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class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_eugenics_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>New eugenics practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_eugenics_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethical status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethical_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethical status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethical_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procreative_beneficence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procreative_beneficence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Procreative beneficence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procreative_beneficence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_the_therapy-enhancement_distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_the_therapy-enhancement_distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beyond the therapy-enhancement distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_the_therapy-enhancement_distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Liberal use of reprogenetics in human enhancement</div> <p><b>New eugenics</b>, also known as <b>liberal eugenics</b> (a term coined by bioethicist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar" title="Nicholas Agar">Nicholas Agar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Agar_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agar_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocates <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">enhancing human characteristics and capacities</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">reproductive technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">human genetic engineering</a>. Those who advocate new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to the preferences of <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parents</a>, rather than forbidden (or left to the preferences of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>). "New" eugenics purports to distinguish itself from the forms of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> practiced and advocated in the 20th century, which fell into disrepute after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_opposed_to_historical_eugenics">As opposed to historical eugenics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As opposed to historical eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></div> <p>New eugenics is distinguished from previous versions of eugenics by its emphasis on informed parental choice rather than coercive governmental control.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eugenics is sometimes broken into the categories of positive eugenics (encouraging <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> among the designated "<a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fit</a>") and negative eugenics (discouraging reproduction among those designated "unfit"). Another distinction is between coercive eugenics and non-coercive eugenics. According to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a>, many positive eugenic programs were advocated and pursued during the early 20th century, but the negative programs were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> of hundreds of thousands of persons in many countries, and were contained in much of the rhetoric of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi eugenic">Nazi eugenic</a> policies of <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New eugenics belongs to the positive eugenics category.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26882552_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26882552-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioethicists generally consider coercive eugenics more difficult to justify than non-coercive eugenics, though coercive laws forbidding <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriage</a>, for example, are widely considered justified. Compulsory sterilization of those deemed unfit is a form of coercive eugenics that has been overwhelmingly rejected in the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is illegal under many national and international laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_eugenics_practices">New eugenics practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New eugenics practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New eugenics generally supports <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic modification</a> or genetic selection of individuals for traits that are supposed to improve human welfare. The underlying idea is to improve the genetic basis of future generations and reduce incidence of genetic diseases and other undesirable traits. Some of the practices included in new eugenics are: pre-implantation diagnosis and embryo selection,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selective breeding,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and human enhancement through the use of genetic technologies,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as embryo engineering or gene therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10226925_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10226925-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_status">Ethical status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethical status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eugenics#Contested_ethical_status" title="Eugenics">Eugenics § Contested ethical status</a></div> <p>New eugenics was founded under the liberal ethical values of <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a>, which advocates for the respect of <a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">personal autonomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, which represents the idea of equality for all people. Arguments used in favor of new eugenics include that it is in the best interest of society that life succeeds rather than fail, and that it is acceptable to ensure that progeny has a chance of achieving this success.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethical arguments against new eugenics include the claim that creating designer babies is not in the best interest of society as it might create a breach between genetically modified individuals and natural individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some of these technologies might be economically restrictive further increasing the socio-economical gap.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dov Fox, a law professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>, argues that liberal eugenics cannot be justified on the basis of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal theory</a> which inspires its name. Instead he favors traditional, coersive eugenics, arguing that reprogenetic technologies like embryo selection, cellular surgery, and human genetic engineering, which aim to enhance general purpose traits in offspring, are not practices a liberal government leaves to the discretion of parents, but practices the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> makes compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox argues that if the liberal commitment to <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> is important enough for the state to mandate childrearing practices such as health care and basic education, that very same interest is important enough for the state to mandate safe, effective, and functionally integrated genetic practices that act on analogous all-purpose traits such as resistance to disease and general cognitive functioning. He concludes that the liberal case for compulsory eugenics is a <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a> against liberal theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Bioethics_Committee" title="International Bioethics Committee">International Bioethics Committee</a> wrote that new eugenics should not be confused with the ethical problems of the 20th century eugenics movements. They have also stated the notion is nevertheless problematic as it challenges the idea of human equality and opens up new ways of discrimination and stigmatization against those who do not want or cannot afford the enhancements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procreative_beneficence">Procreative