Global Supply Chain Network Design Under Cap-and-Trade System and Analysis of Carbon Price and Emission Allowance

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Global Supply Chain Network Design Under Cap-and-Trade System and Analysis of Carbon Price and Emission Allowance | Green and Low-Carbon Economy </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/6/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.4.0.7"> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Green and Low-Carbon Economy"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="GLCE"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2972-3787"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Miyu Kotegawa"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yuki Kinoshita"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Informatics, Kindai University, Japan"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tetsuo Yamada"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Global Supply Chain Network Design Under Cap-and-Trade System and Analysis of Carbon Price and Emission Allowance"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/09/13"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/view/2351"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" xml:lang="en" content="Carbon cap-and-trade has聽been introduced to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG). Carbon cap-and-trade is expected to incentivize reducing GHG emissions because it enables the receipt of refunds based on the gap聽between actual GHG emissions and the predetermined allowance. Moreover, GHG emissions, procurement costs and custom duties depend on the country, its economic conditions, the electric energy mix, and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).聽To聽reduce GHG emissions with an affordable cost in a global supply chain, it is important to select suppliers聽and factory locations considering these factors. Furthermore,聽since carbon price and GHG emission allowance could be changed, manufacturers should also be paid attention to cost fluctuations due to carbon cap-and-trade. This study develops a mathematical聽model for聽a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade system, analyzes聽GHG emissions and costs under different carbon prices and GHG emission allowances. First, procurement cost and GHG emissions for each part are estimated using the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database, and聽a bill of materials聽(BOM), listing聽the estimated cost and GHG emissions聽for each procured country, is created. Second, a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade is formulated using mathematical programming. Third, numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate a design example. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed from the viewpoints of reducing costs, GHG emissions, cost-effectiveness, and switching suppliers. It is found cases that the carbon cap-and-trade system can be effective in constructing a global low-carbon supply chain considering customs duties and FTAs and that carbon price has a greater impact on the reduction of GHG emissions instead of GHG emissions allowance聽in the numerical experiments. 聽 Received: 31 December 2023 | Revised: 06 July 2024 |聽Accepted: 26 August 2024聽聽 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 聽 Author Contribution Statement Miyu Kotegawa: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review &amp;聽 editing, Visualization. Yuki Kinoshita: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review &amp; editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Tetsuo Yamada: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition."/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="carbon neutral"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="supplier selection"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="mathematical programming"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="material based GHG emissions"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="free trade agreement (FTA)"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="custom duty"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="life cycle inventory (LCI) database"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/download/2351/1075"/> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Miyu Kotegawa"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Yuki Kinoshita"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Tetsuo Yamada"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-09-13"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-12-31"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-02-15"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-01-03"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Carbon cap-and-trade has聽been introduced to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG). Carbon cap-and-trade is expected to incentivize reducing GHG emissions because it enables the receipt of refunds based on the gap聽between actual GHG emissions and the predetermined allowance. Moreover, GHG emissions, procurement costs and custom duties depend on the country, its economic conditions, the electric energy mix, and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).聽To聽reduce GHG emissions with an affordable cost in a global supply chain, it is important to select suppliers聽and factory locations considering these factors. Furthermore,聽since carbon price and GHG emission allowance could be changed, manufacturers should also be paid attention to cost fluctuations due to carbon cap-and-trade. This study develops a mathematical聽model for聽a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade system, analyzes聽GHG emissions and costs under different carbon prices and GHG emission allowances. First, procurement cost and GHG emissions for each part are estimated using the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database, and聽a bill of materials聽(BOM), listing聽the estimated cost and GHG emissions聽for each procured country, is created. Second, a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade is formulated using mathematical programming. Third, numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate a design example. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed from the viewpoints of reducing costs, GHG emissions, cost-effectiveness, and switching suppliers. It is found cases that the carbon cap-and-trade system can be effective in constructing a global low-carbon supply chain considering customs duties and FTAs and that carbon price has a greater impact on the reduction of GHG emissions instead of GHG emissions allowance聽in the numerical experiments. 