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aria-controls="toc-First,_second_and_third_term_as_prime_minister_between_1966_and_1977-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First, second and third term as prime minister between 1966 and 1977 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First,_second_and_third_term_as_prime_minister_between_1966_and_1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 First year </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967–1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967–1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1967–1971 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967–1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_conflict_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_conflict_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Military conflict with China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_conflict_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1971–1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 War with Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdict_on_electoral_malpractice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdict_on_electoral_malpractice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Verdict on electoral malpractice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdict_on_electoral_malpractice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Emergency_(1975–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Emergency_(1975–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 State of Emergency (1975–1977) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Emergency_(1975–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_by_decree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_by_decree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Rule by decree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_by_decree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Sanjay_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Sanjay_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Rise of Sanjay Gandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Sanjay_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977_election_and_opposition_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977_election_and_opposition_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1977 election and opposition years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1977_election_and_opposition_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1977 election and opposition years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1977_election_and_opposition_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_opposition_and_return_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_opposition_and_return_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In opposition and return to power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_opposition_and_return_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_elections_and_fourth_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_elections_and_fourth_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1980 elections and fourth term </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1980_elections_and_fourth_term-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1980 elections and fourth term subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1980_elections_and_fourth_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Blue_Star"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Operation Blue Star </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Asia-Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 The Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Non-aligned_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Non-aligned_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 The Non-aligned Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Non-aligned_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Bloc_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Bloc_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Bloc_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_intelligence_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_intelligence_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.1 Soviet intelligence in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_intelligence_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_Revolution_and_the_Fourth_Five-Year_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_Revolution_and_the_Fourth_Five-Year_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Green Revolution and the Fourth Five-Year Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_Revolution_and_the_Fourth_Five-Year_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fifth_Five-Year_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fifth_Five-Year_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 The Fifth Five-Year Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fifth_Five-Year_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Forward_and_the_Sixth_Five-Year_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Forward_and_the_Sixth_Five-Year_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Operation Forward and the Sixth Five-Year Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Forward_and_the_Sixth_Five-Year_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_and_unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_and_unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Inflation and unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_and_unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Domestic policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Nationalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Social reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Language policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 National security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India's_nuclear_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India's_nuclear_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 India's nuclear programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India's_nuclear_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Views on women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 State honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Posthumous honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indira Gandhi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ኢንድራ ጋንዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንድራ ጋንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="أنديرا غاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنديرا غاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Ինտիրա Կանտի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ինտիրա Կանտի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80" title="ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndira_Qandi" title="İndira Qandi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndira Qandi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80" title="ইন্দিরা গান্ধী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দিরা গান্ধী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Індзіра Гандзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індзіра Гандзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Індыра Гандзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індыра Гандзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इंदिरा गाँधी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंदिरा गाँधी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_G%C3%A1ndh%C3%ADov%C3%A1" title="Indira Gándhíová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indira Gándhíová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Ίντιρα Γκάντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίντιρα Γκάντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ایندیرا گاندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایندیرا گاندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_G%C4%81ndhi" title="Indira Gāndhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indira Gāndhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80" title="ઈન્દિરા ગાંધી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈન્દિરા ગાંધી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ганди, Индира – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ганди, Индира" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%94%94%EB%9D%BC_%EA%B0%84%EB%94%94" title="인디라 간디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인디라 간디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ինդիրա Գանդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինդիրա Գանդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इन्दिरा गांधी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इन्दिरा गांधी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="אינדירה גנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינדירה גנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಂದಿರಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂದಿರಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ინდირა განდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდირა განდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="اِنٛدِرا گانٛدھی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنٛدِرا گانٛدھی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandija" title="Indira Gandija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indira Gandija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इन्दिरा गान्धी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इन्दिरा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇന്ദിരാ ഗാന്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ദിരാ ഗാന്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इंदिरा गांधी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंदिरा गांधी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ინდირა განდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდირა განდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="انديرا جاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انديرا جاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ایندرا گاندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایندرا گاندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="အင်ဒီရာ ပရိယာဒါရှီနီ ဂန္ဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒီရာ ပရိယာဒါရှီနီ ဂန္ဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इन्दिरा गान्धी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्दिरा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="ईन्दिरा गान्धी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ईन्दिरा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="インディラ・ガンディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディラ・ガンディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80" title="ଇନ୍ଦିରା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇନ୍ଦିରା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandi" title="Indira Gandi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indira Gandi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80" title="ਇੰਦਰਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਦਰਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="اندرا گاندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اندرا گاندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="اندرا ګاندي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندرا ګاندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ганди, Индира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганди, Индира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="इन्दिरा गान्धी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इन्दिरा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱸᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱸᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="ඉන්දිරා ගාන්ධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දිරා ගාන්ධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A" title="اندرا گانڌي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اندرا گانڌي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_G%C3%A1ndhiov%C3%A1" title="Indira Gándhiová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indira Gándhiová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئیندریا گاندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیندریا گاندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்திரா காந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திரா காந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Индира Ганди – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Индира Ганди" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%80" title="ఇందిరా గాంధీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇందిరా గాంధీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5" title="อินทิรา คานธี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินทิรา คานธี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Индира Гандӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Индира Гандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಂದಿರಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಂದಿರಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndira_Gandi" title="İndira Gandi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İndira Gandi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandi" title="Indira Gandi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Indira Gandi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Індіра Ганді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіра Ганді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="اندرا گاندھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اندرا گاندھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%BF%AA%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="英迪拉·甘地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英迪拉·甘地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%BF%AA%E6%8B%89%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="英迪拉甘地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英迪拉甘地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indira Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%BF%AA%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="英迪拉·甘地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英迪拉·甘地" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of India (1966–77; 1980–84)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Indira Gandhi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IndiraGandhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/220px-IndiraGandhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/330px-IndiraGandhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/440px-IndiraGandhi.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3125" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1983</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N._Sanjiva_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Sanjiva Reddy">N. Sanjiva Reddy</a> <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain" title="Zakir Husain">Zakir Husain</a> <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> <a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a> (Acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (13 March 1967 – 16 July 1969)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister of External Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 March 1984 – 31 October 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 August 1967 – 14 March 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 January 1980 – 15 January 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 November 1975 – 20 December 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Union Minister of Home Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 June 1970 – 4 February 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Union Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 July 1969 – 27 June 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 June 1964 – 24 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">President of the Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1978–1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a> (as INC (R))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1980–1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Mallikarjun Mudiraj</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">P. Manik Reddy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medak_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Medak Lok Sabha constituency">Medak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Andhra Pradesh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1978–1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency">Chikmagalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1967–1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareli_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency">Rae Bareli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1964–1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Indira Nehru</div> (1917-11-19)19 November 1917 <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1984(1984-10-31) (aged 66) <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination</a> </td></tr><tr><th><div align="left">Monuments</div></th><td><div><a href="/wiki/Shakti_sthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti sthal">Shakti sthal</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1938–1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a> (1969–1978)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress (I)</a> (1978–1984)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi" title="Feroze Gandhi">Feroze Gandhi</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1942; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> (son) <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Nehru" title="Kamala Nehru">Kamala Nehru</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> (dropped out)<a href="#cite_note-degree-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a> (dropped out)<a href="#cite_note-degree-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#State_honours">See section</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Indira Gandhi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/128px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/192px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/256px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="324" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_prime_ministers_of_India#Indira_Gandhi" title="List of nicknames of prime ministers of India">See list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_voice.ogg" title="File:Indira Gandhi voice.ogg">Indira Gandhi's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="233" data-mwtitle="Indira_Gandhi_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Indira_Gandhi_voice.ogg/Indira_Gandhi_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Indira_Gandhi_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Gandhi on <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India–United States relations</a> Recorded 29 July 1982</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #00BFFF"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/75px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/113px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/150px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3840" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></div><div style="color:#71531C;"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">1966–1977 1980–1984</div></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life and education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legacy">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Indira Gandhi">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Domestic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Domestic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_term_as_Prime_Minister_between_1966_and_1977">Premiership</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_general_elections" title="List of Indian general elections">General elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="First Indira Gandhi ministry">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Second Indira Gandhi ministry">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Third Indira Gandhi ministry">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">Seventh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">National policy</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Legislation</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">COFEPOSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Property_Act,_1968" title="Enemy Property Act, 1968">Enemy Property Act, 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">The Gold (Control) Act, 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Migrants_(Determination_by_Tribunal)_Act,_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983">IMDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">MISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education" title="National Policy on Education">NPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Areas_(Reorganisation)_Act,_1971" title="North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971">North-Eastern Reorganisation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">Privy Purse</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Treaties and accords</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_Accord" title="Indira–Sheikh Accord">Indira–Sheikh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla Agreement">Shimla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Gandhi_Pact" title="Sirima–Gandhi Pact">Sirima–Gandhi Pact</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missions and projects</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">Operation Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lal_Dora" title="Operation Lal Dora">Operation Lal Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steeplechase" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Steeplechase">Operation Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sundown" title="Operation Sundown">Operation Sundown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Controversies</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting" title="Turkman gate demolition and rioting">Turkman gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Riots and attacks</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-cow_slaughter_agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation">1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_railway_strike_in_India" title="1974 railway strike in India">1974 railway strike in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Moradabad_riots" title="1980 Moradabad riots">1980 Moradabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Insurgency in Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_405" title="Indian Airlines Flight 405">Airbus hijacking</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Constitutional amendments</div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twentieth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-eighth</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/40px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/60px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Indira_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Indira Gandhi">Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Template:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Template talk:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hindi: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈɪndɪɾɑː ˈɡɑːndʱi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg\/Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg/Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg" title="File:Hi-IndiraGandhi.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">née</a> Indira Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who served as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">her assassination</a> in 1984. She was India's first and, to date, only female prime minister, and a central figure in Indian politics as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC). She was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the first prime minister of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, who succeeded her in office as the country's sixth prime minister. Gandhi's cumulative tenure of 15 years and 350 days makes her the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> described her as an "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her tough personality. During Nehru's premiership from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was his hostess and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. In 1959, she played a part in the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Kerala_state_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala state government">Kerala state government</a> as then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">president of the Indian National Congress</a>, otherwise a ceremonial position to which she was elected earlier that year. <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>, who had succeeded Nehru as prime minister upon <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">his death</a> in 1964, appointed her <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)">minister of information and broadcasting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shastri_ministry" title="Shastri ministry">his government</a>; the same year she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>. After Shastri's sudden death in January 1966, Gandhi defeated her rival, <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, in the INC's parliamentary leadership election to become leader and also succeeded Shastri as prime minister. She led the Congress to victory in two subsequent elections, starting with the <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 general election</a>, in which she was first elected to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. In 1971, her party secured its first <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a> since her father's sweep in <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a>, focusing on issues such as poverty. But following the nationwide <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency</a> she implemented, she faced massive anti-incumbency sentiment causing the INC to lose the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 election</a>, the first time in the history of India to happen so. She even lost her own parliamentary constituency. However, due to her portrayal as a strong leader and the weak governance of the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>, her party won the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">next election</a> by landslide with her return to the premiership. As prime minister, Gandhi was known for her uncompromising political stances and <a href="/wiki/Centralization_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization of power">centralization of power</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a>. In 1967, she headed a <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">military conflict with China</a> in which India repelled Chinese incursions into the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chellaney-3">[2]</a> In 1971, she went to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">war with Pakistan</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">war of independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, which resulted in an Indian victory and the independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the sole <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j653-4">[3]</a> She played a crucial role in initiating India's first successful <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">nuclear weapon test</a> in 1974. Her rule saw India grow closer to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by signing a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">friendship treaty</a> in 1971, with India receiving military, financial, and diplomatic support from the Soviet Union during its conflict with Pakistan in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Though India was at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Non-aligned_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-aligned movement">non-aligned movement</a>, Gandhi made it one of the Soviet Union's closest allies in Asia, each often supporting the other in proxy wars and at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Responding to separatist tendencies and a call for revolution, she instituted a <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency from 1975 to 1977</a>, during which she <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">ruled by decree</a> and basic civil liberties were suspended.<a href="#cite_note-:5-7">[6]</a> More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-:5-7">[6]</a> She faced the growing <a href="/wiki/Sikh_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh separatism">Sikh separatism</a> movement throughout her fourth premiership; in response, she ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, which involved military action in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> and killed hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>. On 31 October 1984, she was assassinated by two of her bodyguards, both of whom were Sikh nationalists seeking retribution for the events at the temple. Gandhi is remembered as the most powerful woman in the world during her tenure.<a href="#cite_note-Khorana-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Her supporters cite her leadership during victories over geopolitical rivals China and Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">a growing economy</a> in the early 1980s, and her <a href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">anti-poverty campaign</a> that led her to be known as "Mother Indira" (a pun on <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a>) among the country's poor and rural classes. Critics note her <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> and authoritarian rule of India during the Emergency. In 1999, she was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organized by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCPOLL-11">[10]</a> In 2020, she was named by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine among the 100 women who defined the past century as counterparts to the magazine's previous choices for <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> Indira Gandhi was born Indira Nehru, into a <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandit">Kashmiri Pandit</a> family on 19 November 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201013-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indira_Priyadarshini-14">[13]</a> Her father, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_movement_for_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian movement for independence">Indian movement for independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, and became the first Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic</a>) of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20123-15">[14]</a> Indira was her parents' only surviving child (she had a younger brother who died while young);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201031-16">[15]</a> she grew up with her mother, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Nehru" title="Kamala Nehru">Kamala Nehru</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Bhavan" title="Swaraj Bhavan">Anand Bhavan</a>, a large family estate in Allahabad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201016-17">[16]</a> In 1930, the Nehru family donated the mansion to the Indian National Congress and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Bhavan" title="Swaraj Bhavan">Swaraj Bhavan</a> (meaning abode of freedom). A new mansion was built nearby to serve as the family residence and given the name of the old <a href="/wiki/Anand_Bhavan" title="Anand Bhavan">Anand Bhavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201016-17">[16]</a> Indira had a lonely and unhappy childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201025-18">[17]</a> Her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bedridden with illness and later suffered an early death from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201032-19">[18]</a> Indira had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201055-20">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg/220px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg/440px-Mahatma_Gandhi_and_Indira_Gandhi_in_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Young Indira with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> in 1924, Indira is dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a> garment and shown following Gandhi's advocacy that khadi be worn by Indians instead of British-manufactured textiles</figcaption></figure> Indira Nehru was taught mostly at home by tutors and attended school intermittently until matriculation in 1934. She was a student at the <a href="/wiki/Modern_School_(New_Delhi)" title="Modern School (New Delhi)">Modern School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, St. Cecilia's and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Convent_Inter_College,_Prayagraj" title="St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj">St. Mary's Convent</a> schools in Allahabad,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Geneva" title="International School of Geneva">International School of Geneva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, the Ecole Nouvelle in <a href="/wiki/Bex" title="Bex">Bex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud, Switzerland</a>, and the Pupils' Own School in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Poona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, which is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201029,_75,_83-22">[21]</a> She and her mother moved to the <a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a> headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> where <a href="/wiki/Swami_Ranganathananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Ranganathananda">Swami Ranganathananda</a> was her guardian.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Indira then studied at the Vishwa Bharati in <a href="/wiki/Shantiniketan" title="Shantiniketan">Santiniketan</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-EB-24">[23]</a> During an interview with <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, he named Indira <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:प्रियदर्शिन्">Priyadarshini</a>, which means "looking at everything with kindness" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and she became known as Indira Priyadarshini Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201090-25">[24]</a> A year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne, Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012170-26">[25]</a> There it was decided that Indira would continue her education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012181-27">[26]</a> After her mother died, Indira attended the <a href="/wiki/Badminton_School" title="Badminton School">Badminton School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol, England</a> for a short time period and then enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College in Oxford</a> in 1937 to study history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010116-28">[27]</a> She had to take the entrance examination twice, having failed at her first attempt with a poor performance in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010116-28">[27]</a> At Oxford, she excelled in history, political science, and economics but her grades in Latin—a compulsory subject—remained poor. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervill200736-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012184-30">[29]</a> However she was active socially at the university and was a member of the Oxford Majlis Asian Society.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> During her time in Europe, Indira Nehru was plagued with ill health and was constantly attended to by doctors. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies. She was there in 1940, when <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> rapidly conquered Europe. Nehru tried to return to England through <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> but was left stranded for nearly two months. She managed to enter England in early 1941, and from there returned to India without completing her studies at Oxford. The university later awarded her an honorary degree. In 2010, Oxford honoured her further by selecting her as one of the ten Oxasians, illustrious <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> graduates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-degree-2">[1]</a> During her stay in Britain, Nehru frequently met her future husband <a href="/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi" title="Feroze Gandhi">Feroze Gandhi</a> (no relation to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>). They were married in Allahabad according to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a> rituals, alhough Feroze belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The couple had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> (born 1944) and <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> (born 1946).<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach-1984-35">[34]</a> In September 1942, Indira Gandhi was arrested over her role in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>. She was released from jail in April 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Duda_2006-36">[35]</a> "Mud entered our souls in the drabness of prison," she later recalled her time in the jail. She added, "When I came out, it was such a shock to see colors again I thought I would go out of my mind."