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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Ireland. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dublin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dublin (disambiguation)">Dublin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Dublin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʌblɪn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/En-us-Dublin.ogg\/En-us-Dublin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Dublin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/En-us-Dublin.ogg/En-us-Dublin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Dublin.ogg" title="File:En-us-Dublin.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Baile Átha Cliath,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈclʲiə]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˌbʲlʲaː ˈclʲiə]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> On a bay at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a>, it is in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Mountains" title="Wicklow Mountains">Wicklow Mountains</a> range. At the <a href="/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland" title="2022 census of Ireland">2022 census</a>, the city council area had a population of 592,713, while Dublin City and its suburbs had a population of 1,263,219, and <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> had a population of 1,501,500,<a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcc-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcands-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> making it the largest city by population on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Dublin</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Baile Átha Cliath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_(97037639)_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/258px-Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="258" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/387px-Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/516px-Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_At_Sunset_Dublin_Ireland_%2897037639%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="561"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett_Bridge" title="Samuel Beckett Bridge">Samuel Beckett Bridge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG/127px-Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG/191px-Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG/254px-Dublin_The_Convention_Centre_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Convention_Centre_Dublin" title="Convention Centre Dublin">Convention Centre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg/127px-GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg/191px-GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg/254px-GoergeSalmonTrinityCollegeDublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1290"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connell_Bridge_(25748548914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg/127px-O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg/191px-O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg/254px-O%27Connell_Bridge_%2825748548914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Bridge" title="O'Connell Bridge">O'Connell Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg/127px-DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg/191px-DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg/254px-DublinTheCustomHouse-2014-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">The Custom House</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:(Ireland)_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG/258px-%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG/387px-%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG/516px-%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Up_Yard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3699" data-file-height="1603"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:IRL_Dublin_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Dublin"><img alt="Flag of Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IRL_Dublin_flag.svg/150px-IRL_Dublin_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IRL_Dublin_flag.svg/225px-IRL_Dublin_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IRL_Dublin_flag.svg/300px-IRL_Dublin_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="800"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin,_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Dublin"><img alt="Coat of arms of Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin%2C_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2798"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Fair City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas "The obedience of the citizens produces a happy city"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Alternatively translated as "An obedient citizenry produces a happy city"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dublin is located in Ireland"><img alt="Dublin is located in Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ireland_relief_location_map.png/250px-Ireland_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ireland_relief_location_map.png/375px-Ireland_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ireland_relief_location_map.png/500px-Ireland_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.136%;left:78.883%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Dublin</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Ireland</div>Show map of Ireland</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dublin is located in Europe"><img alt="Dublin is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.574%;left:14.304%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dublin</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dublin&params=53_21_N_6_16_W_type:city(593,000)_region:IE-D">53°21′N 6°16′W / 53.350°N 6.267°W / 53.350; -6.267</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Ireland">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Midland_Region" title="Eastern and Midland Region">Eastern and Midland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">Dublin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Local authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublin" title="City Hall, Dublin">Dublin City Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Geoghegan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="James Geoghegan (Fine Gael politician)">James Geoghegan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies" title="Dáil constituencies">Dáil constituencies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Central (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Bay North</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_North-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin North-West (Dáil constituency)">Dublin North-West</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_South-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin South-Central (Dáil constituency)">Dublin South-Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay_South_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Bay South (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Bay South</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituencies_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="European Parliament constituencies in the Republic of Ireland">EP constituency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dublin (European Parliament constituency)">Dublin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cso_population_density_interactive_table-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">117.8 km2 (45.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">345 km2 (133 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">592,713<a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcc-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,032/km2 (13,030/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,263,219<a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcands-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,659/km2 (9,480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland" title="2022 census of Ireland">2022 census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Ethnic groups</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">76.82% White</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">64.24% White Irish</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">12.19% White Other</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.39% Irish Traveller</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5.11% Asian / Asian Irish</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.58% Black / Black Irish</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3.50% Other / Mixed background</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">12.98% Not stated</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dubliner, Dub</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC0">UTC0</a> (<a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eircode" class="mw-redirect" title="Eircode">Eircode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">D01 to D18, D20, D22, D24 & D6W</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01 (+3531)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IE-D</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€157.2 billion (city) €222.1 billion (greater)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€108,500 (city) €106,600 (greater)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays='["_2653f8e2f2b572d0be6afbb266896d368734f318"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dublin&revid=1259077461&groups=_2653f8e2f2b572d0be6afbb266896d368734f318" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dublin&revid=1259077461&groups=_2653f8e2f2b572d0be6afbb266896d368734f318 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> A settlement was established in the area by the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> during or before the 7th century,<a href="#cite_note-dicksonX-15">[14]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a> grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dicksonX-15">[14]</a> The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and sixth largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Following independence in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the Irish State">renamed Ireland</a> in 1937. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city was listed by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> (GaWC) as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which placed it among the top thirty cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.1 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_modern">2.2 Early modern</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary">2.3 Late modern and contemporary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Government">3 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Local">3.1 Local</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#National">3.2 National</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Landscape">4.1 Landscape</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Watercourses">4.1.1 Watercourses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Climate">4.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cityscape">5 Cityscape</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Areas">5.1 Areas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#City_centre">5.1.1 City centre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Suburbs">5.1.2 Suburbs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cultural_divide">5.2 Cultural divide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Landmarks">5.3 Landmarks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Parks">5.4 Parks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#City_boundaries">5.5 City boundaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transport">7 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Road">7.1 Road</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bus">7.1.1 Bus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cycling">7.1.2 Cycling</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Rail">7.2 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Rail_and_ferry">7.3 Rail and ferry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Air">7.4 Air</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Dublin_Airport">7.4.1 Dublin Airport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other_air_transport">7.4.2 Other air transport</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Demographics">9 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Culture">10 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#The_arts">10.1 The arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Entertainment">10.2 Entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Music">10.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Shopping">10.4 Shopping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Media">10.5 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Sport">10.6 Sport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#GAA">10.6.1 GAA</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Rugby_Union">10.6.2 Rugby Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Association_football">10.6.3 Association football</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Cricket">10.6.4 Cricket</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Other">10.6.5 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Cuisine">10.7 Cuisine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#English_and_Irish_languages">11 English and Irish languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Current_era">11.1 Current era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#International_relations">12 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Twin_and_partner_cities">12.1 Twin and partner cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notable_people">13 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_C%E2%80%93D#D" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: C–D">Other names of Dublin</a></div> The name Dublin comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> word Du(i)blind (literally "Blackpool"),<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[18]</a> from dubh <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d̪ˠuβˠ]</a> "black, dark" and linn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)]</a> "pool". This evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a> form Du(i)bhlinn,<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[18]</a> which was pronounced "Duílinn" <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈd̪ˠiːlʲin̠ʲ]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language#Leinster" title="Irish language">local dialect</a>. The name refers to a dark tidal pool on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/River_Poddle" title="River Poddle">River Poddle</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">Liffey</a>. Historically, scribes writing in <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Gaelic script</a>, used a b with a <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a> over it to represent a modern bh, resulting in Du(i)ḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Middle Irish pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Difelin, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> Dyflin, modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> Dyflinn and modern <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> Divlyn as well as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> Dulyn and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> Dulenn. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicised as Devlin,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Divlin<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and Difflin.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a>, cognate with Irish <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a>), such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of <a href="/wiki/Loch_Linnhe" title="Loch Linnhe">Loch Linnhe</a>. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, Dyflin, and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles")<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> further up the river, at the present-day <a href="/wiki/Father_Mathew_Bridge" title="Father Mathew Bridge">Father Mathew Bridge</a> (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>", is the common name for the city in Modern Irish, which is often contracted to Bleá Cliath or Blea Cliath when spoken.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by <a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a>. There are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in <a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a>, Scotland, which is anglicised as <a href="/wiki/Hurlford" title="Hurlford">Hurlford</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dublin" title="History of Dublin">History of Dublin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dublin" title="Timeline of Dublin">Timeline of Dublin</a>.</div> The area of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay" title="Dublin Bay">Dublin Bay</a> has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times; fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Centre_Dublin" title="Convention Centre Dublin">Convention Centre Dublin</a> indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_quays" title="Dublin quays">south quays</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Gate" title="St. James's Gate">St. James's Gate</a> which also indicate <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> human activity.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_map_of_Ireland" title="Ptolemy's map of Ireland">Ptolemy's map of Ireland</a>, of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, the Greco-Roman astronomer and <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a>, called it <a href="/wiki/Eblana" title="Eblana">Eblana</a> polis (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἔβλανα πόλις).<a href="#cite_note-Holder-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg/330px-Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg/440px-Dublin_-_Dublinia_-_20190809102938.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A statue of a <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longship</a> in Dublin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="2017"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg/330px-Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg/440px-Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Father_Mathew_Bridge" title="Father Mathew Bridge">Father Mathew Bridge</a>, also known as Dublin Bridge</figcaption></figure> Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-it1986-29">[28]</a> It is now thought<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin" title="Temple Bar, Dublin">Temple Bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the <a href="/wiki/River_Poddle" title="River Poddle">River Poddle</a>, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as <a href="/wiki/Wood_Quay" title="Wood Quay">Wood Quay</a>. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a> within <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_Cuailgne" class="mw-redirect" title="Táin Bó Cuailgne">Táin Bó Cuailgne</a> ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 841, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> established a fortified base in Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The town grew into a substantial commercial center under <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> in the mid-to-late 10th century<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a> was launched from Wales in 1169.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> of Dublin in the Norse period was named in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Dyflinnar skíði, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Dublinshire'.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>: 24 It was upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Mac_Lochlainn" title="Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn">Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn</a> in early 1166 that <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Connacht">King of Connacht</a>, proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated King of Ireland without opposition. According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves.<a href="#cite_note-dickson10-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ireland" title="Slavery in Ireland">Slavery in Ireland</a> and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The victims came from <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, England, Normandy and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-dickson10-37">[36]</a> The King of Leinster, <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a>, after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Strongbow</a>, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dublin.info-40">[39]</a> Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the <a href="/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)" title="Barony (Ireland)">barony</a> of Dublin City was separated from the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_(barony)" title="Dublin (barony)">barony of Dublin</a>. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the City of Dublin. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG/220px-The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG/220px-The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG/330px-The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG/440px-The_Dubhlinn_Gardens_Dublin_Castle_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, with its 13th-century tower, was the fortified seat of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> until 1922.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Following the appointment of the first <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor of Dublin</a> in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.<a href="#cite_note-Dublin.info-40">[39]</a> It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg/220px-Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="2288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg/220px-Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg/330px-Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg/440px-Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dubline, 1610; a contemporary map by John Speed (1896 reprint)</figcaption></figure> Dublin was the heart of the area known as <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>, a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a> in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> established <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a> in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St. Patrick's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church</a> cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin dates from 1610, and was by <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199756-57-44">[43]</a> The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997252-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_Street,_Dublin_D1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg/220px-Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg/220px-Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg/330px-Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg/440px-Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Street,_Dublin" title="Henrietta Street, Dublin">Henrietta Street</a>, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Georgian street</a> in Dublin.</figcaption></figure> As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Georgian Dublin</a> became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin" title="Temple Bar, Dublin">Temple Bar</a>, Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997220-49">[48]</a> Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Houses of Parliament">Parliament House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublin" title="City Hall, Dublin">Royal Exchange</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wide_Streets_Commission" title="Wide Streets Commission">Wide Streets Commission</a> was established in 1757 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a> to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199758-59-50">[49]</a> In 1759, the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness brewery">Guinness brewery</a> was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997256-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary">Late modern and contemporary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late modern and contemporary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/220px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1014"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/220px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/330px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/440px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">The GPO</a> on <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> was at the centre of the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>.</figcaption></figure> Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, under which the seat of government was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster Parliament</a> in London. The city played no major role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons-54">[53]</a> By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997139-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_(6937669789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/220px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2105"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/220px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/330px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/440px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> with the ruins of the GPO to the left</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Irish Free State">Government of the Irish Free State</a> rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a>. Since the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> (1171–1541), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> (1541–1800), as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1801–1922), and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> (1919–1922). Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> in 1922, it became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Remembrance_(Dublin)" title="Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)">Garden of Remembrance</a>. Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Troubles</a>, although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>, bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin and Monaghan bombings</a> in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin. Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and 10 million square feet (900 thousand square metres) of office space.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a> has close to full employment,<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[56]</a> but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Local" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Dublin" title="Local government in Dublin">Local government in Dublin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG/220px-Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG/220px-Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG/330px-Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG/440px-Dublin_City_Council_Civic_Offices.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Civic Offices of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> assembly of 63 members elected every five years from <a href="/wiki/Local_electoral_area" title="Local electoral area">local electoral areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> It is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor</a>, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin" title="Mansion House, Dublin">Mansion House</a>. Council meetings occur at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin City Hall">Dublin City Hall</a>, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on <a href="/wiki/Wood_Quay" title="Wood Quay">Wood Quay</a>. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130810_dublin214.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20130810_dublin214.JPG/220px-20130810_dublin214.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20130810_dublin214.JPG/220px-20130810_dublin214.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20130810_dublin214.JPG/330px-20130810_dublin214.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20130810_dublin214.JPG/440px-20130810_dublin214.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a> on Kildare Street houses the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>.</figcaption></figure> As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. It is composed of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> as the house of representatives, and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> as the upper house. The President resides in <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in <a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a>, a former ducal residence on <a href="/wiki/Kildare_Street" title="Kildare Street">Kildare Street</a>. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922. The old <a href="/wiki/Irish_Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Houses of Parliament">Irish Houses of Parliament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, which dissolved in 1801, are located in <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_Dublin" title="College Green, Dublin">College Green</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Buildings" title="Government Buildings">Government Buildings</a> house the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Taoiseach" title="Department of the Taoiseach">Department of the Taoiseach</a>, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland" title="Attorney General of Ireland">Office of the Attorney General</a>. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir <a href="/wiki/Aston_Webb" title="Aston Webb">Aston Webb</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Science (Ireland)">Royal College of Science</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> originally met in the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin" title="Mansion House, Dublin">Mansion House</a> in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on. For elections to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, there are five constituencies that are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area: <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Central (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Central</a> (4 seats), <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Bay North (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Bay North</a> (5 seats), <a href="/wiki/Dublin_North-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin North-West (Dáil constituency)">Dublin North-West</a> (3 seats), <a href="/wiki/Dublin_South-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin South-Central (Dáil constituency)">Dublin South-Central</a> (4 seats) and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay_South_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin Bay South (Dáil constituency)">Dublin Bay South</a> (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The constituency of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin West (Dáil constituency)">Dublin West</a> (4 seats) is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election" title="2020 Irish general election">2020 general election</a>, the Dublin city area elected 5 <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green Party</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Social Democrats (Ireland)">Social Democrats</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Change" title="Right to Change">Right to Change</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Solidarity%E2%80%93People_Before_Profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity–People Before Profit">Solidarity–People Before Profit</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> TDs.<a href="#cite_note-it-elect-2020-results-62">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape">Landscape</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Landscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg/220px-Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg/220px-Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg/330px-Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg/440px-Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite image showing the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a> entering the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> as it divides Dublin into the <a href="/wiki/Northside_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northside (Dublin)">Northside</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southside_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southside (Dublin)">Southside</a></figcaption></figure> Dublin is situated at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a> and its urban area encompasses approximately 345 square kilometres (133 sq mi) in east-central Ireland. It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the <a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Mountains" title="Wicklow Mountains">Wicklow Mountains</a>, to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.<a href="#cite_note-Facts_about_Dublin-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Watercourses">Watercourses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Watercourses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_County_Dublin" title="List of rivers of County Dublin">List of rivers of County Dublin</a></div> The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at <a href="/wiki/Leixlip" title="Leixlip">Leixlip</a> from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage.<a href="#cite_note-erdb-64">[63]</a> The city itself was founded where the <a href="/wiki/River_Poddle" title="River Poddle">River Poddle</a> met the Liffey, and the early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small <a href="/wiki/Steine_of_Dublin" title="Steine of Dublin">Steine</a> or Steyne River, the larger Camac<a href="#cite_note-LittleRvrs-Camac-65">[64]</a> and the Bradogue,<a href="#cite_note-LittleRvrs-Brad-66">[65]</a> in particular. Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the <a href="/wiki/River_Tolka" title="River Tolka">River Tolka</a>, running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the <a href="/wiki/River_Dodder" title="River Dodder">River Dodder</a> running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-TenDoz_rivers_sml_sea-67">[66]</a> Two canals – the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of Ireland">Grand Canal</a> on the southside and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canal of Ireland">Royal Canal</a> on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west, both connecting with the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>) with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. At <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974.<a href="#cite_note-auto-68">[67]</a> The highest temperature officially recorded in Dublin is 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) on 18 July 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>. A non-official record of 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) was also recorded at Phoenix Park in July 1876<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. <a href="/wiki/Ringsend" title="Ringsend">Ringsend</a> in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in),<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 726 mm (29 in). At Merrion Square, the wettest year and driest year on record occurred within 5 years of each other, with 1953 receiving just 463.1 mm (18.23 in) of rainfall, while 1958 recorded 1,022.5 mm (40.26 in).<a href="#cite_note-auto-68">[67]</a> The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers. The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Based on satellite observations, <a href="/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann" title="Met Éireann">Met Éireann</a> estimates that Dublin's coastal areas typically receive over 1,600 hours of sunshine per year,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> with the climate getting progressively duller inland. Dublin airport, located north of city and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast, records an average of 1,485 hours of sunshine per year. The station at Dublin airport has been maintaining climate records since November 1941. The sunniest year on record was 1,740 hours in 1959, and the dullest year was 1987 with 1,240 hours of sunshine. The lowest amount of monthly sunshine on record was 16.4 hours in January 1996, while the highest was 305.9 hours in July 1955.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-coalbangov-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-coalbantimes-74">[73]</a> The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined – by an estimated 350 deaths annually.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-coalbantimes-74">[73]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dublin Airport (<a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">DUB</a>),<a href="#cite_note-76">[b]</a> 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present<a href="#cite_note-77">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.6 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4 (7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.7 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15.7 (3.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.8 (2.43) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (2.02) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0 (2.24) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0 (2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (2.40) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3 (2.49) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.4 (3.09) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 (3.26) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (2.84) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">772.5 (30.41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">137.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 15:00 UTC) </th> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.8 (44.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.2 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.1 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.3 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.4 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.4 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.9 </td> <td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.6 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,485.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Éireann<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-absmax-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-absmin-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Met.ie-82">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>(dew point)<a href="#cite_note-NCEI-83">[80]</a> WeatherAtlas (Daylight hours and UV Index)<a href="#cite_note-Weather-Atlas-84">[81]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ethnicity within the Dublin City Council local authority </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Weather station is located 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from the Dublin city centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Extremes are recorded at multiple stations near Dublin, including Dublin Airport, Casement, Phoenix Park, Merrion Square, Glasnevin, Peamount and Trinity College. </li> </ol></div></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, Dublin, (1991–2020), elevation: 13 m (43 ft) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0 (1.93) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0 (1.97) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.1 (2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.6 (2.39) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.0 (2.95) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 (3.17) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.5 (2.58) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">726.4 (28.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Éireann<a href="#cite_note-auto-68">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: European Climate Assessment & Dataset<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cityscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas">Areas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_centre">City centre</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City centre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The historic city centre of Dublin is encircled by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal" title="Royal Canal">Royal Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)" title="Grand Canal (Ireland)">Grand Canal</a>, bounded to the west by <a href="/wiki/Heuston_railway_station" title="Heuston railway station">Heuston railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Docklands</a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> is the main thoroughfare of the inner city and many Dublin Bus routes, as well as the Green line of the <a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a>, have a stop at O'Connell Street. The main shopping streets of the inner city include <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street,_Dublin" title="Henry Street, Dublin">Henry Street</a> on the Northside, and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a> on the Southside.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Victorian Buildings on South Great George's Street, Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg/220px-South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg/220px-South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg" data-alt="Victorian Buildings on South Great George's Street, Dublin" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg/330px-South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg/440px-South_Great_George%27s_Street_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Victorian-era buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/George%27s_Street_Arcade" title="George's Street Arcade">George's Street Arcade</a>, are common in the south inner city.