc5b4, \ubd81\ubd80 \uc560\uc11c\ubc30\uc2a4\uce74\uc5b4\uc758 \uc138 \r\n \uadf8\ub8f9\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\ubd84\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2021\ub144 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c 11,370\uba85\uc774 \ub370\ub124\uc871\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uace0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc640 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc804\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc218\ucc9c \uba85\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc790\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ub370\ub124\uc5b4\ub294 \ubd81\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud070 \uc5b4\uc871 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c\uc5b4 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena) \r\n \uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc77c\ubd80 \ub370\ub124\uc5b4\ub294 \uba78\uc885 \uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ucc98\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uba70, 2021\ub144 \uc778\uad6c \uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c 225\uba85\uc774 \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c\uc5b4\uc5d0<\/a> \ub300\ud574 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc6e8\ud0c8\uc871\uc758 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc778 \uc6e8\ud0c8\uc5b4\ub294 \r\n \uba78\uc885\ub41c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/a>.<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\ucd5c\uadfc \uba87 \ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \ud559\uad50\uc640 \ubb38\ud654 \uc13c\ud130\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uba78\uc885 \uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ucc98\ud55c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \ub418\uc0b4\ub9ac\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub178\ub825\ud574 \uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 (\uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc758 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc5b8\uc5b4 \ucc38\uc870).<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uc5ed\uc0ac<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\ub370\ub124 \uac15\uc740 \uc77c\ucc0d\uc774 1700\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ubb34\uc5ed\uc0c1, \ud0d0\ud5d8\uac00, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\uc120\uad50\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc744<\/a> \ub9cc\ub0ac\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.1900\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub7ec \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ubd81\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \uc11d\uc720\uc640 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\uae08\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ub370\ub124 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \ubc31\uc778 \uc815\ucc29\uacfc<\/a> \uc0c1\uc5c5 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc774 \ub354\uc6b1 \ucd09\uc9c4\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.1871\ub144\ubd80\ud130 1921\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\uc628\ud0c0\ub9ac\uc624 \ubd81\ubd80\uc640 \uc11c\ubd80 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc811\uadfc\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \uc77c\ub828\uc758 \uc870\uc57d\uc744<\/a> \uccb4\uacb0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">(\ubc88\ud638\uac00 \ub9e4\uaca8\uc9c4 \uc870\uc57d\ub3c4 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624.)<\/a><\/em>\uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ub9ce\uc740 \ub370\ub124 \ubbfc\uc871\uc774 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\ubcf4\ud638 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ubab0\ub824\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\ud65c<\/a> \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 (\uadfc\uc808\ub418\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4) \uce68\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\uae30\uc219\ud559\uad50<\/a> \ubc0f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uacfc<\/em><\/a> \uac19\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ub3d9\ud654 \uc218\ub2e8\ub4e4\ub3c4 \ub370\ub124\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c, \uacbd\uc81c \ubc0f \uc0dd\ud65c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ubd80\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\uac15\uc81c \uc774\uc8fc<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1950\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc57d 250\ub9c8\ub9ac\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\uc2dc \ub370\ub124\uac00 \ub9e4\ub2c8\ud1a0\ubc14 \uc8fc \ub355 \ub808\uc774\ud06c (Duck Lake) \uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc790\ud0dd\uc5d0\uc11c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\ucc98\uce60<\/a> \uadfc\ucc98 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \uac15\uc81c \uc774\uc8fc\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\ub9e4\ub2c8\ud1a0\ubc14<\/a> \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc21c\ub85d \ubb34\ub9ac\uc758 \uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uac10\uc18c\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubbff\uc5c8\uae30 \r\n \ub54c\ubb38\uc778\ub370, \uc774 \uc0dd\uac01\uc740 \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud310\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc0c8 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2dd\ub7c9\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uace0 \uc8fc\uac70\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubd80\uc871\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub370\uc778 \uac00\uc871\uc740 \uc4f0\ub808\uae30 \uc218\uac70\uc7a5\uc744 \uac15\uc81c\ub85c \uc218\uac70\ud588\uace0 \ucc98\uce60 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ud3ed\ud589\uc744 \ub2f9\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\uac15\uc81c \uc774\uc8fc\ub294 \ub518 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc218\ub144\uac04 \ud2b8\ub77c\uc6b0\ub9c8\ub97c \uc548\uaca8\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 2016\ub144 8\uc6d4\uc5d0 \uc7ac\ubc30\uce58\uc5d0<\/a> \ub300\ud574 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uacfc\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uad8c\ub9ac, \uc870\uc9c1 \ubc0f \ud589\ub3d9\uc8fc\uc758<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\ub370\uc778 \ub124\uc774\uc158\" alt=\"\ub370\uc778 \ub124\uc774\uc158\">\r\n <figcaption>\ub518 \ub124\uc774\uc158 \uc573 \ub354 \ud0c0\ub974 \uc0cc\uc988 \ud790\ub9c1 \uc6cc\ud06c, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud1a0<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">(\ud2b9\ud788 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8\uc870\uc57d\uacfc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11\uc870\uc57d\uc758<\/a> \ub545), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\uc790\uce58 \uc815\ubd80 \ubc0f \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \ucc9c\uc5f0 \uc790\uc6d0\uc5d0<\/a> \ub300\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\ubd80 \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \r\n 1969-70\ub144\uc5d0 \ud569\ub958\ud558\uc5ec \ub178\uc2a4\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc900\uc8fc\uc758 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ud615\uc81c\ub2e8\uc744 \uacb0\uc131\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 (1978\ub144\uc5d0 \ub370\ub124 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc73c\ub85c \uac1c\uba85).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973\ub144, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\ud3ec\ud2b8 \uc2a4\ubbf8\uc2a4<\/a> \ucd94\uc7a5 \ud504\ub791\uc218\uc544 \ud3f4\ub808\ud2b8\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub374 \uc871\uc7a5\ub4e4\uc740 \uc870\uc57d \r\n 8\uacfc 11\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc778\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uc774\uc775\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uacbd\uace0 (\uc81c3\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubc95\uc801 \uacbd\uace0) \ub97c \uc81c\ucd9c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub370\ub124 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ub374\ub9c8\ud06c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc870\uc57d\uc5d0 \uc11c\uba85\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ud1a0\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \ud3ec\uae30\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub370\ub124 \uc871\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc870\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud560 \uc758\ub3c4\uac00 \uc804\ud600 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4.\uc8fc\uc7ac \ud310\uc0ac\uc778 W. G. \ubaa8\ub85c\uc6b0 \ub300\ubc95\uad00\uc740 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \ub178\uc2a4\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \r\n \uc900\uc8fc\uc758 \ub518 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc5d0 \uc5f0\ub77d\uc744 \ucde8\ud55c \ud6c4, \ub370\ub124\uc871\uc774 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ud1a0\uc9c0\uc640 \uadf8 \uc790\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud310\ub2e8\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ub300\ubc95\uc6d0\uc740 \uc804\ubb38\uc131\uc744 \uadfc\uac70\ub85c Paulette<\/a> \uacbd\uace0 (Paulette caveat) \ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc774 \uc0ac\uac74\uc744 \uae30\uac01\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uad8c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ubaa8\ub85c\uc6b0 \ub300\ubc95\uad00\uc758 \uc870\uc0ac \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc720\ud6a8\ud588\uace0, \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ub370\ub124\uc871\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ucd94\uac00 \ud611\uc0c1\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976\ub144 \ub370\ub124 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc740 \ub370\ub124 \uc120\uc5b8\uacfc \uc120\uc5b8\ubb38\uc744 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 \ub9e4\ucf04\uc9c0 \ubc38\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub370\ub124 \uc790\uce58\uad8c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud560 \uac83\uc744 \uc694\uad6c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc81c\uc548\ub41c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\ub9e4\ucf04\uc9c0<\/a> \ubc38\ub9ac \ud30c\uc774\ud504\ub77c\uc778\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uac74\uc124\ub420 \uc608\uc815\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub9e4\ucf04\uc9c0 \ubc38\ub9ac\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \ubc0f \uc790\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\uc640 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ub370\ub124 (Dene) \uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uacfc \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5 \uac04\uc758 \ubd88\uc77c\uce58\ub294 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 1992\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 \ub370\ub128\ub370\uc5d0\ub294 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c \uc8fc\uc7a5 \ud569\uc758\uac00 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub294\ub370, \uadf8 \uc911 \uc77c\ubd80\uc5d0\ub294 \uadf8\uc704\uce5c (1992), \uc0ac\ud22c (1994), \ud2c0\ub9ac\ucf54 (2003) \ub4f1\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">(\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uccad\uad6c \ubc0f \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc: \uc870\uc57d\ub3c4 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624.)<\/a><\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\ud604\ub300 \uc0dd\ud65c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc804\uc5ed\uc758 Dene First Nations\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uac74\uac15, \uad50\uc721, \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c \uac1c\ubc1c, \ud1a0\uc9c0 \ubc0f \uc790\uc6d0 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc5d0 \uc801\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucc38\uc5ec\ud574 \uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ucee4\ubba4\ub2c8\ud2f0\ub85c\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc774\uc815\ud45c\ub97c \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, 1990\ub144\uc5d0 \r\n \ub370\ub124\uc5b4\ub294 \ub178\uc2a4\uc6e8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc900\uc8fc\uc758 \uacf5\uc2dd \uc5b8\uc5b4\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.2016\ub144 9\uc6d4 1\uc77c, \ub378n\u00f3 Got&#39;n\uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc790\uce58\uad8c\uc744 \ud68d\ub4dd\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ko","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2025-01-17T21:47:25.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-17T21:47:25.000000Z"},{"id":"9df6034c-5ecc-40b8-8fcc-33345392f033","article_id":"91119","title":"\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47","summary":"<p>\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a40\u0a15\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a71\u0a16\u0a23-\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e \u0a24\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a2b\u0a48\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a07\u0a06 \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a26\u0a42\u0a30-\u0a26\u0a41\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a21\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a71\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a2a\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a48. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a30\u0a25 \u0a39\u0a48 \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u201c\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u201d, \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a15\u0a08 \u0a24\u0a30\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a28 (\u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a28), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0a1f\u0a32\u0a40\u0a15\u0a4b<\/a> (\u0a21\u0a4b\u0a17<\/a> \u0a30\u0a3f\u0a2c) \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a39 (\u0a17\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a1a\u0a07\u0a28) \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \r\n \u0a39\u0a28.<\/a> \r\n\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a05\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a28, \u0a05\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a38\u0a15\u0a28, \u0a05\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a28 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a28 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">2021 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a30\u0a26\u0a2e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, 45,895 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a1b\u0a3e\u0a23 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a42\u0a32 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a08 \u0a39\u0a48, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47, \u0a21\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">-\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a3e, \u0a21\u0a15\u0a47\u0a32, \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a39\u0a15\u0a4b\u0a1f&#39;\u0a07\u0a28, \u0a21\u0a47<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a32\u0a40\u0a28, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a25\u0a3e&#39;, \u0a17\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a1a&#39;\u0a07\u0a28, \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a3e, \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a24\u0a42, \u0a24\u0a39\u0a32\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a28, \u0a1f\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a4b, \u0a1f\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17\u0a1f, \u0a38\u0a47\u0a15\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 (\u0a38\u0a47\u0a15\u0a28\u0a40), \u0a24\u0a38\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e (\u0a24\u0a41\u0a1a\u0a38\u0a40), \u0a13<\/a> \u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a1f\u0a38\u0a41\u0a35\u0a47\u0a1f&#39; \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0a0f<\/a> \u0a28. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u0a09\u0a38 \u0a1c\u0a28\u0a17\u0a23\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, 18,360 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15 \u0a38\u0a28 \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a1b\u0a3e\u0a23 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a2a\u0a40\u0a2a\u0a32\u0a1c\u0a3c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a2d \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a71\u0a21\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a42\u0a39 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a38\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02, \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a39\u0a41\u0a24 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a1b\u0a3e\u0a23 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28. \u0a07\u0a39\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a28 (\u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70<\/a> \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0a1f\u0a32\u0a40\u0a15\u0a4b (\u0a21\u0a4b\u0a17\u0a30\u0a3f<\/a> \u0a2c)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u0a21\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a39 (\u0a17\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a1a\u0a07\u0a28, \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a4c\u0a1a\u0a48\u0a15\u0a38)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0a26\u0a71\u0a16\u0a23\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0a38\u0a32\u0a47\u0a35\u0a40<\/a> (\u0a26\u0a47\u0a39\u0a1a\u0a4b, \u0a26\u0a47\u0a39 \u0a1a\u0a4b \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47\u0a39 \u0a17\u0a3e\u0a39 \u0a17\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a32\u0a47\u0a35\u0a40 (\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a1f\u0a42), \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28 (\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a4b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u0a17\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a30\u0a47\/\u0a39\u0a30\u0a38\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a28), \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a1f\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28<\/a> (\u0a2c\u0a40\u0a05\u0a30 \u0a1d\u0a40\u0a32) \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28 (\u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a5c) \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28 \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a71\u0a16\u0a23\u0a40 \u0a1f\u0a1a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u0a4b\u0a28<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0a21\u0a48\u0a28-\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a3e (\u0a2c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a30)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u0a24\u0a24\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a13\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a28 (\u0a2f\u0a48\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a35\u0a1c\u0a3c)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u0a24\u0a38\u0a41\u0a09\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e (\u0a24\u0a38\u0a42 \u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e<\/a> \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a38\u0a40)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47\u0a28\u0a3e<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u0a24\u0a38\u0a47\u0a15\u0a47\u0a39\u0a28\u0a47 (\u0a38\u0a47\u0a15\u0a28\u0a40)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a39\u0a15\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a28 (\u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a15\u0a4b\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a28)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0a21\u0a15\u0a47\u0a32 (\u0a15\u0a48\u0a30\u0a40\u0a05\u0a30<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>2021 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a28\u0a17\u0a23\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a42\u0a32 \u0a35\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a17\u0a3f\u0a23\u0a24\u0a40 45,895 \u0a38\u0a40\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a07\u0a24\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15 \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a47\u0a02\u0a26\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30-\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 <em>\u0a21\u0a47\u0a39<\/em> \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a35\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a39\u0a48, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a30\u0a25 \u0a39\u0a48 \u201c\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a1c\u0a23\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a24\u0a2e\u0a3e \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a27\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a17\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48\u201d \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u201c\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a27\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u0a07\u0a38 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u0a35\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a48\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47<\/a> \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2c\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a30 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0a15\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a41\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a4b?<\/strong> <br>2021 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a30\u0a26\u0a2e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, 405 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a1a\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e, \u0a1c\u0a26\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 445 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a4b \u0a35\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e\u0964 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a05\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a1a\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a4b (\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a28) \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a35\u0a1c \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2a\u0a48\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a0f \u0a38\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a17\u0a2d\u0a17 1400 \u0a08\u0a38\u0a35\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a35 \u0a24\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a26\u0a71\u0a16\u0a23-\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2f\u0a41\u0a15\u0a24 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a1c \u0a05\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2a\u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a38 \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a17\u0a0f \r\n \u0a38\u0a28\u0964 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a17, \u0a05\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a1a\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a4b \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a06\u0a2e \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a24 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u201c\u0a05\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a28\u201d \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0a20\u0a40\u0a15 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a1b\u0a41\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a05\" alt=\"\u0a20\u0a40\u0a15 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a1b\u0a41\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a05\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a28 (\u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a28) \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15 \u0a2e\u0a42\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a32\u0a41\u0a2a \u0a24\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28, \u0a15\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a32\u0a47\u0a15, \u0a05\u0a32\u0a2c\u0a30\u0a1f\u0a3e, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u0a38\u0a41\u0a2f\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a1f\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a48\u0a35\u0a4b\u0a07\u0a38 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a40\" alt=\"\u0a38\u0a41\u0a2f\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a1f\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a48\u0a35\u0a4b\u0a07\u0a38 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a40\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0a05\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a41\u0a2e\u0a40 (\u0a15\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a4b \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a30) \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a24\u0a28\u0a40, \u0a38\u0a41\u0a09\u0a1f\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a28\" alt=\"\u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a28\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a15\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30, \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a39 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a21\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a2c\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a0f \u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a48\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a28. \u0a35\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a71\u0a17\u0a30\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2e\u0a42\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a21, \u0a2a\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a15\u0a41\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a28 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a07\u0a32, \u0a2c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a30 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a21, \u0a09\u0a71\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a27\u0a3e\u0a17\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28\u0964<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0a2a\u0a3f\u0a1b\u0a32\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a17<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0a32\u0a3e<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a06\u0a26\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a17\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a1f \u0a38\u0a32\u0a47\u0a35 \u0a32\u0a47\u0a15, \u0a17 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a1f \u0a2c\u0a40\u0a05\u0a30 \u0a1d<\/a> \u0a40\u0a32 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a06\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a15\u0a48\u0a30\u0a40\u0a2c\u0a42 - \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a30\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a71\u0a16 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30 - \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a47\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a16\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u0a17\u0a4b<\/a> \u0a38\u0a3c, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a28<\/a> \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u0a2e\u0a42<\/a> \u0a1c\u0a3c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u0a26\u0a3e<\/a> \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e.