<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post1-37">[36]</a> In the 1950s, Indira, now Indira Gandhi after her marriage, unofficially served her father as a personal assistant during his tenure as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of India">prime minister of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Near the end of the 1950s, Gandhi served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a>. In that capacity, she was instrumental in getting the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Kerala</a> state government dismissed in 1959. That government was India's first elected communist government.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> After her father's death in 1964 she was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (upper house) and served in Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>'s cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Information and Broadcasting">Minister of Information and Broadcasting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In January 1966, after Shastri's death, the Congress legislative party elected her over <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> as their leader. Congress party veteran <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> was instrumental in Gandhi achieving victory.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Because she was a woman, other political leaders in India saw Gandhi as weak and hoped to use her as a puppet once elected: <blockquote>Congress President Kamaraj orchestrated Mrs. Gandhi's selection as prime minister because he perceived her to be weak enough that he and the other regional party bosses could control her, and yet strong enough to beat Desai [her political opponent] in a party election because of the high regard for her father... a woman would be an ideal tool for the Syndicate.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First,_second_and_third_term_as_prime_minister_between_1966_and_1977">First, second and third term as prime minister between 1966 and 1977</h2></div> Gandhi's first eleven years serving as prime minister saw her evolve from the perception of Congress party leaders as their puppet, to a strong leader with the iron resolve to split the party over her policy positions, or to go to war with Pakistan to assist Bangladesh in the 1971 liberation war. At the end of 1977, she was such a dominating figure in Indian politics that Congress party president <a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a> had coined the phrase "India is Indira and Indira is India."<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_year">First year</h3></div> Gandhi formed her government with Morarji Desai as deputy prime minister and finance minister. At the beginning of her first term as prime minister, she was widely criticised by the media and the opposition as a "Goongi goodiya" (Hindi for a "dumb doll") of the Congress party bosses who had orchestrated her election and then tried to constrain her.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Indira was a reluctant successor to her famed father, although she had accompanied him on several official foreign visits and played an anchor role in bringing down the first democratically elected communist government in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> According to certain sources it was the socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a> that first derided her personality as the "Goongi Goodiya" (Hindi for "dumb doll") that later was echoed by other Congress politicians who were wary of her rise in the party.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> One of her first major actions was to crush the separatist <a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front_uprising" title="Mizo National Front uprising">Mizo National Front uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes_2015-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guha_2017_p._136-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967–1971">1967–1971</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/220px-John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/330px-John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/440px-John_Gorton_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi with Australian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> The first electoral test for Gandhi was the <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 general elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> and state assemblies. The Congress Party won a reduced majority in the Lok Sabha after these elections owing to widespread disenchantment over the rising prices of commodities, unemployment, economic stagnation and a food crisis. Gandhi was elected to the Lok Sabha from the <a href="/wiki/Raebareli_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raebareli (Lok Sabha constituency)">Raebareli constituency</a>. She had a rocky start after agreeing to <a href="/wiki/Devalue" class="mw-redirect" title="Devalue">devalue</a> the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">rupee</a> which created hardship for Indian businesses and consumers. The importation of wheat from the United States fell through due to political disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-50">[49]</a> For the first time, the party also lost power or lost its majority in a number of states across the country. After the 1967 elections, Gandhi gradually began to move towards socialist policies. In 1969, she fell out with senior Congress party leaders over several issues. Chief among them was her decision to support <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a>, the independent candidate rather than the official Congress party candidate <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a> for the vacant position of <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>. The other was the announcement by the prime minister of Bank nationalisation without consulting the finance minister, Morarji Desai. These steps culminated in party president <a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a> expelling her from the party for indiscipline.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Gandhi, in turn, floated her own faction of the Congress party and managed to retain most of the Congress MPs on her side with only 65 on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Congress (O)</a> faction. The Gandhi faction, called <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a>, lost its majority in the parliament but remained in power with the support of regional parties such as <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> The policies of the Congress under Gandhi, before the 1971 elections, also included proposals for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">Privy Purse</a> to former rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> and the 1969 nationalization of the fourteen largest banks in India.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_conflict_with_China">Military conflict with China</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></div> In 1967, a military conflict alongside the border of the Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>, then an Indian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, broke out between India and China. India won by repelling Chinese attacks and forced the subsequent withdrawal of Chinese forces from the region.<a href="#cite_note-Chellaney-3">[2]</a> Throughout the conflict, the Indian losses were 88 killed and 163 wounded while Chinese casualties stood at 340 killed and 450 wounded, according to the Indian Defense Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Chinese sources made no declarations of casualties but alleged India to be the aggressor.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In December 1967, Indira Gandhi remarked these developments that "China continues to maintain an attitude of hostility towards us and spares no opportunity to malign us and to carry on anti-Indian propaganda not only against the Indian Government but the whole way of our democratic functioning."<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 1975, Gandhi incorporated <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> into India, after <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">a referendum</a> in which a majority of Sikkimese voted to join India.<a href="#cite_note-himalayan-60">[59]</a> The move was condemned as being a "despicable act of the Indian Government" by China. Chinese government mouthpiece <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> wrote that "the Nehrus, father and daughter, had always acted in this way, and Indira Gandhi had gone further".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1977">1971–1977</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">Garibi Hatao</a> (Remove Poverty) was the resonant theme for Gandhi's 1971 political bid. The slogan was developed in response to the combined opposition alliance's use of the two-word manifesto—"Indira Hatao" (Remove Indira).<a href="#cite_note-1971.iz_iz_result-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGIN-64">[63]</a> The Garibi Hatao slogan and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-poverty_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-poverty programs">anti-poverty programs</a> that came with it were designed to give Gandhi independent national support, based on the rural and urban poor. This would allow her to bypass the dominant rural <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a> both in and of state and local governments as well as the urban commercial class. For their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight.<a href="#cite_note-IGIN-64">[63]</a> The programs created through Garibi Hatao, though carried out locally, were funded and developed by the Central Government in New Delhi. The program was supervised and staffed by the Indian National Congress party. "These programs also provided the central political leadership with new and vast patronage resources to be disbursed ... throughout the country."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The Congress government faced numerous problems during this term. Some of these were due to high inflation which in turn was caused by wartime expenses, drought in some parts of the country and, more importantly, the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Opposition to her in the 1973–75 period, after the Gandhi wave had receded, was strongest in the states of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. In Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, the veteran leader came out of retirement to lead the protest movement there.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Pakistan">War with Pakistan</h4></div> Gandhi's biggest achievement following the 1971 election came in December 1971 with India's decisive victory over <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War</a>. That victory occurred in the last two weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, which led to the formation of independent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. An insurgency in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) formed in early 1971, with Bengali's and East Pakistanis revolting against authoritarian rule from the central West Pakistan Government. In response, Pakistani security forces launched the infamous Operation Searchlight, in which Pakistan committed <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">genocide</a> among Bengali Hindus, nationalists and intelligentsia. Gandhi's India was initially restrained from intervening in the insurgency but quickly started to support Bengali rebels through the provision of military supplies. Indian forces clashed multiple times with Pakistani forces in the Eastern border. At one point, Indian forces along with Mukti Bahini rebels allied together and attacked Pakistani forces at Dhalai. The attack, supported and later successfully executed by India, was done to stop Pakistani cross-border shelling. The battle occurred more than a month before India's official intervention in December. Gandhi quickly dispatched more troops to the Eastern border with East Pakistan, hoping to support Mukti Bahini rebels and cease any Pakistani infiltration. Indian forces then clashed again with Pakistani forces after Indian forces crossed the border and secured Garibpur after a one-day battle lasting from 20 November 1971 to the 21st. The next day, on 22 November, Indian and Pakistani aircraft engaged in a dogfight over the Boyra Salient, in which thousands of people watched as 4 Indian <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnats</a> shot down 2 Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Canadair_Sabre" title="Canadair Sabre">Canadair Sabres</a> and damaged another. Both Pakistani pilots that were shot down were captured as prisoners of war. The Battle of Boyra instantly made the 4 Indian pilots celebrities and created large-scale nationalism as the Bangladesh Liberation War saw more and more Indian intervention and escalation. Other clashes also happened on the same day but did not receive as much media attention as did the battle of Boyra and Garibpur. On 3 December 1971, the Pakistan Air Force launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Operation Chengiz Khan</a>, which saw Pakistani aircraft attacking Indian airbases and military installations across the Western border in a pre-emptive strike. The initial night-time attack by Pakistani forces was foiled, failing to inflict any major damage on Indian airbases, allowing Indian aircraft to counterattack into West Pakistan. Gandhi quickly declared a state of emergency and addressed the nation on radio shortly after midnight, stating: "We must be prepared for a long period of hardship and sacrifice." Both countries mobilized for war and Gandhi ordered full-out war, ordering an invasion into East Pakistan. Pakistan's Navy had not improved since the 1965 war, while the Pakistani airforce could not launch attacks on the same scale as the Indian airforce. The Pakistan Army quickly attempted major land operations on the Western border, but most of these attacks besides some in Kashmir stalled, and allowed Indian counterattacks to gain land. The Pakistan Army lacked wide-scale organization which contributed to miscommunication and high casualties in the Western front. In the Eastern Front of the war, Indian generals opted for a high speed <a href="/wiki/Lightning_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning war">lightning war</a>, using mechanized and airborne units to quickly bypass Pakistani opposition and make quick strides towards the capital of East Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a> (who later became a critic of Gandhi in 1984) led Indian Army's Eastern Command. The Indian Air Force quickly overcame the small contingent of Pakistani aircraft in East Pakistan, allowing for air superiority over the region. Indian forces liberated Jessore and several other towns during the Battle of Sylhet between 7 December and 15 December 1971, which saw India conduct its first heliborne operation. India then conducted another airdrop on December 9, with Indian forces led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a> capturing just under 5,000 Pakistani POWs and also crossing the Meghna River towards Dhaka. Two days later, Indian forces conducted the largest airborne operation since World War Ii. 750 men of the Army's <a href="/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(India)" title="Parachute Regiment (India)">Parachute Regiment</a> landed in Tangail and defeated the Pakistani forces in the area, securing a direct route to Dhaka. Little Pakistani forces escaped the battle with only 900 out of 7000 soldiers retreating back to Dhaka alive. By December 12, Indian forces had reached the outskirts of Dhaka and had prepared to besiege the capital. Indian heavy artillery arrived by the 14th, and shelled the city. As surrender became apparent by 14 December 1971, Pakistani paramilitaries and militia roamed the streets of Dhaka during the night, kidnapping, torturing and then executing any educated Bengali who was viewed as someone who could lead <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> once Pakistan surrendered. Over 200 of these people were killed on the 14th. By 16 December, Pakistani morale had reached a low point, with the Indian Army finally encircling Dhaka and besieging the city. On the 16th, Indian forces issued a 30-minute ultimatum for the city to surrender. Seeing that the city's defences paled in comparison to the Mukti Bahini and Indian forces outside the city, Lt-Gen. <a href="/wiki/A.A.K._Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="A.A.K. Niazi">A.A.K. Niazi</a> (Cdr. of Eastern Command) and his deputy, V-Adm. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">M.S. Khan</a> surrendered the city without resistance. BBC News captured the moment of surrender as Indian soldiers from the Parachute Regiment streamed into the city. As Indian forces and Mukti Bahini rounded up the remaining Pakistani forces, Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora of India and A.A.K. Niazi of Pakistan signed the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender at 16:31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971. The surrender signified the collapse of the East Pakistan Government along with the end of the war. 93,000 soldiers of the Pakistani security forces surrendered, the largest surrender since World War II. The entire four-tiered military surrendered to India along with its officers and generals. Large crowds flooded the scenes as anti-Pakistani slogans emerged and Pakistani POWs were beaten by the locals. Eventually, Indian officers formed a human-chain to protect Pakistani POWs and Niazi from being lynched by the belligerent locals. Most of the 93,000 captured were Pakistan Army officers or paramilitary officers, along with 12,000 supporters (<a href="/wiki/Razakar" title="Razakar">razakars</a>). Hostilities officially ended on 17 December 1971. 8,000 Pakistani soldiers were killed along with 25,000 wounded; Indian forces suffered only 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. India claimed to have captured 3.6k square kilometres of Pakistani land on the Western Front while losing 126 square kilometres of land to Pakistan. Gandhi was hailed as Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> by the people as well as the opposition leaders at the time when India defeated Pakistan in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Thakur-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In the elections held for State assemblies across India in March 1972, the Congress (R) swept to power in most states riding on the post-war "Indira wave".<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verdict_on_electoral_malpractice">Verdict on electoral malpractice</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/170px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/255px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/340px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with U.S. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 1971</figcaption></figure> On 12 June 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha in 1971 void on the grounds of electoral malpractice. In an election petition filed by her 1971 opponent, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> (who later defeated her in the 1977 parliamentary election running in the Raebareli constituency), alleged several major as well as minor instances of the use of government resources for campaigning.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-1975-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Gandhi had asked one of her colleagues in government, <a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a>, to defend her in court.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> She gave evidence in her defence during the trial. After almost four years, the court found her guilty of dishonest election practices, excessive election expenditure, and of using government machinery and officials for party purposes.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-1975-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The judge, however, rejected the more serious charges of bribery, laid against her in the case.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-1975-73">[72]</a> The court ordered her stripped of her parliamentary seat and banned her from running for any office for six years. As the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</a> requires that the Prime Minister must be a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">member</a> of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, the two houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>, she was effectively removed from office. However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign. She announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court and insisted that the conviction did not undermine her position. She said, "There is a lot of talk about our government not being clean, but from our experience the situation was very much worse when [opposition] parties were forming governments."<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-1975-73">[72]</a> She dismissed criticism of the way her Congress Party raised election campaign money, saying all parties used the same methods. The prime minister retained the support of her party, which issued a statement backing her. After news of the verdict spread, hundreds of supporters demonstrated outside her house, pledging their loyalty. Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a> said Gandhi's conviction would not harm her political career. "Mrs Gandhi has still today overwhelming support in the country," he said. "I believe the prime minister of India will continue in office until the electorate of India decides otherwise".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_Emergency_(1975–1977)">State of Emergency (1975–1977)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a></div> Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. Her Cabinet and government recommended that then President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> because of the disorder and lawlessness following the Allahabad High Court decision. Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352(1) of the Constitution, on 25 June 1975.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> At the time of emergency, there was a widespread rumour that Gandhi had ordered her search guards to eliminate firebrand trade unionist and socialist party leader <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, while he was on a run. Few International organisations and Government officials issued request letters to Indira Gandhi pleading her to relinquish such decrees. Fernandes had called a nationwide railway strike in 1974, that shut the railways for three weeks and became the largest industrial action in Asia. Ghandhi had turned furious over him and the strike was massively cracked down.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rule_by_decree">Rule by decree</h4></div> Within a few months, <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a> was imposed on the two opposition party ruled states of Gujarat and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> thereby bringing the entire country under direct Central rule or by governments led by the ruling Congress party.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Police were granted powers to impose curfews and detain citizens indefinitely; all publications were subjected to substantial censorship by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>. Finally, the impending legislative assembly elections were postponed indefinitely, with all opposition-controlled state governments being removed by virtue of the constitutional provision allowing for a dismissal of a state government on the recommendation of the state's governor.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Indira Gandhi used the emergency provisions to change conflicting party members: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Unlike her father Jawaharlal Nehru, who preferred to deal with strong chief ministers in control of their legislative parties and state party organizations, Mrs. Gandhi set out to remove every Congress chief minister who had an independent base and to replace each of them with ministers personally loyal to her...Even so, stability could not be maintained in the states...<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></blockquote> President Ahmed issued <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">ordinances</a> that did not require debate in the Parliament, allowing Gandhi to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Sanjay_Gandhi">Rise of Sanjay Gandhi</h4></div> During the emergency Gandhi's younger son, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>, entered into Indian politics. He wielded tremendous power during the emergency without holding any government office. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tully" title="Mark Tully">Mark Tully</a>, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the Draconian powers his mother, Indira Gandhi, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> It was said that during the emergency Sanjay virtually ran India along with his friends, especially <a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> It was also quipped that Sanjay had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the <a href="/wiki/7,_Lok_Kalyan_Marg" title="7, Lok Kalyan Marg">PMH (Prime Minister House)</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)" title="Prime Minister's Office (India)">PMO (Prime Minister Office)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1977_election_and_opposition_years">1977 election and opposition years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_detail,_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_(Congrespartij),_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Face_detail%2C_Premier_Indira_Gandhi_%28Congrespartij%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-0811_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi on 21 March 1977</figcaption></figure> In 1977, after extending the state of emergency twice, Indira Gandhi called <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">elections</a> to give the electorate a chance to vindicate her rule. She may have grossly misjudged her popularity by reading what the heavily censored press wrote about her.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> She was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Janata_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata alliance">Janata alliance</a> of Opposition parties. The alliance was made up of <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Congress (O)</a>, The Socialist parties, and <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kranti_Dal" title="Bharatiya Kranti Dal">Bharatiya Kranti Dal</a> representing northern peasants and farmers. The Janata alliance, with <a href="/wiki/Jai_Prakash_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Prakash Narayan">Jai Prakash Narayan</a> as its spiritual guide, claimed the elections were the last chance for India to choose between "democracy and dictatorship". The Congress Party split during the election campaign of 1977; veteran Gandhi supporters like <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nandini_Satpathy" title="Nandini Satpathy">Nandini Satpathy</a> were compelled to part ways and form a new political entity, the CFD (<a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a>) due primarily to intra-party politicking and the circumstances created by Sanjay Gandhi. The prevailing rumour was that he intended to dislodge Indira Gandhi, and the trio stood to prevent that. The Gandhi's Congress party was soundly crushed in the elections. The Janata Party's democracy or dictatorship claim seemed to resonate with the public. Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi lost their seats, and Congress was reduced to 153 seats (compared with 350 in the previous Lok Sabha), 92 of which were in the South. The Janata alliance, under the leadership of Morarji Desai, came to power after the State of Emergency was lifted. The alliance parties later merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> under the guidance of Gandhian leader, Jayaprakash Narayan. The other leaders of the Janata Party were Charan Singh, Raj Narain, <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> After the humiliating defeat in the election, the <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">king of Nepal</a>, through an intermediatory offered to move her and her family to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. She refused to shift herself, but was open to move her two sons Sanjay Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. However, after consulting with <a href="/wiki/R._N._Kao" title="R. N. Kao">Kao</a>, she declined the offer altogether keeping in view of her future political career.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_opposition_and_return_to_power">In opposition and return to power</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1984_CPA_5588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1984_CPA_5588.jpg/170px-1984_CPA_5588.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1984_CPA_5588.jpg/255px-1984_CPA_5588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1984_CPA_5588.jpg/340px-1984_CPA_5588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>1984 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> commemorative stamp<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></figcaption></figure> Since Indira Gandhi had lost her seat in the election, the defeated Congress party appointed <a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a> as their parliamentary party leader. Soon afterwards, the Congress party split again with Gandhi floating her own Congress faction called Congress(I) where I stood for Indira. She won a by-election in the <a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chikmagalur Constituency</a> and took a seat in the Lok Sabha in November 1978<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> after the Janata Party's attempts to have <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> matinee idol <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar" title="Dr. Rajkumar">Rajkumar</a> run against her failed when he refused to contest the election saying he wanted to remain apolitical.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> However, the Janata government's home minister, Charan Singh, ordered her arrest along with Sanjay Gandhi on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. The allegations included that she "had planned or thought of killing all opposition leaders in jail during the Emergency".<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> However, the strategy backfired disastrously. In response to her arrest, Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_410" title="Indian Airlines Flight 410">supporters hijacked</a> an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines" title="Indian Airlines">Indian Airlines</a> jet and demanded her immediate release.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Her arrest and long-running trial gained her sympathy from many people. The Janata coalition was only united by its hatred of Gandhi (or "that woman" as some called her). The party included right wing <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Nationalists, Socialists, and former Congress party members. With so little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government began to unravel over the issue of the dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS)—the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2003-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2002-99">[98]</a> organisation. The ambitious Union finance minister, Charan Singh, who as the Union home minister during the previous year had ordered the Gandhi's' arrests, took advantage of this and started courting Indira and Sanjay. After a significant exodus from the party to Singh's faction, Desai resigned in July 1979. Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi promised Singh that Congress (I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Supporting_Charan_Singh-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charan_Singh-101">[100]</a> The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress (I) withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 elections</a> Indira Gandhi approached the <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Imam" title="Shahi Imam">Shahi Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdullah_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Abdullah Bukhari">Syed Abdullah Bukhari</a> and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> votes.<a href="#cite_note-AgnihotriRay2002-103">[102]</a> In the elections held in January, Congress (I) under Gandhi's leadership returned to power with a landslide majority.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980_elections_and_fourth_term">1980 elections and fourth term</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg/220px-Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg/330px-Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg/440px-Indira-Gandhi-in-Finland-1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi on the stairs of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Finland" title="National Museum of Finland">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> on 10 June 1983</figcaption></figure> The Congress Party under Gandhi swept back into power in January 1980.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In this election, Gandhi was elected by the voters of the <a href="/wiki/Medak_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)">Medak constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> On 23 June, Sanjay Gandhi was killed in a plane crash while performing an <a href="/wiki/Aerobatic_manoeuvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobatic manoeuvre">aerobatic manoeuvre</a> in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 1980, as a tribute to her son's dream of launching an indigenously manufactured car, Indira Gandhi nationalized Sanjay's debt-ridden company, <a href="/wiki/Maruti_Udyog" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruti Udyog">Maruti Udyog</a>, for Rs. 43,000,000 (4.34 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>) and invited joint venture bids from automobile companies around the world. <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a> of Japan was selected as the partner. The company launched its first Indian-manufactured car in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-orfonline69-108">[107]</a> By the time of Sanjay's death, Indira Gandhi trusted only family members, and therefore persuaded her reluctant son, Rajiv, to enter politics.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach-1984-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Her PMO office staff included <a href="/wiki/H._Y._Sharada_Prasad" title="H. Y. Sharada Prasad">H. Y. Sharada Prasad</a> as her information adviser and speechwriter.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Blue_Star">Operation Blue Star</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></div> After the 1977 elections, a coalition led by the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>-majority <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> came to power in the northern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. In an effort to split the Akali Dal and gain popular support among the Sikhs, Gandhi's Congress Party helped to bring the orthodox religious leader <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> to prominence in Punjab politics.<a href="#cite_note-Gus2011-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christine2008-113">[112]</a> Later, Bhindranwale's organisation, <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, became embroiled in violence with another religious sect called the <a href="/wiki/Sant_Nirankari_Mission" title="Sant Nirankari Mission">Sant Nirankari Mission</a> and he was accused of instigating the murder of <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Narain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagat Narain">Jagat Narain</a>, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Kesari" title="Punjab Kesari">Punjab Kesari</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-William2011-114">[113]</a> After being arrested, Bhindranwale disassociated himself from the Congress Party and joined Akali Dal.<a href="#cite_note-Deol2012-115">[114]</a> In July 1982, he led the campaign for the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a>, which demanded greater autonomy for the Sikh-majority state. Meanwhile, a small group of Sikhs, including some of Bhindranwale's followers, turned to militancy after being targeted by government officials and police for supporting the Anandpur Resolution.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2004-116">[115]</a> In 1982, Bhindranwale and approximately 200 armed followers moved into a guest house called the Guru Nanak Niwas near the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itp1-117">[116]</a> By 1983, the Temple complex had become a fort for many militants.<a href="#cite_note-Satish_Jacob_1985-118">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a> later reported that <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Light machine guns">light machine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-automatic rifles">semi-automatic rifles</a> were known to have been brought into the compound.