beneficence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procreative beneficence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Julian Savulescu § Procreative beneficence</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Savulescu&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Savulescu coined the phrase <i>procreative beneficence</i>. It is the controversial<sup id="cite_ref-Julian_Savulescu_Veit_2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian_Savulescu_Veit_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="Don't just say it's controversial, explain why it is controversial as a defining trait and indicate who is controverting it. (July 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Moral_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral obligation">moral obligation</a>, rather than mere permission, of <a href="/wiki/Parents" class="mw-redirect" title="Parents">parents</a> in a position to select their children, for instance through <a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_Genetic_Diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a> (PGD) and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Embryo_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo selection">embryo selection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">selective termination</a>, to favor those expected to have the best possible life.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Julian_Savulescu_Savulescu_2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian_Savulescu_Savulescu_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An argument<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="Who is making this argument, and why is it encyclopedically significant to Julian Savulescu? (July 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> in favor of this principle is that traits (such as empathy, memory, etc.) are "all-purpose means" in the sense of being instrumental in realizing whatever life plans the child may come to have.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Veit (page does not exist)">Walter Veit</a> has argued that because there is no intrinsic moral difference between "creating" and "choosing" a life, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> becomes a natural consequence of procreative beneficence.<sup id="cite_ref-Julian_Savulescu_Veit_2018_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian_Savulescu_Veit_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar positions were also taken by <a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">John Harris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ranisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ranisch (page does not exist)">Robert Ranisch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Saunders_(political_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Saunders (political scientist) (page does not exist)">Ben Saunders</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_the_therapy-enhancement_distinction">Beyond the therapy-enhancement distinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beyond the therapy-enhancement distinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Philosophy of medicine § Demarcating therapy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_medicine&action=edit#Demarcating_therapy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Self-described opponents of historical eugenics first and foremost,<sup id="cite_ref-Note_biocon_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note_biocon-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are known to insist on a particularly stringent <i>treatment-enhancement distinction</i> (sometimes also called <i>divide</i> or <i>gap</i>). This distinction, naturally, "draws a line between services or interventions meant to prevent or cure (or otherwise ameliorate) conditions that we view as diseases or disabilities and interventions that improve a condition that we view as a <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">normal function or feature of members of our species</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And yet the adequacy of such a dichotomy is highly contested in modern scholarly bioethics. One simple counterargument is that it has <i>already</i> long been ignored throughout various contemporary fields of scientific study and practice such as "<a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive devices">contraceptive devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertility_treatments" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility treatments">fertility treatments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_dentistry" title="Cosmetic dentistry">cosmetic dental procedures</a>, and much else".<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_of_medicine_Bostrom08_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_of_medicine_Bostrom08-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one way of conducting <a href="/wiki/Ostensive_definition" title="Ostensive definition">ostensively</a> what has been coined the "moral continuum argument" by some of its critics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Note_relative_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note_relative-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Granting these assertions' validity, one may, once more, call this first and foremost a moral <i>collapse</i> of the therapy–enhancement distinction. Without such a clear divide, restorative medicine and exploratory eugenics also invariably become harder to distinguish;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accordingly might one explain the matter's relevance to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanist</a> discourse.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohappiness" title="Biohappiness">Biohappiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)" title="Directed evolution (transhumanism)">Directed evolution (transhumanism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note_biocon-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note_biocon_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> affiliated chairman of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" title="President's Council on Bioethics">President's Council on Bioethics</a>, the perennial <a href="/wiki/Bioconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioconservative">bioconservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note_relative-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note_relative_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Invoking Bostrom and Roache once more,<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_of_medicine_Bostrom08_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_of_medicine_Bostrom08-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofmann explicates here:<blockquote><p>Some forms of assistive reproduction previously seen as enhancement are now considered to be treatments. This vagueness in therapy is mirrored in the classification of interventions. Vaccination can be seen as a form of prevention, but also as an enhancement of the immune system. To distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Laser_eye_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser eye surgery">laser eye surgery</a> and contact lenses or glasses appears artificial.