<\/a> \u0a2e\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a40 \u0a2b\u0a5c\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a16\u0a41\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a15 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e, \u0a16\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a15\u0a30 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1c\u0a4b 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\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a35\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a0f \u0a38\u0a28, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a39\u0a71\u0a21\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a42\u0a08\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a27\u0a3e\u0a17\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a2f\u0a42 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \r\n \u0a39\u0a28\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a42\u0a17\u0a4b\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a47, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a2a\u0a3f\u0a38, \u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a0f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a18\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02<\/a> \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a30\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a28. (\u0a07\u0a39 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a30 <em>\u0a15\u0a40\u0a1f\u0a48\u0a15\u0a1a\u0a30<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u0a32 \u0a07\u0a24\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a38: \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b<\/a> \u0a15.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0a09\u0a39 \u0a06\u0a2e \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a05\u0a15\u0a38\u0a30 \u0a2f\u0a3e\u0a24\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a28, \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a48\u0a26\u0a32 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a4b\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a38\u0a30\u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a4c\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a0f \u0a1c\u0a26\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a30\u0a2b\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a2c\u0a4b\u0a17\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a30\u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a15\u0a47 \u0a2f\u0a3e\u0a24\u0a30\u0a3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a28\u0964<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a38\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a1c \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a21\u0a30\u0a71\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a38\" alt=\"\u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a21\u0a30\u0a71\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a38\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0a1f\u0a32\u0a40\u0a15\u0a4b \u0a21\u0a30\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a38 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2f\u0a48\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a35\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a2b\u0a38\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u0a2e\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a30\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02<\/a> \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a2e\u0a23\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e. 1900 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a15\u0a47 \u0a24\u0a15, \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a24\u0a47\u0a32 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0a38\u0a4b<\/a> \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a16\u0a4b\u0a1c \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a70\u0a26\u0a4b\u0a2c\u0a38\u0a24 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a09\u0a24\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e. 1871 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 1921 \u0a24\u0a71\u0a15, 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a17\u0a08\u0a06\u0a02<\/a> \u0a39\u0a28.) \u0a07\u0a38\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a39\u0a41\u0a24 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2d\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a1c\u0a2c\u0a42 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e<\/a> \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a30\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a16\u0a24\u0a2e \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e (\u0a1c\u0a47 \u0a16\u0a3c\u0a24\u0a2e \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e). \u0a38\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a0f\u0a15\u0a40\u0a15\u0a30\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">1950 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a15\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a32\u0a17\u0a2d\u0a17 250 \u0a38\u0a2f\u0a40\u0a38\u0a40 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2e\u0a28\u0a40\u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a2c\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a15 \u0a32\u0a47\u0a15 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a06\u0a2a\u0a23\u0a47 \u0a18\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u0a1a\u0a30\u0a1a\u0a3f<\/a> \u0a32 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a47\u0a5c\u0a47 \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2c\u0a30\u0a26\u0a38\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a2c\u0a26\u0a40\u0a32 \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a38\u0a40, \u0a05\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15 \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a09\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a28\u0a40\u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a2c\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3e 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a> \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a08), \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a26\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0a24\u0a40<\/a> \u0a38\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a2a\u0a23\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a71\u0a16\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a27\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02, \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c 1969-70 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30-\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a2e\u0a40 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\u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a4b \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1a\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a21\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a05\u0a38\u0a32 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a07\u0a38\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a28. \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f, \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0a2a\u0a30\u0a40\u0a2e \u0a15\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a15\u0a47<\/a> \u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a09\u0a32\u0a1f\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e - \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2a\u0a4c\u0a32\u0a47\u0a1f \u0a1a\u0a47\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a28\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48 - \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a24\u0a15\u0a28\u0a40\u0a15\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a47. \u0a2b\u0a3f\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a40, \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a4b \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a16\u0a4b\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a30\u0a39\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a17\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a39\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a17\u0a71\u0a32\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a24 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a30\u0a42\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a40\r\n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a18\u0a4b\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a23\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a28\u0a40\u0a2b\u0a48\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a4b \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e. \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a26\u0a38\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a47\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a48\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a70\u0a17 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40. \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a25\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a38\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a24 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a48\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a2a\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a28 \u0a30\u0a71\u0a16\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3e<\/a> \u0a23\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a40. \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a48\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a32\u0a47\u0a16 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a05\u0a38\u0a70\u0a17\u0a24\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a1a\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a30\u0a39\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1992 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02, \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47\u0a28\u0a21\u0a47\u0a39 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a38\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a28, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a17\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a1a\u0a07\u0a28 (1992), \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a1f\u0a42 (1994) \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1f\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a4b (2003) \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a28\u0964 (\u0a38\u0a35 <em>\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38<\/a> \u0a35\u0a26\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15: \u0a38\u0a70\u0a27\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a40<\/a> \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16\u0a4b.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a38\u0a2e\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28 \u0a2b\u0a38\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a24, \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a16\u0a3f\u0a06, \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a38, \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a71\u0a26\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a30\u0a17\u0a30\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a1c\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a0f \u0a39\u0a28\u0964 \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a42\u0a2a \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a09\u0a39 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a2e\u0a39\u0a71\u0a24\u0a35\u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a2e\u0a40\u0a32 \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a25\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a41\u0a70\u0a1a \u0a17\u0a0f \u0a39\u0a28. \u0a09\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a30\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a08, 1990 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a1b \r\n \u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a23 \u0a17\u0a08\u0a06\u0a02. 1 \u0a38\u0a24\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a30 2016 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70, \u0a21\u0a47\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a47 \u0a17\u0a4b\u0a1f&#39;\u0a0f\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e\u0964<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"pa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-13T20:17:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-13T20:17:08.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f8e2-3c66-4fef-b331-0abdbb8b6e57","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene stanowi\u0105 daleko id\u0105c\u0105 rodzin\u0119 kulturow\u0105 i j\u0119zykow\u0105, rozci\u0105gaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 od kanadyjskiej p\u00f3\u0142nocy i Alaski po po\u0142udniowy zach\u00f3d Ameryki. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">W Kanadzie Dene, co oznacza \u201elud\u201d w ich j\u0119zyku, obejmuje r\u00f3\u017cne Pierwsze Narody, z kt\u00f3rych niekt\u00f3re obejmuj\u0105 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dog<\/a> rib) i Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in).<\/a> \r\nDene s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c znane jako ludy Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan lub Athapaskan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">W spisie z 2021 r. 45 895 os\u00f3b zidentyfikowano jako pochodz\u0105ce z Dene, w tym Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, D<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">ene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, Sahtu, Tahltan, T<\/a> licho, Tlingit, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina (Sarchcee), Tutchcee, One i Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> W tym spisie by\u0142o 18 360 os\u00f3b, kt\u00f3re zidentyfikowa\u0142y si\u0119 jako Dene bez dalszego okre\u015blania.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Ludzie Dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Jako cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 najwi\u0119kszej grupy j\u0119zykowej w Ameryce P\u00f3\u0142nocnej, wiele lud\u00f3w w Kanadzie identyfikuje si\u0119 jako Dene. Niekt\u00f3re z nich obejmuj\u0105:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (znana r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin lub Loucheux<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">S\u0142owian Po\u0142udniowy<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho i Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">P\u00f3\u0142nocny Slavey (Saht\u00fa), w tym <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine lub Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (Jezioro Nied\u017awiedzie) i Shuta Got&#39;ine (g\u00f3ra) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone p\u00f3\u0142nocne i po\u0142udniowe<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (b\u00f3br)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot<\/a> &#39;ine (\u017c\u00f3\u0142te no\u017ce)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina lub<\/a> Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sek<\/a> ani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhq<\/a> ot&#39;in (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (Przewo\u017a<\/a> nik)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>W spisie z 2021 r. Ca\u0142kowita liczba os\u00f3b, kt\u00f3re twierdzi\u0142y, \u017ce pochodz\u0105 z Dene, wynosi\u0142a 45 895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Terytorium tradycyjne<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene historycznie zamieszkiwali \u015brodkow\u0105 i p\u00f3\u0142nocno-zachodni\u0105 Kanad\u0119 na obszarze znanym jako <em>Denendeh<\/em>, co oznacza, \u017ce \u201eDuch Stw\u00f3rcy przep\u0142ywa przez t\u0119 ziemi\u0119\u201d lub \u201eZiemi\u0119 Ludu\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Region ten obejmuje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">dolin\u0119 rzeki Mackenzie<\/a> i Ja\u0142owe Tereny na Terytoriach P\u00f3\u0142nocno-Zachodnich.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Wiedzia\u0142e\u015b?<\/strong> <br>W spisie z 2021 r. 405 os\u00f3b twierdzi\u0142o, \u017ce pochodzi z Apacz\u00f3w, podczas gdy kolejne 445 twierdzi\u0142o pochodzenie Navajo. M\u00f3wi si\u0119, \u017ce przodkowie Apacz\u00f3w i Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) pochodzili z p\u00f3\u0142nocno-zachodniej Kanady i wyemigrowali do po\u0142udniowo-zachodnich Stan\u00f3w \r\n Zjednoczonych oko\u0142o 1400 roku p.n.e. Podobnie jak Dene w Kanadzie, Apaczowie i Navajo s\u0105 og\u00f3lnie okre\u015blani w niekt\u00f3rych literaturach jako \u201eAthabascans\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u017bycie tradycyjne<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Utwardzanie sk\u00f3r\" alt=\"Utwardzanie sk\u00f3r\">\r\n <figcaption>Ludzie Denesuline (Chipewyan) przygotowuj\u0105cy sk\u00f3r\u0119 \u0142osia, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois i Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois i Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) i \u017cona, rdzenna ludno\u015b\u0107 Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mokasyny\" alt=\"Mokasyny\">\r\n <figcaption>Mokasyny wykonane przez artystk\u0119 Dene, Sarah Hardisty. Zastosowane materia\u0142y to sk\u00f3ra \u0142osia, pi\u00f3rka je\u017cozwierza, sk\u00f3ra bobra, we\u0142na i ni\u0107.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Poprzedni<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Nast\u0119pny<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>M\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani Dene polowali na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">karibu<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">ostoj\u0119 ich gospodarki - a tak\u017ce na inn\u0105 zwierzyn\u0119 \u0142own\u0105, tak\u0105 jak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">kr\u00f3lik<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">jelenie<\/a> i \u0142osie, na obszarach wok\u00f3\u0142 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great Slave Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Great Bear Lake<\/a><\/a> i wzd\u0142u\u017c rzeki M<\/a> ackenzie. W\u0119dkarstwo uzupe\u0142nia\u0142o ich diet\u0119, zw\u0142aszcza w\u015br\u00f3d lud\u00f3w Dene, kt\u00f3re mieszka\u0142y blisko wybrze\u017ca.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kobiety cz\u0119sto by\u0142yby odpowiedzialne za gotowanie posi\u0142k\u00f3w, zbieranie jedzenia i opiek\u0119 nad dzie\u0107mi. Robili ubrania z zasob\u00f3w naturalnych, takich jak futra i sk\u00f3ry od zwierz\u0105t. Narz\u0119dzia do szycia pochodzi\u0142y r\u00f3wnie\u017c od zwierz\u0105t, w tym ig\u0142y kostne i \u015bruby do \r\n nici.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>W zale\u017cno\u015bci od po\u0142o\u017cenia geograficznego rodziny Dene mieszka\u0142y w <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipisach, domach<\/a> lub domkach letniskowych. (Zobacz <em>tak\u017ce Historia<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">architektury: ludy rdzenne<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Zwykle podr\u00f3\u017cowali cz\u0119sto w celach polowniczych, pieszo lub kajakami, z wyj\u0105tkiem zimy, kiedy niekt\u00f3rzy Dene podr\u00f3\u017cowali rakietami <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u015bnie\u017cnymi i saneczkami.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo i kultura<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Perkusisty Dene\" alt=\"Perkusisty Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Tlicho Drummers i Yellowknife Dene First Nation Drummers wyst\u0105pili razem podczas imprezy informacyjnej na temat tradycyjnej wiedzy (21 pa\u017adziernika 2014). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Gry Dene\" alt=\"Gry Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>M\u0142odzie\u017c w D\u00e9line, NWT, gra w gry Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Poprzedni<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Nast\u0119pny<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene mieszka\u0142 i podr\u00f3\u017cowa\u0142 razem z najbli\u017cszymi i dalszymi cz\u0142onkami rodziny. Te jednostki rodzinne by\u0142y samowystarczalne, zapewniaj\u0105c sobie nawzajem jedzenie, schronienie i edukacj\u0119.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nW miesi\u0105cach wiosennych i letnich grupy rodzinne Dene cz\u0119sto spotyka\u0142y si\u0119, aby om\u00f3wi\u0107 u\u017cytkowanie grunt\u00f3w i handel oraz rozwi\u0105za\u0107 wszelkie spory mi\u0119dzygrupowe. Odprawiali tak\u017ce uroczysto\u015bci kulturalne i uroczysto\u015bci.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene s\u0105 znane ze swoich tradycyjnych gier, kt\u00f3re pierwotnie by\u0142y u\u017cywane do zach\u0119cania do zdrowego stylu \u017cycia, zw\u0142aszcza w\u015br\u00f3d my\u015bliwych, i zapewniania rozrywki. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Gry Dene<\/a> s\u0105 \r\n nadal rozgrywane w szko\u0142ach i spo\u0142eczno\u015bciach. Wiele z tych gier to tak\u017ce oficjalne zawody <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Arctic Winter Games<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religia i duchowo\u015b\u0107<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Tradycje ustne Dene to zapisy historii, znane jako <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, a tak\u017ce duchowe legendy, zwane \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> Ka\u017cdy nar\u00f3d Dene ma swoj\u0105 w\u0142asn\u0105 histori\u0119 stworzenia o tym, jak powsta\u0142a Ziemia, i jak powstali ludzie i j\u0119zyk D \r\n ene. Wszystkie te opowie\u015bci cz\u0119sto przedstawiaj\u0105 Stw\u00f3rc\u0119, kt\u00f3ry tworzy wody i ziemie Denendeh. Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wsp\u00f3lne postacie, takie jak Raven i Yam\u01ebrzha. Raven jest postaci\u0105 oszust\u00f3w, kt\u00f3ra mo\u017ce przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 si\u0119 w r\u00f3\u017cne formy. Zachowania \r\n i b\u0142\u0119dy Ravena maj\u0105 na celu nauczenie Dene dobra od z\u0142a. (To <em>tak\u017ce<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">symbolika kruk\u00f3w<\/a>.) Innym znanym zmieniaczem kszta\u0142tu jest Yam\u016dzha (niekt\u00f3rym znana r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako Yamo\u0301ria; dla innych Yamo\u0301ria jest inn\u0105 istot\u0105). \r\n Yamr\u00f3zha jest cz\u0142owiekiem medycyny, kt\u00f3ry zmienia si\u0119 z cz\u0142owieka w zwierz\u0119 i pomaga Dene&#39;owi rozwi\u0105zywa\u0107 problemy. W niekt\u00f3rych opowie\u015bciach Yam\u00e5zha jest w po\u0142owie zwierz\u0119ciem\/p\u00f3\u0142-cz\u0142owiekiem. Te legendy s\u0105 znacz\u0105ce dla kultury i \r\n duchowo\u015bci Dene, poniewa\u017c przekazuj\u0105 wiedz\u0119 i lekcje m\u0142odszym pokoleniom. (<em>Zobacz tak\u017ce Ludy<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">rdzenne: Religia i duchowo\u015b\u0107<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>J\u0119zyk<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>J\u0119zyk dene jest znany jako Dene lub Na-Den\u00e9 (zwany r\u00f3wnie\u017c athabascan). W p\u00f3\u0142nocnej Kanadzie u\u017cywa si\u0119 oko\u0142o 28 j\u0119zyk\u00f3w athabaska\u0144skich, chocia\u017c na Alasce i na po\u0142udniowym zachodzie Ameryki u\u017cywa si\u0119 ich znacznie wi\u0119cej. J\u0119zyk sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z trzech odr\u0119bnych \r\n grup: Athabascan Coast, Apachean i North Athabascan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>W spisie z 2021 r. 11 370 os\u00f3b zg\u0142osi\u0142o wiedz\u0119 o Dene. Z tysi\u0105cami m\u00f3wc\u00f3w w niekt\u00f3rych cz\u0119\u015bciach Kanady i Stan\u00f3w Zjednoczonych, Dene jest jedn\u0105 z najwi\u0119kszych rodzin j\u0119zykowych w Ameryce P\u00f3\u0142nocnej. Jednak niekt\u00f3re j\u0119zyki dene s\u0105 uwa\u017cane za zagro\u017cone, \r\n takie jak Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), przy czym 225 os\u00f3b twierdzi, \u017ce zna ten j\u0119zyk w spisie z 2021 r. Wetalh, j\u0119zyk W <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">etal, \r\n jest uwa\u017cany za wy<\/a> mar\u0142y. W ostatnich latach szko\u0142y i o\u015brodki kulturalne podj\u0119\u0142y wysi\u0142ki, aby o\u017cywi\u0107 wiele z tych zagro\u017conych j\u0119zyk\u00f3w (<em>patrz tak\u017ce<\/em> J\u0119zy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">ki rdzenne w Kanadzie<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historia kolonialna<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene spotka\u0142 europejskich kupc\u00f3w, odkrywc\u00f3w i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">misjonarzy ju\u017c<\/a> w XVIII wieku. W XX wieku odkrycie ropy naftowej i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">z\u0142ota<\/a> w p\u00f3\u0142nocnej Kanadzie dodatkowo sprzyja\u0142o osadnictwu bia\u0142ym i rozwojowi handlowym na ziemiach Dene. W latach 1871-1921 rz\u0105d Kanady podpisa\u0142 szereg <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">traktat\u00f3w<\/a> z r\u00f3\u017cnymi ludami rdzennymi jako spos\u00f3b uzyskania dost\u0119pu do ziem na p\u00f3\u0142noc i zach\u00f3d od Ontario. (To <em>tak\u017ce tra<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">ktaty numerowane<\/a>.) To zmusi\u0142o wiele lud\u00f3w Dene do \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">rezerwat\u00f3w<\/a> i zniszczy\u0142o (je\u015bli nie wykorzeni\u0142o) tradycyjne sposoby \u017cycia. Inne instrumenty asymilacji kulturowej, takie jak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">szko\u0142y mieszkal<\/a> ne i ust <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>awa indy<\/em><\/a> jska, r\u00f3wnie\u017c negatywnie wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142y na spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo, gospodark\u0119 i styl \u017cycia Dene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Przymusowa relokacja<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nW latach pi\u0119\u0107dziesi\u0105tych oko\u0142o 250 Sayisi Dene zosta\u0142o przymusowo przeniesionych ze swojego domu w Duck Lake w <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manit<\/a> obie do obszaru niedaleko <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, \r\n cz\u0119\u015bciowo dlatego, \u017ce rz\u0105d Manitoby uwa\u017ca\u0142, \u017ce powoduj\u0105 gwa\u0142towny spadek stada karibu - pomys\u0142 okaza\u0142 si\u0119 p\u00f3\u017aniej nieprawdziwy. W nowej lokalizacji brakowa\u0142o \u017cywno\u015bci, a mieszkania niewystarczaj\u0105ce. Dene zostali zmuszeni do oczyszczenia wysypiska i zostali zaatakowani przez mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Churchilla. \r\n Przymusowa relokacja spowodowa\u0142a lata traumy w spo\u0142eczno\u015bciach Dene. Rz\u0105d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">federalny<\/a> oficjalnie przeprosi\u0142 za relokacj\u0119 w sierpniu 2016 roku.