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Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" selected='selected'> Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" 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value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_discussion" value="discussion"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_discussion">Discussion (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="short note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_note" value="note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_note">Short Note (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="technical note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_technical-note" value="technical-note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_technical-note">Technical Note (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="viewpoint" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_viewpoint" value="viewpoint"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_viewpoint">Viewpoint (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Republic of Korea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SPAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Spain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Russia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GERMANY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Germany </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRANCE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> France </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saudi Arabia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAIWAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Taiwan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAPAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Japan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ROMANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Romania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_POLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Poland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> India </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EGYPT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Egypt </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Czech Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAYSIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malaysia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREECE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greece </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pakistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWEDEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sweden </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MEXICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mexico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iran </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Austria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELGIUM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belgium </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Switzerland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TURKEY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Turkey (Türkiye) </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> The Netherlands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SINGAPORE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Singapore </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HUNGARY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hungary </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> United Arab Emirates </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_THAILAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Thailand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FINLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Finland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ireland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kazakhstan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovakia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORWAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Norway </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VIETNAM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vietnam </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ISRAEL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Israel </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UKRAINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ukraine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COLOMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colombia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DENMARK"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Denmark </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAQ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iraq </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SERBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Serbia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_QATAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Qatar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELARUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belarus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDONESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Indonesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Algeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BULGARIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bulgaria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LITHUANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lithuania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TUNISIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tunisia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CROATIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Croatia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KUWAIT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kuwait </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BANGLADESH"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bangladesh </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ESTONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Estonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LATVIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Latvia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JORDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jordan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOROCCO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Morocco </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ECUADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ecuador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CYPRUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cyprus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> New Zealand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARGENTINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Argentina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOLDOVA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Moldova </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NIGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nigeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_OMAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Oman </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONG_KONG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hong Kong </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PERU"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Peru </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uzbekistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARMENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Armenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sri Lanka </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRUNEI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brunei </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_YEMEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Yemen </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Luxembourg </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LEBANON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lebanon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Dominican Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEPAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nepal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SUDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sudan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AZERBAIJAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Azerbaijan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BURKINA_FASO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Burkina Faso </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BAHRAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bahrain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ethiopia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ICELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iceland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Philippines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALBANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Albania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Libya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PALESTINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Palestine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALTA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malta </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_URUGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uruguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMEROON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cameroon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CUBA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cuba </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GEORGIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Georgia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TOGO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Togo </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VENEZUELA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Venezuela </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Afghanistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BENIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Benin </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bosnia and Herzegovina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CONGO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> 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class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ghana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KYRGYZSTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kyrgyzstan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONGOLIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mongolia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NAMIBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Namibia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SENEGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Senegal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Syrian Arab Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAJIKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tajikistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tanzania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container 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class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Democratic Republic of the Congo </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EL_SALVADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> El Salvador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAMAICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jamaica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KENYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kenya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " 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class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UGANDA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uganda </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries"><strong>Add Countries / Regions</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="countries"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries" class="all">Select Countries / Regions</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-countries" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div 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id="refine_countries_BRAZIL" value="BRAZIL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRAZIL">Brazil (235)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sweden" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWEDEN" value="SWEDEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWEDEN">Sweden (232)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mexico" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MEXICO" value="MEXICO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MEXICO">Mexico (230)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 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class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELGIUM" value="BELGIUM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELGIUM">Belgium (180)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="switzerland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND" value="SWITZERLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND">Switzerland (175)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="turkey (türkiye)" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TURKEY" value="TURKEY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TURKEY">Turkey (Türkiye) (165)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="the netherlands" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS" value="NETHERLANDS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS">The Netherlands (160)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="singapore" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SINGAPORE" value="SINGAPORE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SINGAPORE">Singapore (159)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hungary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HUNGARY" value="HUNGARY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HUNGARY">Hungary (157)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="united arab