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More impactful yet:<blockquote><p>Because a flexible definition of health relates to a flexible definition of the disabled, any attempt to prohibit access to enhancement technology can be challenged as a violation of disability rights. Presented this way, disability rights are the gateway for the application of transhumanism. Any attempt to identify a moral or natural hazard associated with enhancement technology must also include some limitation of disability rights, which seems to go against the entire direction of human rights legislation over the last century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Agar_2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agar_2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Agar N (2004). <i>Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2390-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2390-7"><bdi>1-4051-2390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Eugenics%3A+In+Defence+of+Human+Enhancement&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-2390-7&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoering2014" class="citation web cs1">Goering, Sara (2 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/eugenics/">"Eugenics"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042806/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/eugenics/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Eugenics&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Feugenics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavaliere2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cavaliere, Giuli (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336759">"Looking into the shadow: the eugenics argument in debates on reproductive technologies and practices"</a>. <i>Monash Bioethics Review</i>. <b>36</b> (1–4): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40592-018-0086-x">10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336759">6336759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30535862">30535862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monash+Bioethics+Review&rft.atitle=Looking+into+the+shadow%3A+the+eugenics+argument+in+debates+on+reproductive+technologies+and+practices&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6336759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30535862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40592-018-0086-x&rft.aulast=Cavaliere&rft.aufirst=Giuli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6336759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_2003_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black E</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568582580"><i>War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race</i></a></span>. 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"Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement". In Ryberg, Jesper; Petersen, Thomas; Wolf, Clark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/human-enhancement.pdf"><i>New Waves in Applied Ethics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 120–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-53783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-53783-5"><bdi>978-0-230-53783-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1408785912">1408785912</a> – via nickbostrom.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethical+Issues+in+Human+Enhancement&rft.btitle=New+Waves+in+Applied+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=120-152&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1408785912&rft.isbn=978-0-230-53783-5&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Roache%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnickbostrom.com%2Fethics%2Fhuman-enhancement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmqvist2014" class="citation journal cs1">Malmqvist, Erik (2014-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jmp/jht058">"Reproductive Choice, Enhancement, and the Moral Continuum Argument"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medicine_and_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Medicine and Philosophy">Journal of Medicine and Philosophy</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjht058">10.1093/jmp/jht058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5310">0360-5310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24334271">24334271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Reproductive+Choice%2C+Enhancement%2C+and+the+Moral+Continuum+Argument&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.issn=0360-5310&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24334271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjht058&rft.aulast=Malmqvist&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjmp%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjht058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmann B (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635529">"Limits to human enhancement: nature, disease, therapy or betterment?"</a>. <i>BMC Med Ethics</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12910-017-0215-8">10.1186/s12910-017-0215-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635529">5635529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29017486">29017486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Med+Ethics&rft.atitle=Limits+to+human+enhancement%3A+nature%2C+disease%2C+therapy+or+betterment%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5635529%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29017486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12910-017-0215-8&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5635529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabachnick, David (2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpsa-acsp.ca/documents/conference/2017/Tabachnick.pdf">The Blurred Line Between Therapy and Enhancement: A Consideration of Disability Rights and Transhumanism</a>" <i>2017 Proceedings of the CPSA</i>, abstract</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Agar, Nicholas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/why-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics/00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87">"Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics"</a>. <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963180118000336">10.1017/S0963180118000336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30570459">30570459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58195676">58195676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Quarterly+of+Healthcare+Ethics&rft.atitle=Why+we+Should+Defend+Gene+Editing+as+Eugenics&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58195676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30570459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963180118000336&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics%2Farticle%2Fwhy-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics%2F00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sparrow, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=In+Vitro+Eugenics&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=725-731&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A959092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23557913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fmedethics-2012-101200&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.monash.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F72686ba6-5d7d-49ca-88a8-0fa8e1b83960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Wilson_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Wilson (philosopher)">Wilson, Robert A.</a> (1 October 2019). "Eugenics Undefended". <i>Monash Bioethics Review</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 68–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40592-019-00094-w">10.1007/s40592-019-00094-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31325149">31325149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198131924">198131924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monash+Bioethics+Review&rft.atitle=Eugenics+Undefended&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198131924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31325149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40592-019-00094-w&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandel2004" class="citation web cs1">Sandel, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/">"The Case Against Perfection"</a>. The Atlantic Monthly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Perfection&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sandel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2Fthe-case-against-perfection%2F302927%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+eugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&oldid=1256022308">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_eugenics&oldid=1256022308</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_genetics" title="Category:Applied genetics">Applied genetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioethics" title="Category:Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_ethics" title="Category:Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" title="Category:Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 20:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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