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Prawa, organizacja i aktywizm<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Nar\u00f3d Dene\" alt=\"Nar\u00f3d Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation na Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">Jako \u015brodek ochrony i dochodzenia swoich praw do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">tradycyjnych terytori\u00f3w<\/a> (szczeg\u00f3lnie do ziem zawartych w Tra <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">ktatach 8<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), samorz\u0105du i zasob\u00f3w naturalnych na swoich ziemiach, niekt\u00f3re narody Dene przy \r\n \u0142\u0105czy\u0142y si\u0119, tworz\u0105c Indyjskie Bractwo Terytori\u00f3w P\u00f3\u0142nocno-Zachodnich w latach 1969-70 (przemianowane na Nar\u00f3d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene w 1978).<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nW 1973 r. Szef <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Paulette i inni szefowie Dene z\u0142o\u017cyli zastrze\u017cenie (ostrze\u017cenie prawne dla os\u00f3b trzecich) dotycz\u0105ce dalszych interes\u00f3w Dene na ziemiach okre\u015blonych w traktatach 8 i 11. \r\n Podczas gdy rz\u0105d utrzymywa\u0142, \u017ce Dene oddali swoje prawa do ziemi, podpisuj\u0105c traktat, Dene argumentowali, \u017ce ich przodkowie nigdy nie zamierzali tego zrobi\u0107. Po przeprowadzeniu bada\u0144 i skontaktowaniu si\u0119 ze spo\u0142eczno\u015bciami Dene na Teryt \r\n oriach P\u00f3\u0142nocno-Zachodnich, przewodnicz\u0105cy s\u0119dzia W.G. Morrow ustali\u0142, \u017ce Dene faktycznie maj\u0105 prawa do ziemi i jej zasob\u00f3w. jednak, S\u0105d Naj <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">wy\u017cszy Kanady uch<\/a> yli\u0142 spraw\u0119 - znan\u0105 jako zastrze\u017cenie Paulette - na podstawie technicznych aspekt\u00f3w. Niemniej jednak ustalenia s\u0119dziego Morrowa dotycz\u0105ce praw rdzennych pozosta\u0142y wa\u017cne i sk\u0142oni\u0142y rz\u0105d federalny do zaakceptowania konieczno\u015bci dalszych negocjacji w sprawie interes\u00f3w Dene\r\n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nW 1976 roku nar\u00f3d Dene opublikowa\u0142 Deklaracj\u0119 i Manifest Dene. Dokument ten wzywa\u0142 do samorz\u0105du Dene w Dolinie Mackenzie. To w\u0142a\u015bnie na tym obszarze mia\u0142 zosta\u0107 u\u0142o\u017cony proponowany <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">ruroci\u0105g doliny Mackenzie<\/a>. Niezgodno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy stanowiskiem Dene a stanowiskiem rz\u0105du federalnego dotycz\u0105cym praw i tytu\u0142\u00f3w do ziem i zasob\u00f3w Doliny Mackenzie jest ci\u0105g\u0142ym problemem.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nJednak od 1992 roku w Denendeh istniej\u0105 osady roszcze\u0144 gruntowych, z kt\u00f3rych niekt\u00f3re obejmuj\u0105 Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) i Tlicho (2003). (<em>Zobacz tak\u017ce Ro<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">szczenia dotycz\u0105ce grunt\u00f3w rdz<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">ennych i ludy rdzenne: traktaty<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne \u017cycie<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene First Nations w ca\u0142ej Kanadzie by\u0142y aktywnie zaanga\u017cowane w programy dotycz\u0105ce zdrowia rdzennych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w, edukacji, rozwoju spo\u0142eczno\u015bci oraz problem\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanych z ziemi\u0105 i zasobami. Jako spo\u0142eczno\u015b\u0107, osi\u0105gn\u0119li kilka wa\u017cnych kamieni milowych. Na przyk\u0142ad w 1990 roku j\u0119zyki Dene sta\u0142y si\u0119 \r\n j\u0119zykami urz\u0119dowymi Terytori\u00f3w P\u00f3\u0142nocno-Zachodnich. W dniu 1 wrze\u015bnia 2016 r. rz\u0105d D\u00e9lyn\u0119 Got&#39;\u012fn\u0119 uzyska\u0142 prawo do samorz\u0105du.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"pl","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:31:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:31:19.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f980-f99a-48c1-bbfa-2dba5fea5dc3","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene compreende uma fam\u00edlia cultural e lingu\u00edstica de longo alcance, que se estende do norte do Canad\u00e1 e do Alasca at\u00e9 o sudoeste americano. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">No Canad\u00e1, Dene, que significa \u201co povo\u201d em seu idioma, compreende uma variedade de Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es, algumas das quais incluem \r\n o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a> (Chipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib) e Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in<\/a>).<\/a> \r\nOs dene tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o conhecidos como povos Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan ou Athapaskan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">No censo de 2021, 45.895 pessoas identificadas como tendo ascend\u00eancia de origens dene, incluindo Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh, Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, Kaska Dena<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">, Sahtu, Tahltan, Tlicho, Tlingit, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;tu Ina<\/a> (Sarcee), Tutchone e Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> Nesse censo, havia 18.360 pessoas que se identificaram como Dene sem especificar mais.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Povos densos<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Como parte do maior grupo lingu\u00edstico da Am\u00e9rica do Norte, v\u00e1rios povos no Canad\u00e1 se identificam como Dene. Algumas delas incluem:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesulina<\/a> (tamb\u00e9m conhecida como Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in<\/a>, Kutchin ou Loucheux)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Escravid\u00e3o do Sul<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho e Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">North Slavey (Saht\u00fa), incluindo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine ou Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (Lago do Urso) e Shuta Got&#39;ine (Montanha) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a> do Norte e do Sul<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Castor)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot&#39;ine (facas amarelas<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina<\/a> ou Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sekani<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in<\/a> (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh (Transportadora<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>No censo de 2021, o n\u00famero total de pessoas que alegaram ter ascend\u00eancia de origem dene foi de 45.895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Territ\u00f3rio tradicional<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nHistoricamente, os dene habitaram o centro e o noroeste do Canad\u00e1 em uma \u00e1rea conhecida como <em>Denendeh<\/em>, que significa \u201co Esp\u00edrito do Criador flui por esta Terra\u201d ou \u201cTerra do Povo\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Esta regi\u00e3o inclui o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Vale do Rio Mackenzie<\/a> e os Terrenos Est\u00e9reis nos Territ\u00f3rios do Noroeste.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Voc\u00ea sabia?<\/strong> <br>No censo de 2021, 405 pessoas reivindicaram ascend\u00eancia apache, enquanto outras 445 alegaram ascend\u00eancia navajo. Diz-se que os ancestrais dos apaches e navajos (Tinn\u00eb) se originaram no noroeste do Canad\u00e1 e migraram para o sudoeste dos Estados Unidos por volta de 1400 aC. \r\n Como Dene no Canad\u00e1, os apaches e os navajos s\u00e3o geralmente chamados em algumas literaturas de \u201catabascanos\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vida tradicional<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Cura de peles\" alt=\"Cura de peles\">\r\n <figcaption>Pessoas denesulinas (Chipewyan) preparando uma pele de alce, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois e Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois e Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (coleira de corvo) e esposa, povo ind\u00edgena Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Mocassins\" alt=\"Mocassins\">\r\n <figcaption>Mocassins feitos pela artista Dene, Sarah Hardisty. Os materiais usados incluem couro de alce, pena de porco-espinho, couro de castor, l\u00e3 e fio.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Anterior<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Pr\u00f3ximo<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Homens denes ca\u00e7avam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">caribus<\/a> \u2014 a base de sua economia \u2014 bem como outros animais, como <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">coelhos<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">veados e alces, em \u00e1reas ao redor do Lago Great Slave<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">, do Lago Great<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">Bear e ao longo do Rio Mackenzie<\/a><\/a>. A pesca complementava sua dieta, especialmente entre os povos denes que viviam perto da costa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Muitas vezes, as mulheres eram respons\u00e1veis por cozinhar as refei\u00e7\u00f5es, colher alimentos e cuidar dos filhos. Eles faziam roupas com recursos naturais, como peles e peles de animais. As ferramentas de costura tamb\u00e9m vieram de animais, incluindo agulhas de osso e tend\u00f5es como linha. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dependendo de sua localiza\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica, as fam\u00edlias Dene viviam em <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis<\/a>, casas de cova ou pousadas. (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">Hist\u00f3ria da Arquitetura: Povos Ind\u00edgenas<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Eles geralmente viajavam com frequ\u00eancia para fins de ca\u00e7a, a p\u00e9 ou em canoas, exceto durante o inverno, quando alguns denes viajavam usando sapatos de neve e tobog\u00e3s.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sociedade e cultura<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Bateristas Dene\" alt=\"Bateristas Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Os bateristas Tlicho e os bateristas da Primeira Na\u00e7\u00e3o do Yellowknives Dene se apresentando juntos durante um evento de divulga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre conhecimento tradicional (21 de outubro de 2014). \\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Jogos Dene\" alt=\"Jogos Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Jovens em D\u00e9line, NWT, jogando jogos de Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Anterior<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">Pr\u00f3ximo<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene morou e viajou junto com familiares pr\u00f3ximos e extensos. Essas unidades familiares eram autossuficientes, fornecendo comida, abrigo e educa\u00e7\u00e3o umas \u00e0s outras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDurante os meses de primavera e ver\u00e3o, os grupos familiares de Dene frequentemente se reuniam para discutir o uso e o com\u00e9rcio da terra e para resolver quaisquer disputas intergrupais. Eles tamb\u00e9m realizaram cerim\u00f4nias e celebra\u00e7\u00f5es culturais.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nOs Dene s\u00e3o conhecidos por seus jogos tradicionais, originalmente usados para incentivar estilos de vida saud\u00e1veis, especialmente entre ca\u00e7adores, e para proporcionar entretenimento. Os <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">jogos Dene<\/a> \r\n ainda s\u00e3o jogados hoje em escolas e comunidades. Muitos desses jogos tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o competi\u00e7\u00f5es oficiais dos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">Jogos de Inverno do \u00c1rtico<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Religi\u00e3o e espiritualidade<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es orais denes s\u00e3o registros da hist\u00f3ria, conhecidos como <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc, bem como lendas espirituais, chamadas \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9<\/em>.<\/em> Cada na\u00e7\u00e3o dene tem sua pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria de cria\u00e7\u00e3o sobre como a Terra surgiu e como o povo e a l\u00edngua dene \r\n foram criados. Todos esses contos geralmente apresentam um Criador que forma as \u00e1guas e terras de Denendeh. Eles tamb\u00e9m apresentam personagens comuns, como Raven e Yamzha. Raven \u00e9 uma figura trapaceira que pode se transformar em diferentes formas. Os comportamentos \r\n e erros de Raven t\u00eam como objetivo ensinar a Dene o certo e o errado. (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">Raven Symbolism<\/a>.) Outro metamorfo conhecido \u00e9 Yam\u0301ria (tamb\u00e9m conhecido como Yamo\u0301ria para algumas pessoas; para outras, Yamo\u0301ria \u00e9 um ser diferente). \r\n Yam\u0301zha \u00e9 um curandeiro que se transforma de humano em animal e ajuda Dene a resolver problemas. Em alguns contos, Yamzha \u00e9 meio animal\/meio humano. Essas lendas s\u00e3o significativas para a cultura e a \r\n espiritualidade dene, pois transmitem hist\u00f3rias e li\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e0s gera\u00e7\u00f5es mais jovens. (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">Povos ind\u00edgenas: religi\u00e3o e espiritualidade<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Idioma<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>A l\u00edngua dene \u00e9 conhecida como dene ou na-den\u00e9 (tamb\u00e9m chamada de atabasca). Existem cerca de 28 l\u00ednguas atabascas faladas no norte do Canad\u00e1, embora existam muitas mais faladas no Alasca e no sudoeste americano. O idioma \u00e9 composto por tr\u00eas \r\n grupos distintos: Atabascan da Costa do Pac\u00edfico, Apache e Athabascan do Norte.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>No censo de 2021, 11.370 pessoas relataram o conhecimento de Dene. Com milhares de falantes em partes do Canad\u00e1 e dos Estados Unidos, o Dene \u00e9 uma das maiores fam\u00edlias lingu\u00edsticas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte. No entanto, algumas l\u00ednguas dene s\u00e3o consideradas amea\u00e7adas de extin\u00e7\u00e3o, \r\n como o danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), com 225 pessoas alegando conhecer a l\u00edngua no censo de 2021.. Wetalh, a l\u00edngua do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal<\/a>, \r\n \u00e9 considerada extinta. Nos \u00faltimos anos, escolas e centros culturais t\u00eam feito esfor\u00e7os para revitalizar muitas dessas l\u00ednguas amea\u00e7adas de extin\u00e7\u00e3o (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">L\u00ednguas ind\u00edgenas no<\/a> Canad\u00e1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Hist\u00f3ria colonial<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nOs Dene encontraram comerciantes, exploradores e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">mission\u00e1rios<\/a> europeus j\u00e1 no s\u00e9culo XVIII. Na d\u00e9cada de 1900, a descoberta de petr\u00f3leo e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">ouro<\/a> no norte do Canad\u00e1 incentivou ainda mais a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o branca e o desenvolvimento comercial nas terras de Dene. De 1871 a 1921, o governo do Canad\u00e1 assinou uma s\u00e9rie de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">tratados<\/a> com v\u00e1rios povos ind\u00edgenas como forma de obter acesso \u00e0s terras ao norte e oeste de Ont\u00e1rio. (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">Tratados Numerados<\/a>.) Isso for\u00e7ou muitos povos denes a entrarem em \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">reservas<\/a> e corroeu (se n\u00e3o erradicou) os modos de vida tradicionais. Outros instrumentos de assimila\u00e7\u00e3o cultural, como <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">escolas residenciais<\/a> e a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Lei do \u00cdndio<\/em><\/a>, tamb\u00e9m impactaram negativamente a sociedade, a economia e os modos de vida denes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Reloca\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nNa d\u00e9cada de 1950, cerca de 250 Sayisi Dene foram transferidos \u00e0 for\u00e7a de sua casa em Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba, para uma \u00e1rea perto de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, em \r\n parte porque o governo de Manitoba<\/a> acreditava que eles estavam causando um decl\u00ednio acentuado no rebanho de caribus \u2014 uma ideia que mais tarde se mostrou falsa. No novo local, a comida era escassa e a moradia era inadequada. Os Dene foram for\u00e7ados a vasculhar o lix\u00e3o e foram \r\n atacados por residentes de Churchill. A realoca\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada causou anos de trauma nas comunidades de Dene. O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">governo federal<\/a> se desculpou formalmente pela mudan\u00e7a em agosto de 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Direitos, organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e ativismo<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Na\u00e7\u00e3o densa\" alt=\"Na\u00e7\u00e3o densa\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation na Caminhada de Cura de Tar Sands, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Como meio de proteger e afirmar seus direitos aos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">territ\u00f3rios tradicionais<\/a> (especificamente \u00e0s terras dos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">Tratados 8<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), ao <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autogoverno<\/a> e aos recursos naturais de suas terras, algumas na\u00e7\u00f5es denes \r\n se uniram para formar a Irmandade Ind\u00edgena dos Territ\u00f3rios do Noroeste em 1969-70 (renomeada como Na\u00e7\u00e3o Dene em 1978).<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nEm 1973, o chefe de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a>, Fran\u00e7ois Paulette, e outros chefes denes apresentaram uma ressalva (uma advert\u00eancia legal a terceiros) sobre os cont\u00ednuos interesses denes em terras dos Tratados 8 e 11. \r\n Embora o governo afirmasse que os denes renunciaram a seus direitos \u00e0 terra ao assinar o tratado, os denes argumentaram que seus ancestrais nunca tiveram a inten\u00e7\u00e3o de faz\u00ea-lo. Depois de realizar pesquisas e entrar em contato com as comunidades dene nos \r\n Territ\u00f3rios do Noroeste, o juiz presidente, o juiz W.G. Morrow, determinou que os denes de fato tinham direitos sobre a terra e seus recursos. No entanto, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Suprema Corte do Canad\u00e1<\/a> anulou o caso \u2014 conhecido como ressalva de Paulette \u2014 com base em um detalhe t\u00e9cnico. No entanto, as conclus\u00f5es do juiz Morrow sobre os direitos ind\u00edgenas permaneceram v\u00e1lidas e levaram o governo federal a aceitar que novas negocia\u00e7\u00f5es sobre os interesses de Dene eram \r\n necess\u00e1rias.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nEm 1976, a Na\u00e7\u00e3o Dene lan\u00e7ou a Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e o Manifesto Dene. Este documento exigia o governo aut\u00f4nomo de Dene no Vale do Mackenzie. Foi nessa \u00e1rea que o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">gasoduto proposto para o Vale do Mackenzie<\/a> seria instalado. A incompatibilidade entre a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de Dene e a do governo federal em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos direitos e t\u00edtulos das terras e recursos do Vale do Mackenzie tem sido uma preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDesde 1992, no entanto, existem assentamentos de reivindica\u00e7\u00e3o de terras em Denendeh, alguns dos quais incluem Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) e Tlicho (2003). (<em>Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Reivindica\u00e7\u00f5es de Terras Ind\u00edgenas<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Povos Ind\u00edgenas: Tratados<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vida contempor\u00e2nea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nAs Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es Dene em todo o Canad\u00e1 t\u00eam se envolvido ativamente em programas relacionados \u00e0 sa\u00fade ind\u00edgena, educa\u00e7\u00e3o, desenvolvimento comunit\u00e1rio e quest\u00f5es de terra e recursos. Como comunidade, eles alcan\u00e7aram alguns marcos importantes. Por exemplo, em 1990, as l\u00ednguas dene se tornaram \r\n l\u00ednguas oficiais dos Territ\u00f3rios do Noroeste. Em 1\u00ba de setembro de 2016, o governo de D\u00e9ln\u0119 Got&#39;n\u0119 conquistou o direito ao governo aut\u00f4nomo.<\/p>","slug":"denso","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"pt","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:33:03.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:33:03.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f894-63b2-4969-b806-5f9615877dfc","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene inajumuisha familia ya mbali ya kitamaduni na lugha, ikienea kutoka Kaskazini ya Canada na Alaska hadi Amerika kusini-magharibi. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Nchini Canada, Dene, ambayo inamaanisha \u201cwatu\u201d katika lugha yao, inajumuisha Mataifa anuwai ya Kwanza, baadhi yao ni pamoja na Waend <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">esulini (Kipewyan), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a> (Dogrib) na Din<\/a> jii Zhuh (Gwich&#39;in). \r\n<\/a> \r\nDene pia wanajulikana kama watu wa Athabascan, Athabaskan, Athapascan au Athapaskan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Katika sensa ya 2021, watu 45,895 walitambuliwa kuwa na asili ya Dene, ambayo ni pamoja na Dene, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-za<\/a> a, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in, Denesuline, Dene Tha&#39;, Gwich&#39;in, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>, Sahtu, Tahltan, T<\/a> licho, Tlingit, Tse&#39;khene (Sekani), Tsuut&#39;ina (Sarcee), Tutche One na Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> Katika sensa hiyo, kulikuwa na watu 18,360 waliotambua kama Dene bila kutaja zaidi.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Watu wa Dene<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Kama sehemu ya kundi kubwa la lugha huko Amerika Kaskazini, idadi ya watu nchini Canada wanatambua kama Dene. Baadhi ya hizi ni pamoja na:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline (pia inaju<\/a> likana kama Chipewyan)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho (Dogrib<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in, Kutchin au Loucheux<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">Slavey ya Kusini<\/a> (Dehcho, Deh Cho na Deh Gah Got&#39;ine)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">Slavey ya Kaskazini (Saht\u00fa), pamoja na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine au Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (Ziwa la Bear) na Shuta Got&#39;ine (Mlima) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone ya Kaskazini na Kusini<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-zaa<\/a> (Beaver)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot<\/a> &#39;ine (Yellowknife)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina (Tsuu T&#39;ina au<\/a> Sarcee)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;ehne (Sek<\/a> ani)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhq<\/a> ot&#39;in (Chilcotin)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh<\/a> (Mbebaji)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>Katika sensa ya 2021, idadi ya watu waliodai asili ya Dene ilikuwa 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Eneo la jadi<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nKihistoria Dene wamekaa katikati na kaskazini-magharibi mwa Canada katika eneo linalojulikana kama <em>Denendeh<\/em>, inamaanisha \u201cRoho ya Muumba hutiririka kupitia Nchi hii\u201d au \u201cNchi ya Watu.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">Mkoa huu ni pamoja na Bonde la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">Mto Mackenzie na Viwanja vya<\/a> Barren katika Wilaya ya Kaskazini Magharibi.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>Je! Unajua?<\/strong> <br>Katika sensa ya 2021, watu 405 walidai asili ya Apache, wakati wengine 445 walidai asili ya Navajo. Mababu wa Apache na Navajo (Tinn\u00eb) wanasemekana kuwa walitokea kaskazini-magharibi mwa Canada na kuhamia kusini-magharibi mwa Marekani ifikapo mwaka 1400 \r\n KK. Kama Dene nchini Canada, Apache na Navajo kwa ujumla hujulikana katika baadhi ya fasihi kama \u201cAthabascans.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Maisha ya jadi<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"Kuponya Ficha\" alt=\"Kuponya Ficha\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline (Chipewyan) watu wanaandaa ficha la moose, Christina Lake, Alberta, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois na Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois na Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi (Crow Collar) na mke, watu wa asili wa Tsuut&#39;ina.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"Moccasins\" alt=\"Moccasins\">\r\n <figcaption>Moccasins zilizotengenezwa na msanii wa Dene, Sarah Hardisty. Vifaa vinavyotumiwa ni pamoja na hicho la moose, nguu ya nguruwe, hicho la beaver, sufu na nyuzi.