emirates" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES" value="UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES">United Arab Emirates (146)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="south africa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA" value="SOUTH_AFRICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA">South Africa (143)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="chile" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHILE" value="CHILE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHILE">Chile (137)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="thailand" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_THAILAND" value="THAILAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_THAILAND">Thailand (127)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="finland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FINLAND" value="FINLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FINLAND">Finland (121)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ireland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRELAND" value="IRELAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRELAND">Ireland (117)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovenia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVENIA" value="SLOVENIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVENIA">Slovenia (117)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kazakhstan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN" value="KAZAKHSTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN">Kazakhstan (112)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovakia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA" value="SLOVAKIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA">Slovakia (110)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="norway" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NORWAY" value="NORWAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NORWAY">Norway (106)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="vietnam" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_VIETNAM" value="VIETNAM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_VIETNAM">Vietnam (105)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="israel" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ISRAEL" value="ISRAEL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ISRAEL">Israel (104)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ukraine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UKRAINE" value="UKRAINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UKRAINE">Ukraine (98)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="colombia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COLOMBIA" value="COLOMBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COLOMBIA">Colombia (94)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="denmark" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DENMARK" value="DENMARK"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DENMARK">Denmark (84)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iraq" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRAQ" value="IRAQ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRAQ">Iraq (84)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="serbia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SERBIA" value="SERBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SERBIA">Serbia (82)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="qatar" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_QATAR" value="QATAR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_QATAR">Qatar (76)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="belarus" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELARUS" value="BELARUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELARUS">Belarus (74)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="indonesia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_INDONESIA" value="INDONESIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_INDONESIA">Indonesia (73)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="algeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ALGERIA" value="ALGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ALGERIA">Algeria (69)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bulgaria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BULGARIA" value="BULGARIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BULGARIA">Bulgaria (67)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lithuania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LITHUANIA" value="LITHUANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LITHUANIA">Lithuania (66)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tunisia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TUNISIA" value="TUNISIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TUNISIA">Tunisia (66)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="croatia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CROATIA" value="CROATIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CROATIA">Croatia (61)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kuwait" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KUWAIT" value="KUWAIT"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KUWAIT">Kuwait (61)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bangladesh" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BANGLADESH" value="BANGLADESH"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BANGLADESH">Bangladesh (53)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="estonia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ESTONIA" value="ESTONIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ESTONIA">Estonia (50)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="latvia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LATVIA" value="LATVIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LATVIA">Latvia (49)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jordan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JORDAN" value="JORDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JORDAN">Jordan (46)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="morocco" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MOROCCO" value="MOROCCO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MOROCCO">Morocco (44)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end 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<div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="nigeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NIGERIA" value="NIGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NIGERIA">Nigeria (22)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="oman" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_OMAN" value="OMAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_OMAN">Oman (22)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hong kong" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HONG_KONG" value="HONG_KONG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HONG_KONG">Hong Kong (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="peru" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PERU" value="PERU"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PERU">Peru (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uzbekistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN" value="UZBEKISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN">Uzbekistan (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="armenia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ARMENIA" value="ARMENIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ARMENIA">Armenia (18)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sri lanka" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA" value="SRI_LANKA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA">Sri Lanka (16)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brunei" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRUNEI" value="BRUNEI"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRUNEI">Brunei (15)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="yemen" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_YEMEN" value="YEMEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_YEMEN">Yemen (14)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="luxembourg" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG" value="LUXEMBOURG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG">Luxembourg (13)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lebanon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LEBANON" value="LEBANON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LEBANON">Lebanon (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="dominican republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC" value="DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC">Dominican Republic (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="nepal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NEPAL" value="NEPAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NEPAL">Nepal (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sudan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SUDAN" value="SUDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SUDAN">Sudan (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="azerbaijan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AZERBAIJAN" value="AZERBAIJAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AZERBAIJAN">Azerbaijan (10)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="burkina faso" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BURKINA_FASO" value="BURKINA_FASO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BURKINA_FASO">Burkina Faso (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bahrain" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BAHRAIN" value="BAHRAIN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BAHRAIN">Bahrain (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ethiopia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA" value="ETHIOPIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA">Ethiopia (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iceland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ICELAND" value="ICELAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ICELAND">Iceland (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="philippines" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES" value="PHILIPPINES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES">Philippines (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="albania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ALBANIA" value="ALBANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ALBANIA">Albania (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="libya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA" value="LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA">Libya (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="palestine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PALESTINE" value="PALESTINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PALESTINE">Palestine (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="malta" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MALTA" value="MALTA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MALTA">Malta (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uruguay" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_URUGUAY" value="URUGUAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_URUGUAY">Uruguay (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cameroon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CAMEROON" value="CAMEROON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CAMEROON">Cameroon (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cuba" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CUBA" value="CUBA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CUBA">Cuba (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="georgia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GEORGIA" value="GEORGIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GEORGIA">Georgia (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="togo" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TOGO" value="TOGO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TOGO">Togo (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="venezuela" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_VENEZUELA" value="VENEZUELA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_VENEZUELA">Venezuela (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="afghanistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN" value="AFGHANISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN">Afghanistan (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="benin" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BENIN" value="BENIN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BENIN">Benin (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bosnia and herzegovina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA" value="BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA">Bosnia and Herzegovina (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="congo" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CONGO" value="CONGO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CONGO">Congo (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="costa rica" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA" value="COSTA_RICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA">Costa Rica (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="côte d'ivoire" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COTE_DIVOIRE" value="COTE_DIVOIRE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COTE_DIVOIRE">Côte d'Ivoire (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="fiji" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FIJI" value="FIJI"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FIJI">Fiji (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ghana" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GHANA" value="GHANA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GHANA">Ghana (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kyrgyzstan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KYRGYZSTAN" value="KYRGYZSTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KYRGYZSTAN">Kyrgyzstan (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mongolia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MONGOLIA" value="MONGOLIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MONGOLIA">Mongolia (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="namibia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NAMIBIA" value="NAMIBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NAMIBIA">Namibia (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="senegal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SENEGAL" value="SENEGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SENEGAL">Senegal (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="syrian arab republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC" value="SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC">Syrian Arab Republic (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tajikistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TAJIKISTAN" value="TAJIKISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TAJIKISTAN">Tajikistan (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tanzania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF" value="TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF">Tanzania (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="zambia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ZAMBIA" value="ZAMBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ZAMBIA">Zambia (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="montenegro" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MONTENEGRO" value="MONTENEGRO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MONTENEGRO">Montenegro (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="angola" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ANGOLA" value="ANGOLA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ANGOLA">Angola (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="anguilla" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ANGUILLA" value="ANGUILLA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ANGUILLA">Anguilla (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="botswana" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BOTSWANA" value="BOTSWANA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BOTSWANA">Botswana (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cambodia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CAMBODIA" value="CAMBODIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CAMBODIA">Cambodia (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="central african republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REPUBLIC" value="CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REPUBLIC">Central African Republic (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="democratic republic of the congo" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC_OF_THE_CONGO" value="DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC_OF_THE_CONGO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC_OF_THE_CONGO">Democratic Republic of the Congo (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="el salvador" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_EL_SALVADOR" value="EL_SALVADOR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_EL_SALVADOR">El Salvador (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jamaica" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JAMAICA" value="JAMAICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JAMAICA">Jamaica (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kenya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KENYA" value="KENYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KENYA">Kenya (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="madagascar" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MADAGASCAR" value="MADAGASCAR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MADAGASCAR">Madagascar (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="monaco" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MONACO" value="MONACO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MONACO">Monaco (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mozambique" 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class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529991" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 828 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1899/pdf?version=1732629185" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Surface-Functionalised Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Pathway to Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Control in Medical Devices" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1899">Surface-Functionalised Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Pathway to Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Control in Medical Devices</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>James Hall</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Subbareddy Mekapothula</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rebecca Coxhill</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dominic Craske</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adam M. Varney</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gareth W. V. Cave</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samantha McLean</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1899; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231899">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231899</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) offer promising antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, addressing the urgent issue of antibiotic resistance. This study details the synthesis of glutamic acid-coated CuONPs (GA-CuONPs) and their functionalisation on medical-grade silicone tubing, using an oxysilane bonding agent. The <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1899/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) offer promising antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, addressing the urgent issue of antibiotic resistance. This study details the synthesis of glutamic acid-coated CuONPs (GA-CuONPs) and their functionalisation on medical-grade silicone tubing, using an oxysilane bonding agent. The resulting coating shows significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, while remaining non-toxic to human cells and exhibiting stable adherence, without leaching. This versatile coating method can be applied during manufacturing, or for ad hoc modifications, enhancing the antimicrobial properties of medical devices. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1899">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/sections/biology_medicines">Biology and Medicines</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529985" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 18921 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1898/pdf?version=1732629008" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optimization of Soft X-Ray Fresnel Zone Plate Fabrication Through Joint Electron Beam Lithography and Cryo-Etching Techniques" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1898">Optimization of Soft X-Ray Fresnel Zone Plate Fabrication Through Joint Electron Beam Lithography and Cryo-Etching Techniques</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maha Labani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vito Clericò</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Enrique Diez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giancarlo Gatti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mario Amado</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Pérez-Rodríguez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1898; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231898">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231898</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The ability to manufacture complex 3D structures with nanometer-scale resolution, such as Fresnel Zone Plates (FZPs), is crucial to achieve state-of-the-art control in X-ray sources for use in a diverse range of cutting-edge applications. This study demonstrates a novel approach combining Electron Beam <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1898/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The ability to manufacture complex 3D structures with nanometer-scale resolution, such as Fresnel Zone Plates (FZPs), is crucial to achieve state-of-the-art control in X-ray sources for use in a diverse range of cutting-edge applications. This study demonstrates a novel approach combining Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) and cryoetching to produce silicon-based FZP prototypes as a test bench to assess the strong points and limitations of this fabrication method. Through this method, we obtained FZPs with 100 zones, a diameter of 20 µm, and an outermost zone width of 50 nm, resulting in a high aspect ratio that is suitable for use across a range of photon energies. The process incorporates a chromium mask in the EBL stage, enhancing microstructure precision and mitigating pattern collapse challenges. This minimized issues of under- and over-etching, producing well-defined patterns with a nanometer-scale resolution and low roughness. The refined process thus holds promise for achieving improved optical resolution and efficiency in FZPs, making it viable for the fabrication of high-performance, nanometer-scale devices. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1898">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/NLAFFM7PR3 ">Mechanical Properties and Applications for Nanostructured Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529862" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 3321 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1897/pdf?version=1732620632" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Synthesis of Granular ZSM-23 Zeolite with a High Degree of Crystallinity and a Micro-Meso-Macroporous Structure, and Its Use in the Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1897">The Synthesis of Granular ZSM-23 Zeolite with a High Degree of Crystallinity and a Micro-Meso-Macroporous Structure, and Its Use in the Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olga S. Travkina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dmitry V. Serebrennikov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rezeda Z. Kuvatova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alfira N. Khazipova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nadezhda A. Filippova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marat R. Agliullin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Boris I. Kutepov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1897; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231897">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231897</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper proposes a method for synthesizing granular ZSM-23 zeolite with a high degree of crystallinity and hierarchical porous structure. This method is based on crystallizing granules composed of powdered ZSM-23 zeolite and a specially prepared amorphous aluminosilicate. It has been shown that <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1897/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper proposes a method for synthesizing granular ZSM-23 zeolite with a high degree of crystallinity and hierarchical porous structure. This method is based on crystallizing granules composed of powdered ZSM-23 zeolite and a specially prepared amorphous aluminosilicate. It has been shown that these granules have superior mechanical strength compared to granular zeolite-containing materials, which are made from a mixture of ZSM-23 zeolite crystals and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It has been demonstrated that when 0.5% of Pt granular ZSM-23 zeolite is used, with a high degree of crystallinity and a hierarchical porous structure, it exhibits higher activity and selectivity in the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane compared to a bifunctional catalyst, which is a mechanical mixture of ZSM-23 zeolite crystals and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, with the metal deposited on the granules. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1897">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/53UYS7CYI4 ">Nanostructured Mesoporous and Zeolite-Based Materials: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1897/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529862"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529862"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529862" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529862" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529862" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529862-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g001-550.jpg?1732620759" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529862" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529862-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g002-550.jpg?1732620762'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529862-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g003-550.jpg?1732620764'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529862-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g004-550.jpg?1732620764'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529862-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g005-550.jpg?1732620765'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529862-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g001-550.jpg?1732620759" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of granular and powdered ZSM-23 zeolite samples: (<b>a</b>)—ZSM-23PW, (<b>b</b>)—ZSM-23GR, (<b>c</b>)—ZSM-23WB, and (<b>d</b>)—ZSM-23BDp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1897'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g002-550.jpg?1732620762" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of granular and powdered ZSM-23 zeolite samples: (<b>a</b>) ZSM-23PW, (<b>b</b>) ZSM-23GR, (<b>c</b>) ZSM-23WB, and (<b>d</b>) ZSM-23BD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1897'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g003-550.jpg?1732620764" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore size distribution (BJH) of granular and powdered ZSM-23 zeolite samples: (<b>a</b>) ZSM-23PW, (<b>b</b>) ZSM-23WB, and (<b>c</b>) ZSM-23BD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1897'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g004-550.jpg?1732620764" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine for granular and powdered ZSM-23 zeolite samples: (<b>a</b>) HZSM-23PW, (<b>b</b>) HZSM-23WB, and (<b>c</b>) HZSM-23BD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1897'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01897/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01897-g005-550.jpg?1732620765" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane over 0.5% wt.