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> On 23 April 1983, the Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General <a href="/wiki/A._S._Atwal" title="A. S. Atwal">A. S. Atwal</a> was shot dead as he left the Temple compound. The next day, Harchand Singh Longowal (then president of Akali Dal) confirmed the involvement of Bhindranwale in the murder.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> After several futile negotiations, in June 1984, Gandhi ordered the Indian army to enter the Golden Temple to remove Bhindranwale and his supporters from the complex. The army used heavy artillery, including tanks, in the action code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>. The operation badly damaged or destroyed parts of the Temple complex, including the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> shrine and the Sikh library. It led to the deaths of many Sikh fighters and innocent pilgrims. The number of casualties remains disputed, with estimates ranging from many hundreds to many thousands.<a href="#cite_note-Univ._of_Michigan_Press-121">[120]</a> Gandhi was accused of using the attack for political ends. Harjinder Singh Dilgeer stated that she attacked the temple complex to present herself as a great hero in order to win the general elections planned towards the end of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Dilg-122">[121]</a> There was fierce criticism of the action by Sikhs in India and overseas.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> There were also incidents of mutiny by Sikh soldiers in the aftermath of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Univ._of_Michigan_Press-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination of Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_(Shakti_Sthala).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Samadhi of Indira Gandhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG/170px-Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG/255px-Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG/340px-Samadhi_of_Indira_Gandhi_%28Shakti_Sthala%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Sthal" title="Shakti Sthal">Shakti Sthal</a>, the place where Indira Gandhi was cremated at New Delhi</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CCDDFF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I am alive today, I may not be there tomorrow ... I shall continue to serve until my last breath and when I die, I can say, that every drop of my blood will invigorate India and strengthen it  ... Even if I died in the service of the nation, I would be proud of it. Every drop of my blood ... will contribute to the growth of this nation and to make it strong and dynamic." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Gandhi's remarks on her last speech a day before her death (30 October 1984) at the then Parade Ground, Odisha.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-assassination-125">[124]</a></cite></div> </div> On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> bodyguards, <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a>, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 <a href="/wiki/Safdarjung_Road" title="Safdarjung Road">Safdarjung Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, allegedly in revenge for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-126">[125]</a> The shooting occurred as she was walking past a wicket gate guarded by the two men. She was to be interviewed by the British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a>, who was filming a documentary for <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Irish television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Beant shot her three times using his side-arm; Satwant fired 30 rounds.<a href="#cite_note-smith-128">[127]</a> The men dropped their weapons and surrendered. Afterwards, they were taken away by other guards into a closed room where Beant was shot dead. <a href="/wiki/Kehar_Singh" title="Kehar Singh">Kehar Singh</a> was later arrested for being part of the conspiracy in the attack. Satwant and Kehar were sentenced to death and hanged in Delhi's <a href="/wiki/Tihar_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihar Jail">Tihar Jail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Gandhi was taken to the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a> at 9:30 AM where doctors operated on her. She was declared dead at 2:20 PM. The post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors headed by <a href="/wiki/Tirath_Das_Dogra" title="Tirath Das Dogra">Tirath Das Dogra</a>. Dogra said that Gandhi had sustained as many as 30 bullet wounds from two sources: a <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> revolver. The assailants had fired 31 bullets at her, of which 30 hit her; 23 had passed through her body while seven remained inside her. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the make of the weapons used and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. The bullets were matched with their respective weapons at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratory" title="Central Forensic Science Laboratory">Central Forensic Science Laboratory</a> (CFSL) Delhi. Subsequently, Dogra appeared in Shri Mahesh Chandra's court as an expert witness (PW-5); he gave his testimony in several sessions. The cross examination was conducted by Shri <a href="/wiki/Pran_Nath_Lekhi" title="Pran Nath Lekhi">Pran Nath Lekhi</a>, the defence counsel.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salma_Sultan" title="Salma Sultan">Salma Sultan</a> provided the first news of her assassination on <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>'s evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PathOfMartyrdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PathOfMartyrdom.JPG/220px-PathOfMartyrdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PathOfMartyrdom.JPG/330px-PathOfMartyrdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PathOfMartyrdom.JPG/440px-PathOfMartyrdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Today, the spot where Gandhi was assassinated is marked by a glass opening in the crystal pathway at the Indira Gandhi Memorial</figcaption></figure> Gandhi was cremated in accordance with Hindu tradition on 3 November near <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Ghat">Raj Ghat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The site where she was cremated is known today as <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Sthal" title="Shakti Sthal">Shakti Sthal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Paying homage, Gandhi's body lay in state at Teen Murti House. Thousands of followers strained for a glimpse of the cremation.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_Ritual-137">[136]</a> Her funeral was televised live on domestic and international stations, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. After her death, the Parade Ground was converted to the Indira Gandhi Park which was inaugurated by her son, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>. Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. Rajiv succeeded his mother as prime minister within hours of her murder and anti-Sikh riots erupted, lasting for several days and killing more than 3,000 Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and an estimated 8,000 across India. Many Congress leaders were believed to be behind the anti-Sikh massacre.<a href="#cite_note-after_riots-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h3></div> Gandhi's death was mourned worldwide. World leaders condemned the assassination and said her death would leave a 'big emptiness' in international affairs. In <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> sent condolences, "The Soviet people learned with pain and sorrow about the untimely death in a villainous assassination of the glorious daughter of the great Indian people, a fiery fighter for peace and security of peoples and a great friend of the Soviet Union". President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, along with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>, visited the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.">Indian Embassy</a> to sign a book of condolences and expressed his 'shock, revulsion, and grief' over the assassination. 42nd <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> called Gandhi 'a great leader of a great democracy' and deplored 'this shocking act of violence'. Asian, African, and European leaders mourned Gandhi as a great champion of democracy and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement expressed its 'deepest grief' and called the killing a 'terrorist' act. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korean</a> President <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>, said Gandhi's death meant the 'loss of a great leader to the whole world.' <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> President <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C4%90uranovi%C4%87" title="Veselin Đuranović">Veselin Đuranović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistani</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Zia ul-Haq">Mohammad Zia ul-Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Italian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French</a> President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> condemned the killing. At the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> paused during its work as shocked delegates mourned the death. Assembly President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lusaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Lusaka">Paul Lusaka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> postponed a scheduled debate and hastily organized a memorial meeting.<a href="#cite_note-morning-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> Gandhi is remembered for her ability to effectively promote Indian foreign policy measures.<a href="#cite_note-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state visits made by Indira Gandhi">List of state visits made by Indira Gandhi</a></div> In early 1971, disputed elections in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> led then <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> to declare independence as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Repression and violence by the Pakistani army led to 10 million refugees crossing the border into India over the following months.<a href="#cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-144">[143]</a> Finally, in December 1971, Gandhi intervened directly in the conflict to liberate Bangladesh. India emerged victorious following the war with Pakistan to become the dominant power of South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> India had signed a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">treaty</a> with the Soviet Union promising mutual assistance in the case of war,<a href="#cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-144">[143]</a> while Pakistan received active support from the United States during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-NixonWitchBBC-146">[145]</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> disliked Gandhi personally, referring to her as a "<a href="/wiki/Bitch_(slang)" title="Bitch (slang)">bitch</a>"<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> and a "clever fox" in his private communication with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Nixon later wrote of the war: "[Gandhi] suckered [America]. Suckered us ... this woman suckered us."<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Relations with the U.S. became distant as Gandhi developed closer ties with the Soviet Union after the war. The latter grew to become India's largest trading partner and its biggest arms supplier for much of Gandhi's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> India's new hegemonic position, as articulated under the "Indira Doctrine", led to attempts to bring the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> under India's sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> remained aligned with India, while in 1975, after years of campaigning, Sikkim voted to join India in a <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-himalayan-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120–121-152">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>, First Lady of the US in New Delhi, 1962</figcaption></figure> India <a href="/wiki/Indo-Bangla_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Peace" title="Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace">maintained close ties</a> with neighbouring Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) following the Liberation War. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> recognised Gandhi's contributions to the independence of Bangladesh. However, Mujibur Rahman's pro-India policies antagonised many in Bangladeshi politics and the military, which feared that Bangladesh had become a client state of India.<a href="#cite_note-Nair-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-MK-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Mujibur Rahman</a> in 1975 led to the establishment of Islamist military regimes that sought to distance the country from India.<a href="#cite_note-IB-155">[154]</a> Gandhi's relationship with the military regimes was strained because of her alleged support of anti-Islamist leftist guerrilla forces in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-IB-155">[154]</a> Generally, however, there was a rapprochement between Gandhi and the Bangladeshi regimes, although issues such as border disputes and the <a href="/wiki/Farakka_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Farakka Dam">Farakka Dam</a> remained an irritant to bilateral ties.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> conferred its highest state award for non-nationals, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Freedom_Honour" title="Bangladesh Freedom Honour">Bangladesh Freedom Honour</a> posthumously on Gandhi for her "outstanding contribution" to the country's independence.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1971-157">[156]</a> Gandhi's approach to dealing with Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">ethnic problems</a> was initially accommodating. She enjoyed cordial relations with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a>. In 1974, India ceded the tiny islet of <a href="/wiki/Katchatheevu" title="Katchatheevu">Katchatheevu</a> to Sri Lanka to save Bandaranaike's socialist government from a political disaster.<a href="#cite_note-Suryanarayan-158">[157]</a> However, relations soured over Sri Lanka's movement away from socialism under <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a>, whom Gandhi despised as a "western puppet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20125-159">[158]</a> India under Gandhi was alleged to have supported the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) militants in the 1980s to put pressure on Jayewardene to abide by Indian interests.<a href="#cite_note-sndayt-160">[159]</a> Nevertheless, Gandhi rejected demands to invade Sri Lanka in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July 1983</a>, an anti-Tamil pogrom carried out by Sinhalese mobs.<a href="#cite_note-Bandarage-161">[160]</a> Gandhi made a statement emphasising that she stood for the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka, although she also stated that India cannot "remain a silent spectator to any injustice done to the Tamil community."<a href="#cite_note-Bandarage-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayaka-162">[161]</a> India's relationship with Pakistan remained strained after the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Shimla Accord</a> in 1972. Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">authorisation of the detonation of a nuclear device</a> at Pokhran in 1974 was viewed by Pakistani leader <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> as an attempt to intimidate Pakistan into accepting India's hegemony in the subcontinent. However, in May 1976, she and Bhutto both agreed to reopen diplomatic establishments and normalise relations.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-163">[162]</a> After General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> rose to power in Pakistan in 1978, India's relations with its neighbour reached a nadir. Gandhi accused General Zia of supporting <a href="/wiki/Khalistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistani">Khalistani</a> militants in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grover-163">[162]</a> Military hostilities recommenced in 1984 following Gandhi's authorisation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur-164">[163]</a> India was victorious in the resulting <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a> against Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur-164">[163]</a> In order to keep the Soviet Union and the United States out of South Asia, Gandhi was instrumental in establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (<a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>) in 1983<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> Gandhi remained a staunch supporter of the Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20125-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was viewed as a religious state, and thus <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">an analogue</a> to India's <a href="/wiki/Archrival" class="mw-redirect" title="Archrival">archrival</a> Pakistan. Indian diplomats hoped to win Arab support in countering Pakistan in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Nevertheless, Gandhi authorised the development of a secret channel of contact and security assistance with Israel in the late 1960s. Her lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, later became prime minister and approved full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-AKapur-166">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India,_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/220px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/330px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/440px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi meeting the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a> <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah Pahlavi</a> during their state visit to India in 1970</figcaption></figure> India's pro-Arab policy had mixed success. Establishment of close ties with the socialist and secular <a href="/wiki/Baathist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathist">Baathist</a> regimes to some extent neutralised Pakistani propaganda against India.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> However, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 presented a dilemma for the Arab and Muslim states of the Middle East as the war was fought by two states both friendly to the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Kaur-168">[167]</a> The progressive Arab regimes in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> chose to remain neutral, while the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> Arab monarchies in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> openly supported Pakistan. Egypt's stance was met with dismay by the Indians, who had come to expect close co-operation with the Baathist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> But, the death of <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> in 1970 and <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Sadat</a>'s growing friendship with <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, and his mounting differences with Moscow, constrained Egypt to a policy of neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> Gandhi's overtures to <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> were rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-Kaur-168">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> agreed with the Arab monarchies in believing that Gandhi's intervention in East Pakistan was an attack against <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaur-168">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg/220px-Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg/330px-Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg/440px-Nehru_and_Indira_Gandhi_visit_Einstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru visit <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></figcaption></figure> The 1971 war became a temporary stumbling block in growing <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Indo-Iranian ties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> had earlier characterized the Indo-Pakistani war in 1965 as Indian aggression, the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a> had launched an effort at rapprochement with India in 1969 as part of his effort to secure support for a larger Iranian role in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> Gandhi's tilt towards Moscow and her dismemberment of Pakistan was perceived by the Shah as part of a larger anti-Iran conspiracy involving India, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> Nevertheless, Iran had resisted Pakistani pressure to activate the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> and draw the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) into the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-167">[166]</a> Gradually, Indian and Iranian disillusionment with their respective regional allies led to a renewed partnership between the nations.<a href="#cite_note-hunter-169">[168]</a> She was unhappy with the lack of support from India's Arab allies during the war with Pakistan, while the Shah was apprehensive at the growing friendship between Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and the growing influence of Islam in Pakistani society.<a href="#cite_note-hunter-169">[168]</a> There was an increase in Indian economic and military co-operation with Iran during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-hunter-169">[168]</a> The 1974 India-Iranian agreement led to Iran supplying nearly 75 percent of India's crude oil demands.<a href="#cite_note-pande-170">[169]</a> Gandhi appreciated the Shah's disregard of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> in diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-hunter-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h3></div> One of the major developments in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> during Gandhi's premiership was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) in 1967. Relations between ASEAN and India were mutually antagonistic. India perceived ASEAN to be linked to the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO) and, therefore, it was seen as a pro-American organisation. On their part, the ASEAN nations were unhappy with Gandhi's sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and India's strong links with the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. Furthermore, they were also apprehensions in the region about Gandhi's plans, particularly after India played a big role in breaking up Pakistan and facilitating the emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign country in 1971. India's entry into the nuclear weapons club in 1974 also contributed to tensions in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Nanda-171">[170]</a> Relations only began to improve following Gandhi's endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Zone_of_Peace,_Freedom_and_Neutrality" title="Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality">ZOPFAN declaration</a> and the disintegration of the SEATO alliance in the aftermath of Pakistani and American defeats in the region. Nevertheless, Gandhi's close relations with reunified <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and her decision to recognize the Vietnam-installed Government of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Cambodia</a> in 1980 meant that India and ASEAN were unable to develop a viable partnership.<a href="#cite_note-Nanda-171">[170]</a> On 26 September 1981, Gandhi was conferred with the honorary degree of Doctor at the Laucala Graduation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> in Fiji.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> Although independent India was initially viewed as a champion of various African independence movements, its cordial relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and its liberal views of British policies in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> had harmed its image as a staunch supporter of various independence movements in the <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Indian condemnation of militant struggles in <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria</a> was in sharp contrast to China, who had supported armed struggle to win African independence.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> After reaching a high diplomatic point in the aftermath of Nehru's role in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, India's isolation from Africa was almost complete when only four nations—<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and Libya—supported her during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> After Gandhi became prime minister, diplomatic and economic relations with the states which had sided with India during the Sino-Indian War were expanded.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Gandhi began negotiations with the Kenyan government to establish the Africa-India Development Cooperation. The Indian government also started considering the possibility of bringing Indians settled in Africa within the framework of its policy goals to help recover its declining geo-strategic influence. Gandhi declared the people of Indian origin settled in Africa as "Ambassadors of India".<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Efforts to rope in the Asian community to join Indian diplomacy, however, came to naught, in part because of the unwillingness of Indians to remain in politically insecure surroundings, and because of the exodus of African Indians to Britain with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1968" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968">Commonwealth Immigrants Act</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the African Indian community <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">suffered persecution and eventually expulsion</a> under the government of <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oonk-174">[173]</a> Foreign and domestic policy successes in the 1970s enabled Gandhi to rebuild India's image in the eyes of African states.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Victory over Pakistan and India's possession of nuclear weapons showed the degree of India's progress.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Furthermore, the conclusion of the Indo-Soviet treaty in 1971, and threatening gestures by the United States, to send its nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">Task Force 74</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> at the height of the East Pakistan crisis had enabled India to regain its anti-imperialist image.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley-175">[174]</a> Unlike Nehru, she openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley-175">[174]</a> At the same time, Chinese influence in Africa had declined owing to its incessant quarrels with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> These developments permanently halted India's decline in Africa and helped to reestablish its geo-strategic presence.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Commonwealth">The Commonwealth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi,_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-220px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-330px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-440px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 1968, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives" title="Brazilian National Archives">National Archives of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> is a voluntary association of mainly former British colonies. India maintained cordial relations with most of the members during Gandhi's time in power. In the 1980s, she along with Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, Zambia's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> was regarded as being one of the pillars of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> India under Gandhi also hosted the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government">Commonwealth Heads of Government</a> summit in New Delhi. Gandhi used the meetings as a forum to put pressure on member countries to cut economic, sports, and cultural ties with <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Non-aligned_Movement">The Non-aligned Movement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> in 1969 <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></figcaption></figure> In the early 1980s under Gandhi, India attempted to reassert its prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> by focusing on the relationship between disarmament and economic development. By appealing to the economic grievances of <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, Gandhi and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Non-aligned movement, diverting it from some of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting where Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> attempted to steer the movement towards the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Although hosting the 1983 summit at Delhi boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its close relations with the Soviet Union and its pro-Soviet positions on <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> limited its influence.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3></div> Gandhi spent a number of years in Europe during her youth and had formed many friendships there. During her premiership she formed friendships with many leaders including <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Austrian</a> chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> She enjoyed a close working relationship with many British leaders including conservative premiers, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Bloc_countries">Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries</h3></div> The relationship between India and the Soviet Union deepened during Gandhi's rule. The main reason was the perceived bias of the United States and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, rivals of the USSR, towards Pakistan. The support of the Soviets with arms supplies and the casting of a veto at the United Nations helped in winning and consolidating the victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Before the war, Gandhi signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. They were unhappy with the 1974 nuclear test conducted by India but did not support further action because of the ensuing Cold War with the United States. Gandhi was unhappy with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, but once again calculations involving relations with Pakistan and China kept her from criticising the Soviet Union harshly. The Soviets became the main arms supplier during the Gandhi years by offering cheap credit and transactions in rupees rather than in dollars. The easy trade deals also applied to non-military goods. Under Gandhi, by the early 1980s, the Soviets had become India's largest trading partner.<a href="#cite_note-British_Academic_Press-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_intelligence_in_India">Soviet intelligence in India</h4></div> Soviet intelligence was involved in India during Indira Gandhi's administration, sometimes at Gandhi's expense. In the prelude to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, by 1981, the Soviets had launched Operation Kontakt, which was based on a forged document purporting to contain details of the weapons and money provided by the ISI to Sikh militants who wanted to create an independent country.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew20062-184">[183]</a> In November 1982, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> of the Communist Party and leader of the Soviet Union, approved a proposal to fabricate Pakistani intelligence documents detailing ISI plans to foment religious disturbances in Punjab and promote the creation of <a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a> as an independent Sikh state.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2782-185">[184]</a> Indira Gandhi's decision to move troops into the Punjab was based on her taking seriously the information provided by the Soviets regarding secret CIA support for the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2792-186">[185]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>, the Soviets used a new recruit in the New Delhi residency named "Agent S" who was close to Indira Gandhi as a major channel for providing her disinformation.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew20062-184">[183]</a> Agent S provided Indira Gandhi with false documents purporting to show Pakistani involvement in the Khalistan conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew20062-184">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> became confident that it could continue to deceive Indira Gandhi indefinitely with fabricated reports of CIA and Pakistani conspiracies against her.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2782-185">[184]</a> The Soviets persuaded <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1983 that the CIA was engaged in subversion in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2782-185">[184]</a> When Rajiv Gandhi returned to India, he declared this to be true.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2782-185">[184]</a> The KGB was responsible for Indira Gandhi exaggerating the threats posed by both the CIA and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew2014p2792-186">[185]</a> This KGB role in facilitating Operation Bluestar was acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> who stated in 1992 "The 1984 Operation Bluestar became necessary because of the vast disinformation against Sant <a href="/wiki/Bhindranwale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhindranwale">Bhindranwale</a> by the KGB, and repeated inside Parliament by the Congress Party of India."<a href="#cite_note-Swamy1992-187">[186]</a> A report following the Mitrokhin archive also caused some historiographical controversy about Indira Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> In India, a senior leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a>, requested of the Government a white paper on the role of foreign intelligence agencies and a judicial enquiry on the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> The spokesperson of the Indian Congress party referred to the book as "pure <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> not even remotely based on facts or records" and pointed out that the book is not based on official records from the Soviet Union. L.K Advani raised his voice because the book refers to ex-prime minister Indira Gandhi's (Codenamed VANO) relations with the KGB.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The KGB was alleged to be directly link to Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi (code-named Vano). "Suitcases full of banknotes were said to be routinely taken to the Prime Minister's house. Former Syndicate member <a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a> is reported to have said that Mrs. Gandhi did not even return the suitcases".<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> An extensive footprint in the Indian media was also described- "According to KGB files, by 1973 it had ten Indian newspapers on its payroll (which cannot be identified for legal reasons) as well as a press agency under its control. During 1972 the KGB claimed to have planted 3,789 articles in Indian newspapers–probably more than in any other country in the non-Communist world."<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> According to its files, the number fell to 2,760 in 1973 but rose to 4,486 in 1974 and 5,510 in 1975. Mitrokhin estimated that in some major NATO countries, despite <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active-measures</a> campaigns, the KGB was able to plant a little more than 1 per cent of the articles which it placed in the Indian press."<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_(1).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Indira_Gandhi_and_LBJ_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5630" data-file-height="3787" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi meeting President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the Oval Office on 28 March 1966</figcaption></figure> When Gandhi came to power in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> was the US president. At the time, India was reliant on the US for food aid. Gandhi resented the US policy of food aid being used as a tool to force India to adopt policies favoured by the US. She also resolutely refused to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> (NPT). Relations with the US were strained badly under President Richard Nixon and his favouring of Pakistan during the Bangladesh liberation war. Nixon despised Gandhi politically and personally.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In 1981, Gandhi met President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a> held to discuss global poverty. She had been described to him as an 'Ogre', but he found her charming and easy to work with and they formed a close working relationship during her premiership in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government</a></div> Gandhi presided over three <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a> as prime minister, two of which succeeded in meeting their targeted growth.