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Awali Ifu<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">atayo<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">Wanaume wa D <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">ene<\/a> walikuwa wakiwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">karibu<\/a> \u2014 msingi msingi wa uchumi wao \u2014 pamoja na mchezo mwingine, kama vile sungura, ngu na mwezi, katika maeneo karibu na Ziwa la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">Mtumwa Mkubwa, Ziwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">Great<\/a> Bear na kando<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">ya mto Mackenz<\/a> ie.<\/a> Uvuvi uliongeza chakula wao, hasa kati ya watu wa Dene walioishi karibu na pwani.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanawake mara nyingi watawajibika kupika chakula, kukusanya chakula na kutunza watoto. Walifanya nguo kutoka kwa rasilimali asili, kama vile manyozi na ficha kutoka kwa wanyama. Zana za kushona pia zilitoka kwa wanyama, pamoja na sindano za mfupa na sinew kwa nyuzi\r\n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kulingana na eneo lao la kijiografia, familia za Dene waliishi katika <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">tipis, nyumba za shimo<\/a> au nyumba za nyumba. (Ni <em>pia Historia ya U<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">sanifu: Watu wa As<\/a> ili.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">Kwa ujumla walisafiri mara nyingi kwa madhumuni ya uwindaji, ama kwa miguu au kwenye kanoe, isipokuwa wakati wa baridi wakati Dene wengine walisafiri kwa kutumia viatu vya theluji na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">toboggans.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Jamii na Utamaduni<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drum\" alt=\"Dene Drum\">\r\n <figcaption>Drummers ya Tlicho na Yellowknife Dene First Nation Drummers hufanya pamoja wakati wa hafla ya ufikiaji kuhusu maarifa ya jadi (21 Oktoba 2014). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Michezo ya Dene\" alt=\"Michezo ya Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Vijana huko D\u00e9line, NWT, wakicheza michezo ya Dene (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">Awali Ifu<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">atayo<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene aliishi na kusafiri pamoja na wanafamilia wa haraka na wa karibu. Vitengo hivi vya familia vilikuwa na kujitegemea, wakitoa chakula, makazi na elimu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nWakati wa miezi ya chemchemi na majira ya joto, vikundi vya familia vya Dene mara nyingi walikuja pamoja kujadili matumizi ya ardhi na biashara na kutatua migogoro yoyote ya vikundi. Pia walifanya sherehe za kitamaduni na sherehe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene wanajulikana kwa michezo yao ya jadi, ambayo awali ilitumiwa kuhimiza maisha yenye afya, hasa kati ya windaji, na kutoa burudani. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Michezo ya D<\/a> ene \r\n bado inachezwa leo katika shule na jamii. Michezo mingi hii pia ni mashindano rasmi ya Michezo ya Majira ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">baridi ya Arctic<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dini na Kiroho<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Mila za mdomo wa Dene ni rekodi za historia, zinazojulikana kama <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc, pamoja na hadithi za kiroho, zinazoitwa \u00fc\u00e6qhz<\/em> \u00e9.<\/em> Kila taifa la Dene lina hadithi yake ya uumbaji kuhusu jinsi Dunia ilivyokuwa, na jinsi watu wa D \r\n ene na lugha ziliumbwa. Hadithi hizi zote mara nyingi zinaonyesha Muumba ambaye huunda maji na ardhi za Denendeh. Pia wanaonyesha wahusika wa kawaida kama vile Raven na Yam\u01ebzha. Raven ni mtu mdanganyifu ambaye anaweza kubadilika kuwa aina tofauti. Tabia na makosa ya Raven \r\n yanakusudiwa kufundisha Dene sahihi kutoka mbaya. (Ni <em>pia Simbolism<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">ya Raven<\/a>.) Mchanganyiko mwingine wa kubadilisha sura ni Yam\u016dzha (pia inajulikana kama Yamo\u0301ria kwa watu wengine; kwa wengine, Yamo\u0301ria ni kiumbe tofauti). \r\n Yam\u01eb\u0300zha ni mwanadamu wa dawa ambaye hubadilika kutoka kwa mwanadamu hadi mnyama, na husaidia Dene kutatua matatizo. Katika hadithi zingine, Yam\u01ebzha ni nusu ya mnyama\/nusu ya binadamu. Hadithi hizi ni muhimu kwa utamaduni na kiroho wa \r\n Dene, kwani zinapeleka hadithi na masomo kwa vizazi vijana. (T <em>azama pia W<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">atu wa Asili: Dini na Kiro<\/a> ho.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lugha<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lugha ya Dene inajulikana kama Dene au Na-Den\u00e9 (pia inaitwa Athabascan). Kuna takriban lugha 28 za Kiathabascan inayozungumzwa kaskazini mwa Canada, ingawa kuna nyingi zaidi zinazozungumzwa huko Alaska na huko Amerika kusini-magharibi. Lugha hiyo imeundwa na vikundi vitatu tofauti\r\n: Athabascan Coast Coast, Apachean na Athabascan Kaskazini.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Katika sensa ya 2021, watu 11,370 waliripoti maarifa ya Dene. Pamoja na maelfu ya wasemaji katika sehemu za Canada na Marekani, Dene ni moja wapo ya familia kubwa za lugha huko Amerika Kaskazini. Walakini, lugha zingine za Dene zinachukuliwa kuwa hatarini, kama \r\n vile Danez\u0101g\u00e9&#39; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>), huku watu 225 wanadai maarifa ya lugha hiyo katika sensa ya 2021.. Wetalh, lugha ya W <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">etal, inachukuliwa kuto<\/a> we \r\n ka. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, shule na vituo vya kitamaduni vimefanya juhudi za kufufua lugha nyingi hizi hatari (T <em>azama pia<\/em> Lu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">gha za Asili nchini Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historia ya Kikoloni<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene walikutana na wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya, watunguzi na w <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">amisionari map<\/a> ema miaka ya 1700. Kufikia miaka ya 1900, ugunduzi wa mafuta na dhahabu kaskazini mwa Canada ulihimiza zaidi makazi ya weupe na maendele <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">o<\/a> ya kibiashara katika ardhi za Dene. Kuanzia 1871 hadi 1921, Serikali ya Canada ilisaini mfululizo wa mikataba na watu wa asili mbalimbali kama njia ya kupata <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">u<\/a> fikiaji wa ardhi kaskazini na magharibi mwa Ontario. (Ni pia Mik <em>ataba ili<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">yohesabi<\/a> wa.) Hii ililazimisha watu wengi wa Dene kwenye hi \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">fad<\/a> hi na kupotosha (ikiwa sio kuondolewa) njia za jadi za maisha. Vyombo vingine vya ushirikiano wa kitamaduni, kama vile <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">sh<\/a> ule za makazi na Sheria <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>ya India<\/em><\/a>, pia ziliathiri vibaya jamii, uchumi na njia za maisha ya Dene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Kuhamisha kulazimishwa<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nKatika miaka ya 1950, takriban Sayisi Dene 250 walihamishwa kwa nguvu kutoka nyumba yao katika Duck Lake, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">Manitoba<\/a> hadi eneo karibu na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">Churchill<\/a>, sehemu kwa sababu serikali ya Manitoba iliamini kuwa walikuwa wakisababisha kupungua sana katika kundi la karibu - wazo lililothibitishwa baadaye kuwa si kweli. \r\n Katika eneo jipya, chakula kilikuwa kidogo na makazi yasiyotofaa. Dene walilazimika kufuta tupo hilo na walishambuliwa na wakazi wa Churchill. \r\n Uhamishaji wa kulazimishwa ulisababisha miaka ya majeraha katika jamii za Dene. Serikali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">ya shirikish<\/a> o iliomba msamaha rasmi kwa uhamishaji huo mnamo Agosti 2016.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Haki, Shirika na Uendeshaji<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Taifa la Dene\" alt=\"Taifa la Dene\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation kwenye Tar Sands Healing Walk, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">Kama njia ya kulinda na kudhibitisha haki zao kwa maeneo ya jadi (haswa kwa ardhi za Mikataba ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), kujitawala na rasilimali asili kwenye ardhi zao, mataifa mengine ya Dene ilijiunga ili kuunda N \r\n dugu wa India wa Wilaya ya Kaskazini Magharibi mnamo 1969-70 (jina la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene Nation mwaka 1978).<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nMwaka wa 1973, Mkuu wa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">Fort Smith<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Paulette na wakuu wengine wa Dene waliwasilisha onyo (onyo ya kisheria kwa watu wa tatu), kuhusu maslahi yanayoendelea ya Dene katika ardhi za Mikataba ya 8 na 11. \r\n Wakati serikali ilisema kuwa Dene walijitolea haki zao kwa ardhi kwa kusaini mkataba huo, Dene walisema kwamba baba zao hawakubali kufanya hivyo. Baada ya kufanya utafiti na kufikia jamii za Dene katika Wilaya ya \r\n Kaskazini Magharibi, jaji mkuu, Jaji WG Morrow, aliamua kwamba Dene walikuwa na haki kwa ardhi na rasilimali zake. Walakini, Mahak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">ama Kuu ya Canada ili<\/a> puuza kesi hiyo - inayojulikana kama tahadhari ya Paulette - kulingana na ufundi. Walakini, matokeo ya Jaji Morrow kuhusu haki za Asili ilibaki halali na kuongoza serikali ya shirikisho kukubali kwamba mazungumzo zaidi juu ya maslahi ya Dene yalikuwa \r\n muhimu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nMwaka wa 1976, Dene Nation ilitoa Azimio la Dene na Manifesto. Hati hii ilitaka kujitawala wa Dene katika Bonde la Mackenzie. Ilikuwa katika eneo hili ambapo Bomba la Bonde la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">Mackenzie lililopendekezwa lili<\/a> wekwa. Utofanyiko kati ya msimamo wa Dene na ule wa serikali ya shirikisho kuhusu haki na cheo kwa ardhi na rasilimali za Bonde la Mackenzie umekuwa wasiwasi unaoendelea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nTangu 1992, hata hivyo, kumekuwa na makazi ya madai ya ardhi huko Denendeh, baadhi yao ni pamoja na Gwich&#39;in (1992), Sahtu (1994) na Tlicho (2003). (Taz <em>ama pia Madai<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">ya Ardhi ya As<\/a> ili na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Watu wa Asili: Mikat<\/a> aba.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Maisha ya kisasa<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nMataifa ya Kwanza ya Dene kote Canada yamehusika kikamilifu katika mipango kuhusu afya ya asili, elimu, maendeleo ya jamii, na maswala ya ardhi na rasilimali. Kama jamii, wamefikia hatua muhimu. Kwa mfano, mwaka wa 1990, lugha za Dene zinak \r\n uwa lugha rasmi za Wilaya ya Kaskazini Magharibi. Tarehe 1 Septemba 2016, Serikali ya D\u00e9lyn\u0119 Got&#39;\u012fn\u0119 ilipata haki ya kujitawala.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"sw","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:28.000000Z"},{"id":"9e07cf6a-203f-495d-a50f-9a5a8f32a216","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0bb0 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u201c\u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u201d \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7, \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \r\n \u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc6<\/a> \u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd), \u0b9f\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcb (\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd) \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b9c\u0bc1\u0bb9\u0bcd (Gwich&#39;in) \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95<\/a> \u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/a> \r\n\u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b86\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">2021 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 45,895 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7, \u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">-<\/a> \u0b9c\u0bbe, \u0b9f\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9a\u0bbf \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bbe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">&#39;, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbe, \u0b9a\u0bb9<\/a> \u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1, \u0ba4\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcb, \u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd<\/a>, \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bbf (\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bbf), \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0bbe<\/a> (\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf), \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd&#39;\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd&#39;\u0ba9\u0bcd. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 18,360 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0bb5\u0b9f \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95, \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0b9a\u0bbf<\/a> \u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcb (\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/a> \u0baa\u0bcd)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b9c\u0bc1\u0bb9\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf (\u0b9f\u0bc6<\/a> \u0bb9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcb, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bcb \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0b95\u0bb7\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0bb7\u0bcb \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb9\u0bb0\u0bc7\/\u0bb9\u0bb0\u0bc6\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/a> \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bbf) \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb7\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bc8) \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0b9f \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf (\u0b9a\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bcd-\u0b9c\u0bbe (\u0baa\u0bc0\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0baf\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe (\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/a> \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0b95\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbe<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bc6\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc7 (\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bbf)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf<\/a> \u0bb0\u0bcd)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>2021 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 45,895 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bcd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd <em>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc7 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/em> \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u201c\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1\u201d \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u201c\u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u0ba8\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7<\/a> \u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe?<\/strong> <br>2021 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, 405 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 445 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bcb \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bcb (\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bcd) \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc1 1400 \u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1 \r\n \u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bc7, \u0b85\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u201c\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u201d \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\" alt=\"\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (Chipewyan) \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bbf, \u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bcb\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bbf\" alt=\"\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bcb\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bbf\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0b85\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf (\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbe \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bb0\u0bcd) \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf, \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0baa\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u0bae\u0bca\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\" alt=\"\u0bae\u0bca\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b9e\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe \u0bb9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bca\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bb9\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bc0\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8, \u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb3\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b85<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bae<\/a> \u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u0bae\u0bc2<\/a> \u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bbf, \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b86\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1<\/a> \u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf<\/a> \u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/a><\/a> \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd 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\u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b8a\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9 \r\n \u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/a> \u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9. (\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9f <em>\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb0<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1: \u0baa\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95<\/a> \u0bb3\u0bcd.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95, \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0bb7\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\" alt=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 (21 \u0b85\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd 2014) \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcb \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baf\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b83\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \\ \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bcd\\ \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\" alt=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, NWT \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b9e\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b85<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa \u0b85\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bc8, \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bc1, \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd 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\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7, \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87<\/a> \u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \r\n \u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/a> \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 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(\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd <em>\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2<\/a> \u0b9f.) \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0baf\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bbe (\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baf\u0bae\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1; \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1, \u0baf\u0bae\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd). \r\n \u0baf\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bbe \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 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\u0bcd\u0b95.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbe-\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 (\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1) \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd 28 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9, \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1: \u0baa\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baa \r\n \u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2021 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd 11,370 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0b9f \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, 2021 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf 225 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u201c\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc7\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>) \r\n \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd 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\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9 <em>(<\/em>\u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4<\/a> \u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1700\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b90\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3<\/a> \u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. 1900 \u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95<\/a> \u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. 1871 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd 1921 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8, \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3<\/a> \u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc6\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. (<em>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/a>.) \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/a> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 (\u0b92\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd). \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1<\/a> \u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4<\/em><\/a> \u0bbf\u0baf\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0baf \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">1950 \u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd 250 \u0b9a\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bbe \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc2 \u0bae\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd - \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baf\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/a><\/a> \r\n \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b87\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \r\n \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b86\u0b95\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd 2016 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1<\/a> \u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd\" alt=\"\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bb9\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b99\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf<\/a> \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a> \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1), \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baf\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95, \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 1969-70 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf \r\n \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9 (1978 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1).<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973 \u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u0bcd \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbf<\/a> \u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 (\u0bae\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b8e\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8) \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 8 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd 11 \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1. \r\n \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc6\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1, \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b9f\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc2 \u0b9c\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcb, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \r\n \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf<\/a> \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b86\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f, \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976 \u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b95\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0bb5\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baf\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0baa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f<\/a> \u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0bae\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, 1992 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0bb9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd (1992), \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 (1994) \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcb (2003) \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. (\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc7 <em>\u0b9a \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b89<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/a> \u0baa\u0bb4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd: \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3<\/a> \u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b95.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0b9a\u0bae\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0b95\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbe \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf, \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b88\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9. \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc8\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b89\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95, 1990 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \r\n \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bbf 1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd 2016 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1, \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd&#39;\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baf\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ta","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-22T16:36:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-22T16:36:57.