</figcaption></figure> In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters.<a href="#cite_note-quartersvisit-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church, Dublin">Christ Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a> and the old city walls),<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>), the Docklands Quarter (around the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Dublin Docklands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Docks" title="Silicon Docks">Silicon Docks</a>), the Cultural Quarter (around <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin" title="Temple Bar, Dublin">Temple Bar</a>), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street).<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suburbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandyford_apts_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Apartment blocks in Sandyford, Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandyford_apts_1.jpg/220px-Sandyford_apts_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandyford_apts_1.jpg/220px-Sandyford_apts_1.jpg" data-alt="Apartment blocks in Sandyford, Dublin" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandyford_apts_1.jpg/330px-Sandyford_apts_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandyford_apts_1.jpg/440px-Sandyford_apts_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>High density apartments in <a href="/wiki/Sandyford,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandyford, Dublin">Sandyford</a></figcaption></figure> Dublin has dozens of suburbs; northside suburbs include <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown" title="Blanchardstown">Blanchardstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finglas" title="Finglas">Finglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballymun" title="Ballymun">Ballymun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raheny" title="Raheny">Raheny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malahide" title="Malahide">Malahide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a>, while southside suburbs include <a href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandyford,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandyford, Dublin">Sandyford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Templeogue" title="Templeogue">Templeogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drimnagh" title="Drimnagh">Drimnagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rathmines" title="Rathmines">Rathmines</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dún Laoghaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalkey" title="Dalkey">Dalkey</a>. Starting in the late 2010s, there was a significant amount of high density residential developments in the suburbs of Dublin,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with mid to high-rise apartments being built in Sandyford,<a href="#cite_note-aidanmurphy-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashtown,_Dublin" title="Ashtown, Dublin">Ashtown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ronaldquinlan-93">[90]</a> and Tallaght.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3874" data-file-height="3443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg/330px-Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg/440px-Dublin_-_Molly_Malone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molly_Malone" title="Molly Malone">Molly Malone</a> statue</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_divide">Cultural divide</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural divide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider.<a href="#cite_note-northsouthmyth2-95">[92]</a> The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than the northside.<a href="#cite_note-northsouthmyth2-95">[92]</a> There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Landmarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Dublin" title="List of public art in Dublin">List of public art in Dublin</a></div> Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> in 1204, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a> in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure.<a href="#cite_note-history-96">[93]</a> Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the <a href="/wiki/River_Poddle" title="River Poddle">River Poddle</a> as a natural means of defence. One of Dublin's most prominent landmarks is the <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a>, officially entitled the "Monument of Light."<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> It is a 121.2-metre (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel, completed in 2003 and located on <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>, where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaced <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a> and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Ritchie_Architects" title="Ian Ritchie Architects">Ian Ritchie Architects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city. The Old Library of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, holding the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, is one of the city's most visited sites.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Ha%27penny_Bridge" title="Ha'penny Bridge">Ha'penny Bridge</a>, an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG/170px-O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="3762"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG/170px-O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG/255px-O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG/340px-O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a> rises behind the statue of <a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">Jim Larkin</a>.</figcaption></figure>Other landmarks and monuments include <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin" title="Mansion House, Dublin">Mansion House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Molly_Malone" title="Molly Malone">Molly Malone</a> statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">The Custom House</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a>. Other sights include the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Livia_(monument)" title="Anna Livia (monument)">Anna Livia monument</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Generating_Station" title="Poolbeg Generating Station">Poolbeg Towers</a> are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/220px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2989"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/220px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/330px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/440px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a></figcaption></figure> There are 302 parks and 66 green spaces within the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a> area as of 2018,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with the council managing over 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of parks.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Public parks include the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Park" title="Herbert Park">Herbert Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne%27s_Park" title="Saint Anne's Park">Saint Anne's Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bull_Island" title="Bull Island">Bull Island</a>. The Phoenix Park is about 3 km (2 miles) west of the city centre, north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a>. Its 16-kilometre (10 mi) perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres), making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>. The residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> is located in the park. The park is also home to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Zoo" title="Dublin Zoo">Dublin Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashtown_Castle" title="Ashtown Castle">Ashtown Castle</a>, and the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Ireland">United States Ambassador</a>. Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park. St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafton Street, Dublin">Grafton Street</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Stephen%27s_Green_Shopping_Centre" title="Stephen's Green Shopping Centre">a shopping centre named after it</a>, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne%27s_Park" title="Saint Anne's Park">Saint Anne's Park</a> is a public park and recreational facility, shared between <a href="/wiki/Raheny" title="Raheny">Raheny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf</a>, both suburbs on the Northside. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former 2-square-kilometre (0.8 sq mi; 500-acre) estate assembled by members of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Guinness" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Lee Guinness">Benjamin Lee Guinness</a> in 1835. The largest municipal park is adjacent (North) <a href="/wiki/Bull_Island" title="Bull Island">Bull Island</a>, also shared between Clontarf and Raheny, featuring a 5 km beach, Dollymount Strand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_boundaries">City boundaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: City boundaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the <a href="/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)" title="Barony (Ireland)">baronies</a> of Dublin City and the barony of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_(barony)" title="Dublin (barony)">Dublin</a>. Over time, the city has absorbed area previously administered as part of County Dublin (now the three counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin), with a change in 1985 also returning areas to the county. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Changes to city boundaries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Changes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>Transfer of former urban districts of <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumcondra,_Clonliffe_and_Glasnevin" title="Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin">Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Kilmainham" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kilmainham">New Kilmainham</a> from County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>Transfer of former urban districts of <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Dublin" title="Pembroke, Dublin">Pembroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rathmines_and_Rathgar" title="Rathmines and Rathgar">Rathmines and Rathgar</a> from County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td>Transfer of <a href="/wiki/Drumcondra,_Dublin" title="Drumcondra, Dublin">Drumcondra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin" title="Glasnevin">Glasnevin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin" title="Donnybrook, Dublin">Donnybrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terenure" title="Terenure">Terenure</a> from County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>Transfer of <a href="/wiki/Crumlin,_Dublin" title="Crumlin, Dublin">Crumlin</a> from County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td>Transfer of former urban district of <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a> from County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>Transfer of <a href="/wiki/Finglas" title="Finglas">Finglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coolock" title="Coolock">Coolock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballyfermot" title="Ballyfermot">Ballyfermot</a> from County Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>Transfer of <a href="/wiki/Santry" title="Santry">Santry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a> from County Dublin; transfer of Howth, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_Dublin" title="Sutton, Dublin">Sutton</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Kilbarrack" title="Kilbarrack">Kilbarrack</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bayside,_Dublin" title="Bayside, Dublin">Bayside</a> to County Dublin<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>Alterations to western boundaries in the vicinities of <a href="/wiki/Ballyfermot" title="Ballyfermot">Ballyfermot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabra,_Dublin" title="Cabra, Dublin">Cabra</a> on establishment of new counties<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dublin" title="Economy of Dublin">Economy of Dublin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin#Economy" title="County Dublin">Economy of County Dublin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ,_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg/220px-The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg/220px-The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg/330px-The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg/440px-The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a> on <a href="/wiki/George%27s_Quay_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="George's Quay Plaza">George's Quay Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> and 10th richest by personal income.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin was the 13th most expensive city in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 874,400 people were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Greater Dublin Area">Greater Dublin Area</a>. Around 60% of people who are employed in Ireland's financial, ICT, and professional sectors are located in this area.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> A number of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> has been brewed at the <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Gate_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Gate Brewery">St. James's Gate Brewery</a> since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted a number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> now have European headquarters or operational bases in the city with several located in enterprise clusters like the <a href="/wiki/The_Digital_Hub" title="The Digital Hub">Digital Hub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Docks" title="Silicon Docks">Silicon Docks</a>. The presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and led to Dublin sometimes being referred to as the "Tech Capital of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[56]</a> Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">International Financial Services Centre</a> in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Stock Exchange">Irish Stock Exchange</a> (ISEQ), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Neutral_Exchange" title="Internet Neutral Exchange">Internet Neutral Exchange</a> (INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary boom in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Dublin Docklands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Dock" title="Spencer Dock">Spencer Dock</a>. Completed projects include the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Centre_Dublin" title="Convention Centre Dublin">Convention Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/3Arena" title="3Arena">3Arena</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bord_G%C3%A1is_Energy_Theatre" title="Bord Gáis Energy Theatre">Bord Gáis Energy Theatre</a>. In the second quarter of 2018, Dublin touched its lowest unemployment rate in a decade, when it fell down to 5.7% as reported by the Dublin Economic Monitor.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> In November 2022, Dublin was ranked as one of the worst cities in the world for travel, health and cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> On 24 September 2022, thousands took to the streets in protest against the cost of living crisis.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross Domestic Product</a> of Dublin is €253.6 billion, meaning it has one of the biggest city economies in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Dublin" title="Transport in Dublin">Transport in Dublin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Road" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DublinM50.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DublinM50.png/220px-DublinM50.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DublinM50.png/220px-DublinM50.png" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DublinM50.png/330px-DublinM50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DublinM50.png/440px-DublinM50.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M50 motorway (Ireland)">M50 motorway</a> surrounding Dublin</figcaption></figure> The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin. The <a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M50 motorway (Ireland)">M50 motorway</a>, a semi-<a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/West-Link" title="West-Link">West-Link</a> toll bridge was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/EFlow" title="EFlow">eFlow</a> barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port_Tunnel" title="Dublin Port Tunnel">Dublin Port Tunnel</a>, which officially opened in 2006 to mainly cater for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port" title="Dublin Port">Dublin Port</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Republic_of_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Republic of Ireland)">M1 motorway</a> close to Dublin Airport. The city is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of Ireland">Grand Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canal of Ireland">Royal Canal</a>, as well as the North and South Circular Roads. The 2016 <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus">Bus</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes which cover the city and suburbs. The majority of these are provided by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bus" title="Dublin Bus">Dublin Bus</a>, with a modest number having been transferred to Go Ahead Ireland in 2018. A number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. A "Real Time Passenger Information" system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012 in which signs relay display the projected time of the next buses' arrival based on its GPS position. The <a href="/wiki/National_Transport_Authority_(Ireland)" title="National Transport Authority (Ireland)">National Transport Authority</a> is responsible for integration of bus and rail services in Dublin and has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a <a href="/wiki/TFI_Leap_Card" title="TFI Leap Card">TFI Leap Card</a>, which can be used on all of Dublin's public transport services.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BusConnects" title="BusConnects">BusConnects</a> programme includes a number of proposed improvements to Dublin's bus network, including new spine and orbital routes. The spine routes are intended to increase the frequency of buses along major corridors, and the orbital routes aim to "provide connections between suburbs and town centres, without having to travel into the City Centre".<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In 2022, Dublin Bus began the process of electrifying its fleet with new <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">battery-powered buses</a>, with plans for 85% of Dublin buses to be zero-emission by 2032.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling">Cycling</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cycling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Bikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dublin_Bikes.jpg/220px-Dublin_Bikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dublin_Bikes.jpg/220px-Dublin_Bikes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dublin_Bikes.jpg/330px-Dublin_Bikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dublin_Bikes.jpg/440px-Dublin_Bikes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dublinbikes" title="Dublinbikes">Dublinbikes</a> terminal in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Docklands</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_Ireland" title="2011 census of Ireland">2011 census</a> indicated that 5.9% of commuters in Dublin cycled. A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and an 87.2% increase over 2006 levels. The increase was attributed to measures such as the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns to promote cycling and the introduction of the 30 km/h city centre speed limit.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a> the city had over 200 kilometres (120 miles) of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The same index showed a fall to 15th in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> and Dublin was outside the top 20 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dublinbikes" title="Dublinbikes">Dublinbikes</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle sharing system">self-service bicycle rental scheme</a> which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by <a href="/wiki/JCDecaux" title="JCDecaux">JCDecaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Just_Eat" title="Just Eat">Just Eat</a>, the scheme consists of hundreds of unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals throughout the city centre. Users must make a subscription for either an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a>, Dublinbikes had over 66,000 long-term subscribers making over 2 million journeys per year.