<a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-198">[197]</a> There is considerable debate whether Gandhi was a socialist on principle or out of political expediency.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunanda_K._Datta-Ray" title="Sunanda K. Datta-Ray">Sunanda K. Datta-Ray</a> described her as "a master of rhetoric ... often more posture than policy", while <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> journalist, Peter Hazelhurst, famously quipped that Gandhi's socialism was "slightly left of self-interest."<a href="#cite_note-Indira-199">[198]</a> Critics have focused on the contradictions in the evolution of her stance towards communism. Gandhi was known for her anti-communist stance in the 1950s, with <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Desai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghnad Desai">Meghnad Desai</a> even describing her as "the scourge of [India's] Communist Party."<a href="#cite_note-Desai-200">[199]</a> Yet, she later forged close relations with Indian communists even while using the army to break the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalites</a>. In this context, Gandhi was accused of formulating populist policies to suit her political needs. She was seemingly against the rich and big business while preserving the status quo to manipulate the support of the left in times of political insecurity, such as the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> Although in time Gandhi came to be viewed as the scourge of the right-wing and reactionary political elements of India, leftist opposition to her policies emerged. As early as 1969, critics had begun accusing her of insincerity and <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">machiavellianism</a>. The Indian Libertarian wrote, "it would be difficult to find a more machiavellian leftist than Mrs Indira Gandhi... for here is <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> at its best in the person of a suave, charming and astute politician."<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Barkley_Rosser_Jr." title="J. Barkley Rosser Jr.">J. Barkley Rosser Jr.</a> wrote that "some have even seen the declaration of emergency rule in 1975 as a move to suppress [leftist] dissent against Gandhi's policy shift to the right."<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> In the 1980s, Gandhi was accused of "betraying socialism" after the beginning of Operation Forward, an attempt at economic reform.<a href="#cite_note-Datta-Ray-204">[203]</a> Nevertheless, others were more convinced of Gandhi's sincerity and devotion to socialism. Pankaj Vohra noted that "even the late prime minister's critics would concede that the maximum number of legislations of social significance was brought about during her tenure... [and that] she lives in the hearts of millions of Indians who shared her concern for the poor and weaker sections and who supported her politics."<a href="#cite_note-aam_aadmi-205">[204]</a> In summarising the biographical works on Gandhi, Blema S. Steinberg concludes she was decidedly non-ideological.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> Only 7.4% (24) of the total 330 biographical extractions posit ideology as a reason for her policy choices.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> Steinberg notes Gandhi's association with socialism was superficial. She had only a general and traditional commitment to the ideology by way of her political and family ties.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> Gandhi personally had a fuzzy concept of socialism. In one of the early interviews she gave as prime minister, Gandhi ruminated, "I suppose you could call me a socialist, but you have understand what we mean by that term ... we used the word [socialism] because it came closest to what we wanted to do here–which is to eradicate poverty. You can call it socialism; but if by using that word we arouse controversy, I don't see why we should use it. I don't believe in words at all."<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> Regardless of the debate over her ideology or lack thereof, Gandhi remains a left-wing icon. She has been described by Hindustan Times columnist, Pankaj Vohra, as "arguably the greatest mass leader of the last century."<a href="#cite_note-aam_aadmi-205">[204]</a> Her campaign slogan, Garibi Hatao ('Remove Poverty'), has become an often used motto of the Indian National Congress Party.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> To the rural and urban poor, untouchables, minorities and women in India, Gandhi was "Indira Amma or Mother Indira."<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007c-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Revolution_and_the_Fourth_Five-Year_Plan">Green Revolution and the Fourth Five-Year Plan</h3></div> Gandhi inherited a weak and troubled economy. Fiscal problems associated with the war with Pakistan in 1965, along with a drought-induced food crisis that spawned famines, had plunged India into the sharpest recession since independence.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> The government responded by taking steps to liberalise the economy and agreeing to the devaluation of the currency in return for the restoration of foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-50">[49]</a> The economy managed to recover in 1966 and ended up growing at 4.1% over 1966–1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nayak-209">[208]</a> Much of that growth however, was offset by the fact that the external aid promised by the United States government and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD), meant to ease the short-run costs of adjustment to a liberalised economy, never materialised.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-50">[49]</a> American policy makers had complained of continued restrictions imposed on the economy. At the same time, Indo-US relations were strained because of Gandhi's criticism of the American bombing campaign in Vietnam. While it was thought at the time, and for decades after, that President Johnson's policy of withholding <a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">food grain shipments</a> was to coerce Indian support for the war, in fact, it was to offer India rainmaking technology that he wanted to use as a counterweight to China's possession of the atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-211">[210]</a> In light of the circumstances, liberalisation became politically suspect and was soon abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-50">[49]</a> Grain diplomacy and currency devaluation became matters of intense national pride in India. After the bitter experience with Johnson, Gandhi decided not to request food aid in the future. Moreover, her government resolved never again to become "so vulnerably dependent" on aid, and painstakingly began building up substantial foreign exchange reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-212">[211]</a> When food stocks slumped after poor harvests in 1972, the government made it a point to use foreign exchange to buy US wheat commercially rather than seek resumption of food aid.<a href="#cite_note-Kux-213">[212]</a> The period of 1967–75 was characterised by socialist ascendency in India, which culminated in 1976 with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">official declaration of state socialism</a>. Gandhi not only abandoned the short-lived liberalisation programme but also aggressively expanded the public sector with new licensing requirements and other restrictions for industry. She began a new course by launching the Fourth Five-Year Plan in 1969. The government targeted growth at 5.7% while stating as its goals, "growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-214">[213]</a> The rationale behind the overall plan was Gandhi's Ten-Point Programme of 1967. This had been her first economic policy formulation, six months after coming to office. The programme emphasised greater state control of the economy with the understanding that government control assured greater welfare than private control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> Related to this point were a set of policies that were meant to regulate the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> By the end of the 1960s, the reversal of the liberalisation process was complete, and India's policies were characterised as "protectionist as ever."<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-212">[211]</a> To deal with India's food problems, Gandhi expanded the emphasis on production of inputs to agriculture that had already been initiated by her father, Jawaharlal Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution in India</a> subsequently culminated under her government in the 1970s. It transformed the country from a nation heavily reliant on imported grains, and prone to famine, to one largely able to feed itself, and becoming successful in achieving its goal of food security. Gandhi had a personal motive in pursuing agricultural self-sufficiency, having found India's dependency on the U.S. for shipments of grains humiliating.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The economic period of 1967–1975 became significant for its major wave of nationalisation amidst increased regulation of the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> Some other objectives of the economic plan for that period were providing for the minimum needs of the community through a rural works program and the removal of the privy purses of the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> Those and many other goals of the 1967 programme were accomplished by 1974–1975. Nevertheless, the success of the overall economic plan was tempered by the fact that annual growth at 3.3–3.4% over 1969–1974 fell short of the targeted figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fifth_Five-Year_Plan">The Fifth Five-Year Plan</h3></div> The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–1979) was enacted with the backdrop of the state of emergency and the Twenty Point Program of 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> It was the economic rationale of the emergency, a political act which has often been justified on economic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> In contrast to the reception of Gandhi's earlier economic plan, this one was criticised for being a "hastily thrown together wish list."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> She promised to reduce poverty by targeting the consumption levels of the poor and enact wide-ranging social and economic reforms. In addition, the government targeted an annual growth rate of 4.4% over the period of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-198">[197]</a> The measures of the emergency regime was able to halt the economic trouble of the early to mid-1970s, which had been marred by harvest failures, fiscal contraction, and the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> of fixed exchanged rates. The resulting turbulence in the foreign exchange markets was accentuated further by the oil shock of 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Nayak-209">[208]</a> The government was able to exceed the targeted growth figure with an annual growth rate of 5.0–5.2% over the five-year period of the plan (1974–79).<a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> The economy grew at the rate of 9% in 1975–76 alone, and the Fifth Plan, became the first plan during which the per capita income of the economy grew by over 5%.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Forward_and_the_Sixth_Five-Year_Plan">Operation Forward and the Sixth Five-Year Plan</h3></div> Gandhi inherited a weak economy when she became prime minister again in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Harley-217">[216]</a> The preceding year—1979–80—under the Janata Party government saw the strongest recession (−5.2%) in the history of modern India with inflation rampant at 18.2%.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lal-218">[217]</a> Gandhi proceeded to abrogate the Janata Party government's Five-Year Plan in 1980 and launched the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980–85). Her government targeted an average growth rate of 5.2% over the period of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-198">[197]</a> Measures to check inflation were also taken; by the early 1980s it was under control at an annual rate of about 5%.<a href="#cite_note-Lal-218">[217]</a> Although Gandhi continued professing socialist beliefs, the Sixth Five-Year Plan was markedly different from the years of Garibi Hatao. Populist programmes and policies were replaced by pragmatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a> There was an emphasis on tightening public expenditures, greater efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOE), which Gandhi qualified as a "sad thing", and on stimulating the private sector through deregulation and liberation of the capital market.<a href="#cite_note-Waterbury-219">[218]</a> The government subsequently launched Operation Forward in 1982, the first cautious attempt at reform.<a href="#cite_note-Rendezvous-220">[219]</a> The Sixth Plan went on to become the most successful of the Five-Year Plans yet; showing an average growth rate of 5.7% over 1980–85.<a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflation_and_unemployment">Inflation and unemployment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg/220px-Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg/330px-Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg/440px-Oil_Prices_Since_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>The price of oil during the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, the graph shows sharp increases in 1973 and again in 1979</figcaption></figure> During Lal Bahadur Shastri's last full year in office (1965), inflation averaged 7.7%, compared to 5.2% at the end of Gandhi's first term in office (1977).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-221">[220]</a> On average, inflation in India had remained below 7% through the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila-222">[221]</a> It then accelerated sharply in the 1970s, from 5.5% in 1970–71 to over 20% by 1973–74, due to the international oil crisis.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-221">[220]</a> Gandhi declared inflation the gravest of problems in 1974 (at 25.2%) and devised a severe anti-inflation program. The government was successful in bringing down inflation during the emergency; achieving negative figures of −1.1% by the end of 1975–76.<a href="#cite_note-Harley-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-inflation-221">[220]</a> Gandhi inherited a tattered economy in her second term; harvest failures and a <a href="/wiki/Second_oil_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Second oil shock">second oil shock</a> in the late 1970s had caused inflation to rise again.<a href="#cite_note-Harley-217">[216]</a> During Charan Singh's short time in office in the second half of 1979, inflation averaged 18.2%, compared to 6.5% during Gandhi's last year in office (1984).<a href="#cite_note-Lal-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-inflation-221">[220]</a> General economic recovery under Gandhi led to an average inflation rate of 6.5% from 1981–82 to 1985–86—the lowest since the beginning of India's inflation problems in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila-222">[221]</a> The unemployment rate remained constant at 9% over a nine-year period (1971–80) before declining to 8.3% in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik198860–72-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandhoke-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalisation">Nationalisation</h3></div> Despite the provisions, control and regulations of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, most banks in India had continued to be owned and operated by private persons.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-224">[223]</a> Businessmen who owned the banks were often accused of channeling the deposits into their own companies and ignoring <a href="/wiki/Priority_sector_lending" title="Priority sector lending">priority sector lending</a>. Furthermore, there was a great resentment against class banking in India, which had left the poor (the majority of the population) <a href="/wiki/Unbanked" title="Unbanked">unbanked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Off_the_record-225">[224]</a> After becoming prime minister, Gandhi expressed her intention of nationalising the banks to alleviate poverty in a paper titled, "Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation".<a href="#cite_note-Muralidharan1-226">[225]</a> The paper received overwhelming public support.<a href="#cite_note-Muralidharan1-226">[225]</a> In 1969, Gandhi moved to nationalise fourteen major commercial banks. After this, public sector bank branch deposits increased by approximately 800 percent; advances took a huge jump by 11,000 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Muralidharan2-227">[226]</a> Nationalisation also resulted in significant growth in the geographic coverage of banks; the number of bank branches rose from 8,200 to over 62,000, most of which were opened in unbanked, rural areas. The nationalisation drive not only helped to increase household savings, but it also provided considerable investments in the informal sector, in small- and medium-sized enterprises, and in agriculture, and contributed significantly to regional development and to the expansion of India's industrial and agricultural base.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-228">[227]</a> Jayaprakash Narayan, who became famous for leading the opposition to Gandhi in the 1970s, solidly praised her nationalisation of banks.<a href="#cite_note-Off_the_record-225">[224]</a> Having been re-elected in 1971 on a nationalisation platform, Gandhi proceeded to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles, and insurance industries.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> Most of this was done to protect employment and the interests of organised labour.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> The remaining private sector industries were placed under strict regulatory control.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a>, foreign-owned private oil companies had refused to supply fuel to the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force. In response, Gandhi nationalised some oil companies in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> However, major nationalisations occurred in 1974 and 1976, forming the oil majors.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> After nationalisation, the oil majors including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a> (IOC), the <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Petroleum Corporation">Hindustan Petroleum Corporation</a> (HPCL), and the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Petroleum Corporation">Bharat Petroleum Corporation</a> (BPCL) had to keep a minimum stock level of oil to be supplied to the military when needed.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png/480px-Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png/720px-Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png/960px-Territorial_evolution_of_India_1961%E2%80%931975.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of India 1961–1975, Gandhi established six states, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> (all 1972), and finally <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> (1975), bringing the total of states to 22, she also established <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> (1972) as Union Territories</figcaption></figure> In 1966, Gandhi <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">accepted the demands</a> of the Akalis to reorganise Punjab on linguistic lines. The <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking southern half of Punjab became a separate state, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Pahari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahari languages">Pahari</a> speaking hilly areas in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast</a> were joined to <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012302-232">[231]</a> By this action she had hoped to ward off the growing political conflict between Hindu and Sikh groups in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012302-232">[231]</a> However, a contentious issue that was considered unresolved by the Akalis was the status of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, a prosperous city on the Punjab-Haryana border, which Gandhi declared a union territory to be shared as a capital by both the states.<a href="#cite_note-Pletcher-233">[232]</a> Victory over Pakistan in 1971 consolidated Indian power in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Gandhi indicated that she would make no major concessions on Kashmir. The most prominent of the Kashmiri separatists, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>, had to recognise India's control over Kashmir in light of the new order in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The situation was normalised in the years following the war after Abdullah <a href="/wiki/1975_Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_accord" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Indira–Sheikh accord">agreed to an accord</a> with Gandhi, by giving up the demand for a plebiscite in return for a <a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">special autonomous status for Kashmir</a>. In 1975, Gandhi declared the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> as a constituent unit of India. The Kashmir conflict remained largely peaceful if frozen under Gandhi's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In 1972, Gandhi granted statehood to <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> while the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier_Agency" title="North-East Frontier Agency">North-East Frontier Agency</a> was declared a union territory and renamed <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. The transition to statehood for the territories was successfully overseen by her administration<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007b-235">[234]</a> and it was followed by the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120–121-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reform">Social reform</h3></div> The principle of equal pay for equal work for both men and women was enshrined in the Indian Constitution under the Gandhi administration.<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-236">[235]</a> Gandhi questioned the continued existence of a privy purse for former rulers of princely states. She argued the case for abolition based on equal rights for all citizens and the need to reduce the government's revenue deficit. The nobility responded by rallying around the Jana Sangh and other right-wing parties that stood in opposition to Gandhi's attempts to abolish royal privileges.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> The motion to abolish privy purses, and the official recognition of the titles, was originally brought before the Parliament in 1970. It was passed in the Lok Sabha but fell short of the two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha by a single vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayakar1997214-237">[236]</a> Gandhi responded by having a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation" title="Presidential proclamation">Presidential proclamation</a> issued; de-recognising the princes; with this withdrawal of recognition, their claims to privy purses were also legally lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayakar1997214-237">[236]</a> However, the proclamation was struck down by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayakar1997214-237">[236]</a> In 1971, she again motioned to abolish the privy purse and it was passed successfully as the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> Gandhi claimed that only "clear vision, iron will and the strictest discipline" can remove poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> She justified the imposition of the state of emergency in 1975 in the name of the socialist mission of the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> Armed with the power to rule by decree and without constitutional constraints, she embarked on a massive redistribution program.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> The provisions included rapid enforcement of land ceilings, housing for landless labourers, the abolition of bonded labour and a moratorium on the debts of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> was at the centre of the reforms. Millions of hectares of land were acquired and redistributed.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> The government was also successful in procuring houses for landless labourers; According to <a href="/wiki/Francine_Frankel" title="Francine Frankel">Francine Frankel</a>, three-fourths of the targeted four million houses was achieved in 1975 alone.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> Nevertheless, others have disputed the success of the program and criticised Gandhi for not doing enough to reform land ownership. The political economist, Jyotindra Das Gupta, cryptically questioned "whether or not the real supporters of land-holders were in jail or in power?"<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> Critics also accused Gandhi of choosing to "talk left and act right", referring to her concurrent pro-business decisions and endeavours.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Barkley_Rosser_Jr." title="J. Barkley Rosser Jr.">J. Barkley Rosser Jr.</a> wrote that "some have even seen the declaration of emergency rule in 1975 as a move to suppress dissent against Gandhi's policy shift to the right."<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-54">[53]</a> Regardless of the controversy over the nature of the reforms, the long-term effects of the social changes gave rise to the prominence of middle-ranking farmers from intermediate and lower castes in North India.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> The rise of the newly empowered social classes challenged the political establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a> in the years to come.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_policy">Language policy</h3></div> Under the 1950 Constitution of India, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> was to be the official national language by 1965. That was unacceptable to many non-Hindi-speaking states which wanted the continued use of English in government. In 1967, Gandhi introduced a constitutional amendment that guaranteed the de facto use of both Hindi and English as official languages. It established the official government policy of bilingualism in India and satisfied the non-Hindi-speaking Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> She thus put herself forward as a leader with a pan-Indian vision.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007-238">[237]</a> Nevertheless, critics alleged that her stance was actually meant to weaken the position of rival Congress leaders from the northern states such as <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, where there had been strong, sometimes violent, pro-Hindi agitations.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-206">[205]</a> Gandhi came out of the language conflicts with the strong support of the south Indian populace.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_security">National security</h3></div> In the late 1960s and 1970s, Gandhi had the Indian army crush <a href="/wiki/Naxalite#Violence_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">militant Communist uprisings</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamlet-239">[238]</a> The communist insurgency in India was completely suppressed during the <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naxalites-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-History-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-break-242">[241]</a> Gandhi considered the north-eastern region important, because of its strategic situation.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/March_1966_Mizo_National_Front_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising">Mizo uprising</a> took place against the government of India and overran almost the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram region</a>. She ordered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> to launch massive retaliatory strikes in response. The rebellion was suppressed with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> carrying out airstrikes in <a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a>; it remains the only instance of India carrying out airstrikes in its own territory.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007b-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff_iaf-244">[243]</a> The defeat of Pakistan in 1971 and the secession of East Pakistan as pro-India Bangladesh led to the collapse of the Mizo separatist movement. In 1972, after the less extremist Mizo leaders came to the negotiating table, Gandhi upgraded Mizoram to the status of a union territory. A small-scale insurgency by some militants continued into the late 1970s, but it was successfully dealt with by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007b-235">[234]</a> The Mizo conflict was <a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Peace_Accord" title="Mizoram Peace Accord">definitively resolved</a> during the administration of Gandhi's son Rajiv. Today, Mizoram is considered one of the most peaceful states in the north-east.<a href="#cite_note-Stepan-245">[244]</a> Responding to the insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, Indira Gandhi "unleashed a powerful military offensive" in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Das-246">[245]</a> Finally, a massive crackdown on the insurgents took place during the state of emergency ordered by Gandhi. The insurgents soon agreed to surrender and signed the <a href="/wiki/Shillong_Accord_of_1975" title="Shillong Accord of 1975">Shillong Accord</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-R1-247">[246]</a> While the agreement was considered a victory for the Indian government and ended large-scale conflicts,<a href="#cite_note-R3-248">[247]</a> there have since been spurts of violence by <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Council_of_Nagaland" title="National Socialist Council of Nagaland">rebel holdouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict_in_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic conflict in Nagaland">ethnic conflict amongst the tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R3-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India's_nuclear_programme">India's nuclear programme</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></div> Gandhi contributed to and carried out further, the vision of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the former premier of India, to develop its nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-http://nuclearweaponarchive.org-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-prolifimpact-250">[249]</a> Gandhi authorised the development of nuclear weapons in 1967, in response to <a href="/wiki/Test_No._6" title="Test No. 6">Test No. 6</a> by the People's Republic of China. Gandhi saw the test as Chinese nuclear intimidation and promoted Nehru's views to establish India's stability and security interests independent from those of the nuclear superpowers.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> The programme became fully mature in 1974, when <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a> reported to Gandhi that India had the ability to test its first nuclear weapon. Gandhi gave verbal authorisation for the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">test</a>, and preparations were made in the Indian Army's <a href="/wiki/Pokhran_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran Test Range">Pokhran Test Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http://nuclearweaponarchive.org-249">[248]</a> In 1974, India successfully conducted an underground nuclear test, unofficially code named "Smiling Buddha", near the desert village of <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a> in Rajasthan.<a href="#cite_note-Smiling_Buddha-252">[251]</a> As the world was quiet about this test, a vehement protest came from Pakistan as its prime minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, described the test as "Indian hegemony" to intimidate Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In response to this, <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a> launched a massive campaign to make Pakistan a nuclear power. Bhutto asked the nation to unite and slogans such as "hum ghaas aur pattay kha lay gay magar nuclear power ban k rhe gay" ("We will eat grass or leaves or even go hungry, but we will get nuclear power") were employed. Gandhi directed a letter to Bhutto, and later to the world, claiming the test was for <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosion" title="Peaceful nuclear explosion">peaceful purposes</a> and part of India's commitment to develop its programme for industrial and scientific use.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> In spite of intense international criticism and steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear test was popular domestically. The test caused an immediate revival of Gandhi's popularity, which had flagged considerably from its heights after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war</a>. The overall popularity and image of the Congress Party was enhanced and the Congress Party was well received in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi,_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG/220px-Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG/330px-Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG/440px-Feroze_and_Indira_Gandhi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi" title="Feroze Gandhi">Feroze</a> and Indira Gandhi</figcaption></figure> She married Feroze Gandhi at the age of 25, in 1942. Their marriage lasted 18 years until he died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> They had two sons—Rajiv and Sanjay. Initially, her younger son Sanjay had been her chosen heir, but after his death in a flying accident in June 1980, Indira Gandhi persuaded her reluctant elder son Rajiv to quit his job as a pilot and enter politics in February 1981. Rajiv took office as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> following his mother's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassination</a> in 1984; he served until December 1989. Rajiv Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassinated</a> by a suicide bomber working on behalf of LTTE on 21 May 1991.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_women">Views on women</h2></div> In 1952 in a letter to her American friend Dorothy Norman, Gandhi wrote: "I am in no sense a feminist, but I believe in women being able to do everything... Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once." While this statement appears paradoxical, it reflects Gandhi's complex feelings toward her gender and feminism.<a href="#cite_note-Norman,_Dorothy_1985-258">[257]</a> Her egalitarian upbringing with her cousins helped contribute to her sense of natural equality. "Flying kites, climbing trees, playing marbles with her boy cousins, Indira said she hardly knew the difference between a boy and a girl until the age of twelve."<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Gandhi did not often discuss her gender but she involved herself in women's issues before becoming the prime minister. Before her election as prime minister, she became active in the organisational wing of the Congress party, working in part in the Women's Department.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-261">[260]</a> In 1956, she had an active role in setting up the Congress Party's Women's Section.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-262">[261]</a> Unsurprisingly, a lot of her involvement stemmed from her father. As an only child, Gandhi naturally stepped into the political light. And, as a woman, she naturally helped head the Women's section of the Congress Party. She often tried to organise women to involve themselves in politics.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Although rhetorically Gandhi may have attempted to separate her political success from her gender, she did involve herself in women's organizations. The political parties in India paid substantial attention to Gandhi's gender before she became prime minister, hoping to use her for political gain.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> Even though men surrounded her during her upbringing, she still had a female role model as a child. Several books on Gandhi reference her interest in <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>. In Gandhi's own accounts through her letters, she wrote to her friend Dorothy Norman, in 1952 she wrote: "At about eight or nine I was taken to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; Jeanne d'Arc became a great heroine of mine. She was one of the first people I read about with enthusiasm."<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Another historian recounts Indira's comparison of herself to Joan of Arc: "Indira developed a fascination for Joan of Arc, telling her aunt, 'Someday I am going to lead my people to freedom just as Joan of Arc did'!"