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f8a8-f3b0-4005-913a-94df9da5fb40","article_id":"91119","title":"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47","summary":"<p>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c48\u0c30\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c41\u0c26\u0c42\u0c30 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47, \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c4b \u201c\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02, \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c35\u0c40\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4b<\/a> (\u0c21\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c4d)<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c1c\u0c41\u0c39\u0c4d (\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d&#39;\u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d) \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \r\n<\/a> \r\n\u0c21\u0c47\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">2021 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b, 45,895 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c42\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c07\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c46-<\/a> \u0c1c\u0c3e, \u0c21\u0c15\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c39 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0c4d, \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c4d&#39;\u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c25\u0c3e&#39;, \u0c17\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d&#39;\u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3e, \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41, \u0c24\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4d<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c1f\u0c4d<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4b, \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4d, \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c46\u0c16\u0c47\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c38\u0c46\u0c15<\/a> \u0c28\u0c3f), \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d&#39;\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e (\u0c38\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c40), \u0c35\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d&#39;\u0c38\u0c41\u0c35\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d&#39;\u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d. \r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u0c06 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b 18,360 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c40\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c05\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c39\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c35\u0c40\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c1a\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4b (\u0c21\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c2c\u0c4d)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c1c\u0c41\u0c39\u0c4d (\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d&#39;\u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c15\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c4c\u0c1a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0c26\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c23 \u0c38\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0c32\u0c47\u0c35\u0c40 (\u0c21\u0c46<\/a> \u0c39\u0c1a\u0c4b, \u0c26\u0c47\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c47\u0c35\u0c40 (Saht\u00fa), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;ashot&#39;ine (K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e Hare\/Hareskin), Saht\u00faot&#39;ine<\/a> (\u0c2c\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c30\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c41) \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c37\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c3e \u0c17\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c4d&#39;\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c24\u0c02) \u0c38\u0c39\u0c3e \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c23 \u0c1f\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u0c1a\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c4d<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0c21\u0c47\u0c28\u0c4d-\u0c1c\u0c3e (\u0c2c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c0e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c48\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u0c38\u0c41\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e (\u0c38\u0c41\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a> \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c40)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0c15\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3e<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c46\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c47 (\u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c28\u0c3f)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d (\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f<\/a> \u0c30\u0c4d)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>2021 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c42\u0c32\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f 45,895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b <em>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c47<\/em> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u201c\u0c38\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c06\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e \u0c08 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f \u0c17\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u201d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u201c\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u0c28\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c2f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4c\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0c2e\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c3e?<\/strong> <br>2021 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b, 405 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4b 445 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4b (Tinn\u00eb) \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 1400 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c48\u0c30\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2f\u0c41\u0c28\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c46\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c32\u0c38 \u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\r\n. \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c47, \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u201c\u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c42\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c39\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\" alt=\"\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c39\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d (Chipevyan) \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02, \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c30\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e, 1918.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u0c38\u0c41\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3f\" alt=\"\u0c38\u0c41\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3f\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c05\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3f (\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c30\u0c4d) \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f, Tsuut&#39;ina \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\" alt=\"\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c33\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c40 \u0c24\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41. \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c41, \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d, \u0c2c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c41, \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c25\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0c24\u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c47\u0c35\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c4d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c47<\/a> \u0c30\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c42 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c40 \u0c28\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c21\u0c47\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c37\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c41 - \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c15<\/a> \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 - \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26<\/a> \u0c47\u0c32\u0c41, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u0c1c<\/a> \u0c3f\u0c02\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c06\u0c1f\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u0c21<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2b\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c40\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c30\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c2d\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c21\u0c21\u0c02, \u0c06\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c47\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c35\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c1a\u0c42 \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c1c\u0c02\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c4a\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c39\u0c1c 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\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c33\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. (\u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3f <em>\u0c1f\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c39\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">: \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c47\u0c1f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c21\u0c15\u0c28 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c36\u0c40\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c24\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a, \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c4b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0c37\u0c42\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\" alt=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c14\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40\u0c1a\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b (21 \u0c05\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c4d 2014) \u0c38\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4b \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c48\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\" alt=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c32\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c24, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4b\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u0c24\u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c02\u0c2c 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \r\n \u0c21\u0c46<\/a> \u0c28\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c06\u0c21\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c06\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c24<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Dene \u0c2e\u0c4c\u0c16\u0c3f\u0c15 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(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 <em>\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>: \u0c2e\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c15<\/a> \u0c24.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3e-\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 (\u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41). \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 28 \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c48\u0c30\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37 \u0c2e\u0c42\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f: \u0c2a\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4b \r\n \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d, \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c05\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2021 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b 11,370 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2f\u0c41\u0c28\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c46\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c47\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c3f. \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c47 &#39;(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u0c15\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3e<\/a>) \u0c35 \r\n \u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f, 2021 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b 225 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.. \u0c35\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37 \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c23<\/a> \u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a \r\n \u0c2c\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c07\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c35\u0c32\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c02\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c08 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c35\u0c32\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d 1700 \u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2f\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c47\u0c37\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c28\u0c30\u0c40<\/a> \u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c26\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. 1900 \u0c32 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f, \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02<\/a> \u0c06\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 1871 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f 1921 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0c2e\u0c3e<\/a> \u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c30\u0c41\u0c38 \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c24\u0c15\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. (\u0c28\u0c02\u0c2c <em>\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e<\/a><\/em> \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.) \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c32\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c40\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f (\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c47). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32<\/a> \u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em><\/a> \u0c02 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c33\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c02, \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c42\u0c32\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u0c2c\u0c32\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c28<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1950 \u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 250 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c40\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c32\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c30\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \r\n \u0c3f\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u0c2c<\/a> \u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c42 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c40\u0c23\u0c24\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c2e\u0c35\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 - \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c06\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c1a\u0c28 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24 \u0c05\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c06\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c43\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c35\u0c41. \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c32\u0c38\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \r\n \u0c2c\u0c32\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c28 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c06\u0c17\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41 2016 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02<\/a> \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c36\u0c40\u0c32\u0c24<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\" alt=\"\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c39\u0c40\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 (\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a> \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41), \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c39\u0c1c \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c28\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 1969-70\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c41\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c0f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \r\n \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f (1978 \u0c32\u0c4b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f).<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u0c2b\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c1a\u0c40\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c32\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c40\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c35\u0c40\u0c1f\u0c4d (\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c21\u0c35 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c46\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15) \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 8 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 11 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c06\u0c38\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f. \r\n \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c24\u0c15\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c42 \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4b\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f, \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42 \r\n \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c48\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f, \u0c1c\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42 \u0c1c\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c23\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41<\/a> \u0c08 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f - \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c32\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c47\u0c35\u0c40\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 - \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c15\u0c47\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c24 \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e. \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40, \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c1c\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4b \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4b\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c24\u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c38\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c46\u0c21\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c02\u0c17\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c46\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c41\u0c26\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c40 \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c48\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c40 \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c2f \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c36\u0c40\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c05\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c24 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c06\u0c02\u0c26\u0c4b\u0c33\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4b\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47, 1992 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c46\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c42 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c35\u0c40\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c17\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d&#39;\u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d (1992), \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41 (1994) \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4b (2003) \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2d\u0c42 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> <em>\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41: \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c40\u0c28 \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c1f\u0c3e \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02, \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f, \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c48\u0c32\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c33\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c09\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c30\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41, 1990 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47 \r\n \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. 2016 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c46\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c41 1 \u0c28, D\u00e9l\u012fne Got&#39;\u012fne \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"te","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:42.000000Z"},{"id":"9df9f8b2-b1cf-4602-96e3-278fe214b431","article_id":"91119","title":"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435","summary":"<p>\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0456\u043c&#39;\u044e, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0423 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0449\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0456, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d (\u0427\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0456\u044f\u043d), \u0422\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043e (\u0414\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431) \u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0456\u043d<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0434\u0436\u0456\u0456 \u0427\u0436\u0443\u0445 (\u0413\u0432\u0456\u0447<\/a> \u0456\u043d).<\/a> \r\n\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0410\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0410\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u041f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 45 895 \u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u044f\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">-\u0437\u0430\u0430, \u0414\u0430\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0426\u0438\u043b\u0445\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043d, \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d, \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0422\u0430, \u0413\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0456\u043d, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u041a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/a> \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0430, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0443<\/a>, \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043e, \u0422\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0456\u0442, \u0426<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0435\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0435 (\u0421\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0456), \u0426\u0443\u0442<\/a> &#39;\u0457\u043d\u0430 (\u0421\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0456), \u0422\u0443\u0442\u0447\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0442\u0447\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u0442&#39;\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d. \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a> \u041f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e 18 360 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0456.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u042f\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0457 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0456, \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d<\/a> (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u043a \u0427\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0430\u043d)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u0422\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043e (\u0414\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0438<\/a> \u0431)<\/li>\r\n <li>\u0414\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0456\u0439 \u0416\u0443\u0445 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u0413\u0432\u0456\u0447&#39;\u0456\u043d, \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0431\u043e \u041b\u0443\u0448\u0435)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u041f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0456 (\u0414\u0435<\/a> \u0445\u0447\u043e, \u0414\u0435\u0445 \u0427\u043e \u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0445 \u0413\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0442&#39;\u0457\u043d)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0439 (\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0443), \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0442&#39;\u0457\u043d\u0435 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u041a\u0430\u0448\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0442&#39;\u0457\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043d), \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0443\u043e\u0442&#39;\u0456\u043d<\/a> \u0435 (\u0412\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e) \u0442\u0430 \u0428\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0435 (\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430) \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u0422\u0443\u0442\u0447\u043e\u043d\u0435<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u0414\u0430\u043d\u0435-\u0437\u0430\u0430 (\u0411\u043e\u0431\u0440)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u0422&#39;\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0430<\/a> \u043e\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0435 (\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u043e\u0436\u0456)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u0426\u0443\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0457\u043d\u0430 (\u0426\u0443\u0443 \u0422\u0456\u043d\u0430<\/a> \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0456)<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u041a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u0426\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0435 (\u0421\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0456)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u0426\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043d (\u0427\u0456\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043d)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u0414\u0430\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 45 895.