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg/220px-LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg/220px-LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg/330px-LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg/440px-LUAS_trams_at_Tallaght_terminus._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1387090.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a> trams at the <a href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</a> terminus</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Heuston railway station">Heuston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly railway station">Connolly</a> stations are the two main railway termini in Dublin. Operated by <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Suburban_Rail" title="Dublin Suburban Rail">Dublin Suburban Rail</a> network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> in County Louth, <a href="/wiki/Gorey" title="Gorey">Gorey</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, and extending as far as <a href="/wiki/Portlaoise" title="Portlaoise">Portlaoise</a> in County Laois, and once a day to <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>. One of the five lines is the electrified <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">Dublin Area Rapid Transit</a> (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from <a href="/wiki/Malahide" title="Malahide">Malahide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a> southwards as far as <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greystones" title="Greystones">Greystones</a> in County Wicklow.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_(Irish_Rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter (Irish Rail)">Commuter rail</a> operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple units</a>. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16 million and 11.7 million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers).<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Dublin once had an extensive system of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_tramways" title="Dublin tramways">trams</a> but this was largely phased out by 1949. A new <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system, often described as a tram system, the <a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a>, was launched in 2004, and is run by <a href="/wiki/Transdev" title="Transdev">Transdev</a> Ireland (under contract from <a href="/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland" title="Transport Infrastructure Ireland">Transport Infrastructure Ireland</a>), carrying over 34 million passengers annually.<a href="#cite_note-Luas_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions-137">[134]</a> The network consists of two interconnecting lines; the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Luas)" title="Red Line (Luas)">Red Line</a> links the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Docklands</a> and city centre with the south-western suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saggart" title="Saggart">Saggart</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Luas)" title="Green Line (Luas)">Green Line</a> connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including <a href="/wiki/Sandyford" title="Sandyford">Sandyford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brides_Glen_Luas_stop" title="Brides Glen Luas stop">Brides Glen</a>, mostly along the former route of the <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Street_railway_line" title="Harcourt Street railway line">Harcourt Street railway line</a>. Together these lines comprise a total 67 stops and 44.5 kilometres (27.7 mi) of track.<a href="#cite_note-Luas_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions-137">[134]</a> Construction of a 6 km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on 9 December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> service is proposed under the name of <a href="/wiki/MetroLink_(Dublin)" title="MetroLink (Dublin)">Metrolink</a>, and planned to run from Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Northside,_Dublin" title="Northside, Dublin">northside</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charlemont_Luas_stop" title="Charlemont Luas stop">Charlemont</a> via <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Green">St. Stephen's Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_and_ferry">Rail and ferry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rail and ferry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly">Dublin Connolly</a> is connected by bus to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port" title="Dublin Port">Dublin Port</a> and ferries run by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Ferries" title="Irish Ferries">Irish Ferries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station" title="Holyhead railway station">Holyhead</a> for connecting trains on the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crewe_railway_station" title="Crewe railway station">Crewe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly">Dublin Connolly</a> to Dublin Port can be reached via <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Street,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiens Street, Dublin">Amiens Street, Dublin</a> into <a href="/wiki/Store_Street" title="Store Street">Store Street</a> or by Luas via <a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%A1ras" title="Busáras">Busáras</a> where <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bus" title="Dublin Bus">Dublin Bus</a> operates services to the Ferry Terminal.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Air" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dublin_Airport">Dublin Airport</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dublin Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg/220px-T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg/220px-T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg/330px-T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg/440px-T2Dublin_Airport-doyler79.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> (owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/DAA_(Irish_company)" title="DAA (Irish company)">DAA</a>) is located north of Dublin city, near <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords</a> in the administrative county of <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a>. The headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier <a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a> and regional airline <a href="/wiki/CityJet" title="CityJet">CityJet</a> are located there, and those of low-cost carrier <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> nearby. The airport offers a short and medium-haul network, domestic services to regional airports in Ireland, and long-haul services to the United States, Canada, the Middle East and Hong Kong. Dublin Airport is the 11th busiest in the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> and by far the busiest airport on the island of Ireland. In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew, with 158 summer flights a week to North America, making it the sixth largest European hub for that route over the year.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers travelling between Dublin and North America to 2.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-dub2016record-143">[140]</a> From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5 million passengers in its annual traffic,<a href="#cite_note-dub2016record-143">[140]</a> as the number of commercial aircraft movements has similarly followed a growth trend from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In 2019, Dublin Airport was the 12th busiest airport in Europe, with almost 33 million passengers passing through the airport. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_air_transport">Other air transport</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other air transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin is also served by <a href="/wiki/Weston_Airport" title="Weston Airport">Weston Airport</a> and other small facilities, by a range of helicopter operators, and the military and some State services use <a href="/wiki/Casement_Aerodrome" title="Casement Aerodrome">Casement Aerodrome</a> nearby. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Dublin is the largest centre of education in Ireland, and is home to four universities and a number of other higher education institutions. It was the European Capital of Science in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Trinity_College.jpg/220px-Trinity_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Trinity_College.jpg/220px-Trinity_College.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Trinity_College.jpg/330px-Trinity_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Trinity_College.jpg/440px-Trinity_College.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Room_Interior,_Trinity_College_Dublin,_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Old Library at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a> is the oldest university in Ireland, dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a> (TCD), was established by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> in 1592 under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. It was closed to Roman Catholics until 1793, and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church hierarchy">Catholic hierarchy</a> then banned Roman Catholics from attending until 1970.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has over 18,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a> (UCD), which has over 30,000 students. Founded in 1854, it is now the largest university in Ireland. UCD's main campus is at Belfield, about 5 km (3 mi) from the city centre, in the southeastern suburbs. As of 2019, Dublin's principal, and Ireland's largest, institution for technological education and research, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Dublin Institute of Technology">Dublin Institute of Technology</a> (DIT), with origins in 1887, has merged with two major suburban third level institutions, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_Tallaght" title="Institute of Technology, Tallaght">Institute of Technology, Tallaght</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_Blanchardstown" title="Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown">Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown</a>, to form <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_Dublin" title="Technological University Dublin">Technological University Dublin</a>, Ireland's second largest university by student population. The new university offers a wide range of courses in areas include engineering, architecture, the sciences, health, journalism, digital media, hospitality, business, art and design, music and the humanities programmes, and has three long-term campuses, at <a href="/wiki/Grangegorman" title="Grangegorman">Grangegorman</a>, Tallaght and Blanchardstown. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a> (DCU), formerly the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Higher_Education" title="National Institute for Higher Education">National Institute for Higher Education</a> (NIHE) Dublin, offers courses in business, engineering, science, communication courses, languages and primary education. It has around 16,000 students, and its main campus is located about 7 km (4 mi) from the city centre, in the northern suburbs. Aside from the main Glasnevin Campus, the Drumcondra campuses includes the former <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College_of_Education,_Drumcondra" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra">St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra</a> now also hosting students from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mater_Dei_Institute_of_Education" title="Mater Dei Institute of Education">Mater Dei Institute of Education</a> and students from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland_College_of_Education" title="Church of Ireland College of Education">Church of Ireland College of Education</a> at the DCU Campus at <a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_College" title="All Hallows College">All Hallows College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> (RCSI) conducts a medical school which is both a university (since 2019) and a recognised college of the NUI, and is situated at <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Green">St. Stephen's Green</a> in the city centre; there are also large medical schools within UCD and Trinity College. The <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="National College of Art and Design">National College of Art and Design</a> (NCAD) provides education and research in art, design and media. The <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Ireland" title="National College of Ireland">National College of Ireland</a> (NCI) is also based in Dublin, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a>, a social science research institute, on <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rogerson%27s_Quay" title="Sir John Rogerson's Quay">Sir John Rogerson's Quay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_and_European_Affairs" title="Institute of International and European Affairs">Institute of International and European Affairs</a> is also in Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Business_School" title="Dublin Business School">Dublin Business School</a> (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students located on Aungier Street, and <a href="/wiki/Griffith_College_Dublin" title="Griffith College Dublin">Griffith College Dublin</a> has its main facility in Portobello. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including <a href="/wiki/The_Gaiety_School_of_Acting" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gaiety School of Acting">The Gaiety School of Acting</a>. The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast. Dublin is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a>, membership of which is considered Ireland's highest academic honour.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">third-party source needed</a>] The suburban town of Dún Laoghaire is home to the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire_Institute_of_Art,_Design_and_Technology" title="Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology">Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology</a> (IADT), which supports training and research in art, design, business, psychology and media technology. Dublin joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin#Demographics" title="County Dublin">Demographics of County Dublin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dublin_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Dublin_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dublin_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Dublin_population_pyramid.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dublin_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Dublin_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dublin_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Dublin_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dublin (city) population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:20%;"> <caption>Main immigrant groups in Dublin City and suburbs (2016)<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="column">Nationality </th> <th scope="column">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Poland </th> <td>33,751<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">UK </th> <td>19,196<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Romania </th> <td>16,808<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lithuania </th> <td>9,869<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Brazil </th> <td>8,903<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Italy </th> <td>6,834<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">India </th> <td>6,546<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Spain </th> <td>6,341<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Latvia </th> <td>5,771<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mainland China </th> <td>5,748<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">France </th> <td>5,576<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">United States </th> <td>4,042<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nigeria </th> <td>2,563<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pakistan </th> <td>2,515<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Philippines </th> <td>2,204<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The City of Dublin is the area administered by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a>. The traditional <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> includes the city and the administrative counties of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown" title="Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown">Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dublin" title="South Dublin">South Dublin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Greater Dublin Area">Greater Dublin Area</a> includes County Dublin and the adjoining counties, <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland" title="2022 census of Ireland">2022 census</a>, the population of the City of Dublin was 592,713,<a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcc-3">[3]</a> while the population of Dublin city and suburbs was 1,263,219.<a href="#cite_note-2022mapdcands-7">[7]</a> County Dublin had a population of 1,458,154,<a href="#cite_note-2022mapcodub-168">[165]</a> and the population of the Greater Dublin Area was 2,082,605.<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Of the population of Dublin city and its suburbs, 62.9% (794,925) were born in Dublin, 26.6% (336,021) were born outside of Ireland, while the remaining 10.5% (132,273) were born in a county other than Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Italians were by far the largest immigrant group in both Dublin and Ireland and became synonymous with the catering and restaurant landscape.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Since the late 1990s, Dublin has experienced a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> There is also immigration from outside Europe, including from Brazil, India, the Philippines, China and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of newer arrivals than any other part of the country. Sixty percent of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> The capital attracts the largest proportion of non-Catholic migrants from other countries. Increased secularisation in Ireland has prompted a drop in regular Catholic church attendance in Dublin from over 90 percent in the mid-1970s down to 14 percent according to a 2011 survey and less than 2% in some areas<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland" title="2016 census of Ireland">2016 census</a>, 68.2% of Dublin's population identified as Catholic, 12.7% as other stated religions, with 19.1% having no religion or no religion stated.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> According to the 2022 census, the population of <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> self-identified as 80.4% white (68.0% white Irish, 12.0% other white and 0.4% Irish traveller), 5.8% Asian, 3.0% mixed backgrounds, 2.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Black</a> and 8.5% not stated.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> In the same census, the ethnic makeup of Dublin city was 76.81% white (including 64.23% white Irish and 12.19% other white people), 12.98% not stated, 5.11% Asian, 3.50% other and 1.58% <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> As of July 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 1,367 families within the Dublin region living in homeless accommodation or other emergency housing.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin has a significant literary history, and produced many literary figures, including <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureates</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>. Other influential writers and playwrights include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> and the creator of <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>. It is also the location of key and notable works of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail. <a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a> is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include <a href="/wiki/J._M._Synge" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Synge">J. M. Synge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maeve_Binchy" title="Maeve Binchy">Maeve Binchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Doyle" title="Roddy Doyle">Roddy Doyle</a>. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Print_Museum_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Print Museum of Ireland">National Print Museum of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>, joining <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa City">Iowa City</a> with the permanent title.