<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> Gandhi's linking of herself to Joan of Arc presents a model for historians to assess Gandhi. As one writer said: "The Indian people were her children; members of her family were the only people capable of leading them."<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> Gandhi had been swept up in the call for Indian independence since she was born in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Thus by 1947, she was already well immersed in politics, and by 1966, when she first assumed the position of prime minister, she had held several cabinet positions in her father's office.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Her advocacy for women's rights began with her help in establishing the Congress Party's Women's Section.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-261">[260]</a> In 1956, she wrote in a letter: "It is because of this that I am taking a much more active part in politics. I have to do a great deal of touring in order to set up the Congress Party Women's Section, and am on numerous important committees."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-262">[261]</a> Gandhi spent a great deal of time throughout the 1950s helping to organise women. She wrote to Norman in 1959, irritable that women had organised around the communist cause but had not mobilised for the Indian cause: "The women, whom I have been trying to organize for years, had always refused to come into politics. Now they are out in the field."<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> Once appointed president in 1959, she "travelled relentlessly, visiting remote parts of the country that had never before received a VIP... she talked to women, asked about child health and welfare, inquired after the crafts of the region"<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Her actions throughout her ascent to power clearly reflect a desire to mobilise women[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Gandhi did not see the purpose of feminism. She saw her own success as a woman, and also noted that: "Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once."<a href="#cite_note-Norman,_Dorothy_1985-258">[257]</a> Gandhi felt guilty about her inability to fully devote her time to her children. She noted that her main problem in office was how to balance her political duties with tending to her children, and "stressed that motherhood was the most important part of her life."<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> At another point, she went into more detail: "To a woman, motherhood is the highest fulfilment ... To bring a new being into this world, to see its perfection and to dream of its future greatness is the most moving of all experiences and fills one with wonder and exaltation."<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Her domestic initiatives did not necessarily reflect favourably on Indian women. Gandhi did not make a special effort to appoint women to cabinet positions. She did not appoint any women to full cabinet rank during her terms in office.<a href="#cite_note-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993-141">[140]</a> Yet despite this, many women saw Gandhi as a symbol for feminism and an image of women's power.<a href="#cite_note-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_honours">State honours</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Posthumous</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Decoration </th> <th width="100px">Country </th> <th width="100px">Date </th> <th width="300px">Note </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/100px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/150px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/200px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>The highest civilian honour of India. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/150px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Awarded by a panel appointed by the Soviet government. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-BSE85-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP85-276">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Noribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/100px-Noribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/150px-Noribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/200px-Noribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="17" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Freedom_Honour" title="Bangladesh Freedom Honour">Bangladesh Freedom Honour</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>The highest civilian honour of Bangladesh awarded to foreign dignitaries. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> American veteran politician <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Kissinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Kissinger">Henry A. Kissinger</a> had described Indira Gandhi as being an "Iron lady",<a href="#cite_note-Sharma_1988_p.-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-R.M._Lala_1979_p.-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Asian_Studies-280">[279]</a> a nickname that became associated with her tough personality.<a href="#cite_note-R.M._Lala_1979_p.-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Asian_Studies-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_1988_p.-278">[277]</a> After leading India to victory against Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971, President V. V. Giri awarded Gandhi with India's highest civilian honour, the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Freedom_Honour" title="Bangladesh Freedom Honour">Bangladesh Freedom Honour</a>, Bangladesh's highest civilian award for foreign nationals, was posthumously conferred on Gandhi for her "outstanding contributions" to Bangladesh's Liberation War.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/170px-Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/255px-Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg/340px-Indira_Gandhi_wax_figure_from_london_madame_tussauds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi's wax statue at <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> Gandhi's main legacy was standing firm in the face of American pressure to defeat Pakistan and turn East Pakistan into independent Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-144">[143]</a> She was responsible for India joining the group of <a href="/wiki/Countries_with_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries with nuclear weapons">countries with nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smiling_Buddha-252">[251]</a> Although India being officially part of the Non-Aligned Movement, she gave Indian foreign policy a tilt towards the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-British_Academic_Press-183">[182]</a> In 1999, Gandhi was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organised by the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-BBCPOLL-11">[10]</a> In 2012, she was ranked number seven on <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook India's</a> poll of <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Indian" title="The Greatest Indian">the Greatest Indian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> Being at the forefront of Indian politics for decades, Gandhi left a powerful legacy on Indian politics. Similarly, some of her actions have also caused controversies. One of the criticisms concerns her rule to have damaged internal party democracy in the Congress party. Her detractors accuse her of weakening State chief ministers and thereby weakening the federal structure, weakening the independence of the judiciary, and weakening her cabinet by vesting power in her secretariat and her sons.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Gandhi is also associated with fostering a culture of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> in Indian politics and in India's institutions.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> She is also almost singularly associated with the period of emergency rule, described by some as a "dark period" in Indian democracy.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India</a> which was adopted during the emergency can also be regarded as part of her legacy. Although judicial challenges and non-Congress governments tried to water down the amendment, the amendment still stands.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> She was the only woman to occupy the office of the prime minister of India<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> and in 2020, Gandhi was named by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century.<a href="#cite_note-auto-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time1-292">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Sthal" title="Shakti Sthal">Shakti Sthal</a> means a place of strength and is a monument to her. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi">Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Emergency_(India)" title="Category:Works about the Emergency (India)">Category:Works about the Emergency (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_based_on_the_1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="Category:Films based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots">Category:Films based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_the_insurgency_in_Punjab" title="Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab">Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab</a></div> While portrayals of Indira Gandhi by actors in Indian cinema have generally been avoided, with filmmakers using back-shots, silhouettes and voiceovers to give impressions of her character, several films surrounding her tenure, policies or assassination have been made.<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2021-293">[292]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Aandhi" title="Aandhi">Aandhi</a> (1975) by <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kissa_Kursi_Ka" title="Kissa Kursi Ka">Kissa Kursi Ka</a> (1975) by <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Nahata" title="Amrit Nahata">Amrit Nahata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasbandi" title="Nasbandi">Nasbandi</a> (1978) by <a href="/wiki/I._S._Johar" title="I. S. Johar">I. S. Johar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maachis" title="Maachis">Maachis</a> (1996) by Gulzar, <a href="/wiki/Hazaaron_Khwaishein_Aisi" title="Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi">Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi</a> (2003) by <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Mishra" title="Sudhir Mishra">Sudhir Mishra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawayein_(2003_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawayein (2003 film)">Hawayein</a> (2003) by <a href="/wiki/Ammtoje_Mann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammtoje Mann">Ammtoje Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Des_Hoyaa_Pardes" title="Des Hoyaa Pardes">Des Hoyaa Pardes</a> (2004) by <a href="/wiki/Manoj_Punj" title="Manoj Punj">Manoj Punj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaya_Taran" title="Kaya Taran">Kaya Taran</a> (2004) by <a href="/wiki/Sashi_Kumar" title="Sashi Kumar">Sashi Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amu_(film)" title="Amu (film)">Amu</a> (2005) by <a href="/wiki/Shonali_Bose" title="Shonali Bose">Shonali Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaum_De_Heere" title="Kaum De Heere">Kaum De Heere</a> (2014) by Ravinder Ravi, <a href="/wiki/47_to_84" title="47 to 84">47 to 84</a> (2014) by Rajiv Sharma, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_1984" title="Punjab 1984">Punjab 1984</a> (2014) by <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Singh_(director)" title="Anurag Singh (director)">Anurag Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Direction" title="The Fourth Direction">The Fourth Direction</a> (2015) by <a href="/wiki/Gurvinder_Singh" title="Gurvinder Singh">Gurvinder Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha_(film)" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha (film)">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> (2016) by Naresh S. Garg, <a href="/wiki/31st_October_(film)" title="31st October (film)">31 October</a> (2016) by <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Lotan_Patil" title="Shivaji Lotan Patil">Shivaji Lotan Patil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baadshaho" title="Baadshaho">Baadshaho</a> (2017) by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Luthria" title="Milan Luthria">Milan Luthria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toofan_Singh_(film)" title="Toofan Singh (film)">Toofan Singh</a> (2017) by Baghal Singh, <a href="/wiki/Sonchiriya" title="Sonchiriya">Sonchiriya</a> (2019) by <a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Chaubey" title="Abhishek Chaubey">Abhishek Chaubey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shukranu" title="Shukranu">Shukranu</a> (2020) by Bishnu Dev Halder.<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2021-293">[292]</a> Aandhi, Kissa Kursi Ka and Nasbandi are notable for having been released during Gandhi's lifetime and were subject to censorship on exhibition during the Emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2021-293">[292]</a> Indus Valley to Indira Gandhi is a 1970 Indian two-part <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> by S. Krishnaswamy which traces the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">history of India</a> from the earliest times of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> to the prime ministership of Indira Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Films Division of India</a> produced Our Indira, a 1973 short documentary film directed by S.N.S. Sastry showing the beginning of her first tenure as PM and her speeches from the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Conference">Stockholm Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pradhanmantri" title="Pradhanmantri">Pradhanmantri</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on <a href="/wiki/ABP_News" title="ABP News">ABP News</a> and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Gandhi in the episodes "Indira Gandhi Becomes PM", "Split in Congress Party", "Story before Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Birth of Bangladesh", "1975–77 State of Emergency in India", and "Indira Gandhi back as PM and Operation Blue Star" with <a href="/wiki/Navni_Parihar" title="Navni Parihar">Navni Parihar</a> portraying the role of Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> Parihar also portrays Gandhi in the 2021 Indian film <a href="/wiki/Bhuj:_The_Pride_of_India" title="Bhuj: The Pride of India">Bhuj: The Pride of India</a> which is based on the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indo-Pakistani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Indo-Pakistani War">1971 Indo-Pakistani War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The taboo surrounding the depiction of Indira Gandhi in Indian cinema has begun to dissipate in recent years with actors portraying her in films. Notable portrayals include: <a href="/wiki/Sarita_Choudhury" title="Sarita Choudhury">Sarita Choudhury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children_(film)" title="Midnight's Children (film)">Midnight's Children</a> (2012); Mandeep Kohli in <a href="/wiki/Jai_Jawaan_Jai_Kisaan_(film)" title="Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (film)">Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan</a> (2015); Supriya Vinod in <a href="/wiki/Indu_Sarkar" title="Indu Sarkar">Indu Sarkar</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/NTR:_Kathanayakudu" title="NTR: Kathanayakudu">NTR: Kathanayakudu</a>/<a href="/wiki/NTR:_Mahanayakudu" title="NTR: Mahanayakudu">NTR: Mahanayakudu</a> (2019) and Yashwantrao Chavan – Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi (2014); Flora Jacob in <a href="/wiki/Raid_(2018_film)" title="Raid (2018 film)">Raid</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Thalaivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalaivi">Thalaivi</a> (2021) and <a href="/wiki/Radhe_Shyam" title="Radhe Shyam">Radhe Shyam</a> (2022), <a href="/wiki/Kishori_Shahane" title="Kishori Shahane">Kishori Shahane</a> in <a href="/wiki/PM_Narendra_Modi" title="PM Narendra Modi">PM Narendra Modi</a> (2019), Avantika Akerkar in <a href="/wiki/Thackeray_(film)" title="Thackeray (film)">Thackeray</a> (2019) and <a href="/wiki/83_(film)" title="83 (film)">83</a> (2021), Supriya Karnik in <a href="/wiki/Main_Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Main Mulayam Singh Yadav">Main Mulayam Singh Yadav</a> (2021), <a href="/wiki/Lara_Dutta" title="Lara Dutta">Lara Dutta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bell_Bottom_(2021_film)" title="Bell Bottom (2021 film)">Bell Bottom</a> (2021), <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sana_Shaikh" title="Fatima Sana Shaikh">Fatima Sana Shaikh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bahadur_(film)" title="Sam Bahadur (film)">Sam Bahadur</a> (2023) and <a href="/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut" title="Kangana Ranaut">Kangana Ranaut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_(2024_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency (2024 film)">Emergency</a> (2024).<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2021-293">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_honours">Posthumous honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Indira Gandhi">List of things named after Indira Gandhi</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Freedom_Honour" title="Bangladesh Freedom Honour">Bangladesh Freedom Honour</a>, Bangladesh's highest civilian honour for non-nationals.</li> <li>The southernmost <a href="/wiki/Indira_Point" title="Indira Point">Indira Point</a> (6.74678°N 93.84260°E) is named after Gandhi.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Awaas_Yojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Awaas Yojana">Indira Awaas Yojana</a>, a central government low-cost housing programme for the rural poor, was named after her.</li> <li>The international airport at New Delhi is named <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Indira Gandhi International Airport</a> in her honour.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a>, the largest university in the world, is also named after her.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> established the annual <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Award_for_National_Integration" title="Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration">Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration</a> in 1985, given in her memory on her death anniversary.</li> <li>The Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust also constituted the annual <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Prize" title="Indira Gandhi Prize">Indira Gandhi Prize</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> Book written by Indira Gandhi <ul><li>My Truth (1980), <a href="/wiki/Orient_Paperback" title="Orient Paperback">Orient Paperback</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-709446-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-709446-8-3">978-81-709446-8-3</a></li></ul> Books on Indira Gandhi <ul><li>My Years with Indira Gandhi by <a href="/wiki/P._C._Alexander" title="P. C. Alexander">P. C. Alexander</a>, Orient Paperbacks, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-709444-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-709444-2-3">978-81-709444-2-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-709444-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-709444-2-3">978-81-709444-2-3</a></li> <li>Indira Gandhi by <a href="/wiki/H._Y._Sharada_Prasad" title="H. Y. Sharada Prasad">H. Y. Sharada Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin India">Penguin India</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-433328-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-433328-8-6">978-01-433328-8-6</a></li> <li>Indira Gandhi – Tryst with Power by <a href="/wiki/Nayantara_Sahgal" title="Nayantara Sahgal">Nayantara Sahgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin India">Penguin India</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-430673-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-430673-5-1">978-01-430673-5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira:_India%27s_Most_Powerful_Prime_Minister" title="Indira: India's Most Powerful Prime Minister">Indira: India's Most Powerful Prime Minister</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sagarika_Ghose" title="Sagarika Ghose">Sagarika Ghose</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-862283-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-862283-4-5">978-93-862283-4-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">List of presidents of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinated_Indian_politicians" title="List of assassinated Indian politicians">List of assassinated Indian politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indira_Gandhi_administration" title="Category:Indira Gandhi administration">Category:Indira Gandhi administration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> as acting prime minister for 13 days. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-degree-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-degree_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-degree_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-degree_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm">"Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220725/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rahul+first+in+three+generations+with+a+world+university+degree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2014%2F20140218%2Fmain6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chellaney-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chellaney_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chellaney_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahma_Chellaney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney" title="Brahma Chellaney">Brahma Chellaney</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ">Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172236502" title="Special:BookSources/9788172236502"><bdi>9788172236502</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Juggernaut%3A+The+Rise+of+China%2C+India%2C+and+Japan&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788172236502&rft.au=Brahma+Chellaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCmFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j653-4"><a href="#cite_ref-j653_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2023" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, K.A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nt7bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT252">Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-98423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-98423-1"><bdi>978-1-000-98423-1</bdi></a>. <q>India emerged as the predominant regional power in South Asia after the successful vivisection of Pakistan in 1971</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+India&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-98423-1&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnt7bEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrivastava2011" class="citation web cs1">Shrivastava, Sanskar (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101184319/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html">"1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain"</a>. The World Reporter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Reporter&rft.atitle=1971+India+Pakistan+War%3A+Role+of+Russia%2C+China%2C+America+and+Britain&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.aulast=Shrivastava&rft.aufirst=Sanskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldreporter.com%2F2011%2F10%2F1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrotra1991" class="citation cs2">Mehrotra, Santosh K., ed. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/india-and-the-soviet-union/bilateral-trade/6CE0E8488160C82115BE8B2931D6C894">"Bilateral trade"</a>, India and the Soviet Union: Trade and Technology Transfer, Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–206, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511559884.010">10.1017/CBO9780511559884.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36202-3"><bdi>978-0-521-36202-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618113553/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/india-and-the-soviet-union/bilateral-trade/6CE0E8488160C82115BE8B2931D6C894">archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018, retrieved 29 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Trade+and+Technology+Transfer&rft.atitle=Bilateral+trade&rft.pages=161-206&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511559884.010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36202-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Findia-and-the-soviet-union%2Fbilateral-trade%2F6CE0E8488160C82115BE8B2931D6C894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal2024" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008">"The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective"</a>, When Democracy Breaks, Oxford University Press, pp. 221–236, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0008">10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9"><bdi>978-0-19-776078-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=When+Democracy+Breaks&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Emergency+%281975%E2%80%931977%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-776078-9&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khorana-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Khorana_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhorana1991" class="citation book cs1">Khorana, M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSjcQ7Sm5E4C&pg=PA188">The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books</a>. Bibliographies and indexes in world literature. Greenwood Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25489-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25489-5"><bdi>978-0-313-25489-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006003440/https://books.google.com/books?id=GSjcQ7Sm5E4C&pg=PA188">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Subcontinent+in+Literature+for+Children+and+Young+Adults%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+English-language+Books&rft.series=Bibliographies+and+indexes+in+world+literature&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25489-5&rft.aulast=Khorana&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSjcQ7Sm5E4C%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamptonBurnhamSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Hampton, W.H.; Burnham, V.S.; Smith, J.C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMoN2XhwNXEC">The Two-Edged Sword: A Study of the Paranoid Personality in Action</a>. Sunstone Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-147-0"><bdi>978-0-86534-147-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005235839/https://books.google.com/books?id=zMoN2XhwNXEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two-Edged+Sword%3A+A+Study+of+the+Paranoid+Personality+in+Action&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86534-147-0&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Burnham%2C+V.S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMoN2XhwNXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, B.S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2R0OAYkcgMC">Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher</a>. Arts Insights Series. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7502-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-7502-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006003006/https://books.google.com/books?id=n2R0OAYkcgMC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Power%3A+The+Personalities+and+Leadership+Styles+of+Indira+Gandhi%2C+Golda+Meir%2C+and+Margaret+Thatcher&rft.series=Arts+Insights+Series&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7502-8&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2R0OAYkcgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCPOLL-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPOLL_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPOLL_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/543743.stm">"BBC Indira Gandhi 'greatest woman'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122338/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/543743.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Indira+Gandhi+%27greatest+woman%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F543743.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-by-time-among-100-women-of-the-year/articleshow/74498165.cms">"Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year'"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305162811/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-by-time-among-100-women-of-the-year/articleshow/74498165.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%2C+Amrit+Kaur+named+by+TIME+among+%27100+Women+of+the+Year%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Findira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-by-time-among-100-women-of-the-year%2Farticleshow%2F74498165.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201013-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201013_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Indira_Priyadarshini-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Indira_Priyadarshini_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPupul_Jayakar1992" class="citation book cs1">Pupul Jayakar (27 November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5JGkb2rhkC&pg=PR9">Indira Gandhi: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books India">Penguin Books India</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1"><bdi>978-0-14-011462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1992-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-14-011462-1&rft.au=Pupul+Jayakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgm5JGkb2rhkC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20123-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte20123_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupte2012">Gupte 2012</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201031-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201031_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201016-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201016_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201016_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201025-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201025_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201032-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201032_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201055-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201055_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2011" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, Pranay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PAPA151">Mother India: a political biography of Indira Gandhi / Pranay Gupte</a> (Rev. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306826-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi+%2F+Pranay+Gupte.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151-152&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306826-6&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201029,_75,_83-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201029,_75,_83_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, pp. 29, 75, 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDommermuth-Costa2002" class="citation book cs1">Dommermuth-Costa, Carol (2002). Indira Gandhi : daughter of India. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. pp. 42–43, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822549635" title="Special:BookSources/9780822549635"><bdi>9780822549635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi+%3A+daughter+of+India&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=42-43%2C+45&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780822549635&rft.aulast=Dommermuth-Costa&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Indira-Gandhi">"Overview of Indira Gandhi"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702074830/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Indira-Gandhi">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIndira-Gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201090-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201090_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012170-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte2012170_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupte2012">Gupte 2012</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012181-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte2012181_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupte2012">Gupte 2012</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010116-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010116_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010116_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2010">Frank 2010</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervill200736-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomervill200736_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomervill2007">Somervill 2007</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte2012184-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte2012184_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupte2012">Gupte 2012</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordmajlis.wix.com/majlis">"Majlis Asian Society"</a>. oxfordmajilis.wix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100851/http://oxfordmajlis.wix.com/majlis">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordmajilis.wix&rft.atitle=Majlis+Asian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordmajlis.wix.com%2Fmajlis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102074542/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100422_1.html">"Exhibit celebrates 120 years of South Asians at Oxford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. 22 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100422_1.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibit+celebrates+120+years+of+South+Asians+at+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fnews_releases_for_journalists%2F100422_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/82389/">"Sonia assures help for father-in-law's grave"</a>. archive.indianexpress.com. 21 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205144008/http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/82389/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. 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Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+End+of+India%27s+Nehru-Gandhi+Dynasty%3F&rft.aulast=Iwanek&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fthe-end-of-indias-nehru-gandhi-dynasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auerbach-1984-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach-1984_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach-1984_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1984" class="citation news cs1">Auerbach, Stuart (1 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/">"Indira Is India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103102056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Indira+Is+India&rft.date=1984-11-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F11%2F01%2Findira-is-india%2F3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duda_2006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Duda_2006_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuda2006" class="citation book cs1">Duda, P.N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmbOWUXFHJcC&pg=PA76">Indira Gandhi: Life and Legacy</a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0066-4"><bdi>978-81-313-0066-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%3A+Life+and+Legacy&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0066-4&rft.aulast=Duda&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmbOWUXFHJcC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post1-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post1_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/">"'Indira Is India'"</a>. Washington Post. 1 November 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103102056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Indira+Is+India%27&rft.date=1984-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F11%2F01%2Findira-is-india%2F3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Blema S. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-09731-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-09731-0"><bdi>979-8-216-09731-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Counterinsurgency+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.series=Praeger+Security+International&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-8-216-09731-0&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOTNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guha_2017_p._136-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Guha_2017_p._136_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2017" class="citation book cs1">Guha, R. 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Those were the days when so many had hailed Indira Gandhi as Durga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi+and+Her+Power+Game&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-0985-2&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Janardan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Calcutta Journal of Political Studies, Volumes 6-7. University of Calcutta. 