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0456, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e <em>\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0445<\/em>, \u0449\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u00ab\u0414\u0443\u0445 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0454 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u044e \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u00bb \u0430\u0431\u043e \u00ab\u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u00bb. \u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043e\u043d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0454 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f\u0445<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u0427\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438?<\/strong> <br>\u041f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 405 \u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0456\u0432, \u0430 \u0449\u0435 445 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445\u043e. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445\u043e (Tinn\u00eb) \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432 \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e 1400 \u0440. \u0414\u043e \u043d. \u042f\u043a \u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456, \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u00ab\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\" alt=\"\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\">\r\n <figcaption>\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0443 (Chipewyan), \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0443 \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0430, \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430, 1918 \u0440\u0456\u043a.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u0426\u0443\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0430 \u0456 \u0422\u0456\u043f\u0456\" alt=\"\u0426\u0443\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0457\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0430 \u0456 \u0422\u0456\u043f\u0456\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0410\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0456 (\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0440) \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0426\u0443\u0442&#39;\u0457\u043d\u0438.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\">\r\n <figcaption>\u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044e \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0412\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0441\u0456, \u0434\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437, \u0431\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u043d\u0430<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0427\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0431\u0443<\/a> - \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0438 - \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u044f\u043a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u043a, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/a> \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u043b\u043e<\/a> \u0441\u0456, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0432, \u041e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044f<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436 \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a<\/a> \u043a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456. \u0420\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0457\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0443\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0436\u044f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0416\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0457\u0436\u0456, \u0437\u0431\u0456\u0440 \u0457\u0436\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0456\u0442\u044c\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u044f\u0433 \u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u043a \u0445\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d. \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0445\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \r\n \u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0456\u043c&#39;\u0457 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0456\u043f\u0456 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u0441\u0430\u0445<\/a>, \u044f\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0445. (<em>\u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043a<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f: \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438<\/a>.) \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u0417\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u0456\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0433\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0421\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0456 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438\" alt=\"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438\">\r\n <figcaption>\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043e \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 Yellowknife Dene First Nation \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f (21 \u0436\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043d\u044f 2014 \u0440.). \\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u0406\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\" alt=\"\u0406\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\">\r\n <figcaption>\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0443 \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456, NWT, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0432 \u0456\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 (2011).<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u043d\u0430<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0456\u043c&#39;\u0457. \u0426\u0456 \u0441\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0457\u0436\u0435\u044e, \u0436\u0438\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043e\u044e.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043b\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c-\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0433. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u0406\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d<\/a> \u0435 \r\n \u0433\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0437 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0433\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0454 \u043e\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0433\u043e\u0440<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u044f \u0456 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457 - \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043a <em>\u00feqt\u00fa hoghena n\u00fcs\u00ed hot\u00df\u00fc hon\u00fc<\/em>, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438, \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u00fc\u00e6qhz\u00e9.<\/em> \u041a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u0435, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f, \u0456 \u044f\u043a \r\n \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0423 \u0432\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044c, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0454 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0445\u0430. \u0423 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0456, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0456 \u042f\u043c\u044f\u0300\u0436\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d - \u0444\u0456\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0440\u0430\u0457\u0432, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0456 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0439 \r\n \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. (<em>\u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/a>.) \u0406\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0454 \u042f\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0436\u0430 (\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u043a \u042f\u043c\u043e\u0301\u0440\u0456\u044f; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u042f\u043c\u043e\u0301\u0440\u0456\u044f - \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430). \r\n \u042f\u043c\u044f\u0436\u044c\u0436\u0430 - \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0456 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438. \u0423 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u042f\u043c\u044f\u0436\u044c\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439\/\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0426\u0456 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0454 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \r\n \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c. (<em>\u0414\u0438\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438: \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041c\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u041d\u0430-\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u044e). \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0456 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e 28 \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u0457\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044f\u0441\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0442\u0440\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \r\n \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f: \u0430\u0442\u0445\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0436\u0456, \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 11 370 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0456 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0457\u0432 \u0443 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0454 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0439 \u0443 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0456. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438, \r\n \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a Danez\u0101g\u00e9 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena), \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438<\/a> \u0441\u0456 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 225 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438.. \u0412\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0445, \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\r\n\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/a> \u043b\u043e\u044e. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0432\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f (<em>\u0414\u0438\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0449\u0435<\/a> \u0432 1700 -\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u0414\u043e 1900 -\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0456 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0449\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0431\u0456\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0417 1871 \u043f\u043e 1921 \u0440\u0456\u043a \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e<\/a> \u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0437 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447 \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u041e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043e. (<em>\u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u043e\u0440\u0438.) \u0426\u0435 \u0437\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u0434\u043e<\/a> \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e (\u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438) \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f. \u0406\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/em><\/a>, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0423 1950 -\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e 250 Sayisi Dene \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0414\u0430\u043a \u041b\u0435\u0439\u043a, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430<\/a>, \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0456<\/a> \u043b\u043b\u044f, \r\n \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0449\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0431\u0443 - \u0456\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043f\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u044e. \u0423 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0456 \u0457\u0436\u0456 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0454. \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0456 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0456\u043b\u043b\u044f\r\n. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434<\/a> \u043e\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0457\u0437\u0434 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u0456 2016 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0437\u043c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\" alt=\"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\">\r\n <figcaption>\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0456 Tar Sands, 2013.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u042f\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457<\/a> (\u0437\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u0414\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 8<\/a> \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0439 \u0443 1969-70 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0443 1978 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0423 1973 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u043e\u0440\u0442-\u0421\u043c\u0456<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0456 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f (\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c) \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \r\n 8 \u0442\u0430 11. \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e, \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440, \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0456\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0443 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \r\n \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f\u0445, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0434\u044f \u0412.\u0413. \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432<\/a> \u0443 - \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0430 - \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0448, \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0434\u0456 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456 \u0437\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\r\n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u0423 1976 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0456\u0439 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456<\/a>. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0454\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0437 1992 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0456 \u0456\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0456\u043d (1992), \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0443 (1994) \u0442\u0430 \u0422\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043e (2003). (<em>\u0414\u0438\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u043b\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438: \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u043e\u0440\u0438.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0421\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene First Nations \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0456\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0432. \u042f\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0443 1990 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0444\u0456 \r\n \u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0439. 1 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f 2016 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 D\u00e9l\u00f5n\u0119 Got&#39;\u00ecn\u0119 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>","slug":"dene","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"uk","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-15T19:30:48.000000Z"},{"id":"9dbc6423-0d23-4909-81d6-b55a04afe253","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4ece\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0cDene\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u610f\u4e3a \u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a>\uff08Chipewyan\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho\uff08Dogrib\uff09\u548cDinjii Zhuh\uff08Gwich<\/a> &#39;in\uff09\u3002<\/a>\r\nDene \u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a Athabascan\u3001Athabaskan\u3001Athapascan \u6216 Athapaskan \u6c11\u65cf\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u57282021\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u670945,895\u4eba\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3aDene\u8840\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ecDene\u3001D <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">ane-Zaa\u3001D \r\n akelh\u3001Tsilhqot&#39;in\u3001Denesuline\u3001Dene Tha<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">&#39;\u3001Gwich&#39;in\u3001Kaska Dena\u3001Sahtu\u3001Tl<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">icho\u3001Tlingit\u3001Tsi&#39;<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">khene\uff08Sek<\/a> ani\uff09\u3001Tsuut&#39;ina\uff08Sarcee\uff09\uff0cTutchone \u548c Wet&#39;suwet&#39;en\u3002\r\n \r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>\u5728\u90a3\u6b21\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u670918,360\u4eba\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3aDene\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u4e39\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5317\u7f8e\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u540c\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e39\u5c3c\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">Denesuline<\/a>\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a Chipewyan\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho\uff08Dogri<\/a> b\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li>Dinjii Zhuh\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">Gwich&#39;in\u3001Kutchin \u6216 Louch<\/a> eux\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">South Slavey<\/a>\uff08Dehcho\u3001Deh Cho \u548c Deh Gah Got&#39;ine\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">North Slavey\uff08Saht\u00fc\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine\uff08K&#39;asho Got&#39;ine \u6216 Hare\/Hareskin\uff09\u3001Sahtuot&#39;ine<\/a>\uff08Bear Lake\uff09\u548c Shuta Got&#39;ine\uff08\u5c71\u533a\uff09\r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5357\u90e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">Tutchone<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">Dane-Zaa\uff08\u6d77\u72f8\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">T&#39;atsaot&#39;ine\uff08\u9ec4\u5200<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">Tsuut&#39;ina\uff08Tsuu T&#39;ina<\/a> \u6216 Sarcee\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">Tsek&#39;eh<\/a> ne\uff08Sekani\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">Tsilhqot&#39;in\uff08Chilcotin<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">Dakelh\uff08\u627f\u8fd0<\/a>\u4eba\uff09<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u57282021\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u4e39\u5c3c\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a45,895\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u4f20\u7edf\u9886\u5730<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u66fe\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a <em>Denendeh<\/em> \u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f \u201c\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e4b\u7075\u6d41\u7ecf\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u5730\u201d\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u6cb3\u8c37<\/a>\u548c\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8d2b\u6c11\u533a\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><br>\u57282021\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709405\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u8840\u7edf\uff0c\u53e6\u6709445\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u7eb3\u74e6\u970d\u8840\u7edf\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u548c\u7eb3\u74e6\u970d\u4eba\uff08Tinn\u00e9\uff09\u7684\u7956\u5148\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u897f\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5927\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d1400\u5e74\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\r\n\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u3002\u50cf\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u8fea\u6069\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u548c\u7eb3\u74e6\u970d\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u963f\u8428\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u4f20\u7edf\u751f\u6d3b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u56fa\u5316\u517d\u76ae\" alt=\"\u56fa\u5316\u517d\u76ae\">\r\n <figcaption>Denesuline\uff08Chipewyan\uff09\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u9a7c\u9e7f\u76ae\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5a1c\u6e56\uff0c\u827e\u4f2f\u5854\u7701\uff0c1918\u5e74\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois \u548c Tipi\" alt=\"Tsuut&#39;ina Travois \u548c Tipi\">\r\n <figcaption>Astokumi\uff08Crow Collar\uff09\u548c\u59bb\u5b50 Tsuut&#39;ina \u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u9e7f\u76ae\u978b\" alt=\"\u9e7f\u76ae\u978b\">\r\n <figcaption>\u9e7f\u76ae\u978b\u7531 Dene \u827a\u672f\u5bb6 Sarah Hardisty \u5236\u4f5c\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5305\u62ec\u9a7c\u9e7f\u76ae\u3001\u8c6a\u732a\u6bdb\u76ae\u3001\u6d77\u72f8\u76ae\u3001\u7f8a\u6bdb\u548c\u7ebf\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene Men \u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u5927\u5974\u96b6\u6e56\u3001\u5927<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u718a<\/a>\u6e56<\/a>\u548c\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u5730\u533a\u72e9\u730e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u9a6f<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u9e7f<\/a>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\">\u5154\u5b50<\/a>\u3001\u9e7f\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u9a7c<\/a>\u9e7f\u3002\u9493\u9c7c\u8865\u5145\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u996e\u98df\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d77\u5cb8\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e39\u5c3c\u4eba\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5987\u5973\u901a\u5e38\u8d1f\u8d23\u505a\u996d\u3001\u6536\u96c6\u98df\u7269\u548c\u7167\u987e\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u5236\u4f5c\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u52a8\u7269\u76ae\u8349\u548c\u517d\u76ae\u3002\u7f1d\u7eab\u5de5\u5177\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9aa8\u9488\u548c\u7f1d\u7eab\u7ebf\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fea\u6069\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tipi\/\">\u5c16<\/a>\u9876\u3001\u5751\u5c4b\u6216\u5c0f\u5c4b\u91cc\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/architectural-history-early-first-nations\/\">\u5efa\u7b51\u53f2\uff1a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/toboggan\/\">\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u51fa\u4e8e\u72e9\u730e\u76ee\u7684\u7ecf\u5e38\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e58\u72ec\u6728\u821f\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5728\u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e39\u5c3c\u4f7f\u7528<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/snowshoes\/\">\u96ea\u978b\u548c\u5e73\u5e95\u96ea\u6a47<\/a>\u65c5\u884c\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6587\u5316<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"Dene Drummers\" alt=\"Dene Drummers\">\r\n <figcaption>Tlicho Drummers \u548c Yellowknives Dene First Nation \u9f13\u624b\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e00\u8d77\u8868\u6f14\uff082014 \u5e74 10 \u6708 21 \u65e5\uff09\u3002\\ r\\n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"Dene Games\" alt=\"Dene Games\">\r\n <figcaption>\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5728\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5fb7\u83b1\u6069\u73a9 Dene \u6e38\u620f\uff082011 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u4e0e\u76f4\u7cfb\u4eb2\u5c5e\u548c\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u4e00\u8d77\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u5355\u4f4d\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u63d0\u4f9b\u98df\u7269\u3001\u4f4f\u6240\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u5728\u6625\u5b63\u548c\u590f\u5b63\uff0cDene\u5bb6\u65cf\u56e2\u4f53\u7ecf\u5e38\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\u571f\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3\u4efb\u4f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u7aef\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u4ee5\u5176\u4f20\u7edf\u6e38\u620f\u800c\u95fb\u540d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e38\u620f\u6700\u521d\u7528\u4e8e\u9f13\u52b1\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u730e\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u5a31\u4e50\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u793e\u533a\r\n\u4ecd\u5728\u73a9@@ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">Dene\u6e38\u620f<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e5f\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/arctic-winter-games\/\">\u5317\u6781\u51ac\u5b63\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6bd4\u8d5b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u7075\u6027<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u8fd9\u79cd\u53e3\u8ff0\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c<em>qt\u00fc