% Pt/ZSM-23 samples: (<b>a</b>)—n-hexadecane conversion versus reaction temperature; (<b>b</b>)—C<sub>16</sub> isomer yield versus reaction temperature; (<b>c</b>)—C<sub>16</sub> isomer selectivity versus n-hexadecane conversion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1897'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529476" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2776 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1895/pdf?version=1732609513" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mechanisms of Chromium Removal from Water and Soil Using Bioleached Nano Zero-Valent Iron-Mediated Biochar via Co-Pyrolysis" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1895">Mechanisms of Chromium Removal from Water and Soil Using Bioleached Nano Zero-Valent Iron-Mediated Biochar via Co-Pyrolysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhiyi Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuhong Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yubing Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuehai Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Shaaban</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qi-an Peng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yajun Cai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1895; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231895">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231895</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 95 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biological charcoal loaded with nano zero-valent iron (nZVI@BC) was synthesized using the bioleaching co-pyrolysis method. This study analyzed the formulation sequence of nZVI@BC and its influence on chromium elimination from water and soil, along with the involved mechanisms. The bioleaching method facilitated ionic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1895/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biological charcoal loaded with nano zero-valent iron (nZVI@BC) was synthesized using the bioleaching co-pyrolysis method. This study analyzed the formulation sequence of nZVI@BC and its influence on chromium elimination from water and soil, along with the involved mechanisms. The bioleaching method facilitated ionic iron incorporation onto biochar in the form of yellow potassium ferroalum compounds, which were reduced to Fe<sup>0</sup> by H<sub>2</sub>, CO, and CH<sub>4</sub> generated during biomass co-pyrolysis. In aqueous conditions, the removal capacity of Cr(VI) by nZVI@BC increased by 72.01% and 66.92% compared to biochar (BC) and biochar–bioleachate composite (BBC), respectively. Under optimal conditions, nZVI@BC eliminated 90.11% of 20 mg/L Cr(VI), with experimental data fitting the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The nZVI@BC also showed a passivation effect on chromium in soil; after 45 days, the exchangeable state of chromium was reduced by 12.89%, while the residual state increased by 10.45%. This enhancement in chromium elimination from soil was evident, as the residual state increased more for nZVI@BC (10.45%) than for BC alone (9.67% and 8.48%). Soil physicochemical properties and microbial community abundance improved as well. Cr(VI) removal mechanisms involved adsorption, reduction, and co-precipitation in water, while soil mechanisms included surface adsorption, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and complexation. The synthesis of nZVI@BC offers a novel method for creating iron-modified materials to effectively remove Cr(VI). <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1895">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/sections/environmental_nanoscience_nanotechnology">Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1895/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529476"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529476"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529476" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529476" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529476" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g001-550.jpg?1732609607" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529476" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g002-550.jpg?1732609610'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g003-550.jpg?1732609611'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g004-550.jpg?1732609614'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g005-550.jpg?1732609615'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529476-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g001-550.jpg?1732609607" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Variation of ORP (<b>A</b>), pH (<b>B</b>), and iron content of biochar (<b>C</b>) during the bioleaching process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g002-550.jpg?1732609610" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of BBC (1 um) (<b>A</b>); XRD of BBC (<b>B</b>); XRD of PBC600, PBC800, and PBC1000 (<b>C</b>); SEM of nZVI@BC (200 nm) (<b>D</b>); average size of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> crystal grain size on nZVI@BC (<b>E</b>); FTIR image of nZVI@BC, BBC, and BC (<b>F</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g003-550.jpg?1732609611" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Remediation effects of different materials (<b>A</b>) with different dosages (<b>B</b>) on Cr(VI)-contaminated soil; morphology of Cr in soil after CK, BC, and nZVI@BC treatments (<b>C</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g004-550.jpg?1732609614" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Changes in pH (<b>A</b>), CEC (<b>B</b>), and relative abundance of soil microorganisms on phylum (<b>C</b>), phylum (<b>D</b>), and genus (<b>E</b>) between treatments, and Venn diagram (<b>F</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01895/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01895-g005-550.jpg?1732609615" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Results of fluorescence-quantitative PCR with different treatments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529475" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 5 pages, 178 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1896/pdf?version=1732609402" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Applications" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1896">Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ikai Lo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1896; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231896">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231896</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 96 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> Nanotechnology has been comprehensively investigated for more than 30 years [...] <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1896">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/J0JW4H7VLT ">Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Applications</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529419" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 27979 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1893/pdf?version=1732605748" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Chemical Polishing on the Formation of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Using Ti Mesh as a Raw Material" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1893">Effect of Chemical Polishing on the Formation of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays Using Ti Mesh as a Raw Material</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wanshun Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shiqiu Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fei Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1893; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231893">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231893</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 169 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As a unique form of TiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays (TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs) have been widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs are usually prepared by Ti foil, with little research reporting its preparation by Ti mesh. In this paper, TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1893/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As a unique form of TiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays (TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs) have been widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs are usually prepared by Ti foil, with little research reporting its preparation by Ti mesh. In this paper, TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs are prepared on a Ti mesh surface via an anodic oxidation method in the F-containing electrolyte. The optimal parameters for the synthesis of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs are as follows: the solvent is ethylene glycol and water; the electrolyte is NH<sub>4</sub>F (0.175 mol/L); the voltage is 20 V; and the anodic oxidation time is 40 min without chemical polishing. However, there is a strange phenomenon where the nanotube arrays grow only at the intersection of Ti wires, which may be caused by chemical polishing, and the other areas, where TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs cannot be observed on the surface of Ti mesh, are covered by a dense TiO<sub>2</sub> film. New impurities (the hydrate of TiO<sub>2</sub> or other products) introduced by chemical polishing and attaching to the surface of the Ti mesh reduce the current of anodic oxidation and further inhibit the growth of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes. Hence, under laboratory conditions, for commercially well-preserved Ti mesh, there is no necessity for chemical polishing. The formation of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs includes growth and crystallization processes. For the growth process, F<sup>−</sup> ions corrode the dense TiO<sub>2</sub> film on the surface of Ti mesh to form soluble complexes ([TiF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>), and the tiny pores remain on the surface of Ti mesh. Given the basic photoelectrochemical measurements, TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs without chemical polishing have better properties. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1893">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/7K55RY8PLK ">Nanoscale Material Catalysis for Environmental Protection</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1893/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529419"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529419"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529419" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529419" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529419" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g001-550.jpg?1732605875" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529419" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g002-550.jpg?1732605879'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g003-550.jpg?1732605883'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g004-550.jpg?1732605887'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g005a-550.jpg?1732605889'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g005b-550.jpg?1732605890'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g006a-550.jpg?1732605890'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g006b-550.jpg?1732605892'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g007-550.jpg?1732605893'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g008-550.jpg?1732605894'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g009-550.jpg?1732605895'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529419-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g010-550.jpg?1732605897'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529419-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g001-550.jpg?1732605875" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTA preparation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g002-550.jpg?1732605879" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs in variable electrolytes: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) K-NT-20; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) A-NT-20; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) N-NT-20.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g003-550.jpg?1732605883" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by variable anodizing time: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) 20 min; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) 40 min; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) 60 min; (<b>j</b>) 80 min; (<b>k</b>) 120 min; (<b>l</b>) 180 min. Conditions: Ti mesh substrate; chemical polishing and anodizing in 20 V with 0.175 mol/L NH<sub>4</sub>F.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g004-550.jpg?1732605887" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by variable chemical polishing time: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) P0-NT; (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) P4-NT; (<b>f</b>) P6-NT; (<b>g</b>) P8-NT; (<b>h</b>) P10-NT; and (<b>i</b>) P12-NT. Conditions: Ti mesh substrate; anodizing time 40 min and voltage 20 V with 0.175 mol/L NH<sub>4</sub>F.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g005a-550.jpg?1732605889" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different electrolytes: (<b>a</b>) KF; (<b>b</b>) NaF; (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub>F. (<b>d</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different anodizing time. (<b>e</b>) XRD results of P0-TM, P10-TM, P0-NT and P10-NT. (<b>f</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different polishing time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g005b-550.jpg?1732605890" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different electrolytes: (<b>a</b>) KF; (<b>b</b>) NaF; (<b>c</b>) NH<sub>4</sub>F. (<b>d</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different anodizing time. (<b>e</b>) XRD results of P0-TM, P10-TM, P0-NT and P10-NT. (<b>f</b>) XRD results of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs prepared by different polishing time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g006a-550.jpg?1732605890" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) XPS energy spectra of sample P10-NT ((<b>a</b>) full spectrum; (<b>b</b>) Ti 2p; and (<b>c</b>) O 1s); (<b>d</b>) Ti 2p fine spectrum of P0-TM and P10-TM; (<b>e</b>) Ti 2p fine spectrum of TiO2NTAs in different chemical polishing times.