1987. p. 12. <q>astounding victory of India led even the opposition leaders to compare her to such a mythological 'strong personality' as 'Durga'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calcutta+Journal+of+Political+Studies%2C+Volumes+6-7&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmann-Rajanayagam2013" class="citation book cs1">Hellmann-Rajanayagam, D (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKBcLhCxSvQC&pg=PAPA27&q=indira%2520durga%2520vajpayee%2520bangladesh">Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree</a>. 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Retrieved 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+Called+Sanjay+Gandhi&rft.pub=Scribd&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F26022710%2FMystery-Called-Sanjay-Gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpress_News_Service2013" class="citation news cs1">Express News Service (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/">"Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs"</a>. Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013302/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Emergency+%27propagandist%27+who+banned+Kishore+Kumar+songs&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.au=Express+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Femergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs%2F1127804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi-88"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dasgupta, Swapan (July 1985). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11724-2"><bdi>978-0-230-11724-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+Fernandes+ran+a+high-voltage+campaign+for+Chikkamagaluru+bypoll&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbengaluru%2Fhow-fernandes-ran-a-high-voltage-campaign-for-chikkamagaluru-bypoll%2Farticleshow%2F67745513.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Malhotra,_Inder" class="mw-redirect" title="Malhotra, Inder">Malhotra, Inder</a>. Indira Gandhi. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7977-0"><bdi>978-0-8129-7977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Predictioneer%27s+Game%3A+Using+the+Logic+of+Brazen+Self-Interest+to+See+and+shapte+the+future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7977-0&rft.aulast=de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Bueno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BafGvdAYYEC%26pg%3DPAPA10%26q%3D%252522charan%252520singh%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charan_Singh-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Charan_Singh_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghvi2006" class="citation book cs1">Sanghvi, Vijay (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&pg=PAPA7&q=charan">The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi By</a>. 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Gyan Publishing House.|PAGE=108,129,255 </li> <li id="cite_note-AgnihotriRay2002-103"><a href="#cite_ref-AgnihotriRay2002_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._K._AgnihotriB._Datta_Ray2002" class="citation book cs1">S. K. Agnihotri; B. Datta Ray (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKRiQaHWKJcC&pg=PAPA106">Perspective Of Security And Development In North East India</a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 106–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-165-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-165-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-165-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspective+Of+Security+And+Development+In+North+East+India&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-165-2&rft.au=S.+K.+Agnihotri&rft.au=B.+Datta+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKRiQaHWKJcC%26pg%3DPAPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/7/newsid_2506000/2506387.stm">"1980: Gandhi returned by landslide vote"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 7 January 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023133601/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/7/newsid_2506000/2506387.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=1980%3A+Gandhi+returned+by+landslide+vote&rft.date=1980-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F7%2Fnewsid_2506000%2F2506387.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/indira-gandhi-becomes-indian-prime-minister">"Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister – Jan 19, 1966 – History.com"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi+becomes+Indian+prime+minister+%E2%80%93+Jan+19%2C+1966+%E2%80%93+History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Findira-gandhi-becomes-indian-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadlapatla2019" class="citation web cs1">Vadlapatla, Sribala (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/telangana/news/congress-loses-hold-on-medak-once-won-by-indira-gandhi/articleshow/68680665.cms">"Congress loses hold on Medak, once won by Indira Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716100235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/telangana/news/congress-loses-hold-on-medak-once-won-by-indira-gandhi/articleshow/68680665.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Congress+loses+hold+on+Medak%2C+once+won+by+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Vadlapatla&rft.aufirst=Sribala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Felections%2Flok-sabha-elections-2019%2Ftelangana%2Fnews%2Fcongress-loses-hold-on-medak-once-won-by-indira-gandhi%2Farticleshow%2F68680665.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1980" class="citation news cs1">Auerbach, Stuart (23 June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/23/sanjay-gandhi-killed-in-plane-crash/76d13092-8233-483a-b8e4-54f29dfbd2e6/">"Sanjay Gandhi Killed in Plane Crash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Comprehended&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50888-7&rft.au=Martin+E.+Marty&rft.au=R.+Scott+Appleby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiBwMJrlMVoC%26pg%3DPAPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itp1-117"><a href="#cite_ref-itp1_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation magazine cs1">Singh, Tavleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620164214/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/jarnail.html">"Prophet of Hate:J S Bhindranwale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/jarnail.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Prophet+of+Hate%3AJ+S+Bhindranwale&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Tavleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-today.com%2Fitoday%2Fmillennium%2F100people%2Fjarnail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satish_Jacob_1985-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Satish_Jacob_1985_118-0">^</a> Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar – Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (Calcutta: <a href="/wiki/Rupa_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Rupa & Co.">Rupa & Co.</a> by arrangement with Pan Books, London, 1985) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Kuldip Nayar and Khushwant Singh, Tragedy of Punjab, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1984, page 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Longowal said "Whenever the situation becomes ripe for settlement, some violent incident takes place. I know <a href="/wiki/Bhindranwale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhindranwale">Bhindranwale</a> is behind the murder of the DIG", "(The person behind the murder is) The one who is afraid of losing his seat of power"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Indian Express. 27 April 1983. interview with Longowal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Express&rft.pages=interview+with+Longowal&rft.date=1983-04-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Univ._of_Michigan_Press-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Univ._of_Michigan_Press_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Univ._of_Michigan_Press_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidryKennedyZald2000" class="citation book cs1">Guidry, John; Kennedy, Michael D.; Zald, Mayer N., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh0OlJWuh4sC&pg=PAPR7&q=bhindranwale">Globalizations and social movements : culture, power, and the transnational public sphere</a> (Reprint ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Univ._of_Michigan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Univ. of Michigan Press">Univ. of Michigan Press</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06721-3"><bdi>978-0-472-06721-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizations+and+social+movements+%3A+culture%2C+power%2C+and+the+transnational+public+sphere&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06721-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEh0OlJWuh4sC%26pg%3DPAPR7%26q%3Dbhindranwale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dilg-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Dilg_122-0">^</a> "Indira Gandhi had since long been planning for an attack on Darbar Sahib..." Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (2012). Sikh History in 10 Volumes. Vol 7, p. 168; 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2001" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA161&q=1984%2520protest%2520golden%2520temple">Sikh religion, culture and ethnicity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 169–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84634-2"><bdi>978-1-136-84634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+religion%2C+culture+and+ethnicity&rft.pages=169-171&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84634-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8xdAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA161%26q%3D1984%252520protest%252520golden%252520temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-remembering-indira-gandhi-on-her-29th-death-anniversary-1911491">"Remembering Indira Gandhi on her 29th death anniversary"</a>. dna. 30 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917081430/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-remembering-indira-gandhi-on-her-29th-death-anniversary-1911491">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=Remembering+Indira+Gandhi+on+her+29th+death+anniversary&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-remembering-indira-gandhi-on-her-29th-death-anniversary-1911491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-assassination-125"><a href="#cite_ref-assassination_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/142182-Last-speech-Indira-Gandhi-at-Bhubaneswar.aspx">"Last speech of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi prior to her assassination"</a>. India Study Channel. 21 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509182103/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/142182-Last-speech-Indira-Gandhi-at-Bhubaneswar.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Study+Channel&rft.atitle=Last+speech+of+Prime+Minister+Indira+Gandhi+prior+to+her+assassination&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiastudychannel.com%2Fresources%2F142182-Last-speech-Indira-Gandhi-at-Bhubaneswar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-126"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossette1989" class="citation news cs1">Crossette, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html">"India Hangs Two Sikhs Convicted In Assassination of Indira Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074556/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Hangs+Two+Sikhs+Convicted+In+Assassination+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Crossette&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F01%2F06%2Fworld%2Findia-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indira-gandhi-assassination-death-anniversary-things-to-know-operation-blue-star/1/799136.html">"32 years of Indira Gandhi assassination, anti-Sikh riots: All you need to know"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211003715/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indira-gandhi-assassination-death-anniversary-things-to-know-operation-blue-star/1/799136.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=32+years+of+Indira+Gandhi+assassination%2C+anti-Sikh+riots%3A+All+you+need+to+know&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Findira-gandhi-assassination-death-anniversary-things-to-know-operation-blue-star%2F1%2F799136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-128"><a href="#cite_ref-smith_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation news cs1">Smith, William E. (12 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_111284a.html">"Indira Gandhi's assassination sparks a fearful round of sectarian violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043002/http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_111284a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%27s+assassination+sparks+a+fearful+round+of+sectarian+violence&rft.date=1984-11-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhtimes.com%2Fbios_111284a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudgalDevadas1989" class="citation web cs1">Mudgal, Vipul; Devadas, David (31 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890131-indira-gandhi-assassination-trial-satwant-singh-and-kehar-singh-hanged-815690-1989-01-31">"Indira Gandhi assassination trial: Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh hanged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190305/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890131-indira-gandhi-assassination-trial-satwant-singh-and-kehar-singh-hanged-815690-1989-01-31">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi+assassination+trial%3A+Satwant+Singh+and+Kehar+Singh+hanged&rft.date=1989-01-31&rft.aulast=Mudgal&rft.aufirst=Vipul&rft.au=Devadas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19890131-indira-gandhi-assassination-trial-satwant-singh-and-kehar-singh-hanged-815690-1989-01-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926929-2,00.html">Indira Gandhi: Death in the Garden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103050402/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926929-2,00.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – TIME </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QufTc6fAocC&pg=RA1-PA135">Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants</a> – Cynthia Keppley Mahmood – Google Books </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> T D Dogra's Expert Evidence in trial of assassination of Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (Witness No. PW 5) Raina Anupuma, Lalwani Sanjeev, Dogra TD, Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS, N. 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Retrieved on 21 May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/We+the+eyeballs/1/1328.html">We the eyeballs : Cover Story – India Today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215111034/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/We+the+eyeballs/1/1328.html">Archived</a> 15 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved on 21 May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaiborneSun1984" class="citation news cs1">Claiborne, William; Sun, Lena (4 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/">"Indira Gandhi Cremated in Hindu Ritual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206010005/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi+Cremated+in+Hindu+Ritual&rft.date=1984-11-04&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Claiborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Sun%2C+Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F11%2F04%2Findira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual%2F124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/shaktisthal.html">"Shakti Sthal – Delhi Information"</a>. www.delhiinformation.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309021606/http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/shaktisthal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.delhiinformation.in&rft.atitle=Shakti+Sthal+%E2%80%93+Delhi+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delhiinformation.in%2Ftourism%2Fmemorials%2Fshaktisthal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_Ritual-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_Ritual_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/">"Indira Gandhi Cremated in Hindu Ritual"</a>. William Claiborne. Washington Post Foreign Service. The Washington Post. 4 November 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206010005/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+Claiborne&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi+Cremated+in+Hindu+Ritual&rft.date=1984-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F11%2F04%2Findira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual%2F124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-after_riots-138"><a href="#cite_ref-after_riots_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/anti-sikh-riots-what-happened-in-1984-and-after-1.60501721">"Anti-Sikh riots: What happened in 1984 and after?"</a>. Karuna Madan. Al Nisr Publishing. 21 November 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karuna+Madan&rft.atitle=Anti-Sikh+riots%3A+What+happened+in+1984+and+after%3F&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia%2Fanti-sikh-riots-what-happened-in-1984-and-after-1.60501721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">"Indira Gandhi's death remembered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 1 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%27s+death+remembered&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8306420.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morning-140"><a href="#cite_ref-morning_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/31/World-leaders-condemned-the-senseless-assassination-of-Indian-Prime/1907468046800/">"World leaders condemned the 'senseless' assassination of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi"</a>. VALERIE STRAUSS. United Press International. UPI.COM. 31 October 1984. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VALERIE+STRAUSS&rft.atitle=World+leaders+condemned+the+%27senseless%27+assassination+of+Indian+Prime+Minister+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=1984-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1984%2F10%2F31%2FWorld-leaders-condemned-the-senseless-assassination-of-Indian-Prime%2F1907468046800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genovese,_Michael_A._1993_141-2">c</a> Genovese, Michael A., ed. Women As National Leaders (SAGE Publications, 1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Surjit Mansinghm India′s Search for Power: Indira Gandhi′s Foreign Policy 1966–1982 (1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Shashi Tharoor, Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977 (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstatepo0000thar/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahsgjxajtu0c244_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahsgjxajtu0c244_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahsgjxajtu0c244_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHsGJxAJTU0C&pg=PAPR14&q=indira%2520gandhi">One world divisible : a global history since 1945</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. pp. 244–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32108-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+world+divisible+%3A+a+global+history+since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=244-247&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32108-1&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHsGJxAJTU0C%26pg%3DPAPR14%26q%3Dindira%252520gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyindia00kulk">A History of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyindia00kulk/page/n371">359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryindia00kulk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NixonWitchBBC-146"><a href="#cite_ref-NixonWitchBBC_146-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira, BBC News, 29 June 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812125319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Archived</a> 12 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (29 June 2005). Retrieved on 18 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d150">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926154652/http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d150">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>Nixon: This is just the point when she is a bitch. Kissinger: Well, the Indians are bastards anyway. They are starting a war there. It's—to them East Pakistan is no longer the issue. Now, I found it very interesting how she carried on to you yesterday about West Pakistan. Nixon: I think I'll make the meeting today a rather brief—cool. [unclear] I don't mean by that cool in terms of not trying to bring up [unclear] I'll talk to her a little about Vietnam, and– Kissinger: I'd let her talk a little more, maybe today— Nixon: Yeah? Kissinger:—to be a little less forthcoming. But basically, Mr. President— Nixon: So I was trying to give her no excuses. Now I've talked to her, told her everything we're going to do. Now it's up to her. Kissinger: While she was a bitch, we got what we wanted too. You very subtly—I mean, she will not be able to go home and say that the United States didn't give her a warm reception and therefore, in despair, she's got to go to war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1969%E2%80%931976%2C+Volume+E%E2%80%937%2C+Documents+on+South+Asia%2C+1969%E2%80%931972+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1969-76ve07%2Fd150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">"BBC NEWS | South Asia | Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira"</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. 29 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812125319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%7C+South+Asia+%7C+Nixon%27s+dislike+of+%27witch%27+Indira&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4633263.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/this-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi/story-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html">"'This woman suckered us', said Nixon of Indira Gandhi"</a>. www.hindustantimes.com. 2 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720223345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/this-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi/story-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.hindustantimes.com&rft.atitle=%27This+woman+suckered+us%27%2C+said+Nixon+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi-news%2Fthis-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi%2Fstory-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRacioppi1994" class="citation book cs1">Racioppi, Linda (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietpolicytowa1970raci">Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietpolicytowa1970raci/page/n76">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41457-9"><bdi>978-0-521-41457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Policy+towards+South+Asia+since+1970&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41457-9&rft.aulast=Racioppi&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietpolicytowa1970raci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2009" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Harish (2009). Foreign Policies Of India's Prime Ministers. Lancer Publishers. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796174-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9796174-8-5"><bdi>978-0-9796174-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Policies+Of+India%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9796174-8-5&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Harish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120–121-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120–121_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120–121_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik1988">Malik 1988</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Nair_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2008" class="citation book cs1">Nair, P. Sukumaran (2008). Indo-Bangladesh Relations. APH Publishing. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0408-2"><bdi>978-81-313-0408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Bangladesh+Relations&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0408-2&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=P.+Sukumaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MK-154"><a href="#cite_ref-MK_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm">"Mujib's downfall"</a>. Countrystudies.us. 15 August 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012545/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mujib%27s+downfall&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft.date=1975-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IB-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IB_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IB_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/106.htm">"Bangladesh's relations with India"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328232816/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/106.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%27s+relations+with+India&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2000" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N (2000). India And Her Neighbours. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Publishers_%26_Dist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Publishers & Dist">Atlantic Publishers & Dist</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-912-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-912-0"><bdi>978-81-7156-912-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+And+Her+Neighbours&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-912-0&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi1971-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi1971_157-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-25/news/29812476_1_liberation-war-sonia-gandhi-outstanding-contribution">Former PM Indira Gandhi honoured with Bangladesh's highest award, The Economic Times, 25 July 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510165730/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-25/news/29812476_1_liberation-war-sonia-gandhi-outstanding-contribution">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> (25 July 2011). 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Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31424-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31424-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31424-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+contraction+of+England+%3A+an+inaugural+lecture+delivered+before+the+University+of+Cambridge+on+22+October+1984&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31424-4&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8o7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA42%26q%3Dgandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Danilewitz, J., 1998. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 499–500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India+%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499-500&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306826-6&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3D%252522non%252520aligned%252520movement%252522%252520india%252520indira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniindia.com/~/mamata-remembers-indira-gandhi-on-her-death-anniversary/States/news/1393309.html">"Mamata remembers Indira Gandhi on her death anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_News_of_India" title="United News of India">United News of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716081816/http://www.uniindia.com/~/mamata-remembers-indira-gandhi-on-her-death-anniversary/States/news/1393309.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+News+of+India&rft.atitle=Mamata+remembers+Indira+Gandhi+on+her+death+anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniindia.com%2F~%2Fmamata-remembers-indira-gandhi-on-her-death-anniversary%2FStates%2Fnews%2F1393309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1987" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Willy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBhr8W16XWMC&pg=PAPP11&q=indira">Arms and hunger</a>. Translated by Bell, Anthea (1st MIT Press English language pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52127-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52127-7"><bdi>978-0-262-52127-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+hunger&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=43-44&rft.edition=1st+MIT+Press+English+language+pbk.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52127-7&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBhr8W16XWMC%26pg%3DPAPP11%26q%3Dindira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreiskyLewisRathkolb2000" class="citation book cs1">Kreisky, Bruno; Lewis, Jill; Rathkolb, Oliver (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lb6uBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR11&q=%2520gandhi">The struggle for a democratic Austria : Bruno Kreisky on peace and social justice</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. pp. 413–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-155-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+a+democratic+Austria+%3A+Bruno+Kreisky+on+peace+and+social+justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=413-414&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-155-4&rft.aulast=Kreisky&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Jill&rft.au=Rathkolb%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlb6uBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR11%26q%3D%252520gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte1992" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, Pranay (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PAPR9&q=%2520thatcher">Mother India : a political biography of Indira Gandhi</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner's">Scribner's</a>. pp. 516–517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19296-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19296-3"><bdi>978-0-684-19296-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India+%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=516-517&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19296-3&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3D%252520thatcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Academic_Press-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Academic_Press_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Academic_Press_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1993" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Peter J.S. (1993). Light, Margot (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7MA1F1TD08C&pg=PA29">Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures, Chapter II, Soviet-Indian Model</a>. London [u.a.]: British Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-649-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+friendships%3A+Moscow%27s+Third+World+ventures%2C+Chapter+II%2C+Soviet-Indian+Model&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=British+Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-649-2&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7MA1F1TD08C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew20062-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew20062_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew20062_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew20062_184-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Andrew (10 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Msx8swEACAAJ">The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World: Newly Revealed Secrets from the Mitrokhin Archive</a>. Basic Books. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00313-6"><bdi>978-0-465-00313-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628233718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Msx8swEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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Penguin Books Limited. pp. 278–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197798-0"><bdi>978-0-14-197798-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628233718/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9uAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR278">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mitrokhin+Archive+II%3A+The+KGB+in+the+World&rft.pages=278-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197798-0&rft.au=Christopher+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQ9uAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew2014p2792-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2014p2792_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2014p2792_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2014" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Andrew (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9uAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR278">The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB in the World</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 279–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197798-0"><bdi>978-0-14-197798-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628233718/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9uAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR278">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27KGB+moles+infiltrated+Indira%27s+PMO%27&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lall&rft.aufirst=Rashmee+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Frest-of-world%2Fkgb-moles-infiltrated-indiras-pmo%2Farticleshow%2F1234437.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Andrew & Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II- The KGB and the World, The Special Relationship With India: Part I, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DijkGlenn_GraySavranskayaSuri2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Dijk, Ruud; Glenn Gray, William; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang, eds. 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PHI. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3537-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3537-0"><bdi>978-81-203-3537-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Markets+Institutions+And+Financial+Services&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=PHI&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3537-0&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Off_the_record-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Off_the_record_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Off_the_record_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkshat_Kaushal2011" class="citation news cs1">Akshat Kaushal (28 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/offrecord/436974/">"Off the record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Standard, India">Business Standard, India</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watershed.com.br/article/208/naxalites-who-are-they-and-what-are-their-demands.aspx">the original</a> on 2 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naxalites%3A+who+are+they+and+what+are+their+demands%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watershed.com.br%2Farticle%2F208%2Fnaxalites-who-are-they-and-what-are-their-demands.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-241"><a href="#cite_ref-History_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722091758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/History-of-Naxalism/Article1-6545.aspx">"History of Naxalism"</a>. Hindustantimes.com. 15 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/History-of-Naxalism/Article1-6545.aspx">the original</a> on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Naxalism&rft.pub=Hindustantimes.com&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FNews-Feed%2FNM2%2FHistory-of-Naxalism%2FArticle1-6545.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-break-242"><a href="#cite_ref-break_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indira-gandhi-used-army-to-break-naxals-retired-general-30840">"Indira Gandhi used Army to break Naxals: Retired General"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NDTV.com">NDTV.com</a>. 10 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100731/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indira-gandhi-used-army-to-break-naxals-retired-general-30840">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi+used+Army+to+break+Naxals%3A+Retired+General&rft.pub=NDTV.com&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findira-gandhi-used-army-to-break-naxals-retired-general-30840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1985" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Indira (1985). Selected Thoughts of Indira Gandhi: A Book of Quotes. Mittal Publications. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Thoughts+of+Indira+Gandhi%3A+A+Book+of+Quotes&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Indira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff_iaf-244"><a href="#cite_ref-rediff_iaf_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/03/slide-show-1-special-dont-bomb-the-naxals.htm#6">"Don't bomb the Naxals!: IAF last strafed Indian territory in 1966"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a>. 