聽 Received: 31 December 2023 | Revised: 06 July 2024 |聽Accepted: 26 August 2024聽聽 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 聽 Author Contribution Statement Miyu Kotegawa: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review &amp;聽 editing, Visualization. Yuki Kinoshita: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review &amp; editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Tetsuo Yamada: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="2351"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/view/2351"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Authors"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="Green and Low-Carbon Economy"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2972-3787"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="carbon neutral"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="supplier selection"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="mathematical programming"/> 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href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/issue/view/onlinefirst"> Online First </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Research Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Global Supply Chain Network Design Under Cap-and-Trade System and Analysis of Carbon Price and Emission Allowance </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Miyu Kotegawa </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Yuki Kinoshita </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Informatics, Kindai University, Japan </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-7993" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-7993 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Tetsuo Yamada </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351"> https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> carbon neutral, supplier selection, mathematical programming, material based GHG emissions, free trade agreement (FTA), custom duty, life cycle inventory (LCI) database </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>Carbon cap-and-trade has聽been introduced to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG). Carbon cap-and-trade is expected to incentivize reducing GHG emissions because it enables the receipt of refunds based on the gap聽between actual GHG emissions and the predetermined allowance. Moreover, GHG emissions, procurement costs and custom duties depend on the country, its economic conditions, the electric energy mix, and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).聽To聽reduce GHG emissions with an affordable cost in a global supply chain, it is important to select suppliers聽and factory locations considering these factors. Furthermore,聽since carbon price and GHG emission allowance could be changed, manufacturers should also be paid attention to cost fluctuations due to carbon cap-and-trade. This study develops a mathematical聽model for聽a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade system, analyzes聽GHG emissions and costs under different carbon prices and GHG emission allowances. First, procurement cost and GHG emissions for each part are estimated using the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database, and聽a bill of materials聽(BOM), listing聽the estimated cost and GHG emissions聽for each procured country, is created. Second, a global supply chain with a carbon cap-and-trade is formulated using mathematical programming. Third, numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate a design example. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed from the viewpoints of reducing costs, GHG emissions, cost-effectiveness, and switching suppliers. It is found cases that the carbon cap-and-trade system can be effective in constructing a global low-carbon supply chain considering customs duties and FTAs and that carbon price has a greater impact on the reduction of GHG emissions instead of GHG emissions allowance聽in the numerical experiments.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Received</strong>: 31 December 2023 | <strong>Revised</strong>: 06 July 2024 |<strong>聽Accepted</strong>: 26 August 2024聽</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Conflicts of Interest </strong></p> <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Data Availability Statement </strong></p> <p>Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Author Contribution Statement </strong></p> <p><strong>Miyu Kotegawa</strong>: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review &聽 editing, Visualization. <strong>Yuki Kinoshita</strong>: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. <strong>Tetsuo Yamada</strong>: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.</p> </section> <br /><div class="separator"></div><div class="item abstract" id="trendmd-suggestions"></div><script defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"journal_id":"87934", "element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}'></script> </div> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item cover_image"> <div class="sub_item"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/issue/view/onlinefirst"> <img src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/6/cover_issue_24_en_US.png" alt=""> </a> </div> </div> <div class="item galleys"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Downloads </h2> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/view/2351/1075"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-09-13</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/issue/view/onlinefirst"> Online First </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Research Articles </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <h2 class="label"> License </h2> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Authors</p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Kotegawa, M., Kinoshita, Y., & Yamada, T. (2024). Global Supply Chain Network Design Under Cap-and-Trade System and Analysis of Carbon Price and Emission Allowance. <i>Green and Low-Carbon Economy</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351">https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE42022351</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="citation_formats"> <button class="citation_formats_button label" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true"> More Citation Formats </button> <div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=2351&publicationId=3526&issueId=24" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=2351&publicationId=3526&issueId=24&return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a 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