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/220px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1934"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/220px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/330px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/440px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s oratorio <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> was first performed at <a href="/wiki/Neale%27s_Musick_Hall,_Dublin" title="Neale's Musick Hall, Dublin">Neal's Music Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fishamble_Street" title="Fishamble Street">Fishamble Street</a>, on 13 April <a href="/wiki/1742_in_Ireland" title="1742 in Ireland">1742</a>. There are several theatres within the city centre, and various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including <a href="/wiki/Noel_Purcell_(actor)" title="Noel Purcell (actor)">Noel Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Gleeson" title="Brendan Gleeson">Brendan Gleeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Rea" title="Stephen Rea">Stephen Rea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Farrell" title="Colin Farrell">Colin Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colm_Meaney" title="Colm Meaney">Colm Meaney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne" title="Gabriel Byrne">Gabriel Byrne</a>. The best known theatres include the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Gaiety Theatre, Dublin">Gaiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre">Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Olympia Theatre, Dublin">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">Gate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal Theatre">Grand Canal</a>. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">Yeats</a> with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._Synge" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Synge">Synge</a>, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in 2010 in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_Dock" title="Grand Canal Dock">Grand Canal Dock</a> area. Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of <a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a> and the Irish artistic scene. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic monks in AD 800 and an example of <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>, is on display in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a> houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative arts</a> assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Chester_Beatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alfred Chester Beatty">Sir Alfred Chester Beatty</a> (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BCE onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg/220px-Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg/220px-Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg/330px-Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg/440px-Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mosaic of the coat of arms of Dublin on the floor of City Hall</figcaption></figure> In addition public <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art galleries</a> are found across the city and are free to visit, including the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Irish Museum of Modern Art">Irish Museum of Modern Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Ireland" title="National Gallery of Ireland">National Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lane_Municipal_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery">Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Douglas_Hyde_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Douglas Hyde Gallery">the Douglas Hyde Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Project_Arts_Centre" title="Project Arts Centre">Project Arts Centre</a> and the exhibition space of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hibernian_Academy" title="Royal Hibernian Academy">Royal Hibernian Academy</a>. Private galleries in Dublin include Green on Red Gallery, <a href="/wiki/Kerlin_Gallery" title="Kerlin Gallery">Kerlin Gallery</a>, Kevin Kavanagh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Three branches of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> are located in Dublin: <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">Archaeology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kildare_Street" title="Kildare Street">Kildare Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Decorative_Arts_and_History" title="National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History">Decorative Arts and History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Collins_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Barracks">Collins Barracks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History Museum (Ireland)">Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Street" title="Merrion Street">Merrion Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Dublin is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="National College of Art and Design">National College of Art and Design</a>, which dates from 1746, and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Design" title="Dublin Institute of Design">Dublin Institute of Design</a>, founded in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Dublinia" title="Dublinia">Dublinia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">living history</a> attraction showcasing the Viking and Medieval history of the city. Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre acting as a hub for collectives and new exhibitions. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2010.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society, <a href="/wiki/Rathmines_and_Rathgar_Musical_Society" title="Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society">Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society</a>, the Glasnevin Musical Society, Third Day Chorale, Second Age Theatre Company, <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Opera" title="Irish National Opera">Irish National Opera</a>. Dublin was shortlisted to be <a href="/wiki/World_Design_Capital" title="World Design Capital">World Design Capital</a> 2014.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Enda_Kenny" title="Enda Kenny">Enda Kenny</a> was quoted to say that Dublin "would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014".<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> In October 2021, Dublin was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities, with an estimate of 50% of citizens being younger than 25.<a href="#cite_note-axdqer-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Green">St. Stephen's Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Street" title="Harcourt Street">Harcourt Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camden_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden Street">Camden Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford_Street" title="Wexford Street">Wexford Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeson_Street" title="Leeson Street">Leeson Street</a>, the location of many nightclubs and pubs. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg/220px-Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg/220px-Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg/330px-Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg/440px-Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin" title="Temple Bar, Dublin">Temple Bar</a></figcaption></figure> The best known area for nightlife is <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin" title="Temple Bar, Dublin">Temple Bar</a>, south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor Party">stag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelorette Party">hen</a> parties from the UK.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues; however, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Live music is played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boomtown_Rats" title="The Boomtown Rats">the Boomtown Rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Script" title="The Script">the Script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyzone" title="Boyzone">Boyzone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodaline" title="Kodaline">Kodaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontaines_D.C." title="Fontaines D.C.">Fontaines D.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westlife" title="Westlife">Westlife</a>. Dublin has several mid-range venues that host live music throughout the week, including <a href="/wiki/Whelan%27s_(music_venue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whelan's (music venue)">Whelans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Street" title="Vicar Street">Vicar Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/3Arena" title="3Arena">3Arena</a> venue in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Dublin Docklands</a> plays host to visiting global performers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Shopping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moore_Street_market,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-Moore_Street_market%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moore_Street" title="Moore Street">Moore Street</a> Market</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafton_St,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1613"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a></figcaption></figure> Dublin city centre is a popular shopping destination for both locals and tourists. The city has numerous shopping districts, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafton Street (Dublin)">Grafton Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Street (Dublin)">Henry Street</a>. The city centre is also the location of large department stores, including <a href="/wiki/Arnotts_(Ireland)" title="Arnotts (Ireland)">Arnotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Thomas" title="Brown Thomas">Brown Thomas</a> and (prior to its 2015 closure) <a href="/wiki/Clerys" title="Clerys">Clerys</a>. While the city has seen the loss of some traditional market sites, <a href="/wiki/Moore_Street" title="Moore Street">Moore Street</a> remains one of the city's oldest trading districts.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> There has also been some growth in local farmers' markets and other markets.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Food_Co-op" title="Dublin Food Co-op">Dublin Food Co-op</a> relocated to a warehouse in <a href="/wiki/The_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberties">The Liberties</a> area, where it is home to market and community events.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including <a href="/wiki/Dundrum_Town_Centre" title="Dundrum Town Centre">Dundrum Town Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown_Centre" title="Blanchardstown Centre">Blanchardstown Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Square_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Square Shopping Centre">the Square</a> in Tallaght, <a href="/wiki/Liffey_Valley_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Liffey Valley Shopping Centre">Liffey Valley Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clondalkin" title="Clondalkin">Clondalkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omni_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Omni Shopping Centre">Omni Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santry" title="Santry">Santry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutgrove_Shopping_Centre" title="Nutgrove Shopping Centre">Nutgrove Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rathfarnham" title="Rathfarnham">Rathfarnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northside_Shopping_Centre" title="Northside Shopping Centre">Northside Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coolock" title="Coolock">Coolock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swords_Pavilions" title="Swords Pavilions">Swords Pavilions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies based there. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in <a href="/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin" title="Donnybrook, Dublin">Donnybrook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fair_City" title="Fair City">Fair City</a> is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of Carraigstown. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Television_(Ireland)" title="Virgin Media Television (Ireland)">Virgin Media Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eir_Sport" title="Eir Sport">eir Sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Ireland">MTV Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> are also based in the city. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/An_Post" title="An Post">An Post</a> and telecommunications companies such as <a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">Eir</a>, as well as mobile operators <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Ireland" title="Vodafone Ireland">Vodafone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Ireland" title="Three Ireland">3</a> are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>, as well as local newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/Evening_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Herald">The Evening Herald</a>. As well as being home to <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio" title="RTÉ Radio">RTÉ Radio</a>, Dublin also hosts the national radio networks <a href="/wiki/Today_FM" title="Today FM">Today FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newstalk" title="Newstalk">Newstalk</a>, and local stations. Commercial radio stations based in the city include <a href="/wiki/Classic_Hits_4FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Hits 4FM">4fm</a> (94.9 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dublin%27s_98FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin's 98FM">Dublin's 98FM</a> (98.1 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nova_100FM_(Ireland)" title="Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland)">Radio Nova 100FM</a> (100.3 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Dublin%27s_Q102" title="Dublin's Q102">Q102</a> (102.2 MHz), <a href="/wiki/SPIN_1038" title="SPIN 1038">SPIN 1038</a> (103.8 MHz), <a href="/wiki/FM104" title="FM104">FM104</a> (104.4 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_106.8" title="Sunshine 106.8">Sunshine 106.8</a> (106.8 MHz). There are also numerous community and special interest stations, including <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_FM" title="Dublin City FM">Dublin City FM</a> (103.2 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Dublin_South_FM" title="Dublin South FM">Dublin South FM</a> (93.9 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Liffey_Sound_FM" title="Liffey Sound FM">Liffey Sound FM</a> (96.4 MHz), <a href="/wiki/Near_fm_90.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Near fm 90.3">Near FM</a> (90.3 MHz), and <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Na_Life" title="Raidió Na Life">Raidió Na Life</a> (106.4 MHz). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GAA">GAA</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: GAA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/220px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/220px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/330px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg/440px-Croke_Park_from_the_Hill_-_2004_All-Ireland_Football_Championship_Final.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a> is the largest sport stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a>, it has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after <a href="/wiki/Nou_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nou Camp">Nou Camp</a> in Barcelona and <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> It hosts the premier <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> games, <a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">international rules football</a> and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972 and it played host to the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a>. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk of the stadium. During the redevelopment of <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">Lansdowne Road</a>, Croke Park played host to the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Irish Rugby Union Team</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland national football team">Republic of Ireland national football team</a> as well as hosting the <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Cup">Heineken Cup</a> rugby <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Heineken_Cup#Semi-finals" title="2008–09 Heineken Cup">2008–09 semi-final</a> between Munster and Leinster, which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_GAA" title="Dublin GAA">Dublin GAA</a> team plays most of their home league hurling games at <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Park" title="Parnell Park">Parnell Park</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_Union">Rugby Union</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Rugby Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg/220px-Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg/220px-Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg/330px-Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg/440px-Dublin_aviva_stadium.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">IRFU Stadium Lansdowne Road</a> was laid out in 1874. This was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic of Ireland national football team. A joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">Irish Rugby Football Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland" title="Football Association of Ireland">FAI</a> and the Government, saw it redeveloped into a new state-of-the-art 50,000 seat <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a>, which opened in May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Lansdowne Road/Aviva Stadium hosted the <a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup" title="European Rugby Champions Cup">Heineken Cup final</a> in 1999, 2003, and 2013, and is also due to host the 2023 final. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> team <a href="/wiki/Leinster_Rugby" title="Leinster Rugby">Leinster Rugby</a> play their competitive home games in the <a href="/wiki/RDS_Arena" title="RDS Arena">RDS Arena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Donnybrook_Stadium" title="Donnybrook Stadium">Donnybrook Stadium</a> hosts their friendlies and A games, Ireland A and Women, Leinster Schools and Youths and the home club games of <a href="/wiki/AIB_League" class="mw-redirect" title="AIB League">All Ireland League</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/Old_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Wesley">Old Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bective_Rangers" title="Bective Rangers">Bective Rangers</a>. <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> is home for 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Association_football">Association football</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Association football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin is home to five <a href="/wiki/League_of_Ireland" title="League of Ireland">League of Ireland</a> association football clubs: <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_F.C." title="Bohemian F.C.">Bohemian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C." title="Shamrock Rovers F.C.">Shamrock Rovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C." title="Shelbourne F.C.">Shelbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C." title="St Patrick's Athletic F.C.">St Patrick's Athletic</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin_A.F.C." title="University College Dublin A.F.C.">University College Dublin</a>. The first Irish side to reach the group stages of a European competition (<a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Europa_League_group_stage" title="2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage">2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C." title="Shamrock Rovers F.C.">Shamrock Rovers</a>, who play at <a href="/wiki/Tallaght_Stadium" title="Tallaght Stadium">Tallaght Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dublin" title="South Dublin">South Dublin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_F.C." title="Bohemian F.C.">Bohemian F.C</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Dalymount_Park" title="Dalymount Park">Dalymount Park</a>, the oldest football stadium in the country, and home ground for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland national football team">Ireland football team</a> from 1904 to the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C." title="St Patrick's Athletic F.C.">St Patrick's Athletic</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park_(football_ground)" title="Richmond Park (football ground)">Richmond Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin_A.F.C." title="University College Dublin A.F.C.">University College Dublin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UCD_Bowl" title="UCD Bowl">UCD Bowl</a> in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown" title="Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown">Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C." title="Shelbourne F.C.">Shelbourne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tolka_Park" title="Tolka Park">Tolka Park</a>. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Grounds" title="Carlisle Grounds">Carlisle Grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a>, hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the <a href="/wiki/2011_UEFA_Regions%27_Cup" title="2011 UEFA Regions' Cup">2011 UEFA Regions' Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2011_UEFA_Europa_League_final" title="2011 UEFA Europa League final">2011 UEFA Europa League final</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_UEFA_Europa_League_final" title="2024 UEFA Europa League final">2024 UEFA Europa League final</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cricket" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dublin has two <a href="/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_grounds" title="List of One Day International cricket grounds">ODI cricket grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Avenue,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Avenue, Dublin">Castle Avenue</a> (Clontarf Cricket Club) and <a href="/wiki/Malahide_Cricket_Club_Ground" title="Malahide Cricket Club Ground">Malahide Cricket Club Ground</a>. <a href="/wiki/College_Park,_Dublin" title="College Park, Dublin">College Park</a> has Test status and played host to Ireland's first Test cricket match, a women's match against Pakistan in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The men's Irish cricket team also played their first <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test match</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team" title="Pakistan national cricket team">Pakistan</a> at Malahide Cricket Club Ground during 2018.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leinster_Lightning" title="Leinster Lightning">Leinster Lightning</a> play their home <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland#Inter-Provincial_Series" title="Cricket in Ireland">inter-provincial</a> matches in Dublin at College Park.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Marathon" title="Dublin Marathon">Dublin Marathon</a> has been run since 1980 at the end of October. The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Women%27s_Mini_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Women's Mini Marathon">Women's Mini Marathon</a> has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Ireland_Run" title="Great Ireland Run">Great Ireland Run</a> takes place in Dublin's Phoenix Park in mid-April.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Two Dublin baseball clubs compete in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Baseball_League" title="Irish Baseball League">Irish Baseball League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> The Dublin Spartans and the Dublin Bay Hurricanes are both based at The O'Malley Fields at <a href="/wiki/Corkagh_Park" title="Corkagh Park">Corkagh Park</a>. The Portmarnock Red Rox, from outside the city, competes in the Baseball Ireland B League.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The Dublin area hosts <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shelbourne_Park" title="Shelbourne Park">Shelbourne Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse" title="Leopardstown Racecourse">Leopardstown</a>. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society" title="Royal Dublin Society">RDS</a>, which hosted the <a href="/wiki/Show_Jumping_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Show Jumping World Championships">Show Jumping World Championships</a> in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Ireland)" title="National Stadium (Ireland)">The National Stadium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Circular_Road_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Circular Road (Dublin)">South Circular Road</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Arena" title="National Basketball Arena">National Basketball Arena</a> is located in Tallaght, is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland national basketball team">Irish basketball team</a>, the venue for the basketball league finals, and has also hosted boxing and wrestling events. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Aquatic_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Aquatic Centre">The National Aquatic Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown" title="Blanchardstown">Blanchardstown</a> is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. There are also <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Handball">Gaelic Handball</a>, hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in <a href="/wiki/Santry" title="Santry">Santry</a>, which held the athletics events of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Special_Olympics_World_Summer_Games" title="2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games">2003 Special Olympics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>, six Dublin restaurants shared nine <a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin stars</a> – including <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Patrick_Guilbaud" title="Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud">Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liath_(restaurant)" title="Liath (restaurant)">Liath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chapter_One_(restaurant)" title="Chapter One (restaurant)">Chapter One</a> with two.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Thornton_(chef)" title="Kevin Thornton (chef)">Kevin Thornton</a> was awarded two Michelin stars in 2001 – though his restaurant, <a href="/wiki/Thornton%27s_Restaurant" title="Thornton's Restaurant">Thornton's</a>, closed in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Dublin Institute of Technology">Dublin Institute of Technology</a> commenced a bachelor's degree in culinary skills in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Historically, Irish coffee houses and cafes were associated with those working in media.<a href="#cite_note-MacConIomaire-215">[212]</a> Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of apartment living in the city, Dublin's cafés attracted younger patrons looking for an informal gathering place and an ad hoc office.<a href="#cite_note-MacConIomaire-215">[212]</a> Cafés became more popular in the city, and Irish-owned coffee chains like Java Republic, Insomnia, and O'Brien's Sandwich Bars now compete internationally. In 2008, Irish barista Stephen Morrissey won the title of World Barista Champion.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="English_and_Irish_languages">English and Irish languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: English and Irish languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, a situation found also in the area around it, <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area which stretched between Leinster and <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, but had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, <a href="/wiki/William_Gerard" title="William Gerard">William Gerard</a> (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe".<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanihurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stanihurst">Richard Stanihurst</a> (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> English authorities of the Cromwellian period accepted the fact that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surrounds. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athy" title="Athy">Athy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerresford_Ellis1975193-221">[218]</a> In early 18th century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>, centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.<a href="#cite_note-schism-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_era">Current era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Current era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The native language of most Dubliners today is English, and several local dialects are subsumed under the label <a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin English</a>. Dublin also has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the <a href="/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland" title="2016 census of Ireland">2016 census</a> showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort which is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> The Dublin Irish-speaking cohort is supported by a number of Irish-medium schools. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 <a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">gaelscoileanna</a> (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 <a href="/wiki/Gaelchol%C3%A1iste" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelcholáiste">gaelcholáistí</a> (Irish-language secondary schools).<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Two Irish language radio stations, <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Na_Life" title="Raidió Na Life">Raidió Na Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a>, have studios in the city, and the online station <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_R%C3%AD-R%C3%A1" title="Raidió Rí-Rá">Raidió Rí-Rá</a> broadcasts from studios in the city. A number of Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> offers language classes and is used as a meeting place for different groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1th_Cairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ráth Cairn">Ráth Cairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baile_Ghib" title="Baile Ghib">Baile Ghib</a> which is 55 km (34 mi) away. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Dublin city council has an International Relations Unit, established in 2007. It works on hosting of international delegations, staff exchanges, international promotion of the city, twinning and partnerships, work with multi-city organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Eurocities" title="Eurocities">Eurocities</a>, economic partnerships and advice to other Council units.<a href="#cite_note-DCC_IntlRels-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_and_partner_cities">Twin and partner cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Twin and partner cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> Dublin is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with five places:<a href="#cite_note-Facts_about_Dublin-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dublin_Info-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:white; width:42%;"> <tbody><tr style="color:white;"> <th style="background:#659ec7; width:10%;">City </th> <th style="background:#659ec7; width:15%;">Nation </th> <th style="background:#659ec7; width: 5%;">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">United States<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-liverpool1-234">[231]</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Spain<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barcelona-236">[233]</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">China<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> </td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lemonchiffon;"><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Palestine<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> The city also has "friendship" or "co-operation agreements" with a number of other cities: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (since 2009) and <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> (since 2010) in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> in Mexico (since 2013),<a href="#cite_note-IntRels_linked-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dublin_Info-231">[228]</a> and has previously proposed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> also.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Previous agreements have included those with <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (2014−2018), <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in Georgia (2014−2017) and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in China (2016−2019). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Dublin" title="List of people from Dublin">List of people from Dublin</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Dublin" title="List of people from Dublin">List of people from Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subdivisions_of_County_Dublin" title="List of subdivisions of County Dublin">List of subdivisions of County Dublin</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003033/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-lord-mayor-history/dublin-city-coat-arms%20">"Dublin City Council, Dublin City Coat of Arms"</a>. Dublincity.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-lord-mayor-history/dublin-city-coat-arms">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dublin+City+Council%2C+Dublin+City+Coat+of+Arms&rft.pub=Dublincity.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fmain-menu-your-council-lord-mayor-history%2Fdublin-city-coat-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510093034/http://www.dublincastle.ie/event/an-obedient-citizenry-produces-a-happy-city-human-experience/?instance_id=336">"An Obedient Citizenry Produces a Happy City – Human Experience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works" title="Office of Public Works">Office of Public Works</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincastle.ie/event/an-obedient-citizenry-produces-a-happy-city-human-experience/?instance_id=336">the original</a> on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Obedient+Citizenry+Produces+a+Happy+City+%E2%80%93+Human+Experience&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincastle.ie%2Fevent%2Fan-obedient-citizenry-produces-a-happy-city-human-experience%2F%3Finstance_id%3D336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022mapdcc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022mapdcc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022mapdcc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022mapdcc_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03789V04537&guid=2ae19629-1433-13a3-e055-000000000001B">"Census Mapping: Dublin City Council"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 21 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093952/https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03789V04537&guid=2ae19629-1433-13a3-e055-000000000001B">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. 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Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Placenames+Database+of+Ireland%3A+B%C3%A9al+Duibhlinne%2FBallydivlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logainm.ie%2Fen%2F13534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logainm.ie/en/16486">"Placenames Database of Ireland: Duibhlinn/Difflin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003031/http://www.logainm.ie/en/16486%20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Placenames+Database+of+Ireland%3A+Duibhlinn%2FDifflin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logainm.ie%2Fen%2F16486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1995" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Howard (1995). Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716524595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716524595"><bdi>978-0716524595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Dublin%2C+the+making+of+a+metropolis&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0716524595&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambling2017" class="citation book cs1">Tambling, Jeremy (2017). The Palgrave Handbook of Literature and the City. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137549105" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137549105"><bdi>978-1137549105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Literature+and+the+City&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1137549105&rft.aulast=Tambling&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1375542">"Dublin/Baile Átha Cliath – Placenames Database of Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812230317/https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1375542">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022. <q>Baile Átha: almost invariably throughout Ireland is pronounced as if written Blah as B.A Claith - Blaclia; Blá Cliath; Baile Átha Cliath...a name shortened into Blea Cliath</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dublin%2FBaile+%C3%81tha+Cliath+%E2%80%93+Placenames+Database+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logainm.ie%2Fga%2F1375542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2013" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Danielle (19 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/">"Archaeologists find ancient fish trap at Dublin quays site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209144402/https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+find+ancient+fish+trap+at+Dublin+quays+site&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Ffish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/">"2007:494 - Spencer Dock, North Wall Quay, Dublin, Dublin"</a>. excavations.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209143857/https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=excavations.ie&rft.atitle=2007%3A494+-+Spencer+Dock%2C+North+Wall+Quay%2C+Dublin%2C+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcavations.ie%2Freport%2F2007%2FDublin%2F0017470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holder-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Holder_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holder, Alfred (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393">Alt-celtischer sprachschatz</a> (in German). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. col.1393. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003125/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393%20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alt-celtischer+sprachschatz&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=col.1393&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWg9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-it1986-29"><a href="#cite_ref-it1986_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2010" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Frank (8 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html">"From the Archives: 8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of the date to mark Dublin's millennium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142454/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=From+the+Archives%3A+8+January+1986%3A+%27Bogus%27+selection+of+the+date+to+mark+Dublin%27s+millennium&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fopinion%2F2010%2F0108%2F1224261895496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Clarke, Howard (1995). Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716524595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716524595">978-0716524595</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html">"Pre-Viking dwelling found in Temple Bar"</a>. Irish Independent. 26 February 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010142549/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Pre-Viking+dwelling+found+in+Temple+Bar&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoesdahl2016" class="citation book cs1">Roesdahl, Else (2016). The Vikings (Third ed.). Penguin Books. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98476-6"><bdi>978-0-141-98476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-141-98476-6&rft.aulast=Roesdahl&rft.aufirst=Else&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2016" class="citation book cs1">Winroth, Anders (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ">The Age of the Vikings</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16929-3"><bdi>978-0-691-16929-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092900/https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Vikings&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16929-3&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE26YDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isleshistory0000davi/page/1222/mode/2up">The Isles: a history</a>. London: Macmillan. p. 1222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76370-4"><bdi>978-0-333-76370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles%3A+a+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1222&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-333-76370-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisleshistory0000davi%2Fpage%2F1222%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf">"Viking and Norman Dublin"</a> (PDF). Dublin City Parks Strategy 2019–2022. Dublin City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627194343/https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dublin+City+Parks+Strategy+2019%E2%80%932022&rft.atitle=Viking+and+Norman+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-11%2Fdublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Church, Peter J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/02_Church_2021_Vol_52_pp_22_37.pdf">"Why Are There Very Few Scandinavian Place-names in Ireland?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Society_for_Northern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Society for Northern Studies">Northern Studies</a>. 52: 22–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Are+There+Very+Few+Scandinavian+Place-names+in+Ireland%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=22-37&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssns.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F01%2F02_Church_2021_Vol_52_pp_22_37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dickson10-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dickson10_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickson10_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2014" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, David (2014). Dublin The Making of a Capital City. Profile Books Ltd. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74444-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74444-8"><bdi>978-0-674-74444-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin+The+Making+of+a+Capital+City&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Profile+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74444-8&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation journal cs1">Holm, Poul (1989). "The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries". <a href="/wiki/Peritia" title="Peritia">Peritia</a>. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland: x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peritia&rft.atitle=The+Slave+Trade+of+Dublin%2C+Ninth+To+Twelfth+Centuries&rft.pages=x&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Poul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation journal cs1">Holm, Poul (1989). "The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries". <a href="/wiki/Peritia" title="Peritia">Peritia</a>. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland: 335. <q>the very idea of the taking of prisoners of war spread to the Irish [from the Vikings] in the tenth century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peritia&rft.atitle=The+Slave+Trade+of+Dublin%2C+Ninth+To+Twelfth+Centuries&rft.pages=335&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Poul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dublin.info-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dublin.info_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dublin.info_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublin.info/history">"A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland"</a>. Dublin.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002945/http://www.dublin.info/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Dublin.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublin.info%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Fitzhenry,_Meiler">"Fitzhenry, Meiler" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fitzhenry%2C+Meiler&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49">The Story of Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801034214/https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Brian Igoe (2009). p.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58">Black Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730033404/https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> 30 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p.58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32492-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32492-1">0-313-32492-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199756-57-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199756-57_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 56-57. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34">Dublin: a cultural history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Siobhán Marie Kilfeather (2005). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press US">Oxford University Press US</a>. pp. 34–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518201-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518201-4">0-19-518201-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997252-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997252_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings">"Dublin's Buildings"</a>. Dublin Civic Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213823/http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Civic+Trust&rft.atitle=Dublin%27s+Buildings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincivictrust.ie%2Fdublins-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance">"Dublin Renaissance"</a>. architectural-review.com. The Architectural Review. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229223345/https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. <q>[while] the impossibly bureaucratic sounding Wide Streets Commissioners [..] cut broad, ersatz boulevard swathes through the dense urban grain to create Parliament Street, Dame Street and Westmoreland Street [..] The minor streets of Temple Bar, originally little more than mean alleyways, have evolved over time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=architectural-review.com&rft.atitle=Dublin+Renaissance&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectural-review.com%2Fbuildings%2Fdublin-renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997220-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997220_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199758-59-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell199758-59_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 58-59. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Marie_Griffith2014" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Marie Griffith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12">Stones of Dublin</a>. Collins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848898721" title="Special:BookSources/9781848898721"><bdi>9781848898721</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092901/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020. <q>[Guinness] was Dublin's largest brewery in 1810, Ireland's largest in 1833, and the largest in the world by 1914. Guinness was also the city's largest employer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+of+Dublin&rft.pub=Collins+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781848898721&rft.au=Lisa+Marie+Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-tFDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dguinness%2B%2522largest%2Bemployer%2522%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346">"St James's Gate: a brief history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 16 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002606/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346%20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018. <q>[in] 1886 Guinness [was] officially the biggest brewery in the world with an annual production of 1.2 million barrels. [And, by] 1906 the workforce exceeds 3,200; some 10,000 are directly dependent on the brewery for their livelihood – one in thirty of Dublin's population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=St+James%27s+Gate%3A+a+brief+history&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fst-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997256-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997256_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">Lyons, F.S.L.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880">Ireland since the famine</a>. Suffolk: Collins / Fontana. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880">880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-633200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-633200-8"><bdi>978-0-00-633200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+since+the+famine&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Collins+%2F+Fontana&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-00-633200-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=F.S.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandsincefami00lyon%2Fpage%2F880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997139-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell1997139_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1997">Maxwell 1997</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1985" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Frank (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60079186">The destruction of Dublin</a>. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-1386-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-1386-8"><bdi>0-7171-1386-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60079186">60079186</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144503/https://www.worldcat.org/title/destruction-of-dublin/oclc/60079186">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+destruction+of+Dublin&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60079186&rft.isbn=0-7171-1386-8&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F60079186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915/54602478">"Dublin Economic Monitor – October 2017"</a>. issuu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206233041/http://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915%2F54602478">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=issuu&rft.atitle=Dublin+Economic+Monitor+%E2%80%93+October+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2F256media%2Fdocs%2Fdublineconomicmonitor_oct2017%3Fe%3D16581915%2F54602478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivia_Kelly2018" class="citation news cs1">Olivia Kelly (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361">"Construction of homes in Dublin city halves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220035238/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018. <q>The number of homes under construction in Dublin city is down almost 50 per cent on last year, with a 20 per cent drop across the region as a whole, according to a new report from the Government's Dublin Housing Supply Task Force</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Construction+of+homes+in+Dublin+city+halves&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.au=Olivia+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fconstruction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> City of Dublin Local Electoral Areas Order 2018 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/614/made/en/html">S.I. No. 614 of 2018</a>). Signed on 19 December 2018. Statutory Instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a> on 1 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Department of the Taoiseach: Guide to Government Buildings (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constituency%20Commission%20Report%202017.pdf">"Constituency Commission Report 2017"</a> (PDF). Dáil and European Parliament Constituencies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225015/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constituency%20Commission%20Report%202017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituency+Commission+Report+2017&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+and+European+Parliament+Constituencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituency-commission.ie%2Fdocs%2FConstituency%2520Commission%2520Report%25202017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-it-elect-2020-results-62"><a href="#cite_ref-it-elect-2020-results_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/results-hub">"Election 2020 Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207132138/https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/results-hub">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Election+2020+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Felection2020%2Fresults-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_about_Dublin-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_about_Dublin_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_about_Dublin_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711014408/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-press-and-news/facts-about-dublin-city">"Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City"</a>. Dublin City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-press-and-news/facts-about-dublin-city">the original</a> on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dublin+City+Council%3A+Facts+about+Dublin+City&rft.pub=Dublin+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fmain-menu-services-press-and-news%2Ffacts-about-dublin-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erdb-64"><a href="#cite_ref-erdb_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erbd.ie/upload/files/Characterisation%20Report.pdf">"Final Characterisation Report"</a> (PDF). Eastern River Basin District. Sec. 7: Characterisation of the Liffey Catchment Area. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002633/http://erbd.ie/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Characterisation+Report&rft.pages=Sec.+7%3A+Characterisation+of+the+Liffey+Catchment+Area&rft.pub=Eastern+River+Basin+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferbd.ie%2Fupload%2Ffiles%2FCharacterisation%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LittleRvrs-Camac-65"><a href="#cite_ref-LittleRvrs-Camac_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brennan1940" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brennan, Lily M. 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Climate of the Past. 19 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CliPa..19....1D">2023CliPa..19....1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-19-1-2023">10.5194/cp-19-1-2023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-9332">1814-9332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Reassessing+long-standing+meteorological+records%3A+an+example+using+the+national+hottest+day+in+Ireland&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2023-01-03&rft.issn=1814-9332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-19-1-2023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CliPa..19....1D&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Ciaran&rft.au=Seifert%2C+Natascha&rft.au=Myslinski%2C+Therese&rft.au=O%27Kelly%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Siraj%2C+Rushna&rft.au=Crosby%2C+Ciara&rft.au=Dunne%2C+Jack+Kevin&rft.au=McCauley%2C+Kate&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+James&rft.au=Gaddren%2C+Eoin&rft.au=Conway%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Cooney%2C+Jordan&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Niamh&rft.au=Cullen%2C+Eoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.noaa.gov%2Fview%2Fnoaa%2F53027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=RR&stationid=1958">"Climatology details for station DUBLIN (RINGSEND), IRELAND and index RR: Precipitation sum"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918155169916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D2018918155169916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/italian/">"Italian – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. cso.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194101/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/italian/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Italian+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpnin%2Fcpnin%2Fitalian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194049/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=201891815739916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=201891815739916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D201891815739916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/spanish/">"Spanish – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. cso.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193908/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/spanish/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Spanish+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpnin%2Fcpnin%2Fspanish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/latvian/">"Latvian – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. cso.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193838/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/latvian/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Latvian+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpnin%2Fcpnin%2Flatvian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194117/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181517289916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181517289916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D20189181517289916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/french/">"French – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. cso.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194031/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/french/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=French+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpnin%2Fcpnin%2Ffrench%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194012/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918158239916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918158239916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D2018918158239916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194110/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181511179916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181511179916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D20189181511179916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918230758/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181518439916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=20189181518439916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D20189181518439916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194037/https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918159459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectOut/PxSort.asp?file=2018918159459916935E7002&PLanguage=0&MainTable=E7002&MainTablePrestext=Population%20Usually%20Resident%20and%20Present%20in%20the%20State%202011%20to%202016%20(Number)&potsize=4">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+2011+to+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectOut%2FPxSort.asp%3Ffile%3D2018918159459916935E7002%26PLanguage%3D0%26MainTable%3DE7002%26MainTablePrestext%3DPopulation%2520Usually%2520Resident%2520and%2520Present%2520in%2520the%2520State%25202011%2520to%25202016%2520%28Number%29%26potsize%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022mapcodub-168"><a href="#cite_ref-2022mapcodub_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03880V04631&guid=F97E459B-57ED-49C0-8A28-2BC1C7F08E88">"Census Mapping: Dublin"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 21 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093914/https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2022&boundary=C03880V04631&guid=F97E459B-57ED-49C0-8A28-2BC1C7F08E88">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Mapping%3A+Dublin&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisual.cso.ie%2F%3Fbody%3Dentity%2Fima%2Fcop%2F2022%26boundary%3DC03880V04631%26guid%3DF97E459B-57ED-49C0-8A28-2BC1C7F08E88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-169"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/F1003">"Population and Actual and Percentage Change"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 29 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093915/https://data.cso.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.atitle=Population+and+Actual+and+Percentage+Change&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FF1003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dublinchamber.ie/About-Us/Economic-Profile-of-Dublin">"Economic Profile of Dublin"</a>. Dublin Chamber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904234046/https://www.dublinchamber.ie/About-Us/Economic-Profile-of-Dublin">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Chamber&rft.atitle=Economic+Profile+of+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublinchamber.ie%2FAbout-Us%2FEconomic-Profile-of-Dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/F1046">"Population and Birthplace"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 29 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093919/https://data.cso.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.atitle=Population+and+Birthplace&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FF1046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1665-immigration/370199-the-italians/">"RTÉ Archives | The Italians"</a>. RTÉ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826074204/https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1665-immigration/370199-the-italians/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018. 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Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Leading+chef+Kevin+Thornton+to+close+Dublin+restaurant&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft.au=Keena%2C+Colm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fleading-chef-kevin-thornton-to-close-dublin-restaurant-1.2774845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Con_Iomaire2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín (2011). "The Changing Geography and Fortunes of Dublin's Haute Cuisine Restaurants, 1958–2008". Food, Culture & Society. 14 (4): 525–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174411X13088262162631">10.2752/175174411X13088262162631</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218839288">218839288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Geography+and+Fortunes+of+Dublin%27s+Haute+Cuisine+Restaurants%2C+1958%E2%80%932008&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-545&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175174411X13088262162631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218839288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mac+Con+Iomaire&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacConIomaire-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacConIomaire_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacConIomaire_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Con_Iomaire2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.456">"Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History"</a>. 