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g006b-550.jpg?1732605892" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) XPS energy spectra of sample P10-NT ((<b>a</b>) full spectrum; (<b>b</b>) Ti 2p; and (<b>c</b>) O 1s); (<b>d</b>) Ti 2p fine spectrum of P0-TM and P10-TM; (<b>e</b>) Ti 2p fine spectrum of TiO2NTAs in different chemical polishing times.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g007-550.jpg?1732605893" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The areas of EDS test (the image of P10-NT).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g008-550.jpg?1732605894" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Ti mesh structure diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g009-550.jpg?1732605895" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Growth mechanism picture of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01893/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01893-g010-550.jpg?1732605897" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The LSV curve of P0-NT and P10-NT in the light and dark; (<b>b</b>) photocurrent response curves of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs; (<b>c</b>) ABPE curves of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs P0-NT and P10-NT; and (<b>d</b>) the electrochemical impedance spectrum of TiO<sub>2</sub>NTAs P0-NT and P10-NT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1893'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529404" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 4372 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1894/pdf?version=1732604367" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing the Performance and Stability of Li-CO2 Batteries Through LAGTP Solid Electrolyte and MWCNT/Ru Cathode Integration" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1894">Enhancing the Performance and Stability of Li-CO<sub>2</sub> Batteries Through LAGTP Solid Electrolyte and MWCNT/Ru Cathode Integration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dan Na</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dohyeon Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hwan Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Baeksang Yoon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David D. Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Inseok Seo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1894; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231894">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231894</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 161 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Li-CO<sub>2</sub> batteries (LCBs) have emerged as promising solutions for energy storage, with the added benefit of contributing to carbon neutrality by capturing and utilizing CO<sub>2</sub> during operation. In this study, a high-performance LCB was developed using a Ge-doped LiAlGeTi (PO<sub>4</sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1894/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Li-CO<sub>2</sub> batteries (LCBs) have emerged as promising solutions for energy storage, with the added benefit of contributing to carbon neutrality by capturing and utilizing CO<sub>2</sub> during operation. In this study, a high-performance LCB was developed using a Ge-doped LiAlGeTi (PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (LAGTP) solid electrolyte, which was synthesized via a solution-based method by doping Ge into NASICON-type LATP. The ionic conductivity of the LAGTP pellets was measured as 1.04 × 10<sup>−3</sup> S/cm at 25 °C. The LCB utilizing LAGTP and an MWCNT/Ru cathode maintained a stable cycling performance over 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, with a cut-off capacity of 500 mAh/g. Post-cycle analysis confirmed the reversible electrochemical reactions at the cathode. The integration of LAGTP as a solid electrolyte effectively enhanced the ionic conductivity and improved the cycle life and performance of the LCB. This study highlights the potential of Ge-doped NASICON-type solid electrolytes for advanced energy-storage technologies and offers a pathway for developing sustainable and high-performance LCBs. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1894">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/O360KW50O1">Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1894/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529404"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529404"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529404" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529404" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529404" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g001-550.jpg?1732604433" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529404" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g002-550.jpg?1732604436'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g003-550.jpg?1732604438'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g004-550.jpg?1732604441'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529404-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g001-550.jpg?1732604433" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TEM and (<b>b</b>) EDS mapping images of MWCNT/Ru. (<b>c</b>) Magnified lattice fringe image of Ru nanoparticles. (<b>d</b>) FFT pattern showing crystallographic planes of Ru. (<b>e</b>) XRD pattern of MWCNT and MWCNT/Ru. (<b>f</b>) Raman spectra of MWCNT and MWCNT/Ru. (<b>g</b>) XPS survey spectrum of MWCNT/Ru. (<b>h</b>) High-resolution C 1s and Ru 3d XPS spectra. (<b>i</b>) BET isotherm for MWCNT/Ru.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1894'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g002-550.jpg?1732604436" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TEM image, (<b>b</b>) magnified lattice fringe image, and (<b>c</b>) the SEAD pattern of LAGTP powder. (<b>d</b>) Magnified cross−sectional FE−SEM image of LAGTP pellets. (<b>e</b>) XRD patterns and (<b>f</b>) Raman spectra of LAGTP powder and pellets. (<b>g</b>) High−resolution XPS Ge 2p spectrum of LAGTP powder. (<b>h</b>) Nyquist plot of the LAGTP electrolyte at various temperatures, and (<b>i</b>) Arrhenius plot of the ionic conductivity of the LAGTP electrolyte.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1894'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g003-550.jpg?1732604438" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Voltage−time, (<b>b</b>) voltage−specific capacity, and (<b>c</b>) terminal voltage-cycle number graph of LAGTP applied LCBs at a current density of 100 mA/g.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1894'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01894/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01894-g004-550.jpg?1732604441" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM images of (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) the discharged cathode and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) the charged cathode, showing the surface morphology. EDS mapping of (<b>c</b>) the discharged and (<b>g</b>) charged cathodes. XPS spectra of the C 1s peak for (<b>d</b>) the discharged and (<b>h</b>) charged cathodes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1894'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529247" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 3200 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1892/pdf?version=1732551048" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Excitonic-Vibrational Interaction at 2D Material/Organic Molecule Interfaces Studied by Time-Resolved Sum Frequency Generation" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1892">Excitonic-Vibrational Interaction at 2D Material/Organic Molecule Interfaces Studied by Time-Resolved Sum Frequency Generation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huiling Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Lian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hui Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiashi Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinyi Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuan Huang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei-Tao Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1892; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231892">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231892</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 223 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The hybrid heterostructures formed between two-dimensional (2D) materials and organic molecules have gained great interest for their potential applications in advanced photonic and optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and biosensors. Characterizing the interfacial structure and dynamic properties at the molecular level is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1892/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The hybrid heterostructures formed between two-dimensional (2D) materials and organic molecules have gained great interest for their potential applications in advanced photonic and optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and biosensors. Characterizing the interfacial structure and dynamic properties at the molecular level is essential for realizing such applications. Here, we report a time-resolved sum-frequency generation (TR-SFG) approach to investigate the hybrid structure of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) molecules and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). By utilizing both infrared and visible light, TR-SFG can provide surface-specific information about both molecular vibrations and electronic transitions simultaneously. Our setup employed a Bragg grating for generating both a narrowband probe and an ultrafast pump pulse, along with a synchronized beam chopper and Galvo mirror combination for real-time spectral normalization, which can be readily incorporated into standard SFG setups. Applying this technique to the TMDC/PMMA interfaces yielded structural information regarding PMMA side chains and dynamic responses of both PMMA vibrational modes and TMDC excitonic transitions. We further observed a prominent enhancement effect of the PMMA vibrational SF amplitude for about 10 times upon the resonance with TMDC excitonic transition. These findings lay a foundation for further investigation into interactions at the 2D material/organic molecule interfaces. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1892">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/4L232HMA69 ">Nonlinear Optics of Nanostructures and Metasurfaces</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528530" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 5231 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1891/pdf?version=1732521308" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Elongated Particles Show a Preferential Uptake in Invasive Cancer Cells" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1891">Elongated Particles Show a Preferential Uptake in Invasive Cancer Cells</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Talya Cohen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chalom Zemmour</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ora T. Cohen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ofra Benny</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1891; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231891">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231891</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 375 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Mechanically driven cellular preference for drug carriers can enhance selectivity in cancer therapy, underscoring the importance of understanding the physical aspects of particle uptake. In this study, it was hypothesized that elongated particles might be preferentially taken up by deformable, aggressive cancer cells <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1891/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Mechanically driven cellular preference for drug carriers can enhance selectivity in cancer therapy, underscoring the importance of understanding the physical aspects of particle uptake. In this study, it was hypothesized that elongated particles might be preferentially taken up by deformable, aggressive cancer cells compared to normal cells. Two film-stretching methods were tested for 0.8–2.4 μm polystyrene (PS) particles: one based on solubility in organic solvents and the other on heat-induced softening. The heat-induced method produced more homogenous particle batches, with a standard deviation in the particle aspect ratio of 0.42 compared to 0.91 in the solvent-based method. The ability of cells to engulf elongated PS particles versus spherical particles was assessed in two subsets of human melanoma A375 cells. In the more aggressive cancer cell subset (A375+), uptake of elongated PS particles increased by 10% compared to spherical particles. In contrast, the less aggressive subset (A375−) showed a 25% decrease in uptake of elongated particles. This resulted in an uptake ratio between A375+ and A375− that was 1.5 times higher for elongated PS particles than for spherical ones. To further demonstrate relevance to drug delivery, elongated paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable, slow-releasing poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles were synthesized. No significant difference in cytotoxic effect was observed between A375+ and A375− cells treated with spherical drug-loaded particles. However, treatment with ellipsoidal particles led to a significantly enhanced cytotoxic effect in aggressive cells compared to less aggressive cells. These findings present promising directions for tailored cancer drug delivery and demonstrate the importance of particle physical properties in cellular uptake and drug delivery mechanisms. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1891">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/U0VX057OF8 ">Synthesis and Applications of Anisotropic Nanoparticles</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1891/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528530"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528530"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528530" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528530" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528530" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g001-550.jpg?1732521474" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528530" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g002-550.jpg?1732521479'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g003-550.jpg?1732521483'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g004-550.jpg?1732521487'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g005-550.jpg?1732521490'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528530-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g001-550.jpg?1732521474" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Solvent-induced polystyrene (PS) particle (2.4 µm) stretching. (<b>A</b>) Grid marking before stretching. The film was marked with a 1 cm × 1 cm grid. (<b>B</b>) Different stretch ratios (1.0–1.7) were measured on the film after stretching. (<b>C</b>) The aspect ratio distribution of the stretched PS particles in the different stretch ratios: 1.0–1.2, 1.3 and 1.4–1.7. (<b>D</b>) SEM images of the spherical and stretched PS particles. (<b>E</b>) Area, length, width, circularity, elongation, and aspect ratio mean of the spherical and stretched particles. Bars represent experimental means; error bars show standard deviation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1891'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g002-550.jpg?1732521479" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Thermo-induced polystyrene particle (0.8 µm) stretching. (<b>A</b>) The films of the non-stretched (top) and stretched (bottom) particles. The films were stretched to a stretch ratio of 2.5. (<b>B</b>) SEM images of the spherical (top) and ellipsoidal (bottom) PS particles. (<b>C</b>) Mean area, length, width, circularity, elongation, and aspect ratio of the spherical versus ellipsoidal particles. Bars represent experimental means; error bars show standard error (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 76). Statistical significance was tested using an unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, with the significance threshold set as <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05 (***, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; ****, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1891'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g003-550.jpg?1732521483" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Flow cytometry analysis of cellular uptake of spherical and ellipsoidal polystyrene particles (0.8 µm) in A375 cells. (<b>A</b>) FACS plots and gating strategy used for uptake analysis. Control: Incubation with free-particle medium. (<b>B</b>) Uptake percentages measured by flow cytometry of spherical and ellipsoidal PS particles after incubation (overnight) in A375+ and A375− human melanoma cell lines. (<b>C</b>) The uptake ratio between A375+ to A375− for spherical and ellipsoidal particles. Control; no particles were added to the cells. Bars represent experimental means; error bars show standard error (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Statistical significance was tested using an unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, with the significance threshold set as <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05 (*, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ***, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1891'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g004-550.jpg?1732521487" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>PLGA microparticle stretching. (<b>A</b>) 6-coumarin-loaded PLGA microparticles (~40 µm) (top) before and (bottom) after stretching, (left) inside the film, and (right) after recovery. (<b>B</b>) Bright field (BF) images of the PLGA particles before stretching and in two degrees of stretching (AR—average aspect ratio). (<b>C</b>) Aspect ratio distribution of the different stretch ratios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1891'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01891/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01891-g005-550.jpg?1732521490" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Selective killing of A375 positive cells via paclitaxel-loaded ellipsoidal particles. (<b>A</b>) TEM images of the spherical and ellipsoidal paclitaxel-loaded ~200 nm PLGA particles. (<b>B</b>) Mean aspect ratio and roundness of the spherical versus ellipsoidal particles. Analysis was performed using ImageJ. (<b>C</b>) Representative HPLC chromatograph which shows the results from HPLC purification experiment after paclitaxel extraction from PLGA particles. Reference shows peak obtained from paclitaxel standard solution (500 μg/mL), whereas the taller peak shows the amount of paclitaxel extracted from the PLGA particles. In this chromatograph, the peak corresponds to a concentration of 975 μg/mL of paclitaxel. (<b>D</b>) MTT assay results show A375 positive and negative cell viability after 24 h of incubation with spherical and ellipsoidal paclitaxel-loaded particles. (<b>E</b>) MTT results after 24 h incubation with paclitaxel-loaded particles followed by particle removal and an additional 24 h incubation in particle-free medium. Bars represent experimental means; error bars show standard error (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Statistical significance was tested using an unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, with the significance threshold set as <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05 (ns—nonsignificant, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05; *, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; **, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ****, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1891'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528372" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 8770 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1890/pdf?version=1732504616" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Innovative Carbonaceous Materials and Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Biosensor Applications" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1890">Innovative Carbonaceous Materials and Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Biosensor Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keshavananda Prabhu Channabasavana Hundi Puttaningaiah</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1890; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231890">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231890</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 382 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as predominant devices for sensitive, rapid, and specific sensing of biomolecules, with significant applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental observation, and food processing. The improvement of inventive materials, especially carbon-based materials, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (M/MONPs), has changed the impact <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1890/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as predominant devices for sensitive, rapid, and specific sensing of biomolecules, with significant applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental observation, and food processing. The improvement of inventive materials, especially carbon-based materials, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (M/MONPs), has changed the impact of biosensing, improving the performance and flexibility of electrochemical biosensors. Carbon-based materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers, have excellent electrical conductivity, a high surface area, large pore size, and good biocompatibility, making them ideal electrocatalysts for biosensor applications. Furthermore, M and MONPs have highly effective synergistic, electronic, and optical properties that influence signal transduction, selectivity, and sensitivity. This study completely explored continuous progressions and upgrades in carbonaceous materials (CBN materials) and M/MONPs for electrochemical biosensor applications. It analyzed the synergistic effects of hybrid nanocomposites that combine carbon materials with metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and their part in upgrading sensor performance. The paper likewise incorporated the surface alteration procedures and integration of these materials into biosensor models. The study examined difficulties, requirements, and possibilities for executing these innovative materials in practical contexts. This overview aimed to provide specialists with insights into the most recent patterns in the materials study of electrochemical biosensors and advance further progressions in this dynamic sector. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1890">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1890/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528372"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528372"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528372" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528372" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528372" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g001-550.jpg?1732504740" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528372" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g002-550.jpg?1732504742'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g003-550.jpg?1732504745'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g004-550.jpg?1732504749'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g005-550.jpg?1732504751'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g006-550.jpg?1732504753'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528372-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g001-550.jpg?1732504740" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Different types of surface modification techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g002-550.jpg?1732504742" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Various applications of carbon-based materials in different fields [<a href="#B48-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g003-550.jpg?1732504745" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematics of the fabrication of magnetic silica/graphene oxide (MSN/GO)-coated electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of cancer antigen 153 (CA 153). Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B49-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">49</a>] Copyright 2014 from Elsevier Publications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g004-550.jpg?1732504749" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The fabrication of CNT and GO for detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (<b>a</b>) CNT-modified electrode [<a href="#B53-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">53</a>], and (<b>b</b>) GO-modified electrode for detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B54-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">54</a>] Copyright 2018 from Elsevier Publications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g005-550.jpg?1732504751" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Fabrication of metal oxide NPs and the amperometric reaction of ZnO tests deposited on carbon paper. The responses for four unique ZnO tests are compared at (<b>b</b>) perfect ZnO, (<b>c</b>) ZnO doped with KCl, (<b>d</b>) ZnO doped with NH<sub>4</sub>F, and (<b>e</b>) ZnO altered with EDA [<a href="#B73-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">73</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01890/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01890-g006-550.jpg?1732504753" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Unique optical and chemical properties of AuNPs for biosensors. (<b>b</b>) The fabrication process of the ECL to the sensor. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B76-nanomaterials-14-01890" class="html-bibr">76</a>] Copyright 2015 from Elsevier Publications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1890'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528296" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 3068 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1889/pdf?version=1732447270" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Nanograting p-n Junctions with Enhanced Charge Confinement" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1889">Nanograting p-n Junctions with Enhanced Charge Confinement</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Avtandil Tavkhelidze</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Larisa Jangidze</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Givi Skhiladze</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergo Sikharulidze</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kristine Dzneladze</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rusudan Kvesitadze</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amiran Bibilashvili</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1889; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231889">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231889</a> - 24 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 334 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recently, geometry-induced quantum effects in a new quasi-1D system, or nanograting (NG) layers, were introduced and investigated. Dramatic changes in band structure and unconventional photoluminescence effects were found in silicon quantum wells with high-energy barriers. Nanograting metal–semiconductor junctions were fabricated and investigated. Here, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1889/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recently, geometry-induced quantum effects in a new quasi-1D system, or nanograting (NG) layers, were introduced and investigated. Dramatic changes in band structure and unconventional photoluminescence effects were found in silicon quantum wells with high-energy barriers. Nanograting metal–semiconductor junctions were fabricated and investigated. Here, we report the latest results on a special type of p-n junction in which the charge confinement of the NG is enhanced. The reverse bias dark current is increased in contrast to the metal–semiconductor junctions. When such a junction works as a photovoltaic cell, NG significantly increases short-circuit current and conversion efficiency without affecting open-circuit voltage. These effects are explained by the formation of geometry-induced excitons. To distinguish exciton formation from G-doping effects, we fabricated NGs in both n-type and p-type top layers and obtained qualitatively the same results. To further verify the excitonic mechanism, we analyzed photoluminescence spectrums previously obtained from NG and other NG-like periodic structures. The collected experimental results and previous findings are well explained by the formation of geometry-induced excitons and corresponding quasi-flat bands. Geometry-induced quantum effects can be used to significantly increase the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells and enhance the characteristics of other optoelectronic devices. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1889">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1889/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528296"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528296"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528296" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528296" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528296" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g001-550.jpg?1732447400" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528296" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g002-550.jpg?1732447400'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g003-550.jpg?1732447403'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g004-550.jpg?1732447404'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g005-550.jpg?1732447405'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528296-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g006-550.jpg?1732447406'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528296-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g001-550.jpg?1732447400" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Electron reflection and (<b>b</b>) geometry-induced charge accumulation and exciton formation at the nanograting layer. Red arrows depict a plain de Broglie wave moving towards the NG surface of the semiconductor. Orange nd green arrows depict waves reflected from the top and bottom of the indents. Electrons are depicted by blue dots and holes by red. Ellipse depict an exciton.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g002-550.jpg?1732447400" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>NG sample layout: (<b>a</b>) n-type top layer formed in p-type substrate; (<b>b</b>) p-type top layer formed in n-type substrate. The front ohmic contact grid is omitted for simplicity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g003-550.jpg?1732447403" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the nanograting: (<b>a</b>) large scale indicating homogeneity and (<b>b</b>) small scale representing surface morphology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g004-550.jpg?1732447404" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Energy diagrams of Si solar cell p-n junctions: (<b>a</b>) G-doped top layer induced in n-type layer formed by phosphorus diffusion in p-type substrate; (<b>b</b>) G-doped top layer induced in p-type layer formed in n-type substrate by boron diffusion. Nanograting depth <span class="html-italic">a</span> is indicated for depth scale estimation. The direction of the incident light is from right to left (hits junctions in sequence J3, J2, and J1). Blue color depicts potential profile of Junction 3. Red dot depicts a hole.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g005-550.jpg?1732447405" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Dark I-V characteristics of p-n junctions: (<b>a</b>) G-doped layer induced in n-type layer formed in p-type substrate; (<b>b</b>) G-doped layer induced in p-type layer formed in n-type substrate. Green G-doped junction, black corresponding reference plain junction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01889/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01889-g006-550.jpg?1732447406" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illuminated I-V and P-V characteristics of photovoltaic cells: (<b>a</b>) G-doped layer induced in n type layer formed in p-type substrate; (<b>b</b>) G-doped layer induced in p-type layer formed in n-type substrate. Green depicts G-doped junction, black color depicts reference plain junction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1889'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1528037" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 3863 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1888/pdf?version=1732433189" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Toward Standardization of a Lung New Approach Model for Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1888">Toward Standardization of a Lung New Approach Model for Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisabeth Elje</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura M. A. Camassa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergey Shaposhnikov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kristine Haugen Anmarkrud</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Øivind Skare</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Asbjørn M. Nilsen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shan Zienolddiny-Narui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elise Rundén-Pran</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1888; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231888">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231888</a> - 24 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 278 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study represents an attempt toward the standardization of pulmonary NAMs and the development of a novel approach for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Laboratory comparisons are challenging yet essential for identifying existing limitations and proposing potential solutions. Lung cells cultivated and exposed at <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1888/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study represents an attempt toward the standardization of pulmonary NAMs and the development of a novel approach for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Laboratory comparisons are challenging yet essential for identifying existing limitations and proposing potential solutions. Lung cells cultivated and exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) more accurately represent the physiology of human lungs and pulmonary exposure scenarios than submerged cell and exposure models. A triculture cell model system was used, consisting of human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages on the apical side, with EA.hy926 endothelial cells on the basolateral side. The cells were exposed to silver nanoparticles NM-300K for 24 h. The model used here showed to be applicable for assessing the hazards of nanomaterials and chemicals, albeit with some limitations. Cellular viability was measured using the alamarBlue assay, DNA damage was assessed with the enzyme-modified comet assay, and the expression of 40 genes related to cell viability, inflammation, and DNA damage response was evaluated through RT<sup>2</sup> gene expression profiling. Despite harmonized protocols used in the two independent laboratories, however, some methodological challenges could affect the results, including sensitivity and reproducibility of the model. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1888">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/G251ABHCD3 ">New Approach Methodologies for the Toxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1888/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528037"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528037"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528037" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528037" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528037" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528037-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g001-550.jpg?1732433263" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528037" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528037-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g002-550.jpg?1732433265'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528037-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g003-550.jpg?1732433267'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528037-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g004-550.jpg?1732433269'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528037-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g005-550.jpg?1732433271'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528037-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g001-550.jpg?1732433263" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Relative cell viability (%) toward NC (set at 100%) measured by the alamarBlue assay at the apical and basolateral sides of the lung triculture cell model in Laboratory 1 (<b>A</b>) and Laboratory 2 (<b>B</b>). The analysis was conducted 24 h post-exposure with NM-300K (20 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>) and PBS negative control (PBS 10% in MQ water) at the air-liquid interface (ALI). PC = positive control, which for Laboratory 1 was Triton X-100, and for Laboratory 2 was chlorpromazine hydrochloride at 100 µM. The columns represent the mean values and the bars standard deviation from a total of n = 5 (<b>A</b>) and n = 4 (<b>B</b>) independent experiments with n = 2 replica culture inserts in each experiment. Statistics conducted by one-way ANOVA with post-test Tukey with a significance level of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. Additional data are presented in <a href="#app1-nanomaterials-14-01888" class="html-app">Supplementary Table S2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1888'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g002-550.jpg?1732433265" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>DNA strand breaks (SBs) (black) and oxidized DNA lesions (SBs + Fpg) (gray) determined by the enzyme-modified comet assay on apical (A549/dTHP-1) and basolateral (EA.hy926) cells from the lung triculture model at the air-liquid interface as % of DNA in tail, in two laboratories (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>). The columns represent the mean values, and the bars show standard deviation from a total of n = 4 independent experiments with n = 2 replica inserts for each experiment. Statistics were conducted using one-way ANOVA with post-test Tukey with a significance level of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. Additional numbers and statistics are presented in <a href="#app1-nanomaterials-14-01888" class="html-app">Supplementary Table S3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1888'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g003-550.jpg?1732433267" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Gene expression RT<sup>2</sup> array analysis of different groups of genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis, cell death, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. The data shown are from Laboratory 1. The number of independent experiments is n = 3, with 2 replicates per group. (<b>A</b>) Mean values in the heatmap correspond to fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) in the expression of 40 genes in the NM-300K 20 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> exposed groups, both apical (A549/THP-1 cells) and basolateral (EA.hy926 cells), compared to their respective expression in the PBS control group, for Laboratory 1. The heatmap is based on a double gradient: the largest value on the scale 2.5, on the left of the heatmap in vertical, is indicated in red, the baseline value of 1 in black, and smallest value of 0 in green. Values larger than 2 are in bright red and are upregulated genes, while values smaller than 0.5 shows downregulated genes in green. Ct-Threshold (cycle threshold) = 33.5; x-box = low or not expressed. (<b>B</b>) Among the 40 genes expression in fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) of CXCL1 and ATM were significantly upregulated at the apical side after exposure to NM-300K. At the basolateral side, significant upregulated gene expression in fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) was measured for CXCL1, NF-κB, HMOX1 and PRKDC Statistical analysis (GraphPad): student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test of mean values of fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and two-tailed <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values indicated in each graph. (*) indicates significance. Boxes and whisker plots respectively indicate variance and minimum to maximum values, with the line in the box representing the mean of the values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1888'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g004-550.jpg?1732433269" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Gene expression RT<sup>2</sup> array analysis of different groups of genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis, cell death, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Data shown are from Laboratory 2. The number of independent experiments is n = 3; with 2 replicates per group. (<b>A</b>) Mean values in the heatmap correspond to fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) in the expression of 40 genes in the NM-300K 20 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> exposed groups, both apical (A549/THP-1 cells) and basolateral (EA.hy926 cells), compared to their respective expression in the PBS control group for Laboratory 2. The heatmap is based on a double gradient: the largest value on the scale is 2.5, on the left of the heatmap in vertical, indicated in red, with the baseline value of 1 in black, and the smallest value of 0 in green. Values higher than 2 are in bright red and are upregulated, while values lower than 0.5 are downregulated and in green. Ct-Threshold = 33.5; x-box = low or not expressed. (<b>B</b>) On the apical side, gene expression of IL 1β, IP10, RANTES, Cd11b1, and BCL-2 were significantly downregulated. On the basolateral side, gene expression of CXCL1, RIPK1, Caspase 9, and HMOX1 were upregulated. Statistical analysis (GraphPad): student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test of mean values of fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and two-tailed <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values indicated in each graph. (*) indicates significance. Boxes and whisker plots indicate variance and minimum to maximum values, respectively; the line in the box represents the mean of the values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1888'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01888/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01888-g005-550.jpg?1732433271" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Heatmap of fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) gene expression analysis compared to unexposed control (NC) Laboratory 2. (<b>A</b>) Apical cells (A549/dTHP-1) and (<b>B</b>) basal cells (EA.hy926). 