5 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117085439/http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/03/slide-show-1-special-dont-bomb-the-naxals.htm#6">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Don%27t+bomb+the+Naxals%21%3A+IAF+last+strafed+Indian+territory+in+1966&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.rediff.com%2Fslide-show%2F2010%2Faug%2F03%2Fslide-show-1-special-dont-bomb-the-naxals.htm%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepan-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Stepan_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanJuan_J._LinzYogendra_Yadav2011" class="citation book cs1">Stepan, Alfred; Juan J. Linz; Yogendra Yadav (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PAPA105">Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies</a>. <a href="/wiki/JHU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="JHU Press">JHU Press</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9723-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-9723-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+State-Nations%3A+India+and+Other+Multinational+Democracies&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9723-8&rft.aulast=Stepan&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Juan+J.+Linz&rft.au=Yogendra+Yadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGUuOdeCiXQC%26pg%3DPAPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Das_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Samir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bY27nAdkocC&pg=PAPA207">Peace Processes and Peace Accords</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3391-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-3391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Processes+and+Peace+Accords&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3391-5&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bY27nAdkocC%26pg%3DPAPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R1-247"><a href="#cite_ref-R1_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_accord_the_shillong_nov_11_1975.htm">"Nagaland Accord – The Shillong Agreement of November 11, 1975"</a>. satp.org/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603044643/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_accord_the_shillong_nov_11_1975.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012. <q>representatives of the underground organisations met the Governor of Nagaland, Shri L.P. Singh representing the Government of India, at Shillong on 10th and 11th November, 1975.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagaland+Accord+%E2%80%93+The+Shillong+Agreement+of+November+11%2C+1975&rft.pub=satp.org%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fsatporgtp%2Fcountries%2Findia%2Fstates%2Fnagaland%2Fdocuments%2Fpapers%2Fnagaland_accord_the_shillong_nov_11_1975.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R3-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R3_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314113027/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm">"Dawn of Peace in Nagaland – SHILLONG ACCORD"</a>. nagaland.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012. <q>the historic "Shillong" signed at Shillong on November 11, 1975, by the Governor of Nagaland Mr. L.P Singh representing the Government of India and the underground leadership represented by Mr. Assa and Mr. Kevi Yalley</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+Peace+in+Nagaland+%E2%80%93+SHILLONG+ACCORD&rft.pub=nagaland.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagaland.nic.in%2Fprofile%2Fhistory%2Fpeace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://nuclearweaponarchive.org-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-http://nuclearweaponarchive.org_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http://nuclearweaponarchive.org_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSublette" class="citation web cs1">Sublette, Carey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html">"Origins of Indian nuclear program"</a>. Nuclear Weapon Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809125408/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Weapon+Archive&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Indian+nuclear+program&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FIndia%2FIndiaOrigin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prolifimpact-250"><a href="#cite_ref-prolifimpact_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkovich2002" class="citation book cs1">Perkovich, George (2002). India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23210-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+nuclear+bomb%3A+the+impact+on+global+proliferation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23210-5&rft.aulast=Perkovich&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhury2018" class="citation news cs1">Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (12 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nehrus-refusal-of-kennedys-offer-of-nuclear-detonation-kept-india-out-of-the-nsg/articleshow/52732667.cms?from=mdr">"Nehru's refusal of Kennedy's offer of nuclear detonation kept India out of the NSG"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192438/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nehrus-refusal-of-kennedys-offer-of-nuclear-detonation-kept-india-out-of-the-nsg/articleshow/52732667.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+refusal+of+Kennedy%27s+offer+of+nuclear+detonation+kept+India+out+of+the+NSG&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=Dipanjan+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fnehrus-refusal-of-kennedys-offer-of-nuclear-detonation-kept-india-out-of-the-nsg%2Farticleshow%2F52732667.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smiling_Buddha-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smiling_Buddha_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smiling_Buddha_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html">"Smiling Buddha, 1974"</a>. India's Nuclear Weapons Program. Nuclear Weapon Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829003453/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India%27s+Nuclear+Weapons+Program&rft.atitle=Smiling+Buddha%2C+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FIndia%2FIndiaSmiling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutto1974" class="citation cs2">Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (18 May 1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html">Prime minister Secretariat Press Release</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_of_Pakistan" title="Associated Press of Pakistan">Associated Press of Pakistan</a> (APP) and Pakistan Television (PTV), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2011, <q>India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+minister+Secretariat+Press+Release&rft.pub=Associated+Press+of+Pakistan+%28APP%29+and+Pakistan+Television+%28PTV%29&rft.date=1974-05-18&rft.aulast=Bhutto&rft.aufirst=Zulfikar+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fe_research%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan%2FNuclear%2Fchronology_1974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/WikiLeaks-Indira-had-offered-to-share-N-tech-with-Pakistan-in-1974/articleshow/19467959.cms">"WikiLeaks: Indira had offered to share N-tech with Pakistan"</a>. The Times of India. 10 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406115840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/WikiLeaks-Indira-had-offered-to-share-N-tech-with-Pakistan-in-1974/articleshow/19467959.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks%3A+Indira+had+offered+to+share+N-tech+with+Pakistan&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FWikiLeaks-Indira-had-offered-to-share-N-tech-with-Pakistan-in-1974%2Farticleshow%2F19467959.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9q0-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=RkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6218%2C7417635">"Indira Nehru – Feroze Gandhi Wedding (in page 4 bottom/right)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a> (27 March 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912133908/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9q0-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=RkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6218,7417635">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indira+Nehru+%E2%80%93+Feroze+Gandhi+Wedding+%28in+page+4+bottom%2Fright%29&rft.pub=Indian+Express+%2827+March+1942%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9q0-AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DRkwMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6218%252C7417635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2689749">Invitation Card of the marriage ceremony of Km. Indira D/o J.L. Nehru on 26th March 1942</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_India" title="National Archives of India">National Archives of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+Card+of+the+marriage+ceremony+of+Km.+Indira+D%2Fo+J.L.+Nehru+on+26th+March+1942.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhilekh-patal.in%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2689749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors., Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf">K.T. Thomas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102222525/http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf">Archived</a> 2 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, para. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman,_Dorothy_1985-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman,_Dorothy_1985_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman,_Dorothy_1985_258-1">b</a> Norman, Dorothy. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. San Diego: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>, 1985. Print. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayakar1995" class="citation book cs1">Jayakar, Pupul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5JGkb2rhkC&pg=PAPR9&q=feminist">Indira Gandhi, a biography</a> (Rev. ed.). New Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1"><bdi>978-0-14-011462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%2C+a+biography&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-011462-1&rft.aulast=Jayakar&rft.aufirst=Pupul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgm5JGkb2rhkC%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3Dfeminist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Jayakar, Pupul. Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography. New York: Pantheon, 1992. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiragandhi.com/aboutindiragandhi.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indiragandhi.com&rft.atitle=About+Indira+Gandhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiragandhi.com%2Faboutindiragandhi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiragandhi.com/history.html">"History"</a>. indiragandhi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904222356/http://www.indiragandhi.com/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019. 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Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1985. p. 571.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+the+Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=571&rft.pub=Sovetskaya+Enciklopediya&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP85-276"><a href="#cite_ref-AP85_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/16c9ab00d09919381471e70baf11726f">"LENIN PEACE PRIZE AWARDED TO INDIRA GANDHI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016231521/https://apnews.com/16c9ab00d09919381471e70baf11726f">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=LENIN+PEACE+PRIZE+AWARDED+TO+INDIRA+GANDHI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F16c9ab00d09919381471e70baf11726f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon_Habib2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haroon Habib (25 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-honours-indira-gandhi-with-highest-award/article2293016.ece">"Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075735/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-honours-indira-gandhi-with-highest-award/article2293016.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+honours+Indira+Gandhi+with+highest+award&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.au=Haroon+Habib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fbangladesh-honours-indira-gandhi-with-highest-award%2Farticle2293016.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma_1988_p.-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_1988_p._278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_1988_p._278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1988" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, R.A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXpuAAAAMAAJ">Indira Gandhi and Congress Party</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-44-1"><bdi>978-81-85119-44-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXpuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. <q>Henry A. Kissinger had described her as an "iron lady" and her personality as "charismatic" and tough.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi+and+Congress+Party&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-85119-44-1&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R.M._Lala_1979_p.-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R.M._Lala_1979_p._279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R.M._Lala_1979_p._279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yzmAAAAMAAJ">Himmat</a>. <a href="/wiki/R._M._Lala" title="R. M. Lala">R. M. Lala</a>. 1979. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119023006/https://books.google.com/books?id=7yzmAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. <q>Few cast so low, so ignominiously, have the courage and belief to return. Mrs Gandhi is the real iron lady.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmat&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=R.+M.+Lala&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yzmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute_of_Asian_Studies-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_of_Asian_Studies_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_of_Asian_Studies_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNNNxx-rEHMC">Asian Studies</a>. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. 1982. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119023006/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNNNxx-rEHMC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. <q>Indira Gandhi, is "charismatic" and tough. She is described as an "iron lady".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Studies&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Institute+of+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNNNxx-rEHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304070427/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">"Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Home affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9MgBGtVX0Q">the original</a> on 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pradhanmantri+%E2%80%93+Episode+9%3A+Split+in+Congress+%E2%80%93+Indira+Gandhi+and+Morarji+Desai&rft.pub=ABP+News&rft.date=2013-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dk9MgBGtVX0Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/n89h4FqDZ6Q">Bhuj: The Pride Of India – Official Trailer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a>. 12 July 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n89h4FqDZ6Q">the original</a> on 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhuj%3A+The+Pride+Of+India+%E2%80%93+Official+Trailer&rft.pub=Disney%2B+Hotstar&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dn89h4FqDZ6Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20210805/282067689984311">"Playing Indira Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>. 5 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807015919/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20210805/282067689984311">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Playing+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Findia%2Fthe-asian-age%2F20210805%2F282067689984311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Torild_Skard" title="Torild Skard">Skard, Torild</a> (2014). "Indira Gandhi". Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: <a href="/wiki/Policy_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy Press">Policy Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-1578-0"><bdi>978-1-4473-1578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi&rft.btitle=Women+of+Power%3A+Half+a+Century+of+Female+Presidents+and+Prime+Ministers+Worldwide&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-1578-0&rft.aulast=Skard&rft.aufirst=Torild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervill2007" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Somervill (2007). Indira Gandhi: Political Leader in India. <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Publishers" title="Capstone Publishers">Capstone Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1885-1"><bdi>978-0-7565-1885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%3A+Political+Leader+in+India&rft.pub=Capstone+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-1885-1&rft.au=Barbara+Somervill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2010" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Frank (2010). Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-737250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-737250-8"><bdi>978-0-00-737250-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+the+life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-00-737250-8&rft.au=Katherine+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Meena Agrawal (2005). Indira Gandhi. Diamond Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0901-9"><bdi>978-81-288-0901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-288-0901-9&rft.au=Meena+Agrawal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2012" class="citation book cs1">Pranay Gupte (2012). Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306826-6&rft.au=Pranay+Gupte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayakar1997" class="citation book cs1">Pupul Jayakar (1997). Indira Gandhi: A Biography. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011462-1"><bdi>978-0-14-011462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-011462-1&rft.au=Pupul+Jayakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1988" class="citation book cs1">Yogendra Kumar Malik (1988). India: The Years of Indira Gandhi. <a href="/wiki/BRILL_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="BRILL Publishers">BRILL Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08681-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Years+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=BRILL+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08681-4&rft.au=Yogendra+Kumar+Malik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndira+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guha,_Ramachandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guha, Ramachandra">Guha, Ramachandra</a>. India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7">978-0-06-019881-7</a></li> <li>Hart, Henry C., ed. Indira Gandhi's India (Routledge, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Indira-Gandhis-India-Henry-Hart/dp/0367170507/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921094240/https://www.amazon.com/Indira-Gandhis-India-Henry-Hart/dp/0367170507">Archived</a> 21 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupul_Jayakar" title="Pupul Jayakar">Jayakar, Pupul</a>. Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42479-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42479-6">978-0-679-42479-6</a></li> <li>Malhotra, Inder. Indira Gandhi: A personal and political biography (1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-53548-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-53548-2">0-340-53548-2</a></li> <li>Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915060518/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063">Archived</a> 15 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 104–111.</li> <li>Mansingh, Surjit. India′s Search for Power: Indira Gandhi′s Foreign Policy 1966–1982 (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiassearchforp0000mans">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Mehta" title="Ved Mehta">Ved Mehta</a>, A Family Affair: India Under Three Prime Ministers (1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503118-0">0-19-503118-0</a></li> <li>Ramesh, Jairam. Indira Gandhi: a life in nature (Simon and Schuster, 2017); on environmentalism</li> <li>Sahgal, Nayantara. Indira Gandhi: Tryst with Power (Penguin Random House India, 2017).</li> <li>Tharoor, Shashi. Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977 (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstatepo0000thar/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shourie,_Arun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shourie, Arun">Shourie, Arun</a> (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.</li> <li>Dsouza, Chris Emmanuel. Bandh Samrat: Tales of Eternal Rebel George Fernandes (Cleverfox Publications, 2022) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789356480810" title="Special:BookSources/9789356480810">9789356480810</a> pp 34–42</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101041543/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/11/18/indira-gandhi-iron-lady-india">Indira Gandhi – Iron Lady of India by Sulakshi Thelikorala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a>, Salman Rushdie</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Indira Gandhi at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indira_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Indira Gandhi">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="q:Indira Gandhi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/author:Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="s:author:Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149" class="extiw" title="d:Q1149">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2008_00210">Indira Gandhi Meets with Lyndon Baines Johnson</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_of_the_Moving_Image" title="Texas Archive of the Moving Image">Texas Archive of the Moving Image</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiragandhi.in/en">The Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617141845/http://indiragandhi.in/en">Archived</a> 17 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL374391A">Works by Indira Gandhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0304156/">Indira Gandhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212155550/http://www.india-intro.com/jawaharlal-nehru-and-indira-gandhi.html">Rare pictures of Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiragandhi.in/en/philosophy/letters">Rare letters by Indira Gandhi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907073311/http://indiragandhi.in/en/philosophy/letters">Archived</a> 7 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiragandhi.in/en/philosophy/speeches">Famous and Historic speeches given by Indira Gandhi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908224004/http://indiragandhi.in/en/philosophy/speeches">Archived</a> 8 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indira-Gandhi-on-global-underprivilege-2003652">Indira Gandhi on global underprivilege</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">Uchharangrai Navalshankar Dhebar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> 1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> 1978–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B._V._Keskar" title="B. V. Keskar">B. V. Keskar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting</a> 9 June 1964 – 11 January 1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahommedali_Currim_Chagla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahommedali Currim Chagla">Mahommedali Currim Chagla</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister of External Affairs</a> 6 September 1967 – 13 February 1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Union Minister of Finance</a> 16 January 1969 – 15 March 1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Union_Minister_of_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minister of Home Affairs">Union Minister of Home Affairs</a> 27 June 1970 – 4 February 1973 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a> 1 December 1975 – 25 December 1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a> 16 January 1980 – 15 January 1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">Narasimha Rao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister of External Affairs</a> 19 July 1984 – 31 October 1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_Minister_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Template:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Minister_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India_by_previous_experience" title="List of prime ministers of India by previous experience">By previous experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_V._P._Singh" title="Premiership of V. P. Singh">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (Incumbent) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">Premiership</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/31px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)" title="Prime Minister's Office (India)">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7,_Lok_Kalyan_Marg" title="7, Lok Kalyan Marg">Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">International trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the prime minister of India">Spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of children of prime ministers of India">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of nicknames of prime ministers of India">Nicknames</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_India" title="Template:Defence Ministers of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defence_Ministers_of_India" title="Template talk:Defence Ministers of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defence Ministers of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Defence_Ministers_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence Ministers of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Pant" title="K. C. Pant">K. C. Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of External Affairs (India)"><abbr title="View this 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary (CPV & Overseas Indian Affairs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjay_Bhattacharya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjay Bhattacharya (page does not exist)">Sanjay Bhattacharya</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary (Economic Relations)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahul_Chhabra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahul Chhabra (page does not exist)">Rahul Chhabra</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary (West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_Swarup" title="Vikas Swarup">Vikas Swarup</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary (East)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riva_Ganguly_Das" title="Riva Ganguly Das">Riva Ganguly Das</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._P._S._Menon_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. P. S. Menon Sr. (page does not exist)">K. P. S. Menon Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="R. K. Nehru">R. K. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subimal_Dutt" title="Subimal Dutt">Subimal Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._J._Desai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. J. Desai (page does not exist)">M. J. Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._D._Gundevia" title="Y. D. Gundevia">Y. D. Gundevia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._S._Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. S. Jha (page does not exist)">C. S. Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Kaul" class="mw-redirect" title="T. N. Kaul">T. N. Kaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewal Singh">Kewal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Mehta">J. S. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Sathe" class="mw-redirect" title="R. D. Sathe">R. D. Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._K._Rasgotra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. K. Rasgotra (page does not exist)">M. K. Rasgotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Bhandari" title="Romesh Bhandari">Romesh Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Venkateswaran" title="A. P. Venkateswaran">A. P. Venkateswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon_Jr." title="K. P. S. Menon Jr.">K. P. S. Menon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilendra_Kumar_Singh" title="Shilendra Kumar Singh">Shilendra Kumar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchukund_Dubey" class="mw-redirect" title="Muchukund Dubey">Muchukund Dubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._Dixit" class="mw-redirect" title="J. N. Dixit">J. N. Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnan_Srinivasan" title="Krishnan Srinivasan">Krishnan Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Haidar" title="Salman Haidar">Salman Haidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Raghunath" title="K. Raghunath">K. Raghunath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Mansingh" title="Lalit Mansingh">Lalit Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokila_Iyer" title="Chokila Iyer">Chokila Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwal_Sibal" title="Kanwal Sibal">Kanwal Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashank" title="Shashank">Shashank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Saran" title="Shyam Saran">Shyam Saran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivshankar_Menon" title="Shivshankar Menon">Shivshankar Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirupama_Rao" title="Nirupama Rao">Nirupama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Mathai" title="Ranjan Mathai">Ranjan Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujatha_Singh" title="Sujatha Singh">Sujatha Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyam_Jaishankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Subrahmanyam Jaishankar">Subrahmanyam Jaishankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Keshav_Gokhale" title="Vijay Keshav Gokhale">Vijay Keshav Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_Shringla" title="Harsh Vardhan Shringla">Harsh Vardhan Shringla</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External Affairs Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Prasad_Mishra" title="Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra">Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Ram_Bhagat" title="Bali Ram Bhagat">Bali Ram Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Charan_Shukla" title="Vidya Charan Shukla">Vidya Charan Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavsinh_Solanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavsinh Solanki">Madhavsinh Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sinha" title="Yashwant Sinha">Yashwant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natwar_Singh" title="Natwar Singh">Natwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Khurshid" title="Salman Khurshid">Salman Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State for External Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">V. K. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Muraleedharan" title="V. Muraleedharan">V. Muraleedharan</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Links</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_Indian_Affairs" title="Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs">Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_India" title="Visa policy of India">Visa policy of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_Act" title="Passports Act">Passports Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_passport" title="Indian passport">Indian passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service" title="Indian Foreign Service">Indian Foreign Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_External_Affairs_Ministers_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:External_Affairs_Ministers_of_India" title="Template:External Affairs Ministers of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:External_Affairs_Ministers_of_India" title="Template talk:External Affairs Ministers of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:External_Affairs_Ministers_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:External Affairs Ministers of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_External_Affairs_Ministers_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">External Affairs Ministers of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Prasad_Mishra" title="Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra">Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Ram_Bhagat" title="Bali Ram Bhagat">Bali Ram Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Charan_Shukla" title="Vidya Charan Shukla">Vidya Charan Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavsinh_Solanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavsinh Solanki">Madhavsinh Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sinha" title="Yashwant Sinha">Yashwant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natwar_Singh" title="Natwar Singh">Natwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Khurshid" title="Salman Khurshid">Salman Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)#Department_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Economic Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic Division: <a href="/wiki/Economic_survey_of_India" title="Economic survey of India">Economic Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Budget Division: <a href="/wiki/Union_budget_of_India" title="Union budget of India">Union budget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Expenditure">Expenditure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_Commission" title="Pay Commission">Pay Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Pay_Commission_(CPC)_and_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces">7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Central_Pay_Commission" title="Sixth Central Pay Commission">Sixth Central Pay Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Revenue (India)">Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Department" title="Income Tax Department">Income Tax Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Indirect_Taxes_and_Customs" title="Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs">Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)#Department_of_Financial_Services" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Financial Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Jan_Dhan_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana">Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Investment_and_Public_Asset_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (page does not exist)">DIPAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_in_India" title="Disinvestment in India">Disinvestment in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_of_Public_Sector_Units_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India">Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Enterprises" title="Department of Public Enterprises">DPE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efficient_monitoring_of_the_capital_expenditure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure (page does not exist)">Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asset_monetisation_and_financial_health_of_the_Central_Public_Sector_Enterprises_(CPSEs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) (page does not exist)">Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi" title="Rajiv Mehrishi">Rajiv Mehrishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Garg" title="Subhash Chandra Garg">Subhash Chandra Garg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atanu_Chakraborty" title="Atanu Chakraborty">Atanu Chakraborty</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revenue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Bhushan_Pandey" title="Ajay Bhushan Pandey">Ajay Bhushan Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Adhia" title="Hasmukh Adhia">Hasmukh Adhia</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratan_P._Watal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratan P. Watal (page does not exist)">Ratan P. Watal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Lavasa" title="Ashok Lavasa">Ashok Lavasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Adhia" title="Hasmukh Adhia">Hasmukh Adhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Narayan_Jha" title="Ajay Narayan Jha">Ajay Narayan Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_(economist)" title="Rajiv Kumar (economist)">Rajiv Kumar</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">R. K. Shanmukham Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._T._Krishnamachari" title="T. T. Krishnamachari">T. T. Krishnamachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Chaudhuri" title="Sachindra Chaudhuri">Sachindra Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemwati_Nandan_Bahuguna" title="Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Dandavate" title="Madhu Dandavate">Madhu Dandavate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sinha" title="Yashwant Sinha">Yashwant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State for Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Sinha" title="Jayant Sinha">Jayant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pon_Radhakrishnan" title="Pon Radhakrishnan">Pon Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurag_Thakur" title="Anurag Thakur">Anurag Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwat_Karad" title="Bhagwat Karad">Bhagwat Karad</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Chaudhary" title="Pankaj Chaudhary">Pankaj Chaudhary</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Economic_Advisor_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India">Chief Economic Advisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JJ_Anjaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JJ Anjaria (page does not exist)">JJ Anjaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="IG Patel">IG Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="IG Patel">IG Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VK_Ramaswamy_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VK Ramaswamy (economist) (page does not exist)">VK Ramaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Mitra" title="Ashok Mitra">Ashok Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RM_Honavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RM Honavar (page does not exist)">RM Honavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Jalan" title="Bimal Jalan">Bimal Jalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitin_Desai" title="Nitin Desai">Nitin Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Nayyar" title="Deepak Nayyar">Deepak Nayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Acharya" title="Shankar Acharya">Shankar Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Mohan" title="Rakesh Mohan">Rakesh Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K_Lahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashok K Lahiri">Ashok K Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Virmani" title="Arvind Virmani">Arvind Virmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Kaushik Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Subramanian" title="Arvind Subramanian">Arvind Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamurthy_Subramanian" title="Krishnamurthy Subramanian">Krishnamurthy Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Anantha_Nageswaran" title="V. Anantha Nageswaran">V. Anantha Nageswaran</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commissions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Finance_Commission" title="First Finance Commission">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Finance_Commission" title="Second Finance Commission">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Finance_Commission" title="Third Finance Commission">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Finance_Commission" title="Fourth Finance Commission">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Finance_Commission" title="Fifth Finance Commission">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Finance_Commission" title="Sixth Finance Commission">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Finance_Commission" title="Seventh Finance Commission">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Finance_Commission" title="Eighth Finance Commission">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Finance_Commission" title="Ninth Finance Commission">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Finance_Commission" title="Tenth Finance Commission">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Finance_Commission" title="Eleventh Finance Commission">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Finance_Commission" title="Twelfth Finance Commission">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Thirteenth Finance Commission">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Fourteenth Finance Commission">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Fifteenth Finance Commission">15th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Internal Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a></li> <li>National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Defence_College" title="National Civil Defence College">National Civil Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Council" title="North Eastern Council">North Eastern Council</a></li> <li>North Eastern Police Academy</li> <li>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Rifles" title="Rashtriya Rifles">Rashtriya Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Official Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Translation Bureau</li> <li>Central Hindi Training Institute</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Forces" title="Central Armed Police Forces">Central Armed Police Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Guards">National Security Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Security_Corps" title="Defence Security Corps">Defence Security Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(India)" title="Bureau of Immigration (India)">Bureau of Immigration (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Department of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs</li> <li>Department of Home</li> <li>Department of States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._N._Banerjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. N. Banerjee (page does not exist)">R. N. Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._V._Pai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. V. Pai (page does not exist)">A. V. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B._N._Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. N. Jha (page does not exist)">B. N. Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Vishwanathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Vishwanathan (page does not exist)">V. Vishwanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Singh">L. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._K._Mukherjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. K. Mukherjee (page does not exist)">N. K. Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._L._Khurana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. L. Khurana (page does not exist)">S. L. Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._C._A._Srinivasavaradan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan (page does not exist)">T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._H._Burney" title="S. M. H. Burney">S. M. H. Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._M._K._Wali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. M. K. Wali (page does not exist)">M. M. K. Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_(politician)" title="Prem Kumar (politician)">Prem Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Pradhan" title="R. D. Pradhan">R. D. Pradhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Somiah" title="C. G. Somiah">C. G. Somiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._A._Kalyankrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. A. Kalyankrishnan (page does not exist)">J. A. Kalyankrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiromani_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiromani Sharma (page does not exist)">Shiromani Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._K._Bhargava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. K. Bhargava (page does not exist)">R. K. Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhav_Godbole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhav Godbole (page does not exist)">Madhav Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Vohra" class="mw-redirect" title="N. N. Vohra">N. N. Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Padmanabhaiah" title="K. Padmanabhaiah">K. Padmanabhaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmiki_Prasad_Singh" title="Balmiki Prasad Singh">Balmiki Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Pande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamal Pande (page does not exist)">Kamal Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami" title="N. Gopalaswami">N. Gopalaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Baijal" title="Anil Baijal">Anil Baijal</a></li> <li>Dhirendra Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Kumar_Duggal" title="Vinod Kumar Duggal">Vinod Kumar Duggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Pillai" title="Gopal Krishna Pillai">Gopal Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Singh" title="R. K. Singh">R. K. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Goswami" title="Anil Goswami">Anil Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._C._Goyal" title="L. C. Goyal">L. C. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi" title="Rajiv Mehrishi">Rajiv Mehrishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba" title="Rajiv Gauba">Rajiv Gauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Kumar_Bhalla" title="Ajay Kumar Bhalla">Ajay Kumar Bhalla</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Chandra_Sethi" title="Prakash Chandra Sethi">Prakash Chandra Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeed" title="Mufti Mohammad Sayeed">Mufti Mohammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivraj_Patil" title="Shivraj Patil">Shivraj Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State for Home Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratanjit_Pratap_Narain_Singh" title="Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh">Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiren_Rijiju" title="Kiren Rijiju">Kiren Rijiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Kishan_Reddy" title="G. Kishan Reddy">G. Kishan Reddy</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Energy_ministries_and_departments_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_Ministries_and_Departments_of_India" title="Template:Energy Ministries and Departments of 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Regulatory Commission">Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Energy_Efficiency" title="Bureau of Energy Efficiency">Bureau of Energy Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Power_Research_Institute" title="Central Power Research Institute">Central Power Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Power_Training_Institute" title="National Power Training Institute">National Power Training Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTPC_Limited" title="NTPC Limited">NTPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHPC_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="NHPC Limited">NHPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Electric_Power_Corporation_Limited" title="North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited">North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Finance_Corporation" title="Power Finance Corporation">Power Finance Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REC_Limited" title="REC Limited">REC Limited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Grid_Corporation_of_India" title="Power Grid Corporation of India">Power Grid Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THDC_India_Limited" title="THDC India Limited">THDC India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_System_Operation_Corporation" title="Power System Operation Corporation">Power System Operation Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Ministry of New and Renewable Energy">New and Renewable Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Corporation_of_India" title="Solar Energy Corporation of India">Solar Energy Corporation of India</a> (SECI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Coal" title="Ministry of Coal">Ministry of Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Coking_Coal" title="Bharat Coking Coal">Bharat Coking Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mine_Planning_and_Design_Institute" title="Central Mine Planning and Design Institute">Central Mine Planning and Design Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLC_India_Limited" title="NLC India Limited">NLC India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singareni_Collieries_Company" title="Singareni Collieries Company">Singareni Collieries Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation">Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">Petroleum and Natural Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_and_Energy" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy">Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Institute_of_Petroleum_Technology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology">Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Energy_University" title="Pandit Deendayal Energy University">Pandit Deendayal Energy University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Hydrocarbons" title="Directorate General of Hydrocarbons">Directorate General of Hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Industry_Safety_Directorate" title="Oil Industry Safety Directorate">Oil Industry Safety Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Conservation_Research_Association" title="Petroleum Conservation Research Association">Petroleum Conservation Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Petroleum_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited">Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers India Limited">Engineers India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Authority_of_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Authority of India Limited">Gas Authority of India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numaligarh_Refinery_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Numaligarh Refinery Limited">Numaligarh Refinery Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_India" title="Oil India">Oil India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(India)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apex board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Regulatory_Board" title="Atomic Energy Regulatory Board">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research" title="Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research">Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centre_for_Nuclear_Energy_Partnership" title="Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership">Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Corporation of India">Electronics Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rare Earths Limited">Indian Rare Earths Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Corporation_of_India" title="Uranium Corporation of India">Uranium Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India" title="Nuclear Power Corporation of India">Nuclear Power Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHAVINI" title="BHAVINI">Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Water_Board" title="Heavy Water Board">Heavy Water Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex" title="Nuclear Fuel Complex">Nuclear Fuel Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Radiation_and_Isotope_Technology" title="Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology">Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar">National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_for_Higher_Mathematics" title="National Board for Higher Mathematics">National Board for Higher Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Education_Society" title="Atomic Energy Education Society">Atomic Energy Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Memorial_Centre" title="Tata Memorial Centre">Tata Memorial Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences">Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Bhubaneswar" title="Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Plasma_Research" title="Institute for Plasma Research">Institute for Plasma Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Commerce and 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative & General Division</li> <li>Finance Division</li> <li>Economic Division</li> <li>Trade Policy Division</li> <li>Foreign Trade</li> <li>Territorial Division</li> <li>Plantation Division</li> <li>Supply Division</li> <li>State Trading & Infrastructure Division</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Directorate General of Foreign Trade">Directorate General of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li>Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals (DGS&D)</li> <li>Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties (DGAD)</li> <li>Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones_in_India" title="List of special economic zones in India">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commodity Boards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Processed_Food_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority">Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</a></li> <li>Export Inspection Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Packaging" title="Indian Institute of Packaging">Indian Institute of Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Marine Products Export Development Authority">Marine Products Export Development Authority</a> <ul><li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA)</li> <li>Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA)</li> <li>Network for Fish Quality Management & Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State Trading Corporation (STC)</li> <li>PEC Limited</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMTC_Ltd" title="MMTC Ltd">MMTC Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation_of_India" title="Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Trade_Promotion_Organisation" title="India Trade Promotion Organisation">India Trade Promotion Organisation</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Board of Trade (BOT)</li> <li>Inter State Trade Council</li> <li>Council for Trade Development & Promotion</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Export_Promotion_Organisations_in_India" title="List of Export Promotion Organisations in India">Export Promotion Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Exports_Promotion_Council" title="Engineering Exports Promotion Council">Engineering Exports Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Project Export Promotion Council of India (PEPC)</li> <li>Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)</li> <li>Chemicals & Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)</li> <li>Council for Leather Exports</li> <li>Sports Goods Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_and_Jewellery_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council">Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Shellac Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Export_Promotion_Council_of_India" title="Cashew Export Promotion Council of India">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council">Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>The Plastics Export Promotion Council</li> <li>Indian Oil Seeds & Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)</li> <li>Services Export Promotion Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Export_Organisations" title="Federation of Indian Export Organisations">Federation of Indian Export Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Diamond_Institute" title="Indian Diamond Institute">Indian Diamond Institute</a></li> <li>Footwear Design & Development Institute (FDDI)</li> <li>National Centre for Trade Information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Brand_Equity_Foundation" title="India Brand Equity Foundation">India Brand Equity Foundation</a></li> <li>Price Stabilization Fund Trust</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Promotion_of_Industry_and_Internal_Trade" title="Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade">DPIIT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_and_Explosives_Safety_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation">Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation</a></li> <li>Copyright Office</li> <li>Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Council for Cement & Building Materials (NCCBM)</li> <li>Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a></li> <li>National Productivity Council (NPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Council_of_India" title="Quality Council of India">Quality Council of India</a></li> <li>Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI)</li> <li>Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Grievance Offices</li> <li>Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts (Disclosure of Central Government Accounting Data) <ul><li>Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM)</li></ul></li> <li>Principal Account Office</li> <li>Office of Technical Adviser (Boilers)</li> <li>Tariff Commission</li> <li>Office of the Salt Commissioner</li> <li>Office of the Economic Adviser</li> <li>National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guruprasad Mohapatra(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Kanungo" title="Nityanand Kanungo">Nityanand Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Dasappa" title="H. C. Dasappa">H. C. Dasappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_Narain_Singh" title="Tribhuvan Narain Singh">Tribhuvan Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodaram_Sanjivayya" title="Damodaram Sanjivayya">Damodaram Sanjivayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Ahmed">F. A. Ahmed</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a> (Industrial Development & Internal Trade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moinul_Hoque_Choudhury" title="Moinul Hoque Choudhury">Moinul Hoque Choudhury</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C Subramaniam">C Subramaniam</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a>(Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Verma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brij Lal Verma">Brij Lal Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotla_Vijay_Bhaskar_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy">Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Patil" title="Veerendra Patil">Veerendra Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vengala_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Vengala Rao">J. Vengala Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Bakht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Bakht">Sikandar Bakht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooverji_Hormusji_Bhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha">Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshitish_Chandra_Neogy" title="Kshitish Chandra Neogy">Kshitish Chandra Neogy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_T_Krishnamachari" class="mw-redirect" title="T T Krishnamachari">T T Krishnamachari</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="KC Reddy">KC Reddy</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubhai_Shah" title="Manubhai Shah">Manubhai Shah</a> (As MoS till 24 January 1966)(Commerce)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Ram_Bhagat" title="Bali Ram Bhagat">Bali Ram Bhagat</a>(Foreign Trade & Supply)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Narayan_Mishra" title="Lalit Narayan Mishra">Lalit Narayan Mishra</a>(MoS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._P._Chattopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. P. Chattopadhyay (page does not exist)">D. P. Chattopadhyay</a>(Commerce)(as MoS till 23 December 1976)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitendra_Desai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitendra Desai">Hitendra Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Shiv_Shankar" class="mw-redirect" title="P Shiv Shankar">P Shiv Shankar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a>(MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a> (MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Prasad_Yadav" title="Devendra Prasad Yadav">Devendra Prasad Yadav</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolla_Bulli_Ramaiah" title="Bolla Bulli Ramaiah">Bolla Bulli Ramaiah</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde" title="Ramakrishna Hegde">Ramakrishna Hegde</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a>(Commerce & Industry)'(MoS, IC)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a>(Commerce and Industry)(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Puri" title="Hardeep Singh Puri">Hardeep Singh Puri</a>(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Disputes_Settlement_and_Appellate_Tribunal" title="Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal">Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal</a> (TDSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)</li> <li>Director General Telecom (DGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Engineering_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Engineering Center">Telecommunication Engineering Center</a> (TEC)</li> <li>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Monitoring_Organisation" title="Wireless Monitoring Organisation">Wireless Monitoring Organisation</a> (WMO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Telematics" title="Centre for Development of Telematics">Centre for Development of Telematics</a> (C-DOT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)</li> <li>National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Telecom_Technology_and_Management" title="Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management">Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management</a></li> <li>Digital Communications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Enforcement_Resource_and_Monitoring" title="Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring">Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring</a> (TERM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Advisory_Committees" title="Telephone Advisory Committees">Telephone Advisory Committees</a> (TAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Planning_%26_Coordination_Wing" title="Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing">Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing</a> (WPC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Broadband_Network" title="Bharat Broadband Network">Bharat Broadband Network Limited</a> (BBNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited">Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited</a> (MTNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Consultants_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Consultants India Limited">Telecommunications Consultants India Limited</a> (TCIL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Postal_Service_(India)" title="Army Postal Service (India)">Army Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post_Payments_Bank" title="India Post Payments Bank">India Post Payments Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telegraph_Act,_1885" title="Indian Telegraph Act, 1885">The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885</a></li> <li>The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940</li> <li>The Indian Post Office Act, 1898</li> <li>The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Nandan Mishra">Shyam Nandan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Narain_Singh" title="Bhishma Narain Singh">Bhishma Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">C. M. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bahadur_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Bahadur Singh">Bir Bahadur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Unnikrishnan" title="K. P. Unnikrishnan">K. P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Prasad_Verma" title="Beni Prasad Verma">Beni Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw" title="Ashwini Vaishnaw">Ashwini Vaishnaw</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Shamrao_Dhotre" title="Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre">Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devusinh_Jesingbhai_Chauhan" title="Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan">Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceding Ministry: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Template:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministers of Information and Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._R._Diwakar" title="R. R. Diwakar">R. R. Diwakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_V_Keskar" class="mw-redirect" title="B V Keskar">B. V. Keskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandini_Satpathy" title="Nandini Satpathy">Nandini Satpathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Charan_Shukla" title="Vidya Charan Shukla">Vidya Charan Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Kaushik" title="Purushottam Kaushik">Purushottam Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._K._L._Bhagat" title="H. K. L. Bhagat">H. K. L. Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Panja" title="Ajit Kumar Panja">Ajit Kumar Panja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Upendra" title="P. Upendra">P. Upendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Panja" title="Ajit Kumar Panja">Ajit Kumar Panja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Prasad_Singh_Deo" title="Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo">K. P. Singh Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipal_Reddy" title="Jaipal Reddy">Jaipal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Ranjan_Dasmunsi" title="Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi">Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Soni" title="Ambika Soni">Ambika Soni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manish_Tewari" title="Manish Tewari">Manish Tewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Javadekar" title="Prakash Javadekar">Prakash Javadekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smriti_Irani" title="Smriti Irani">Smriti Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyavardhan_Singh_Rathore" title="Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore">Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Javadekar" title="Prakash Javadekar">Prakash Javadekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurag_Thakur" title="Anurag Thakur">Anurag Thakur</a>(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template talk:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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href="https://www.idref.fr/026880490">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580982">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z89jr5">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi&oldid=1259080658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi&oldid=1259080658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indira_Gandhi" 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[\"CITEREFChandraAditya_MukherjeeMridula_Mukherjee2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhury1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhury2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChikermane2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClaiborneSun1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossette1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCâmpu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta-Ray,_Sunanda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerfler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDissanayaka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDommermuth-Costa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDsouza2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuda2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExpress_News_Service2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFremont-Barnes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGomez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuidryKennedyZald2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaHarvinder_Kaur2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupte1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupte2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGupte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGus_Martin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamptonBurnhamSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarleyTodd_Sandler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnik_Deol2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaroon_Habib2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellmann-Rajanayagam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia._Parliament._House_of_the_PeopleIndia._Parliament._Lok_Sabha1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwanek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_F._Fisher1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJannuzi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayakar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayakar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayapalan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Haynes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapilaKapila2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellyRamkishen_S._RajGillian_H._L._Goh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhorana1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemesrud1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochanek1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreiskyLewisRathkolb2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Ray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKux1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._N._Dash2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuthra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalhotra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaramkal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_E._MartyR._Scott_Appleby2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawdsleyGerard_McCann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehrotra1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraesnew1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudgalDevadas1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuralidharan2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNair2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayakBishwanath_GoldarPradeep_Agrawal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOonk2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkovich2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPubby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPupul_Jayakar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRacioppi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajendra_Kumar_Jain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajgarhia2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRath,_Nilakantha1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolphHoeber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolphRudolph1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._K._AgnihotriB._Datta_Ray2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanghvi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarTanika_Sarkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrivastava2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomervill2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFStepanJuan_J._LinzYogendra_Yadav2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSublette\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubodh_Ghildiyal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian_Swamy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryanarayan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakur1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTully1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyaya1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVadlapatla2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_DijkGlenn_GraySavranskayaSuri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbury1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Gould2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfgang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Mesquita2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bharat Ratna\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Center\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 131,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Indira\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Defence Ministers of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Energy Ministries and Departments of India\"] = 1,\n [\"External Affairs Ministers of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 46,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 2,\n [\"Home Ministry (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Indian National Congress Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Indira Gandhi series\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Labeldata\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministers of Information and Broadcasting\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Communications (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Finance (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OL author\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 10,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 10,\n [\"S-break\"] = 12,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 13,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 38,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","20.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.9"],["dataWrapper 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