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Irish Independent. 15 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214613/https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/full-of-beans-meet-stephen-the-worlds-best-barista-26462018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Full+of+beans%3A+meet+Stephen%2C+the+world%27s+best+barista&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Flifestyle%2Ffull-of-beans-meet-stephen-the-worlds-best-barista-26462018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in Stair na Gaeilge, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. ISBN 0-901519-90-1 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and <a href="/wiki/Joep_Leerssen" title="Joep Leerssen">Leerssen, Joep</a>, Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268014278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268014278">978-0268014278</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Ellis, Henry (ed.). 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Dublin City Council. 26 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525193612/http://www.dublincity.ie/managing-our-international-relationships">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2018. <q>We are currently twinned with four cities: Beijing (The People's Republic of China) – Twinned since 2010 [..] Barcelona (Spain) – Twinned since 1998 [..] Liverpool (United Kingdom) – Twinned since 1997 [..] San José (United States of America) – Twinned since 1986</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+our+International+relationships+%E2%80%93+City+twinning&rft.pub=Dublin+City+Council&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fmanaging-our-international-relationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524232806/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925">"Sister City Program"</a>. City of San José. 19 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925">the original</a> on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+City+Program&rft.pub=City+of+San+Jos%C3%A9&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanjoseca.gov%2Findex.aspx%3Fnid%3D925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liverpool1-234"><a href="#cite_ref-liverpool1_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706031557/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp">"Liverpool City Council twinning"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 17 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp">the original</a> on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liverpool+City+Council+twinning&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpool.gov.uk%2FCommunity_and_living%2FTwinning%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429103055/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257345983_3,00.html">"Ciutats agermanades, Relacions bilaterals, L'acció exterior"</a>. CIty of Barcelona. 18 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257345983_3,00.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ciutats+agermanades%2C+Relacions+bilaterals%2C+L%27acci%C3%B3+exterior&rft.pub=CIty+of+Barcelona&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.bcn.es%2FXMLServeis%2FXMLHomeLinkPl%2F0%2C4022%2C229724149_257345983_3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barcelona-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Barcelona_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221013/http://w42.bcn.cat/web/en/noticies-i-premsa/noticies/actives/Barcelona-City-Council-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-Dublin-Seoul-Buenos-Aires-and-Hong-Kong.jsp">"Barcelona City Council signs cooperation agreements with Dublin, Seoul, Buenos Aires and Hong Kong"</a>. Ajuntament de Barcelona. 26 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w42.bcn.cat/web/en/noticies-i-premsa/noticies/actives/Barcelona-City-Council-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-Dublin-Seoul-Buenos-Aires-and-Hong-Kong.jsp">the original</a> on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barcelona+City+Council+signs+cooperation+agreements+with+Dublin%2C+Seoul%2C+Buenos+Aires+and+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Ajuntament+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw42.bcn.cat%2Fweb%2Fen%2Fnoticies-i-premsa%2Fnoticies%2Factives%2FBarcelona-City-Council-signs-cooperation-agreements-with-Dublin-Seoul-Buenos-Aires-and-Hong-Kong.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002608/http://www.dublincity.ie/dublin-signs-twinning-agreement-beijing%20">"Dublin signs twinning agreement with Beijing"</a>. Dublin City Council. 2 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/dublin-signs-twinning-agreement-beijing">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dublin+signs+twinning+agreement+with+Beijing&rft.pub=Dublin+City+Council&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fdublin-signs-twinning-agreement-beijing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2011" class="citation news cs1">Coonan, Clifford (3 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-officially-twinned-with-beijing-1.586352">"Dublin officially twinned with Beijing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719160324/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dublin-officially-twinned-with-beijing-1.586352">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Dublin+officially+twinned+with+Beijing&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdublin-officially-twinned-with-beijing-1.586352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dublincity.ie/news/dublin-city-twinned-ramallah-palestine">"Dublin City twinned with Ramallah, Palestine"</a>. Dublin City Council. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dublin+City+twinned+with+Ramallah%2C+Palestine&rft.pub=Dublin+City+Council&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fnews%2Fdublin-city-twinned-ramallah-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntRels_linked-240"><a href="#cite_ref-IntRels_linked_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002933/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit%20">"International Relations"</a>. Dublin City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020. <q>Dublin is currently twinned with: San José (1986) Liverpool (1997) Barcelona (1998, Addendum in 2009 for 2 years) Beijing (2011) ... a less formal commitment between two or more cities. Dublin currently has the following agreements:...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dublin+City+Council&rft.atitle=International+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fmain-menu-services-recreation-culture%2Finternational-relations-unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2011" class="citation news cs1">Coonan, Clifford (21 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/beijing-twinning-will-promote-dublin-property-for-investment-1.577565">"Dublin was also in talks with Rio de Janeiro in Brazil about twinning with that city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113340/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/beijing-twinning-will-promote-dublin-property-for-investment-1.577565">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Dublin+was+also+in+talks+with+Rio+de+Janeiro+in+Brazil+about+twinning+with+that+city&rft.date=2011-05-21&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fbeijing-twinning-will-promote-dublin-property-for-investment-1.577565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330062241/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/mexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005">"Mexican city to be twinned with Dublin, says Lord Mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 21 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/technology/mexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005">the original</a> on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Mexican+city+to+be+twinned+with+Dublin%2C+says+Lord+Mayor&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fsectors%2Ftechnology%2Fmexican-city-to-be-twinned-with-dublin-says-lord-mayor-1.1343005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> </ol></div></div> Sources <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Constantia (1997). Dublin Under the Georges. Lambay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7089-4497-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7089-4497-3"><bdi>0-7089-4497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin+Under+the+Georges&rft.pub=Lambay+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7089-4497-3&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Constantia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADublin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dublin#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Dublin">Bibliography of the history of Dublin</a></div> <ul><li>John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544694-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544694-1-0">0-9544694-1-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Liddy" title="Pat Liddy">Pat Liddy</a>, Dublin A Celebration: From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946841-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-946841-50-0">0-946841-50-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Craig_(historian)" title="Maurice Craig (historian)">Maurice Craig</a>, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-2587-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-2587-3">0-7134-2587-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McDonald_(journalist)" title="Frank McDonald (journalist)">Frank McDonald</a>, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871793-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-871793-03-3">1-871793-03-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McParland" title="Edward McParland">Edward McParland</a>, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09064-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09064-1">0-300-09064-1</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Dublin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dublin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Dublin">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Dublin" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Dublin">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dublin" class="extiw" title="q:Dublin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dublin" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Dublin">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dublin" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Dublin">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dublin" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Dublin">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dublin" class="extiw" title="voy:Dublin">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/">Dublin City Council</a> – Official website of the local authority for Dublin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitdublin.com/">Dublin Tourist Board</a> – Official tourism site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincityofliterature.ie/">Dublin UNESCO City of Literature official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dublinhistoricmaps.ie/">Dublin Historic Maps, Boundaries & an OSM Miscellany</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 06:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ደብሊን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደብሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difelin" title="Difelin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Difelin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="دبلن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبلن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%92%DC%A0%DC%A2" title="ܕܒܠܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܒܠܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Տապլին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տապլին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوبلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوبلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ডাবলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাবলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дублін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дублін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дублін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дублін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дъблин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъблин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="དུབ་ལིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དུབ་ལིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulenn" title="Dulenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dulenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulyn" title="Dulyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dulyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دابلين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دابلين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3hodi%C5%82hi%C5%82" title="Tóhodiłhił – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóhodiłhił" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Δουβλίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουβλίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Дублин ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Дублин ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublino" title="Dublino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dublino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوبلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوبلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_%C3%81tha_Cliath" title="Baile Átha Cliath – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baile Átha Cliath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlyn" title="Divlyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Divlyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_%C3%81tha_Cliath" title="Baile Átha Cliath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baile Átha Cliath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%ADn" title="Dublín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dublín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%B0" title="더블린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더블린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulinea_(kapikala)" title="Hulinea (kapikala) – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hulinea (kapikala)" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Դուբլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուբլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="डबलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डबलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyflinn" title="Dyflinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dyflinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublino" title="Dublino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dublino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דבלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuubl%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Tuublɛɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tuublɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡಬ್ಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಬ್ಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დუბლინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დუბლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulyn" title="Dulyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dulyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diblen" title="Diblen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Diblen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%AEn" title="Dublîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dublîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinum" title="Dublinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dublinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublina" title="Dublina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dublina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinas" title="Dublinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dublinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinu" title="Dublinu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Dublinu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCblin" title="Düblin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Düblin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Даблин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даблин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഡബ്ലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡബ്ലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapurini" title="Tapurini – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tapurini" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="डब्लिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डब्लिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დუბლინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუბლინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دوبلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوبلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوبلین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دوبلین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဒပ်ဗလင်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒပ်ဗလင်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="दब्लिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दब्लिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ダブリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダブリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubl%C3%AEn" title="Dublîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dublîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ଡବଲିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡବଲିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubliin" title="Dubliin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dubliin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਡਬਲਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਬਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="ڈبلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈبلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="ډبلن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبلن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_%C3%81tha_Cliath" title="Baile Átha Cliath – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Baile Átha Cliath" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Даблин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Даблин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinu" title="Dublinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dublinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublini" title="Dublini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dublini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinu" title="Dublinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dublinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="ڊبلن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊبلن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Доублинъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Доублинъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="دبلن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دبلن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Даблин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Даблин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டப்லின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டப்லின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="డబ్లిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డబ్లిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ดับลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดับลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дублин – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дублин" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дублін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дублін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="ڈبلن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈبلن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%89%D9%86" title="دۇبلىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۇبلىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_%C3%81tha_Cliath" title="Baile Átha Cliath – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Baile Átha Cliath" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="都柏林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דובלין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דובלין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="都柏林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobl%C4%97ns" title="Doblėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Doblėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="都柏林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dublin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 06:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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