1:10 PBS Lab 2: 1:10 PBS exposure Laboratory 2; NC Lab 1: NC Laboratory 1; 1:10 PBS Lab 1: 1:10 PBS exposure Laboratory 1. The heatmap is based on a double gradient: the largest value on the scale is 2 on the left of the heatmap in vertical, indicated in red, the baseline value of 1 is in black, and the smallest value of 0.5 is in green. Values larger or smaller out of the scale are in bright green, and when higher than 2 are upregulated, or smaller than 0.5 are downregulated. Fold change (2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup>) statistical analysis was made using gene globe expression profiling analysis provided by Qiagen. Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test on the replicate 2<sup>−ΔΔCt</sup> values for each of the 40 genes in each of the exposed group (NC) compared to the control group in Laboratory 2. N of experiment per group = 3; 2 replicates per group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1888'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527971" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2725 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1887/pdf?version=1732371322" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Bamboo Kraft Pulp Black Liquor as a Renewable Source of Value-Added Carbon Dots" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1887">Bamboo Kraft Pulp Black Liquor as a Renewable Source of Value-Added Carbon Dots</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaolong Qiao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shixing Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiulian Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuanming Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangting Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoxi Ben</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiguang Zhao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan Song</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1887; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231887">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231887</a> - 23 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 427 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> China is the country with the most abundant bamboo resources in the world. Using bamboo as a raw material for pulping and papermaking can save a lot of wood and protect forests. Bamboo pulping enterprises mostly adopt sulfate processes to produce a large <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1887/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> China is the country with the most abundant bamboo resources in the world. Using bamboo as a raw material for pulping and papermaking can save a lot of wood and protect forests. Bamboo pulping enterprises mostly adopt sulfate processes to produce a large amount of black liquor (BL), which contains monosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, pectin, lignin, etc. The utilization of the high-value organic matter is of great economic and environmental significance. In this study, blue-green carbon dots (C-dots) were prepared from bamboo (<i>Lingnania chungii</i>) kraft pulp BL using a hydrothermal method. The changes in carbohydrate content in BL in relation to hydrothermal temperature and hydrothermal time were discussed in detail. Then, a series of characterizations of BL-C-dots, prepared under one of the hydrothermal conditions (180 °C, 6 h), were performed and the BL-C-dots showed an excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and a quantum yield (QY) of 2.9% in an aqueous solution. Finally, the as-prepared BL-C-dots were successfully used as fluorescent materials to develop an anti-counterfeiting code. The fluorescent code exhibited a clear outline, an excitation-tunable color, good stability, and high security, showing great anti-counterfeiting potential and realizing the high-value utilization of BL. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1887">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/sections/nanofabrication_nanomanufacturing">Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527927" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 5428 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1886/pdf?version=1732359191" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="C/Ni/N Nanocomposites Based on Hydrolysis Lignin: Synthesis, Study of Structural and Magnetic Properties" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1886">C/Ni/N Nanocomposites Based on Hydrolysis Lignin: Synthesis, Study of Structural and Magnetic Properties</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ihor Bordun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dariusz Calus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewelina Szymczykiewicz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Myroslav Malovanyy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nazar Nahurskyi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anatoliy Borysiuk</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuriy Kulyk</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1886; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231886">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231886</a> - 23 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 607 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A two-step method for the synthesis of C/Ni/N nanocomposites based on hydrolysis lignin from wood chemical processing waste is proposed. These nanocomposites were found to have a well-developed porous structure with a wide pore size distribution. It was shown that doping hydrolysis lignin <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1886/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A two-step method for the synthesis of C/Ni/N nanocomposites based on hydrolysis lignin from wood chemical processing waste is proposed. These nanocomposites were found to have a well-developed porous structure with a wide pore size distribution. It was shown that doping hydrolysis lignin with urea-derived nitrogen leads to the appearance of ferromagnetic behavior in the carbon material. When nickel chloride was added during pyrolysis, the magnetic behavior of the C/Ni/N composite was provided by superparamagnetic Ni particles less than 30 nm in size and the magnetism of the carbon matrix. The addition of urea during the synthesis of the nanocomposite further promotes better integration of nickel into the carbon structure. According to the results of magnetic studies, the nickel content in the C/Ni/N nanocomposite was 19 wt.% compared to 15 wt.% in the C/Ni nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite was demonstrated to have no residual magnetization, so its particles do not agglomerate after the external magnetic field is removed. Due to this property and the well-developed porous structure, C/Ni/N composites have the potential to be used as catalysts, active electrode materials for autonomous energy sources, and in environmental technologies as magnetically sensitive adsorbents. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1886">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/nanomaterials/topical_collections/magnetic_nanostructured_materials ">Magnetic Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Cutting-Edge Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1886/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527927"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527927"><i class="fa 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g011-550.jpg?1732359377'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1527927-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g012-550.jpg?1732359377'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1527927-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g013-550.jpg?1732359378'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527927-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g001-550.jpg?1732359361" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>General scheme for the synthesis of nanocomposites C/Ni/N.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g002a-550.jpg?1732359365" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images and EDX-mapping of the chemical element distribution of C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g002b-550.jpg?1732359370" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>SEM images and EDX-mapping of the chemical element distribution of C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g003-550.jpg?1732359371" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized nanocomposites C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>), and C/N (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g004-550.jpg?1732359372" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SAXS spectra of synthesized nanocomposites C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) (points—experimental data, solid line—smoothed curve).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g005-550.jpg?1732359372" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SAXS curves plotted in Porod coordinates <span class="html-italic">s</span><sup>4</sup><span class="html-italic">·I(s) = f(s</span><sup>4</sup><span class="html-italic">)</span> for C/Ni (<b>a</b>) and C/N (<b>b</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g006-550.jpg?1732359373" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Volume distribution functions of effective pore diameters for C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g007-550.jpg?1732359374" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms for the C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g008-550.jpg?1732359375" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Pore size distribution for C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples calculated by the BJH method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g009-550.jpg?1732359376" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of pores by size for C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>), and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples calculated by the MP method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g010-550.jpg?1732359376" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Remagnetization curve of C/Ni/N nanocomposite. The inset shows a larger scale graph.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g011-550.jpg?1732359377" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Magnetic moment hysteresis curve of the C/Ni nanocomposite. The inset shows a larger scale graph.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g012-550.jpg?1732359377" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependence of the saturation specific magnetization for C/Ni/N (<b>a</b>), C/Ni (<b>b</b>) and C/N (<b>c</b>) samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01886/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01886-g013-550.jpg?1732359378" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependences of the saturation specific magnetization: 1 of C/Ni/N composite, 2, 3—model temperature dependences for Ni nanoparticles and nitrogen-containing carbon C/N, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527923" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 4875 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1884/pdf?version=1732358790" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="High-Performance Memristive Synapse Based on Space-Charge-Limited Conduction in LiNbO3" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1884">High-Performance Memristive Synapse Based on Space-Charge-Limited Conduction in LiNbO<sub>3</sub></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Youngmin Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sejoon Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1884; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231884">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231884</a> - 23 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 352 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Advancing neuromorphic computing technology requires the development of versatile synaptic devices. In this study, we fabricated a high-performance Al/LiNbO<sub>3</sub>/Pt memristive synapse and emulated various synaptic functions using its primary key operating mechanism, known as oxygen vacancy-mediated valence charge migration (V<sub>O</sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1884/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Advancing neuromorphic computing technology requires the development of versatile synaptic devices. In this study, we fabricated a high-performance Al/LiNbO<sub>3</sub>/Pt memristive synapse and emulated various synaptic functions using its primary key operating mechanism, known as oxygen vacancy-mediated valence charge migration (V<sub>O</sub>-VCM). The voltage-controlled V<sub>O</sub>-VCM induced space-charge-limited conduction and self-rectifying asymmetric hysteresis behaviors. Moreover, the device exhibited voltage pulse-tunable multi-state memory characteristics because the degree of V<sub>O</sub>-VCM was dependent on the applied pulse parameters (e.g., polarity, amplitude, width, and interval). As a result, synaptic functions such as short-term memory, dynamic range-tunable long-term memory, and spike time-dependent synaptic plasticity were successfully demonstrated by modulating those pulse parameters. Additionally, simulation studies on hand-written image pattern recognition confirmed that the present device performed with high accuracy, reaching up to 95.2%. The findings suggest that the V<sub>O</sub>-VCM-based Al/LiNbO<sub>3</sub>/Pt memristive synapse holds significant promise as a brain-inspired neuromorphic device. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1884">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/sections/nanoelectronics_nanosensors_devices">Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" 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