hoghena n\u00fcs\u00edn\u00fcs\u00edhots\u00fc hon\u00fc hon\u00fc\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540d\u4e3a \u00fcaqhz\u00e9<\/em> \u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4f20\u8bf4\u3002<\/em>\u6bcf\u4e2aDene\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5730\u7403\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caDene\u4eba\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\r\n\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6545\u4e8b\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u4ee5\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4ed6\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5fb7\u5ae9\u5fb7\u7684\u6c34\u57df\u548c\u571f\u5730\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u4ee5\u8bf8\u5982 Raven \u548c Yam\u00e8zha \u7b49\u5e38\u89c1\u89d2\u8272\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\u3002Raven \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a97\u5b50\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u3002Raven \u7684\u884c\u4e3a\r\n\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u65e8\u5728\u6559\u5bfc Dene \u5bf9\u4e0e\u9519\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/raven-symbolism\/\">\u4e4c\u9e26\u8c61\u5f81\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002\uff09\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53d8\u5f62\u8005\u662f Yamo\u00e8zha\uff08\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a Yamoria\uff1b\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\r\n\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cYamoria \u5219\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff09\u3002Yamzha \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ece\u4eba\u53d8\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u836f\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e2e\u52a9 Dene \u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d\uff0cYamzha \u662f\u534a\u52a8\u7269\/\u534a\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e39\u5c3c\u6587\u5316\u548c\r\n\u7075\u6027\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u4f20\u6388\u4f20\u8bf4\u548c\u6559\u8bad\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e<\/a>\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8bed\u8a00<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dene \u8bed\u8a00\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a Dene \u6216 Na-Den\u00e9\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a Athabascan\uff09\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u5927\u7ea6\u670928\u79cd\u963f\u8428\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u8bed\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\r\n\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6d77\u5cb8\u963f\u8428\u5df4\u65af\u574e\u8bed\u3001\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u4e9a\u8bed\u548c\u5317\u963f\u8428\u5df4\u65af\u574e\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709 11,370 \u4eba\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u5bf9 Dene \u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002Dene \u662f\u5317\u7f8e\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u6709\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u8bb2\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e39\u5c3c\u8bed\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6fd2\u5371\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\r\n\u4f8b\u5982\u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">Kaska Dena<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u57282021\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709225\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u3002Wetalh \u662f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">Wetal \u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u706d<\/a>\u7edd\r\n\u4e86\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u632f\u5174\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u6fd2\u5371\u8bed\u8a00\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u571f\u8457\u8bed\u8a00<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u65e9\u57281700\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0cDene\u5c31\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u4f20\u6559\u58eb<\/a>\u3002\u52301900\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u9ec4\u91d1<\/a>\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u5728\u4e39\u5c3c\u5730\u533a\u5b9a\u5c45\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u4ece1871\u5e74\u52301921\u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5404\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5165\u5b89\u5927\u7565\u7701\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u7f16\u53f7\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u8feb\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u8fea\u7eb3\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\uff0c\u4fb5\u8680\u4e86\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6839\u9664\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em><\/a>\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u540c\u5316\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u5bf9Dene\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u5f3a\u5236\u642c\u8fc1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u57281950\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6250\u540d\u8d5b\u4f0a\u897f\u00b7\u5fb7\u5185\u88ab\u5f3a\u884c\u4ece<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u66fc\u5c3c\u6258\u5df4\u7701<\/a>\u8fbe\u514b\u6e56\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u4e18\u5409\u5c14<\/a>\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\r\n\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u66fc\u5c3c\u6258\u5df4\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7fa4\u7684\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u4f4f\u623f\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002Dene \u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u5783\u573e\u573a\u641c\u5bfb\uff0c\u5e76\u906d\u5230\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002\r\n\u5f3a\u884c\u8fc1\u79fb\u7ed9\u4e39\u5c3c\u793e\u533a\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u4e8e2016\u5e748\u6708\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e3a\u642c\u8fc1\u9053\u6b49\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6743\u5229\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"Dene Nation\" alt=\"Dene Nation\">\r\n <figcaption>Dene Nation \u5728 Tar Sands \u7597\u6108\u6b65\u9053\u4e0a\uff0c2013 \u5e74\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u4f20\u7edf\u9886\u571f<\/a>\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">\u7b2c8\u548c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a> \u53f7\u6761\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684<\/a>\u571f\u5730\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u81ea\u6cbb<\/a>\u548c\u5176\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fea\u7eb3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e8e1969-70 \r\n \u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\uff081978\u5e74\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u8fea\u7eb3\u6c11\u65cf\uff09\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u5821<\/a>\u9996\u9886\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u4fdd\u83b1\u7279\u548c\u5176\u4ed6Dene\u914b\u957f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u8b66\u544a\uff08\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b66\u544a\uff09\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53caDene\u5bf9\u7b2c8\u53f7\u548c\u7b2c11\u53f7\u6761\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5229\u76ca\u3002\r\n\u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u575a\u79f0Dene\u901a\u8fc7\u7b7e\u7f72\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u6743\uff0c\u4f46Dene\u8fa9\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u4ece\u672a\u6253\u7b97\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u4e3b\u5ba1\u6cd5\u5b98W.G. Morrow\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u63a5\u89e6\u4e86\u897f\u5317\r\n\u5730\u533a\u7684Dene\u793e\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9aDene\u786e\u5b9e\u62e5\u6709\u571f\u5730\u53ca\u5176\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u57fa\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8be5\u6848\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4fdd\u83b1\u7279\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u83ab\u7f57\u6cd5\u5b98\u5173\u4e8e\u571f\u8457\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c31Dene\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976\u5e74\uff0cDene Nation\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u8fea\u7eb3\u5ba3\u8a00\u548c\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u547c\u5401\u5728\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u8c37\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e39\u5c3c\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u62df\u5efa\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u8c37\u7ba1\u9053<\/a>\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u94fa\u8bbe\u7684\u3002Dene\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u8c37\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u81ea1992\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u5ae9\u5fb7\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u89e3\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ecGwich&#39;in\uff081992\u5e74\uff09\u3001Sahtu\uff081994\u5e74\uff09\u548cTlicho\uff082003\u5e74\uff09\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u571f\u8457\u571f\u5730\u4e3b\u5f20<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\uff1a\u6761\u7ea6\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5f53\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4e39\u5c3c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4e00\u76f4\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u571f\u8457\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u793e\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57281990\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\r\n\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u30022016 \u5e74 9 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff0cD\u00e9lnGot&#39;n\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"zh","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":5,"created_at":"2024-12-16T04:49:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-16T04:49:54.000000Z"},{"id":"9dbc640e-c3e1-4abc-ae1f-5c0720b3568d","article_id":"91119","title":"Dene","summary":"<p>Dene \u7d44\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u5f9e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0cDene\uff08Dene\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u7a2e\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\r\n\u5fb7\u5167\u8607\u6797\uff08Chipewyan\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">Tlicho<\/a>\uff08\u9053\u683c\u91cc\u5e03\uff09\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u4e01<\/a>\u5409\u6731\uff08\u5409\u6b3d\uff09\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u4e39\u5c3c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u963f\u5854\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u4eba\uff0c\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u52a0\u4eba\uff0c\u963f\u5854\u5e15\u65af\u5361\u4eba\u6216\u963f\u85a9\u5e15\u65af\u52a0\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tahltan\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inland-tlingit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c45,895 \u4eba\u88ab\u78ba\u5b9a\u70ba\u6709<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u5fb7\u5167\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u5167\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u4e39\u5c3c\u624e<\/a>\u3001\u9054\u514b\u723e\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u9f4a\u723e\u79d1\u5ef7\u3001\u5fb7\u5167\u8607\u6797\u3001\u5fb7\u5167\u5854\u3001\u5409\u6b3d\u3001\u5361\u65af\u5361\u5fb7\u7d0d\u3001\u85a9\u8d6b\u5716\u3001\u5854\u723e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u5766\u3001\u7279\u5229\u55ac\u3001\u7279\u6797\u5409\u7279\u3001\u5207\u514b\u5167\uff08\u585e\u5361\u5c3c\uff09\u3001\u6d25<\/a>\u7530\uff08\u85a9\u897f\uff09\u3001\u5716\u723e\u5766\u3001\u7279\u5229\u55ac\u3001\u7279\u6797\u5409\u7279\u3001\u5207\u514b\u5167\uff08\u585e\u5361<\/a>\u5c3c\uff09\u3001\u6d25\u7530\u7d0d\uff08\u85a9\u897f\uff09\u3001\u5716\u723e\u5766\u548c\u5716\u4e18\u5167\u7dad\u7279\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\">\u8607\u97cb\u9813<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>\u5728\u8a72\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709 18,360 \u4eba\u88ab\u8b58\u5225\u70ba Dene\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u4e39\u5c3c\u6c11\u65cf<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f5c\u70ba\u5317\u7f8e\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u7a31\u70ba Dene\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/chipewyan\/\">\u4e39\u7d20\u6c28\u9178\uff08\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba<\/a>\u5947\u4f69\u97cb\u6069\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tlicho-dogrib\/\">\u7279\u5229\u55ac\uff08\u591a\u683c\u91cc<\/a>\u5e03\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li>\u6731\u4e01\u5409\uff08\u5409\u6b3d\u3001\u5eab\u6b3d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gwichin\/\">\u6216\u76e7\u820d\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u5357\u65af<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/slavey-slave\/\">\u62c9\u7dad<\/a>\uff08\u5fb7\u4e18\u3001\u5fb7\u4e18\u548c\u5fb7\u52a0\u6208\u8482\u5167\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bearlake\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mountain-band\/\">\u5317\u65af\u62c9\u7dad\uff08\u85a9\u8d6b\u5716\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5361\u7d22\u8482\u5167\uff08\u5361<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hare-band\/\">\u7d22\u6208\u8482\u5167\u6216\u54c8\u96f7\u65af\u91d1\uff09\uff0c<\/a>\u85a9\u5716\u5967\u8482\u5167\uff08\u718a\u6e56\uff09\u548c\u8212\u5854\u6208\u8482\u5167\uff08\u5c71\uff09\r\n<\/a><\/a><\/li>\r\n <li>\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5357\u90e8\u5716<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tutchone\/\">\u4e18<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/beaver-native-group\/\">\u4e39\u5c3c\u624e\uff08\u6d77\u8c79\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/yellowknives-band\/\">\u5854\u4f50\u8482\u5167\uff08\u9ec3\u5200\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sarcee-tsuu-tina\/\">\u6d25\u7530\u5948\uff08\u6d25\u7530\u7d0d<\/a>\u6216\u85a9\u897f\uff09<\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\u5361\u65af\u5361\u00b7\u5fb7\u7d0d<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sekani\/\">\u5207\u514b\u5167\uff08\u585e\u5361\u5c3c\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chilcotin-tsilhqotin\/\">\u9f4a\u723e\u79d1\u5ef7\uff08\u5947\u723e\u79d1\u5ef7\uff09<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/carrier\/\">\u9054\u514b\u723e\uff08\u822a\u7a7a\u516c<\/a>\u53f8\uff09<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8072\u7a31\u5fb7\u7d0d\u4f86\u6e90\u7956\u7684\u4eba\u7e3d\u6578\u70ba 45,895 \u4eba\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u50b3\u7d71\u9818\u571f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u66fe\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u88ab<em>\u7a31\u70ba Denendeh<\/em> \u7684\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u5275\u9020\u8005\u7684\u9748\u9b42\u6d41\u904e\u9019\u7247\u571f\u5730\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u5730\u300d\u3002\u8a72\u5730\u5340\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-river\/\">\u9ea5\u80af\u9f4a\u6cb3\u8c37<\/a>\u548c\u897f\u5317\u9818\u5730\u7684\u8352\u91ce\u5730<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/northwest-territories\/\">\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p> <strong>\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u55ce<\/strong><br>\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c405 \u4eba\u8072\u7a31\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u7956\u5148\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u6709 445 \u4eba\u8072\u7a31\u7d0d\u74e6\u970d\u7956\u5148\u3002\u64da\u8aaa\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u548c\u7d0d\u74e6\u970d\uff08Tinn\u00eb\uff09\u7684\u7956\u5148\u6e90\u65bc\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u897f\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d 1400 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u79fb\u6c11\r\n\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u3002\u50cf\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684 Dene \u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u963f\u5e15\u5947\u548c\u7d0d\u74e6\u970d\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u4eba\u300d\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u50b3\u7d71\u751f\u6d3b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"slider\">\r\n <div class=\"bxslider\">\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg\" title=\"\u56fa\u5316\u76ae\" alt=\"\u56fa\u5316\u76ae\">\r\n <figcaption>1918 \u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u723e\u4f2f\u5854\u7701\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5a1c\u6e56\u7684\u5fb7\u5167\u8607\u6797\uff08Chipewyan\uff09\u4eba\u5011\u6e96\u5099\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u9e7f\u76ae\u819a\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cb51fb80-deaf-46a4-a9ad-b5bca1c5fc04.jpg\" title=\"\u6d25\u7530\u7d0d\u7279\u62c9\u6c83\u4f0a\u65af\u548c\u8482\u6bd4\" alt=\"\u6d25\u7530\u7d0d\u7279\u62c9\u6c83\u4f0a\u65af\u548c\u8482\u6bd4\">\r\n <figcaption>\u963f\u65af\u6258\u5eab\u7c73\uff08\u70cf\u9d09\u9805\u5708\uff09\u548c\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u6d25\u7530\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/12312958-dfa5-4132-af16-a075bd3c0165.jpg\" title=\"\u6469\u5361\u65af\u5c3c\" alt=\"\u6469\u5361\u65af\u5c3c\">\r\n <figcaption>\u7531\u4e39\u5a1c\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u838e\u62c9\u00b7\u54c8\u8fea\u65af\u8482\u88fd\u4f5c\u7684\u6469\u5361\u8f9b\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5305\u62ec\u9e7f\u76ae\u3001\u86c7\u76ae\u3001\u6d77\u8c79\u76ae\u3001\u7f8a\u6bdb\u548c\u7dda\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9801\u4e0b<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u4e00\u9801<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/rabbit\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/deer\/\">\u4e39\u5c3c\u7537\u5b50\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/caribou\/\">\u5927\u5974\u96b8<\/a>\u6e56\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-slave-lake\/\">\u5927\u718a\u6e56\u548c\u9ea5\u80af\u9f4a\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u5730\u5340\u72e9\u7375\u9b5a \u2014\u2014 \u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u652f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/moose\/\">\u67f1 \u2014<\/a> \u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u91ce\u7378\uff0c\u4f8b<\/a>\u5982\u5154\u5b50<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/great-bear-lake\/\">\u3001\u9e7f\u548c<\/a>\u9e7f\u8089\u3002<\/a><\/a>\u91e3\u9b5a\u88dc\u5145\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u98f2\u98df\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4f4f\u5728\u6d77\u5cb8\u9644\u8fd1\u7684 Dene \u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5973\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u8ca0\u8cac\u70f9\u98ea\u9910\u9ede\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u98df\u7269\u548c\u7167\u9867\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u88fd\u4f5c\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u76ae\u8349\u548c\u52d5\u7269\u76ae\u9769\u3002\u7e2b\u7d09\u5de5\u5177\u4e5f\u4f86\u81ea\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9aa8\u91dd\u548c\u7528\u65bc\u7dda\u7684\u7b4b\r\n\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0cDene 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src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/b5aeaa5d-3f41-4e12-9de7-9b0a069131da.jpg\" title=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u9f13\u624b\" alt=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u9f13\u624b\">\r\n <figcaption>\u7279\u5229\u55ac\u9f13\u624b\u548c\u9ec3\u5200\u5fb7\u5167\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u9f13\u624b\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5916\u5c55\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\u4e00\u8d77\u8868\u6f14\uff082014 \u5e74 10 \u6708 21 \u65e5\uff09\u3002\\ r\\ n<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/ef59eb2c-6b7b-4d8d-9af4-96e54bad8220.jpg\" title=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u904a\u6232\" alt=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u904a\u6232\">\r\n <figcaption>\u65b0\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5fb7\u6797\u7684\u9752\u5e74\uff0c\u73a9\u5fb7\u5167\u904a\u6232\uff082011 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"bxslider-controls\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-prev\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9801\u4e0b<\/a><a href=\"#\" class=\"bx-next\">\u4e00\u9801<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u8207\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u54e1\u4e00\u8d77\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u55ae\u4f4d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u98df\u7269\u3001\u4f4f\u6240\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u5728\u6625\u5b63\u548c\u590f\u5b63\uff0cDene \u5bb6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7d93\u5e38\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u571f\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u8cbf\u6613\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u6c7a\u4efb\u4f55\u5718\u9ad4\u9593\u722d\u8b70\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u8209\u8fa6\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u5100\u5f0f\u548c\u6176\u795d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\nDene \u4ee5\u5176\u50b3\u7d71\u904a\u6232\u800c\u805e\u540d\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7528\u65bc\u9f13\u52f5\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7375\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u5a1b\u6a02\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-games\/\">\u4eca\u5929\uff0cDene 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\/\">\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9748<\/a>\u6027\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8a9e\u8a00<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4e39\u5c3c\u8a9e\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u5fb7\u5167\u6216\u7d0d\u5fb7\u5167\uff08\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u8a9e\uff09\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u6709\u5927\u7d04 28 \u7a2e\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u8a9e\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7531\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d44\u6210\uff1a\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6d77\r\n\u5cb8\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u8a9e\uff0c\u963f\u5e15\u5951\u4e9e\u8a9e\u548c\u5317\u963f\u85a9\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u8a9e\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c11,370 \u4eba\u5831\u544a\u4e86\u5c0d\u5fb7\u5167\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002Dene \u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u5404\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u842c\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5317\u7f8e\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e39\u5c3c\u8a9e\u8a00\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7015\u5371\r\n\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9054\u5167\u624e\u683c\uff08\u5361\u65af\u5361\u5fb7\u7d0d\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/kaska\/\">\uff0c\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u4eba<\/a>\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c225 \u4eba\u8072\u7a31\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u97cb\u5854\u723e\u8a9e\u662f\u97cb\u5854\u723e\u8a9e\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u88ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/tsetsaut\/\">\u8a8d\u70ba\u5df2<\/a>\u6ec5\r\n\u7d55\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5b78\u6821\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u52aa\u529b\u632f\u8208\u9019\u4e9b\u7015\u5371\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\uff08\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927<em>\u7684<\/em>\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u8a9e\u8a00<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6b77\u53f2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u5fb7\u5167\u4eba\u65e9\u5728 1700 \u5e74\u4ee3\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u5546\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/missions-and-missionaries\/\">\u3001\u63a2\u96aa<\/a>\u5bb6\u548c\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5230 1900 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u90e8\u767c\u73fe\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u9ec3<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gold\/\">\u91d1\u9032\u4e00<\/a>\u6b65\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u548c\u5546\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u5728\u5fb7\u5167\u3002\u5f9e 1871 \u5e74\u5230 1921 \u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\u5404\u7a2e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u65cf\u7c3d<\/a>\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u5b89\u5927\u7565\u7701\u5317\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u571f\u5730\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\uff08\u4e5f\u5305<em>\u62ec\u7de8<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\/\">\u865f\u689d\u7d04<\/a>\u3002\uff09\u9019\u8feb\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u5fb7\u5167\u4eba\u6c11\u9032\u5165\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\/\">\u4fdd\u8b77<\/a>\u5340\uff0c\u4e26\u4f7f\u50b3\u7d71\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7834\u58de\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u6ec5\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u540c\u5316\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b78\u6821\u548c<\/a>\u5370\u5ea6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d<\/em><\/a> Dene \u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u8ca0\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>\u5f37\u5236\u642c\u9077<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/manitoba\/\">\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u7d04 250 \u540d\u8cfd\u4f0a\u897f\u00b7\u5fb7\u5167\u88ab\u8feb\u642c\u5230\u99ac\u5c3c\u6258\u5df4\u7684 Duck Lake \u7684\u5bb6\u5712\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/churchill\/\">\u4e18<\/a>\u5409\u723e\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u99ac\u5c3c\u6258\u5df4\u653f\u5e9c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u6b63\u5728\u5c0e\u81f4\u5361\u91cc\u5e03\u7fa4\u7684\u6025\u5287\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3002<\/a> \r\n\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u4f4f\u623f\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4e39\u5c3c\u65cf\u88ab\u8feb\u6536\u62fe\u5783\u573e\u6876\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u4e18\u5409\u723e\u5c45\u6c11\r\n\u8972\u64ca\u3002\u5f37\u5236\u642c\u9077\u9020\u6210\u4e86 Dene \u793e\u5340\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5275\u50b7\u3002\u806f\u90a6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\/\">\u653f\u5e9c\u65bc<\/a> 2016 \u5e74 8 \u6708\u5c31\u9019\u6b21\u642c\u9077\u6b63\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u9053\u6b49\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u6d3b\u52d5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg\" title=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u6c11\u65cf\" alt=\"\u4e39\u5c3c\u6c11\u65cf\">\r\n <figcaption>\u4e39\u5c3c\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u7126\u7cd6\u7642\u7652\u6b65\u9053\u4e0a\uff0c2013 \u5e74\u3002<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u8b49\u5be6\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\/\">\u50b3\u7d71\u9818\u571f<\/a>\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u7b2c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-8\/\">8<\/a> \u548c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/treaty-11\/\">11<\/a> \u689d\u7d04\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff09\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u81ea<\/a>\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fb7\u5167\u570b\u5728 1969-70 \u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u897f\u5317\u9818\u571f\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5144\u5f1f\u6703\uff081978 \u5e74\u66f4\u540d\u70ba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/dene-nation\/\">Dene Nation\uff09\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1973 \u5e74\uff0c\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/fort-smith\/\">\u5821\u9577\u5f17<\/a>\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u4fdd\u840a\u7279\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5fb7\u5167\u9996\u9818\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u8b66\u544a\uff08\u5411\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8b66\u544a\uff09\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c \r\n 8 \u548c 11 \u689d\u689d\u7d04\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5fb7\u5167\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u653f\u5e9c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5fb7\u5167\u4eba\u901a\u904e\u7c3d\u7f72\u689d\u7d04\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u653e\u68c4\uff0c\u4f46\u5fb7\u5167\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5f9e\u672a\u6253\u7b97\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u4e26\u8207\u897f\u5317\u9818\u5730\u7684 Dene \u793e\u5340\u806f\u7e6b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6cd5\u5b98 W.G. Morrow \u6cd5\u5b98\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0cDene \u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5c0d\u8a72\u571f\u5730\u548c\u5176\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u6b0a\u3002\r\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u6839\u64da\u6280\u8853\u6027\u53cd\u8f49\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u6848 \u2014\u2014 \u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u4fdd\u840a\u7279\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u83ab\u7f85\u6cd5\u5b98\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0e\u81f4\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u53d7\u6709\u95dc Dene \u5229\u76ca\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8ac7\u5224\u662f\r\n\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n1976 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\u570b\u5bb6\u767c\u5e03\u4e86\u5fb7\u7d0d\u5ba3\u8a00\u548c\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u547c\u7c72\u5728\u9ea5\u80af\u9f4a\u8c37\u9032\u884c\u5fb7\u5167\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u6b63\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u64ec\u5efa\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mackenzie-valley-pipeline\/\">\u9ea5\u80af\u9f4a\u8c37\u7ba1<\/a>\u9053\u65bd\u5de5\u3002\u5728\u9ea5\u80af\u9f4a\u8c37\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u65b9\u9762\uff0cDene \u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8207\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6301\u7e8c\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e8c\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u7530\u6069\u5fb7\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u571f\u5730\u7d22\u511f\u7d50\u7b97\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\u5409\u6b3d\uff081992 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\u6c99\u5716\uff081994 \u5e74\uff09\u548c\u7279\u5229\u55ac\uff082003 \u5e74\uff09\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u571f\u5730\u7d22\u511f<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u548c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff1a\u689d<\/a>\u7d04\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u7576\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684 Dene First Nations \u4e00\u76f4\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u6709\u95dc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u793e\u5340\u767c\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u5340\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1990 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\r\n\u8a9e\u6210\u70ba\u897f\u5317\u9818\u5730\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8a9e\u8a00\u30022016 \u5e74 9 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7372\u5f97\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"zh-TW","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2024-12-16T04:49:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-16T04:49:41.000000Z"}]}],"associated_collections":[]}" header="Content" ></article-sidebar> </div> <div class="main-content"> <input class="js-picture-information" type="hidden" value="[{"filename":"3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","creator":"","caption":"Small totem outside Saik'uz First Nation Potlatch House, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community."},{"filename":"46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57","title":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","alt":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","creator":"","caption":"Nadleh Whut'en First Nation (part of the larger Yinka Dene (Carrier) Nation) and Fraser Lake, view from Mt. Fraser, 2006."},{"filename":"98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd","title":"Saik'uz First Nation","alt":"Saik'uz First Nation","source":"(courtesy Themightyquill\/Wikimedia CC)","creator":"","caption":"Cabins on Saik'uz First Nation, along Nulki Lake, 2006. Saik'uz First Nation is a Dakelh (Carrier Dene) community."}]"> <main class="main-grid"> <article class="article main-grid__content"> <input type="hidden" id="isUserLogin" name="loginuser" value=""> <aside id="articlewidgets" class="article-widgets"> <input type="checkbox" class="menu-open" name="menu-open" id="menu-open"/> <label class="widget-open-button" for="menu-open"> <span class="dot--1"></span> <span class="dot--2"></span> <span class="dot--3"></span> </label> <button data-target="popup-citation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="widget-item__icon--citation"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Citation</span> </button> <button data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-edit-submit"> <div class="widget-item__icon--edit"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Suggest an Edit</span> </button> <button data-target="popup-translation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-translation"> <div class="widget-item__icon--translate"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Request translation</span> </button> <button id="popup-translation__original" class="widget-item hide-widget"> <div class="widget-item__icon--revert"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Revert to English</span> </button> </aside> <div id="popup-translation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div role="heading">Request a Translation</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="'6LeIWwglAAAAANriZBXJ8HgScx2u6jGAx0gY0GKm'" data-callback="onSubmit" data-size="invisible"> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div id="translation-language-picker"> <translation-select recaptcha-site-key="6LeIWwglAAAAANriZBXJ8HgScx2u6jGAx0gY0GKm" slug=carrier locale=en></translation-select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="translation-rating-snackbar"> <translation-rating show-rating=0 slug=carrier></translation-rating> </div> <div id="popup-edit" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div>Suggest an Edit</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div class="contact-form edit-form"> <div class="form-error-list"> <ul></ul> </div> <form method="POST" action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/submitArticle" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="form form-submit-edit form-main"><input name="_token" type="hidden" value="JTyLKhEudHiUMdrKfvnVJaLf7M1ePGXarjEcccP8"> <input name="aid" type="hidden" value="72287"> <input name="edit" type="hidden" value="true"> <div class="input-group "> <label for="description">Enter your suggested edit(s) to this article in the form field below</label> <textarea id="text-editor" class="form-control input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Write your message here..." name="description" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea> </div> <div class="btn-container"> <div> <input class="disabled js-submitedit-submit b b-md b-invert" type="submit" value="Submit"> </div> <div> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="js-popup-close b-link">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-citation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div> Citation </div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <ul class="list"> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy1" type="text" value="MLA 8TH EDITION | Hudson, Douglas. 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Article published August 25, 2010; Last Edited November 19, 2024.</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="Hudson, Douglas. "Dakelh (Carrier)." <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Historica Canada. Article published August 25, 2010; Last Edited November 19, 2024." href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy4" type="text" value="TURABIAN 8TH EDITION | <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Dakelh (Carrier)," by Douglas Hudson, Accessed February 27, 2025, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/carrier"> <li class="title">TURABIAN 8TH EDITION</li> <li class="description"><em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Dakelh (Carrier)," by Douglas Hudson, Accessed February 27, 2025, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/carrier</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="<em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. 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The Carrier name derives from the former custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her deceased husband in a bag during a period of mourning, at which time a ceremonial distribution of goods released her of the obligation. The name is also an English translation of Aghele, the Sekani name for Dakelh people. They call themselves Dakelh (people who “travel upon water”), and add the suffixes -xwoten, “people of” or -t’en, “people” to village names or locations to refer to specific groups (e.g., Tl’azt’en, Wet’suwet’en). In the 2021 census, 4,730 people claimed to be of Dakelh ancestry. </div> <div class="article-content-body"> <div id="article-content-def"> <div class="slider"> <div class="bxslider"> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg" title="Saik'uz first nation" alt="Saik'uz first nation"> </div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/46e0fc31-7bbd-464d-a310-7783799def57.jpg" title="Nadleh Whut'en first nation" alt="Nadleh Whut'en first nation"> </div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3857d797-1515-4ee4-ac50-5f5b0f098957.jpg" title="Saik'uz First Nation" alt="Saik'uz First Nation"></div> </div> <div class="bxslider-controls"><a href="#" class="bx-prev">Previous</a><a href="#" class="bx-next">Next</a></div> </div> <h3>Population and Territory</h3> <p>Dakelh territory comprises approximately 76,000 km<sup>2</sup> in the Interior Plateau region of <a href="British%20Columbia">British Columbia</a>, bounded on the east by the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, in the north by the Omineca Mountains, and to the west by the Pacific Coast. In the 2021 <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/demographic-data-collection">census</a>, 4,730 people claimed to have Dakelh ancestry. (<em>See also</em> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-plateau">Plateau Indigenous Peoples in Canada</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-territory">Indigenous Territory</a>.)</p> <h3>Pre-contact Life</h3> <p>Dakelh winter villages were mainly located at the outlets of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lake">lakes</a> or the confluences of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/river">rivers</a>, or adjacent to strategic river canyons. The traditional economy of the Dakelh was based on fishing, especially <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/salmon">salmon</a> and lake <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fishes">fish</a>. Salmon fishing was carried out by using weirs (enclosures) across river mouths or by spearing salmon along rivers.</p> <p>The Dakelh also hunted large and small game, including <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bear-animal">bear</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marmot">marmots</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beaver">beaver</a>. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/caribou">Caribou</a> was particularly important to traditional ways of life until the mid-1800s; <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/moose">moose</a> became similarly important after 1900. They gathered <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wild-berries">berries</a> and plants to supplement their diet.</p> <p>The Dakelh used coastal trade routes to exchange hides, dried berries and meats; the routes were known as “Grease Trails” because many of the products traded along these routes were created using fish oils or grease. The Dakelh also had extensive trade ties with neighbouring groups, such as the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/nuxalk-bella-coola/">Nuxalk</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/gitksan/">Gitxsan</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/sekani/">Sekani</a>.</p> <h3>Society and Culture</h3> <p>Lower Dakelh social organization was based on bilateral kinship groups centred on extended families consisting of brothers, their wives and children, and married sons’ families. Each group (known as a <em>sedeku</em>) was associated with a hunting territory and fishing and gathering sites.</p> <p>Upper and Central Dakelh had matrilineal descent groups or clans associated with resource-use areas (known as <em>keyoh</em>) and fishing sites. Heads of kinship groups and clans were known as <em>deneza</em>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/potlatch/">Potlatches</a>, the ceremonial distribution of goods and food, were held by <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clan">Clans</a> to commemorate deaths, the inheritance of names and other special occasions. Members of each community were connected by extensive kinship ties which served as a framework for the inheritance of traplines and the exchange of goods and services. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oblates-of-mary-immaculate">Oblate</a> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/missions-and-missionaries">missionaries</a> established a mission at Stuart Lake in 1873 and discouraged Potlatches and other customs.</p> <h3>Language</h3> <p>Linguistically, the Dakelh are <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dene">Dene</a> and comprise three major subgroupings based on differences in dialect and culture: Upper Dakelh or Babine, located along the Bulkley River and Babine Lake in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/skeena-river">Skeena River</a> watershed; Central Dakelh in the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake basins in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fraser-river">Fraser River</a> watershed; and Lower Dakelh in the Blackwater River region. The Canadian <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/demographic-data-collection">census</a> does not separate Babine, Central Dakelh, and Southern Dakelh speakers. In 2016, it reported 990 people claimed Dakelh (Carrier) as their mother tongue and 1,530 people claimed knowledge of the language. (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-languages">Indigenous Languages in Canada</a>.)</p> <h3>Colonial History</h3> <p><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-alexander-mackenzie-explorer" target="_blank">Alexander Mackenzie</a> and other fur traders of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-north-west-company-17791821-feature">Northwest Company</a> were the first Europeans to enter Dakelh territory in 1793. (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fur-trade">Fur Trade</a>.) In order to get to this area however, they had to pass through <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sekani">Sekani</a> lands, and therefore learned about the Dakelh from the Sekani. It is for this reason that the Sekani name for Dakelh — <em>Aghele</em> — is the name Europeans translated and used to refer to the Dakelh.</p> <p>After the establishment of fur trade posts in the Dakelh area in the early 1800s (e.g., <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/fort-st-james/">Fort St. James</a> at Stuart Lake in 1806), the Dakelh traded <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/salmon">salmon</a> and furs to fur-trading companies (North West Company until 1821; the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/hudsons-bay-company/">Hudson’s Bay Company</a> after 1821). Because of a mission and trading post located at Stuart Lake, Fort St. James became an important centre for seasonal gatherings of Dakelh from throughout the region.</p> <p><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/disease">Diseases</a> such as <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smallpox">smallpox</a> and measles in the 1800s and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/influenza">influenza</a> in 1918 reduced the Dakelh populations, which reached a low point in the late 1920s. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/aboriginal-reserves/">Reserves</a> were allocated in 1871 and in the 1890s.</p> <p>After the completion of a <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history">railway</a> line in the Northern Interior in 1914, the Dakelh became involved in logging and seasonal wage labour while maintaining <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fur-trapping">trapping</a> and fishing activities. This pattern remains important in some Dakelh communities.</p> <p>By 1911, weirs (enclosures) had been banned from use on <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/salmon">salmon</a> streams in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fraser-river">Fraser River</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/skeena-river">Skeena River</a> watersheds; in 1913–14 rock slides in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hells-gate">Hells Gate</a> section of the Fraser River severely reduced the amount of salmon reaching the Stuart Lake and Fraser Lake area, resulting in increased use of lakefish, hunting and trapping.</p> <h3>Activism</h3> <p>In the 1980s, the westernmost Dakelh groups, the Wet'suwet'en, along with the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gitksan">Gitxsan</a> of the Skeena River, went to court for recognition of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-title">Aboriginal title</a> in what is known as the <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/delgamuukw-case">Delgamuukw case</a></em> (1997). The <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/supreme-court-of-canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> observed that Aboriginal title constituted an ancestral right protected by section 35 (1) of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1982"><em>Constitution Act, 1982</em></a>. Influenced by the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/calder-case"><em>Calder </em>case</a> (1973), the ruling in the <em>Delgamuukw</em> case had an impact on other court cases about the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-rights">rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> and Aboriginal title, including in the <em>Tsilhqot’in</em> case (2014). (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-political-organization-and-activism">Indigenous Political Organization and Activism in Canada</a>.)</p> <h3>Contemporary Life</h3> <p>Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) is a political organization that represents seven <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a>: Ts’il Kaz Koh (Burns Lake Band), Nadleh Whut’en, Saik’uz, Stellat’en, Takla Lake, Tl’azt’en, and Wet’suwet’en. According to the CSTC, the organization also offers “technical and professional services to its member-nations in the areas of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fisheries">fisheries</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-education">education</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions">economic</a> development, community and infrastructure planning, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/forestry">forestry</a>, financial management and negotiations.”</p> <p>Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council (CCTC) has four member communities: Lhoosk’uz Dené Nation, Lhtako Dené Nation, Tl’esqox of the Tsilhqot’in, and Ulkatcho First Nation. The council describes itself as “an effective and progressive organization that contributes to the unity and well-being of the CCTC communities and citizens through the delivery of quality programs and services which respect our aboriginal culture, traditions and values.”</p> </div> </div> <div id="def" class="article-content-body hide"></div> </div> <div id="article-definitions"> <definitions route="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/define" id="carrier"></definitions> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-adsense"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3964766461879185" data-ad-slot="1946780682"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide</h3> <p> <a href="http://fb.historicacanada.ca/education/english/indigenous-perspectives/" target="_blank"><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_images/IPG%20EN%202.jpg"></a> </p> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Peoples Collection</h3> <p> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples/"> <img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_collections/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg" <="" a=""></a> </p> </article> </main> <div id="modal-overlay" class="overlay"></div> <div id="article-image" class="article-img-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-modal-title"> <button class="article-img-modal__close" aria-label="close image modal"></button> <div id="js-article-modal-image" class="article-img-modal__container"> <div class="image-container"> <img class="article-img-modal__img" src="" alt=""> </div> <div class="text-container"> <span role="heading" aria-level="3" id="article-modal-title" class="article-img-modal__title"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__description"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__creator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-grid article-related"> <ul class="article-tags-list main-grid__content"> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=First%20Nations&tag=first-nations">First Nations</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Indigenous%20Peoples&tag=indigenous-peoples">Indigenous Peoples</a> </li> </ul> <div id="further_reading" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">Further Reading</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p class="MsoNormal">A. Mills, <i>Eagle Down is Our Law: Witsuwit'en Law, Feasts, and Land Claims</i> (1994).<o:p></o:p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div id="external_links" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">External Links</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><a href="http://carrierchilcotin.org/">CARRIER CHILCOTIN TRIBAL COUNCIL <span style="font-weight:normal">Learn more about the CCTC on this site.</span></a></b></span><o:p></o:p></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><a href="http://www.carriersekani.ca/">CARRIER SEKANI TRIBAL COUNCIL<span style="font-weight:normal"> Explore their official website to learn more about this organization.</span></a></b></span> <o:p></o:p></p></li> </ul> </div>   <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Recommended</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hurons-wendat-of-wendake" > Huron-Wendat of Wendake </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/3f17d7da-74d5-4ac2-bd62-148f29f3880a.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Huron-Wendat People" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huu-ay-aht" > Huu-ay-aht </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/3f6d76c8-5f05-476c-ba1a-ada93bbef2da.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Huu-ay-aht Forestry Worker" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dene" > Dene </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/bd07ff31-bf6a-42a5-9636-8159f6b0c9ab.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Dene Nation" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="full-width footer-first-part"> <div class="wrap--narrow"> <div class="footer-information grid--col2"> <div class="divider"> <h6>Updates? 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